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CLASSICAL DICTIONARY; 

I 
\ 

CONTAINING 

\ 

A COPIOUS ACCOUNT OF 

ALL THE PROPER NAMES 

MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS ; 
WITH 

THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES, 

USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS : 
AND 

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE- 



BY J. LEMPRIERE, D. D. 



SECOND AMERICAN FROM THE EIGHTH LONDON EDITION 



NEW-YORK 



PIUSTXD AND PUBLISHED FOR A. T. GOODRICH, AND WILLIAM B. GILLEY, NFW- VOIRE 

MATH£W CAR£Y, AND EDWARD EARLE, PHILADELPHIA. 

BY T. &L W. MERCEIK. 



1816. 



/ 1 u 



%s 



TO ^ 

RICHARD VALPY, D. D. F. A. S. 

&;c. &C. (fee. 
THIS SIXTH EDITION 

A WORK UNDERTAKEN AND IMPROVED UNDER ffiS AUSPICES, 
RESPECTFULLr INSCRIBED 

THE AUTHOR, 



PREFACE. 



In the following pages it has been the wish of the author to give the most ac- 
curate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading 
the Classics, and by a judicious collection of anecdotes and historical facts, -to 
draw a picture of ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining. Such a 
work, it is hoped, will not be deemed an useless acquisition in the hands of the 
public ; and while the student is initiated in the knowledge of history and my- 
thology, and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and 
cities that no longer exis:.-,, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a con- 
temptible companion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a 
second time, acquainted with many important particulars which time, or more 
laborious occupations, may have erased from his memory. In the prosecution 
of his plan, the author has been obliged to tread in the steps of many learned 
men, whose studies have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate 
the attainment of classical knowledge, and the ancient languages. Their com- 
positions have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their la- 
bours have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due conside- 
ration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate their excellencies, with- 
out copying their faults. Many compositions of the same nature have issued 
from the press, but they are partial and unsatisfactory. The attempts to be 
concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and uninstructive, while long 
and unconnected quotations of passages, from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure 
the page of the other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot, 
therefore, be a discouraging employment now, to endeavour to finish what 
others have left imperfect, and, with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the 
diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying due attention 
to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the most authentic information 
can be received, the labours of more modern authors have been consulted, and 
eyery composition, distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical 
narration, or geographical descriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly 
sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, 
the author must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance 
he has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siecles Payens 
ofl'Abbe Sabatier de Castres, he has found all the information which judicious 
criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology, could procure. 
The compositions of I'Abbe Banier, have also been useful ; and in the Dictio- 
naire Historique, of a literary society, printed at Caen, a treasure of original 
anecdotes, and a candid selection and arrangement of historical facts, have been 
discovered. 

It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a minute 
explanation of all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geographer?, 
make mention ; but, upon a second consideration of the subject, he was con- 
vinced, that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value. 
The learned reader will, be sensible of the propriety of this remark, when he 
recollects, that the naines of many plfices mentioned by Pliny and Pausania5> 
occur no where else in ancient authors, and that to find the true situation ofan 
insignificant rijloge, mentioned by StrabO; no olh<fr writet- but ^^tr^bo i--' to be 
cdnstilted. 



ri PREFACE. 

This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of schools, it, 
has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate of every word, 
and to assist the student who can receive no fixed and positive rules for pro- 
nunciation. In this the authority of Smethius has been followed, as also Leedes's 
edition of Labbe's Catholici Indices. 

As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to be 
serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dictionary did 
not presume to intrude himself upon the public, before he was sensible that his 
humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages. 
The undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore he thought none so ca- 
pable of judging of its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who pre- 
side over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to com- 
municate his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not less distinguished for 
purity of criticism, than for their classical abilities, and from them he received 
all the encouragement which the desire of contributing to the advancement of 
learning can expect. To them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly 
communications, he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes, that, now his labours 
are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, and that 
support, to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be en- 
titled^ He has paid due attention to their remarks; he has received with grati- 
tude their judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging 
recommendations, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from the 
Rev. R. Vaipy, master of Reading school. 

For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the 
ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to the use- 
ful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In the tables 
of ancient coins, weights and measures, which he has annexed to the body of the 
Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnot. The 
quoted authorities have been carefully examined, and frequently revised ; and^ 
it is hoped, the opinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be 
found divested of all obscurity. 

Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being useful can 
command, the author offers the following pages to the public, conscious that thej 
may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictionary, the candid reader 
is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once ; it must still have its faultfl 
and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the author may have been, and in 
every page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improve- 
ment, and for addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays 
this publication, and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make, he 
will show himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of every judiciou?^ 
reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the public demaod a secoiid 
edition. 

PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD^ 
NOVEMBER, 1788. 



PREFACE. Tii 

THE very favourable reception which the first edition of the Classical 
Dictionary has met from the public, fully evinces the utility of the perform- 
ance. From the consciousness of this, the author has spared no pains to 
render this second edition more deserving of the same liberal patronage. 
The hints of friends, and the animadversions of critics, have been carefully 
adopted, and almost every article has been corrected and improved. New 
names have not only been introduced, but the date of events has been more 
exactly ascertained ; and, therefore, to such as compare the two editions, 
the improvements will appear numerous and important in every page. 

In answer to those gentlemen who have objected against the smallness of 
the print, and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave to 
observe, that it has been found impracticable to remove the inconvenience : 
so much matter could not have been well compressed in one octavo ; and it 
must be remembered, that the book is intended as a volume of occasional 
reference, and, therefore, that it cannot long fatigue the eye. 

It will be found not an unnecessary addition, to have an account of the 
best editions of each classic at the end of the respective character of the au- 
thors. Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the price 
has not been inserted from its great fluctuation, which often depends more upon 
the caprice of opinion than upon real value. 

The chronological table prefixed to the Dictionary will, it is hoped, be ac- 
knowledged universally useful. It has been compiled with great accuracy, 
and chiefly extracted from " The Chronology and History of the World, by 
Dr. J. Blair, folio edition, 1754;" and from Archbishop Usher's " Annales Veteris 
et Novi Testamenti," printed at Geneva, folio, 1724. 

BONDO^', JULY, 1792. 



THE improvements introduced into this third edition will be discovered to 
be numerous and essential. The author would have recommended his work to 
the same liberal patronage which the public have already extended to the two 
preceding impressions, without apology, did he not conceive that some answer is 
due to the preface of the Bihlioiheca Classica, published at Daventer in Holland, 
in the year 1794. The anonymous editor, whose language proves his abilities 
as-a scholar, after reflecting with unbecoming severity upon the first edition of 
this work, has not only been guided by the same plan, he has not only literally 
translated and adopted as his own, verbatim, almost every article, but he has fol- 
lowed the original so closely, as even faithfully to copy some of the errors which 
the second edition, published in 1792, corrected, and which, in a composition so 
voluminous and so complex, it is not possible for the most minute attention to 
avoid. Such an attack must, therefore, be deemed as illiberal as it is unfriendly ; 
but, however, far from wishing to detract from the merit of judgment and per- 
severance in the translator, the author considers himself indebted to him for the 
ele2;ance and the correctness of the languao;e in which he has made the Diction- 
ary appear in a Latin dress, and consequently for the recommendation which 
he has given to his labours among the learned on the continent. 

ABINGDON, FEBBUARVj 1797. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 

From tht Creation of the World to the fall of the Roman Empire 

in the west and in the east. 



Before Christ.* 

1 HE world created in the 710th year of the Julian period . . 4004 

The deluge 2348 

The to\rer of Babel built, and the confusion of languages . . . 2247 
Celestial observations are first made at Babylon .... 2234 

The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Misraim, the son 
of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the conquest of Cambyses 2188 

The kingdom of Sicyon established . 2089 

The kingdom of Assyria begins 2059 

The birth of Abraham 1996 

The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus .... 1836 

Memnon the Egyptian, said to invent letters, 15 years before the reign of 
Phoroneus .......... 1822 

The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 200 years, 
till the coming of Cecrops ........ 1764 

Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren 1728 

The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins about this time, fixing 
here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an epoch which other writers have 

placed later by 26 years 1582 

Moses born 1571 

The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from Egypt with 
a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 years before the first 
Olympiad ......... 

Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of Troy 
The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly . . . 
The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens 
(^ Badmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 
The first Olympic Games celebrated in Elis by the Idaei Dactyli 
The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he dies the fol- 
lowing year, aged 110 1452 



1556 
1546 
1503 
1495 
1493 
1453 



In the following table, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras o^ 
before, (B._ C.) and after, (A. D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish 
tJie exclusion of tiie Julian period, it is necessary to observe, tliat, as the first vear of the 
Christian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julian yeai-s, the number required either be- 
fore or after Christ, Avill easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or 
addition. The era from the foundation of Rome (A. U. C.) will be found with the same 
iacihty by recollecting that the city was built 753 years before Christ; and the Olvmpiads 
can likewise be recurred to by the consideration, that the conquest of Corcebus (B. C. 776,) 
lorms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were eolebratea after the revolutien 
91 four v^ars. 



X CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli by the acciden- 
tal burning of the woods of Ida in Crete 

The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 

The Isthmian games first introduced by Sisyphus, king of Corinth 

The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games celebrated by Adras- 
tus, king of Argos 

Gideon flourishes in Israel ...... 

The ThebaH war of the seven heroes against Eteocles . 

Olympic games celebrated by Hercules .... 

The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 

Troy taken after a siege of 10 years, ^neas sails to Italy 

Alba Longa built by Ascanius 

Migration to the ^olian colonies 

The return of the Heraclid^ into Peloponnesus, 80 years after the taking of 
Troy. Two years after, they divided the Peloponnesus among them- 
selves ; and here, therefore, begins the kingdom of Lacedaemon under 
Eurysthenes and Procles ..... 

Sau! made king over Israel ..... 

The kingdom of Sicyon ended .... 

The kingdom of Athens ends in tlie death of Codrus . 

The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their settlement in 
Asia Minor ....... 

Dedication of Solomon's temple 

Samos built ........ 

Divisions of the kingdom of Judah and Israel 

Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to the Marbles 

Elias the prophet taken up to heaven 

Lycurgus, 42 years old, established his laws at Lacedaemon, and, together 
with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympic games at Elis, about 
108 years before the era which is commonly called the first Olympiad 

Phidon, king of Argos, is supposed to have invented scales and measures, 
and coined silver at ^gina. Carthage built by Dido 

Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era placed 
80 years earlier by Justin ........ 

The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years, till the battle 
of Pydiia .......... . . 

The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years 

The triremes first invented by the Corinthians ..... 

The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the Prytanes 
elected ........... 

Corcebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the institution 
of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first Olympiad, about 23 years 
before the foundation of Rome ....... 

The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedaemon by Theopompus 

Isaiah begins to prophesy ........ 

The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is the first 

Rome built on the 20lh of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of 
the Julian period ......... 

The rape of the Sabines ......... 

The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins ..... 

The first Massenian war begins, and continues 1 9years, to the taking of Ithome 

Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony ...... 

The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by Salmanasar, king 
of Assyria. The first eclipse of the moon on record, March 19, accord- 
ing to Ptolemy 

Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian throne 

Tarentuun built by the Parthenians , . 

Corcyra built by thij Coriutliians 



1406 
1356 
1326 

1263 
124S 
1225 
1222 
1213 
1184 
1152 
1124 



1104 

1095 
1088 
1070 

1044 

1004 

986 

975 

9or 

896 



884 
869 
820 

814 

797 
786 

779 



776 
760 
757 
754 

753 
750 
747 
743 

732 



721 
718 
707 
70? 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. ti 

B. c. 
The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to the taking of 
Ira, after a siege of 1 1 years. About this time flourished the poets Tyr- 

t£eus and Archilochus ......... 685 

The government of Athens trusted to annual archons .... 684 

Alba destroyed .......... 665 

Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for 30 years . 659 

Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians .... 658 

Cyrene built by Bottus 630 

The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession for 28 

years ........... 624 

Draco establishes his laws in Athens ....... 623 

The canal between the Nile and the Red Sea begun by king Necho . 610 

Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies . . . 606 
The Phoenicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this time 

flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, &c. .... 604 

The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares . . . 596 
The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this time flourished 
Chilo, Anacharcis, Thales, Epimenides, Solo, the prophet Ezekiel, 
iEsop, Stersichorus . . . . . . , . .591 

Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a siege of 18 months 687 
The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every 1st and 3d year of the 

Olympiads 582 

Death of Jeremiah the prophet • . . . . . . 677 

The Nemean games restored ...,*.,. 56S 

The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon . . . 662 

Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens .... 660 

Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes, Bias, Anaxi- 

mander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus ....... 559 

Grffisus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished Theognis and 

Pherecydes .......... 54§ 

Marseilles built by the Phocaeans. The age of Pythagoras, Simonides, 

Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon ...... 539 

Babylon taken by Cyrus ........ 538 

The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and the rebuilding of the 

temple . . . , . . . . . . . 536 

The first tragedy acted at Athens on the wagon of Thespis . . 635 

Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library buijt . . . 526' 

Egypt conquered iDy Cambyses . . . , . , . 525 

Polycrates, of Samos, put to death ....... 522 

Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time flourished Confu- 
cius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher . . . . .521 

The tyranny of the Pisistratidae abolished at Athens . . . .610 

Tlie consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion of the Tar- 
quins, and continues independent, 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia 509 
Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became afterwards the 
cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this time flou- 
rished Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c. . 504 
The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome ..... 498 

The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer . . , , . 49S^ 

The battle of Marathon 490 

The battles of Thermopylee, August 7th, and Salamis, October 20th. About 
this time flourished iEschylus, Pindar, Charon, Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, 

Aristides, k.c. .......... 480 

The Persians defeated at Plataae and Mycale on the same day, 22d Sepr 

tember ........... 479 

The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th ..... 477 

Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes . . . .471 

The Persians Uefejited at Cyprus, and OQar the Eurymedon 47Q 



xii eHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

B. C. 

The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years . . . 46S 

Eo;y{.t revolts from the Persians under Inarius, assisted by the Athenians . 463 
The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. About this time flourished 
Sophocles, Nchemiab tlie prophet, Plato the comic poet, Aristarchus the 
trasic. Leocroles, Thrasv'mlus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c. . . . 454 
The fiisl sacred war concernmg the temple of Delphi .... 448 
The "tlienians defeated at Chreronea by the Boeotians .... 447 
Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and receives public 
honours m the 39th year of his age. About this time flourished Empedo- 
cles, HelanicuS; Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias, Artemones, Charondas, &c. 445 
A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians . . . . . 444 

Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained in force for three 
years ............ . 440 

A war between Corinth and Corcyra •. 439 

Melon l/egins here his reign 1 9 years' cycle of the moon . . . 432^ 

The Peleponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues about 27 years. 
About this time flourished Cratinus,Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Eucteon, 
Malachi, the last of the prophets, Democritus, Gorgias, Thucydides, Hip- 
pocrates, kc. .......... 431 

The history of the Old Testament finished about this time. A plague at 
Athens for five years ......... 439^ 

A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, which 
is kept only during six years and ten months, though each continued at 
war with the other's allies . . . . . . . .421 

The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The Agrarian law 
first moved at Rome . . . . . . . . . 41S 

Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amytaeus is appointed king . .414 
The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and Himera, 
but they are repulsed by Hermocrates ...... 409 

The battle of iEgospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius . . . 40^ 
Athens taken by Lysander, 24th April, the end of the Peloponnesian war, 
and the appointment of 30 tyrants over the conquered city. About this time 
flourished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Teles- 
tes, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . 404 

Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat of the 10,000 

Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants from Athens by Thrasybulus 401 
Socrates put to death ......... 400 

Agesilaus, of Lacedaemon's, expedition into Asia against the Persians. The 
age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippus of 
Cyrene, and Archytas . ....... 396 

The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, Thebans, Co- 
rinthians, and Argives, against Lacedaemon ..... 395 

The Lacedaemonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at Cnidus ; and a 

few days after, the allies are defeated at Coronaea, by Agesilaus . . 394 
The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome by the Gauls . 390 
Dionysius besieges Rhegium, and takes it after 1 1 months. About this time 

flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphicrates, &c. . . 388 
The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace of Antalcidas, 
between the Lacedaemonians and Persians ..... 387 

The wai of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had continued two years . 385 
The LacetJa^Jiionians defeated in a sea fight at Naxos, September 20th, by 
Cbabrias. About this time flourished Philistus, Isaius, Isocrates, Arete, 

Philolaus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. 377 

Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000 Greeks, com- 
manded by Iphicrates 374 

The battle o) Leuctra, July 19th, where the Lacedaemonians are defeated 

by Epaminondas, the general of the Thebans 371 

The Me^enians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to Peloponnesgs . 370 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xiii 

B. c. 

One of tbc consuls at Rome elected from the Plebeians , . . . 367 
The battle of Mantinea, gained by Epaminondas, a year after tlie death of 

Pelopidas 363 

Agesilaus assists Tachos, king of Egypt. Some of the governors of Lesser 

Asia revolt from Persia 362 

The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle that Philip of Mace- 
don ever won in Greece ........ 360 

Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The second Sa- 
cred War begins, on the temple of Delphi being attacked by the Phoceans 357 
Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrants. About 
this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theopompus, Ephorus, Da- 
tames, Philomelus, &c. . . . . . . . . . 35 1 

The Phoceans, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by Philip . S5:> 

Egypt is conquered by Ochus 330 

The Sacred War is finished by Philip taking all the cities of the Phoceans 34B 
Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years banishment . 347 
Timoleon recovers Syracuse, and banishes the tyrant .... 345 
The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum. About this 
time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes, Aristotle, ^^schines, Xenocrates, 
Demosthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades , . 34© 

The battle of Cheronaea, August 2, where Philip defeats the Athenians and 

Thebans 33S 

Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanias. His son Alexander, on the follow- 
ing year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, kc. .... 336 

The battle of the Granicus, 22d of May 334 

The battle of Issus in October 333 

Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and Alexandria built 332 

The battle of Arbela, October 2d 33 1 

Alexander's expedition against Porus. About this time flourished Apelles, 
Callisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus, 
Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c. . . . . 327 

Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided into four king- 
doms. The Samian war, and the reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt . 323 
Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities. Tfee age of 
Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus, Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, Pole- 
mon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes ..... 320 
Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius Phalereus governs 
Athens for ten years . . . , , . . . .317 

Eumenes dehvered to Antigonus by his army SiTy 

Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era of the Seleucidae 312 

The conquest of Agathocles in Africa 309 

Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes . . . 307 
The title of kings first assumed by the successors of Alexander . . 30G 

The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by Ptolemy, 
Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this time flourished Zcno, 

Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes, Grantor, &;c 301 

Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's siege . . . 29G 
The first sun dial erected at Rome, by Papirius Cursor, and the time first 

divided into hours . . . , 293 

Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia, which he peopled 
with different nations. The age of Euclid the mathematician, Arscesi- 
laus, Epicurus, Bion, Timochavis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, Strato, Zeno- 

dotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, &:c. 201 

The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287 

Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus 280 

The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to be translated 
about this time ..,..,... ^C-> 



xiv €HRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

B. C, 

Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war begins, 

and continues 10 years. The Achaean league begins . . . 281 

Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy, to assist the Tarentines . . . 280 

The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of Delphi. 
About (his time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, Sostratus, Theocri- 
tus, Dionysius, Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Persseus, &c. . 278 

Fyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus 274 

The first coining of silver at Rome 269 

Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years . . . 268 
The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The chronology of 
the Arundelian Marbles composed. About this time flourished Lycon, 
Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus, Clinias, Aristotimus, &c. . . 264 
Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergaraus . . 262 

The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius ...... 260 

Kegulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to liberty by Antigonus 256 
Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achaean league. About 
(his time flourished Cleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, Tima?us, Callima- 
chas, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, 
Laodice, Lysias, Ariobarzanes . . . . . . . 251 

The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under Theodotus, revolt 
from the Macedonians . . , . . . . . . 250 

The s^a-fight of Drepanum ........ 249 

The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August . . . 243 

Ag is, king of Sparta, put to death for attempting to settle an Agrarian law. 
About this period flourished Antigonus Carystius, Conon of Samos, Era-, 
tosthenes, Apollonius of Perga, Lacydes, Amiicar, Agesilaus the ephor, &:c. 241 
Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronieus . . . 240 
Amiicar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son . . . 237 
The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa . , . 235 
The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years .... 234 

Original manuscripts of iEschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, lent by the 
Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of 15 talents .... 233 

The first divorce known at Rome, by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia and Corsica 
conquered ........... 231 

The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth . . 228 

The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for five years 227 
The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The Romans first 
pross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had entered Italy. About this time 
flourished Chrysippus, Polystratus,Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Mes- 
saJa, C. Naevius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristo Ceus, Fabius 
Pictor, the first Roman historian, Phylarchas, Lysiades, Agro, &,c. . 224 

The battle of Sellasia 222 

The Social War between the ^tolians and Achaeans, assisted by Philip . 220 
Sagunlum taken by Annibal . . . . . . ' . .219 

The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years .... 218 

The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year, that of Canns, May 21 217 
The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip, in Epirus, which is 

continued by intervals for 14 years 214 

Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years . . . 212 

Thilopcemen defeats Machanidos at Mantinea 203 

Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus, Archagathus, 
Evander, Telecius, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotiqn, Ennius, Hieronymus of Sy- 
racuse, TIepoleraus, i^picydes * . . 207 

The battle of Zama , 

The first Macedonian war begins, and continues near 4 years 
The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopas 
The battle of Cynqsccphale. where Philip is defeated 



202 
200 
193 
197 



^"^ 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xv 

B. c. 

The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three years . .192 
Lacedaemon joined to the Achaean league by PhilopcEmen . « .191 

The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of Antiochus . .189 
The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Philopoemen . 188 
Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this time flourished 

Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades, Tegula, C. Laeliusj Aristony- 

mus, Hegesinus, Diogenes the stole, Critoiaus, Masinissa, the Scipios, the 

Gracchi, Thoas, &c. . . .18,7 

A war which continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias, till the 

death of Annibal 184 

Philopcemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates ..... 183 
Kuma's books found in a stone coffin at Rome . . , . . 179 

Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage , . , . . : l?* 
Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between Pelusiam and 

Mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war 171 

The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire. About this 

period flourished Attalus the astronomer, Metrodorus, Terence, Crates, 

Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus, Heraclides irneades, Aristarchus,&c. 16S 
The first lii3rary erected at Rome, with books »o^tained from the plunder of 

Macedonia ........... 167 

Terence's Andria first acted at Rome . . . . . .161 

Time measured out at Rome by a water machine, invented by Scipio Na- 

sica, 134 years after the introduction of sun dials . . , .151 

Andriscus, the Pseudophilip assumes the royalty in Macedon . * , 152 
Demetrius, king of Syria, defeated and killed by Alexander BaJas . . 15<J 
The third Punic war begins. Prusias, king of Bithynia, put to death by his 

son Nicomedes , , . . . . . . , .149 

The Romarjs make war against the Achseans, which is finished the next year 

by Mummius . . . .143 

Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by Mummius . . .147 
Viriathus is defeated by Lselius, in Spain . . , , , . 14JJ 
The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years . . .141 
The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by 4000 Nuraan- 

tines 132 

Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal patronage offered to all 

learned men by Ptolemy Physcon. The age of Satyrus, Aristobulus, Lu- 

cias Accius, Mnaceas, Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, 

Ctesibius, Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c 137 

The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panffitiu5, into 

Egypt, Syria, and Greece \3Q 

The history of the Apocrypha end^. The Servile War in Sicily begins, and 

continues for three years . ]35 

Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire . . . 1^3 
Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by Perpenna 130 
Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina . .127 

The Romans make war against the pirates of the Baleares. Carthage is re^ 

built by order of the Roman senate . . . . . .123 

C. Gracchus killed . .121 

Dalmatia conquered by Metellus ] Ijj 

Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of Ery mnseus, Athe- 

nion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius, Plerodicus, L. Ca^lius, Cantor, 

Menecrates, Lucilius, &c . . HG 

The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years . . .111 

•The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses of eating 

everyday HO 

The Teutones and Cimbri begin the war against Rome, and continue it for 

eight years j09 

The Teutoiies defeat 8^>,000 Pomafls on the banks of the Rhone '. '. 1 Oo 



xyi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

JB, c. 

The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at Aquse Sextias . : . .102 

The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus 101 

Dolabella conquers Lusitania 99 

Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans . . . . , 97 

The Social war begins, and continues three years, till finished by Sylla . 91 
The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years . . . . S9 
The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six years . . 88 
Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to Rome . . 86 
Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator . . .82 
The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo, Charmidas, Asclepia- 
des, Appellicon, L. Sisenna, Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Gallus, Dioti- 
mus, Zeno, Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus, &c. . . .78 

Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans * 75 

The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and two years after, the rebel 

general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus . . , 7S 

Mithridates and Tigranus defeated by Lucullus 69 

Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is subdued 

by Metellus, after a war of two years 66 

The reign of the Seleucidee ends in Syria on the conquest of the country 

by Pompey 65 

Catiline's conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself 63 
The lirst triumvirate in the persons of J. Caesar, Pompey and Crassus. About 
this time flourished Apollonius of Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, 
Aristodemus of Nysa, Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antio- 
chus, Spurinus, Andronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c. 60" 
Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year . . . .68 
Caesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain . . 55 

Crassus is killed by Surena in June , . 53 

Civil war between CjEsar and Pompey . . . . , , .60 

The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th ...... 48 

Alexandria taken by Caesar ......... 47 

The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called the year of 
Confusion, because the kalendar was corrected by Sosigenes, and the 
year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 days . . ; .46 

The battle of Munda 45 

Cffisar murdered ........... 44 

The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius, Antony, and Le- 
pidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, C. Nepos, Diodorus 
Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, Varro the poet, &c. . 43 

The battle of Philippi 42 

Pacorus, general of Parthia, defeated by Ventidius, 14 years after the disgrace 
of Crassus, and on the same day ........ 39 

Pompey the Younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius . . ; .36 

Octavius and Antony prepare tor war . . . . . . .32 

The battle of Actium 2d September. The era of the Roman emperors pro- 
perly begins here . . . . . . • . . .31 

Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province . . 30 

The title of Augustus given to Octavius .27 

The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time flourished Virgil, 
Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio, Maecenas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace, 
Macer, Propertius, Livy, Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Va- 
rius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. ........ 25 

The conspiracy of MuraDna against Augustus ...... 22 

Augustus visits Greece and Asia . . , . . . . .21 

The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius . . 20 

The secular games celebrated at Rome . . . . . . .17 

Lollius defeated by the Germans ........ 16 

The Rhseti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus 15 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xvii 

B. c. 

The Pannpnians conquered hy Tiberius 12 

Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus , . . . .11 

Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing years to be 
without intercalation. About this time flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, 
Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the 
geographer ......... .8 

Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years ..... 6 

Our Saviour is born four years before the vulgar era, in the year 4709 of 
the Juhan period, A. U. C. 749, and the fourth of the 193d Olympiad 4 

A. D. 
Tiberius returns to;Rome ,.«.,.•. 2 

The leap year corrected, having formerly been every 3d year . . 4 

Ovid banished to Tomos . . . . . . . . .9 

Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius . . . .10 

Augustus dies at Nola, August 29th, and is succeeded by Tiberius. The 
age of Phaedrus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius Paterculus, Germanicus, Cor- 
nel, Celsus, &c. .......... 14 

Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake . . . .17 

Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch . . . . .19 

Tiberius goes to Capreae ,......,. 26 

Sejanus disgraced . . . . . . . . . .31 

Our Saviour crucified, Friday April 3d, This is put four years earlier by 

some Chronologists .......... 33 

Tiberius dies at Misenura near Baiae, March 16th, and is succeeded by Ca- 
ligula. About this period flourished Valerius Maximus, Columella, Pom- 
ponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judeeus, Artabanus, and Agrippina . 37 

St. Paul converted to Christianity ....... 36 

St. Matthew writes his Gospel ........ 39 

The name of Christians first given at Antioch, to the followers of our 

Saviour 40 

Caligula murdered by Chaereas, and succeeded by Claudius . . .: 41 

The expedition of Claudius into Britain 43 

St. Mark writes his Gospel ......... 44 

Secular games celebrated at Rome ,...«.. 47 

Caractacus carried in chains to Rome * . . . . .51 

Claudius succeeded by Nero .,,..,.. 64 

Agrippina put to death by her son Nero .. . . . . .59 

First persecution against the Christians . , . . . .64 

Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death 65 

Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of Persius, Q. 
Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus, Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo^ 

Thrasea, Boadicea, &c. 66 

St. Peter and St. Paul put to deatli 67 

Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba 68 

Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himself. Vitellius 

is defeated by Vespasian's army , , 69 

Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus 70 

The Parthians revolt 77 

Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum and Pompeii 

destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, November 1st . 79 

Death of Mitus, and succession of Domitian. The age of Sil. Italicus, 
Martial, Apollon. Tyan^us, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, 

Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola, &c. 81 

Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated every fourth 

year 86 

Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins and continues 15 

years 88 

Second persecution of the Christians .,.-.. ^ .. 95 

3 



^iii 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c. and succeeded by Nerva. The 
age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. ...... 

Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan 

Pliny, proconsul of Bithynia, sends Trajan an account of the Christians 

Dacia reduced to a Roman province . . . . 

Trajan's expedition against Parthia. About this time flourished Florus, 
Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Byblius, Dion, Prusaeus, Plutarch, &c. 

Third persecution of the Christians . . . 

Trajan's column erected at Rome 

Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian 

Fourth persecution of the Christians 

Adrian builds a wall in Britain .... 

Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years 

He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter 

The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years, and all ban 
ished .......... 

Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign of Adrian 
flourished Theon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, Aristides, Aquila, 
Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arrian, Ptolemy, &c. .... 

Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians ... 

The worship of Serapis brought to Rome ..... 

Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, the last of 
which reigned nine years. In the reign of Antoninus flourished Maxi- 
mus Tyrius, Pausanias, Diophantes, Lucian, Hermogenes, Polyaenus, 
Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius^ &c. 

A war with Parthia, which continues three years .... 

A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years 

Another which continues three years ...... 

M. Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last reign flourished 
Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenaeus, Montanus, Diogenes Laertius 

Commodus makes peace with the Germans . . . . . 

Commodus put to death by Martia and Laetus. He is succeeded for a few 
months by Pertinax, who is murdered, 193, and four rivals arise, Didius 
Juhanus, Pescennius Niger, Severus, andAlbinus. Under Commodus 
flourished J. Pollux, Theodotion, St, Irena^us, &c. . . . 

Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus ...... 

Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th 

Severus conquers the Parthians ^ . . .... 

Fifth persecution against the Christians ...... 

Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall there across from 
the Frith of Forth ......... 

Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. In his 
reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of 
Alexandria, Philostratus, Plotianus, and Bulas .... 

Geta killed by his brother Caracalla ...... 

The septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. Flour- 
ished Oppian 

Opilius Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by Heliogabalus 

Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then exacted an an- 
nual payment not to invade or molest the Roman empire. The age of 
Julius Africanus ......... 

The Arsacidae of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king of Media, and 
their empire destroyed 

Alexander defeats the Persians ....... 

The sixth persecution against the Christians . . . ; . 

Alexander killed, and succeeded by Maximiuus. At that time flourished 
Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius .... 

The two Gordians succeed Maxim inus, and are put to death by Pupienus, 



A.D 

96 

98 

102 

103 

106 
107 
lu- 
ll? 
118 
121 
126 
130 

131 



138 
145 
146 



161 

162 
169 
177 

180 
181 



192 
194 
198 
200 
202 

207 



211 
212 

217 
218 



222 

229 
234 
235 

2% 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE* xix 

A.D. 

who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus, by the soldiers of the youn- 
ger Gordian .......... 236 

Sabinianus defeated in Africa 240 

Gordian marches against the Persians . . . • . . 242 
He is put to death by Philip, vvlio succeeds, and makes peace with Sapor 
the next year. About this time flourished Censorius, and Gregory 

Thaumaturgus . . . . . . . . . , 244 

PhiJip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished . . 249 

The seventh persecution against the Christians . . ► . 250 

Decius succeeded by Gallus ........ 251 

A great pestilence over the empire ....... 252 

Gallus dies, and is succeeded by -S^milianus, Valerianus, and Gallienus. 

In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cyprian and Plotinus . 4 254 

The eighth persecution against the Christians ..... 257 

The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively .... 258 

Valerian is taken by Sapor and flead alive . . . . . 260 

Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus ...... 264 

The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenseus . . 267 
Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign flourished Lon- 

ginus, Paulus Saraosatenus, Sic. ....... 268 

Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zenobia takes 

possession of Egypt . . . . . . . . . 269 

Aurelian succeeds ......... 270 

The ninth persecution against the Christians ..... 272 

Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa ...... 273 

Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor ..... 274 

Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign of six 

months, and was succeeded by Fiorianus,and, two months after, by Probus 275 

Probus makes an expedition into Gaul ..... . 277 

He defeats the Persians in the east ....... 280 

Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his sons Carinus and 

Numerianus .......... 282 

Dioclesian succeeds ......... 284 

The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north. Dioclesian takes 

Maximianus as his imperial colleague ...... 286 

Britain recovered, after a tyrant's usurpation of ten years. Alexandria 

taken by Dioclesian ......... 296 

The tenth persecution against the Christians, which continues ten years 303 

Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retirement, 

succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus, the two 

Caesars. About this period flourished J. Capitolinus, Arnobius, Gregory 

and Hermogenes, the lawyers, ^lius Spartianus, Hierocles, Flavius 

Vopiscus, Trebeliius Pollio, &c 304 

Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son ..... 306 
At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, Licinius, Maximia- 
nus, and Maxentius , 308 

Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine 312 

The emperor Constantine begins to favour the Christian religion . .319 

Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine .... 324 
The first general Council of KSce^^ composed of 318 bishops, who sit from 

June 19 to August 25 . 325 

The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople . . 328 

Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the eleventh of May 330 
Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed . .331 
The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons, Constantinus, 
Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of Constantine flourished Lac- 

tantius, Athanasius, Arius, and Eusebius 337 

Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constans at Aquileia 340 



XX CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

AD. 

Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius . ..... 350 

Gallus put to death by Constantius 354 

One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by an earth- 
quake .......... . 358 

Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war ; but the former dies 
the next year, and leaves the latter sole emperor. About this period 
flourished jElius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian, Marcellinus, 
Jambiicus, St. Hilary, &c. ........ 360 

Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian's reign flourished Gre- 
gory Nazianzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor, &c. . . . 363 

Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valentinian, 
the empire is divided, the former being emperor of the east, and the 
other of the west ......... 364 

Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by Valentinian . . 367 

Firmus, tyrant of Africa, defeated ....... 373 

Valentinian the Second succeeds Valentinian the First . . . 375 

The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled by the 
Huns ........... 376 

Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire. The Lom- 
bards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals . . • 379 
Gratian defeated and killed by Andrigathius . . . , * 383 
The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius . . 388 
Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after defeated by 
Theodosius . . . . . . . . . • 392 

Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the east, and 
Honorius in the west. In the reign of Theodosius flourished Ausonius, 
Eunapius, Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St. 
Ambrose, &c. .......... 395 

Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself . . : . 398 

Stilicbo defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulae . . . .405 

The Vandals, Alanj, and Suevij permitted to settle in Spain and France 
by Honorius ......*... 406 

Theodosius the Younger succeeds Arcadius in the east, having Isdegerdes, 

king of Persia, as his guardian, appointed by his father . . . 408 
Rome plundered by Alaric, king of the Visigoths, August 24th . .410 

The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain ..... 412 

The kingdom of the Burgundians is bugun in Alsace . . . .413 

The Visigoths found a kingdom at Thoulouse ...... 415 

The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths , . . .417 

The kingdom of the French begins on the lower Rhine . . . 420 

The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian the Third. 
Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Anianus, 
Panodorus, Stobseus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pelagius, 
Synesius, Cyril, Orosius, Socrates, &c. ...... 423 

Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople, and attempts 
the restoration of learning ........ 425 

The Romans take leave of Britain, and never return . . . 426 

Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals 
pass into Africa .......... 427 

The French defeated by iEtius . 428 

The Theodosian code published . . . . . . . . 435 

Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of the 

Vandals in Africa ....'.... . . 439 

The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated com- 
plaint to i5Itius against the Picts and Scots, and three years after 
the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vortigern . . 446 
Aitila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe ...... 447 

. Theodosius the Second dies, ai)d is succeeded by Marcianus. About 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxi 

A. D. 

this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius, Theodoret, Sozomen^ 
Olympiodorus, &c. . . . ...... 450 

The city of Venice first began to be known 452 

Death of Valentinian the Third, who is succeeded by Maximus for 
two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an inter-regnura of ten 
months, by Majorianus ... . . .... 454 

Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first estab- 
lished ......*..... 455 

The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro ..... 456 

Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the Thracian. Vor- 

timer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in Kent .... 457 

Severus succeeds in the western empire . . . . . .461 

The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of Aquitain . . 463 
Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an inter-regnum of two 

years . . . . . . 467 

Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next year, by Glyce- 

rius, and Giycerius by Nepos ........ 472 

Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of Ariadne, though an 
infant, succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern empire, and, some 
months after, is succeeded by his father Zeno ..... 474 

The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer. king of the Heruli, who as- 
sumes the title of king of Italy. About that time flourished Eutyches, 
Prosper, Victorius, Sidonius Appollinaris ...... 476 

Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which lasted 40 'days 
at intervals . . . . . . . , . / . 43O 

The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius the Roman gene- 
ral , . . . .485 

After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married Anastasius, surnamed 

the Silentiary, who ascends the vacant throne . . • . .491 
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, revolts about this time, and conquers 
Italy from the Heruli. About this time flourished Boethius and Symma- 

chus 493 

Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis . . . 496 
The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud .... 601 

Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcille near Poitiers . . 607 
Paris made the capital of the French dominions .... 610 

Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is burned with a brazen 

speculum by Procius . . . , . . . , .514 

The computing of time by the Christian era, introduced first by Dionysius 516 

Justin the First, a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor . . 618 

Justinian the First, nephew of Justin, succeeds. Under his glorious reign 

flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiary, SimpHcius, Dionysius, 

Procopius, Procius, Narses, &,c. . . .... 527 

Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and four years after his di- 

^gest 529 

Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two years after . 534 
Italy is invaded by the Franks ........ 530 

The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian 542 

A great plague which rose in Africa, and desolated Asia and Europe . 543 

The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia 545 

Rome taken and pillaged by Totila 547 

The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe by monks 651 

Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy .... 653 
A dreadful plague 'over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which continues for 
^0 years ^^^ 

Justin the Second, son of Vigilantia, the sister of Justinian, succeeds 565 
Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who form a kin<T- 
^oin there °. 5GB 



ijti CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

A.V, 

Tiberius the Second, an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted, and, soon 
after, succeeds .......... 678 

Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time . . .581 

Maurice, the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds . . 682 

Gregory the First, surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter^s chair at Rome. 
The few men of learning who flourished the latter end of this century, 
were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours, the father of French history, 
Evagrius, and St. Augustin the Monk ...... 690 

Augustin the Monk, with 40 others, comes to preach Christianity in England 697 
About this time the Saxon Heptarchy began in England . . . 600 

Fhocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor, after the revolt of the sol- 
diers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children . . . 602 
The power of the Popes begins to be established by the concessions of 
Phocas . . . . . . . . . " . . 606 

Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder of the usurper 
Phocas . . . . . . . . . ..610 

The conquests of Chosroes, king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, 
and, afterwards, his siege of Rome ...... 611 

The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000 men, and the 
next year they over-run Africa ....... 614 

Mahomet, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to Medina, on Friday, July 

16, which forms the first year of the Hegira, the era of the Mahometans 622 
Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs . . . 626 

Death of Mahomet 632 

Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after Alexandria, and its 
famous library destroyed ........ 637 

Constantine the Third, son of Heraclius, in partnership with Heracleonas, 
his brother by the same father, assumes the imperial purple. Constan- 
tine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his son. Constantine's son 
Constans is declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with his mother 
Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme power . 641 

Cyprus taken by the Saracens ....... 648 

The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus . , . 653 

Constantine the Fourth, surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the murder of 

his father in Sicily 668 

The Saracens ravage Sicily ........ 669 

Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is destroyed by the 

Greek fire , . 673 

Justinian the Second succeeds his father Constantine. In his exile of 10 
years, the purple was usurped by Leontius and Absimerus Tiberius. 
His restoration happened 704. The only men of learning in this centu- 
ry were Secundus, Isidorus, Theophylactus, Geo. Pisides, Callinicus, 

and the venerable Bede 685 

Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy . . . 690 

Africa finally conquered by the Saracens ...... 709 

Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople, on the murder 

, of Justinian . . . . . . . . . .711 

Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius, or Anastasius 

the Second to the throne 713 

Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius the Third, who, two 
years after, yields to the superior influence of Leo the Third, the first of 
the Isaurian dynasty < . . . . . . . . ,715 

Second, but unsuccessful siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 717 

Tax called Peterpence begun by Ina, king of Wessex, to support a college 

at Rome 727 

Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and Poitiers in October 732 
Constantine Ihe Fifth, surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father Leo 741 

Prcadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia , , . 746 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxiii 

A. D.. 
The QGniputation of years from the birth of Christ first used in historical 
writings ........... 748 

Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of the Saracens . 749 

The Merovingian race of kings ends in France .... 760 

Bagdad built, and made the capital of the Caliphs of the house of Abbas 762 
A violent frost for 150 days, from October to February . • . 763 

Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantino . .' . . 770 

Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the Lombards, 
after a duration of 206 years ....... 774 

Leo the Fourth, son of Constantine, succeeds, and, five years after, is suc- 
ceeded by his wife Irene, and his son Constantine the Sixth . . 775 
Irene murders her son and reigns alone.- The only men of learning in this 
century were Johannes Damascenus, Fredegaire, AJcuinus, Paulus Dia- 
conus, and George the Monk . . . . . . . 797 

Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome and of the western empire. 
About this time the Popes separate themselves from the princes of Con- 
stantinople 800 

Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reduction of the Saxon 
heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after ..... 801 

Nicephorus the First, great treasurer of the empire, succeeds . , 802 

Stauracius, son of Nicephorus, and Michael the First, surnamed Rhan- 

gabe, the husband of Procopio, sister of Stauracius, assume the purple 811 
Leo the Fifth, the Armenian, though but an ofiicer of the palace, ascends 
the throne of Constantinople . . . . . . .813 

Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almamon, who made obser- 
vations on the sun, &c. ........ 816 

Michael the Second, the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds, 

after the murder of Leo 821 

The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia . . 823 

The almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of Almamon 827 

Theophilus succeeds his father Michael . . . • . . 829 

Origin of the Russian monarchy ....... 839 

Michael the Third succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother Theodora 842 
The Normans get possession of some cities in France , . . 853 

Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil the First, the Macedonian 867 
Clocks first brouglit to Constantinople from Venice .... 872 

Basil is succeeded by his son Leo the Sixth, the philosopher. In this cen- 
tury flourished Mesue, the Arabian physician, Eginhard, Rabanus, Al- 
bumasar, Godescalchus, Hincmarus, Odo, Photius, John Scotus, Anas- 
tasius the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, John Asser . SSQ 

Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by Bishop Goslin 837 
Death of Alfred, king of England, after a reign of 30 years . . 900 

Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds with his nephew Constantine the Se- 
venth, surnamed Porphyrogenitus . . . , . .911 
The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo . . . 912 
Romanus the First, surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, usurps the 
throne, with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen, and Constantine the 

Eighth 919 

Fiefs established in France ........ 923 

Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdom? . . 936 

Naples seized by the eastern emperors 942 

The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tumults this 

occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyrogenitus . . . 945 
Romanus the Second, son of Constantine the Seventh, by Helena, the 

daughter of Lecapenus, succeeds 959 

Romanus poisoned by his wife Theophano, is succeeded by Nicephorus. 
Phocas the Second, whom the empress, unable to reign alone under the 
title of protectres«3 of her young children: had married . . 963 



xxiv CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 

AD. 

Italy conquerecl by Otho, and united to the German empire . : 964 

Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophano, is murdered by John Zi- 

misces, who assumes the purple . . . . » . . 969 

Basil the Second, and Constantine the Ninth, the two sons of Romanus by 

Theophano, succeed on the death of Zimisces .... 975 

The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July 3d . .987 

Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the Saracens 991 

The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The learned 
men of this century were Euedes de Cluni, Azophi, Luitprand, Alfara- 
bius, Rhaze, Geber, Abbo, Aimoin, Gerbert .... 996 

A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th . . . 1002 

All old churches, about this time, rebuilt in a new manner of architecture 1005 
Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm . . . 1014 

Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his brother . . 1023 

Romanus the Third, surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds, by marrying 

Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch . . . . . 1028 

Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Faphlagonian money lender, causes 
her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and, afterwards, marries her fa- 
vourite, who ascends the throne under the name of Michael the Fourth 1034 
The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon begin ..... 1035 

Zoe adopts for her son Michael the Fifth, the trade of whose father (ca- 
reening vessels) had procured him the surname of Calaphates . 1041 
Zoe, and her sister Theodora, are made sole empresses by the populace, 
but after two months, Zoe, though 60 years old, takes, for her third hus- 
band, Constantine the Tenth, who succeeds ..... 1042 

The Turks invade the Roman empire 1050 

After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers 'the sovereignty, and, 
19 months after, adopts, as her successor, Michael the Sixth, surnamed 

Stratioticus 1054 

Isaac Commenus the First, chosen emperor by the soldiers . . . 1057 

Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, he ap- 
points his friend Constantine the Eleventh, surnamed Ducas . . 1059 
.Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens . . . 1065 
The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold by the battle 
of Hastings, October the 14th, to William the Conquerer duke of Nor- 
mandy ........... 1066 

On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of protecting his three 
sons, Micliael, Andronicus, and Constantine, usurps the sovereignty, and 
marries Romanus the Third, surnamed Diogenes . . . 1067 

Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young princes as- 
cend the throne, under the name of Michael Parapinaces the Seventh, 
Andronicus the First, and Constantine the Twelfth . . .1071 

The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, assumes the purple 1078 

Doomsday-book begun to be compiled from a general survey of the estates 

of England, and finished in six years ...... 108G 

Alexius Commenus the First, nephew of Isaac the First, ascends the 
throne. His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his daughter, 
the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under Robert of Apulia, 

invade the eastern empire . .1081 

Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks ..... 1084 

Accession of William the Second to the English throne . . . 1087 

The first crusade .......... 1096 

Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The only learned men of 
this century were Avicenna, Guy d'Arezzo, Glaber, Hermanus, Franco, 
Peter Damiani, Michael Celularius, Geo. Cedrenus, Berenger, Psellus 
Marian us, Scotus, Arzachel, William of Spires, Suidas, Peter the 

Hermit, Sigebert 1099 

Henry the First siiccecdl to the throne of England . .1100. 



I 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, xxv 

A. D. 

Learning revived at Cambridge lUO 

John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople . 1118 

Order of Knights Templars instituted 1118 

Accession of Stephen to the English crown 1135 

Manuel, son of John, succeeds at Constantinople .... 1143 

The second crusade . . .1147 

The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years' labour . . 1151 

The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy . , 1 154 

Henry the Second succeeds in England . . . . . .1154 

The Teutonic order begins ........ 1164 

The conquest of Egypt by the Turks ...... 1169 

The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th. Conquest of 

Ireland by Henry II. 1172 

Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in England . • 1176 

Alexius the Second succeeds his father Manuel . . . .1180 

English laws digested by Glanville . . . . . .1181 

From the disorders of the government, on account of the minority of Alex- 
ius, Andronicus, the grandson of the great Alexius, is named guardian, 
but he murders Alexius, and ascends the throne .... 1183 

Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus, a descendant of the 
great Alexius by the female line, succeeds ..... 1185 

The third crusade, and siege of Acre ...... 1188 

Richard the First succeeds his father Henry in England . . .1189 

Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of Ascalon . 1192 

Alexius Angelus, brother of Isaac, revolts, and usurps the sovereignty, by 
putting out the eyes of the emperor . . . . . .1195 

John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men of this century 
were, Peter Abelard, Anna Commena, St. Bernard, Averroes, William 
of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard, Otho Trisingensis, Maimonides, Hu- 
menus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Monmouth, Tzetzes, Eustathius, 
John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Co- 
mestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph of Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, 
William of Newburgh . . . • . . . .1199 

Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac is taken from 
his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his son Alexius. This year 
is remarkable for the fourth crusade ...... 1203 

The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and Constanti- 
nople is again besieged and taken by the French and Venetians, who elect 
Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the east. In the mean time, 
Theodore Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice ; Alexius, grandson 
of the tyrant Andronicus, becomes emperor of Trebizond ; and Michael, 
an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus . 1204 

The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and, next year, is suc- 
ceeded by his brother Henry ....... 1205 

Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan, first emperor of the Moguls 

and Tartars, till the time of his death, 1227 .... 1206 

Aristotle's works, imported from Constantinople, are condemned by the 
council of Paris ......... 1209 

Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John . * 1215 

Henry the Third succeeds his falher John on the English throne . 12 1 6 

Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda, sister of the two last empe- 
rors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by the Latins . . 1217 

Robert, son of Peter Courtenay, succeeds 1221 

Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son-in-law, 

John Ducas Vataces 1222 

John of Bricnne, and Baldwin the Second, son of Peter, succeeded on the 
throne of Constantinople ........ 1 228 

The inquisition which had begun 1204 is now trusted to the Dominicans 1233 

4 



xxri CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

AD. 

Baldwin alone ,0 1237 

Origin of the Ottomans 1240 

The fifth crusade 1248 

Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso the Eleventh of Castile . 1253 

Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son Theodore 
Lascaris the Second ......... 1255 

Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor . . . 1259 

Michael Palaeologus, son of the sister of the queen of Theodore Lascaris, 

ascends the throne, after the murder of the young prince's guardian 1260 

Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek emperors of Nice 1261 
Edward the First succeeds on the English throne .... 1272 

The famous Mortmain act passes in England . . . . 1279 

Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian vespers, 30th of March 1282 
Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England ... 1283 

Michael Palaeologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had already reigned 
nine years conjointly with his father, ascends the throne. The learned 
men of this century are, Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, 
Accursius, Antony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William of Paris, Pe- 
ter de Vignes, Mathew Paris, Grosseteste, Alberlus, Thomas Aquinas, 
Bonaventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon, Cimabue, Durandus, Henry 
of Ghent, Raymond Lulii, Jacob Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, 

Thebit 1293 

A regular succession of English parliaments from this time . . 1293 

The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia ..... 1298 

The mariner's compass invented or improved by Flavio . . > . 1302 

The Swiss Cantons begin ..*..... 1307 

Edward the Second succeeds to the English crown , . . . 1307 

Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation continues 68 years, 

till the return of Gregory the Eleventh . . > . . 1308 

Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his grandson, the younger 
Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts against his grandfather, 
who abdicates ......... 1320 

Edward the Third succeeds in England ..... 1327 

First comet observed, whose course is described, with exactness, in June 1337 
About this time flourished Leo Pilatus. a Greek professor at Florence, Bar- 
iaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chrysoloras, where may be fixed 
the era of the revival of Greek literature in Italy . . . . 1333 

Andronicus is succeeded by his son John PaloBologus in the ninth year of his 
age. John Cantacuzene, who had been left guardian of the young prince, 
assumes the purple. First passage of the Turks into Europe . 1341 

The knights and burgesses of Parliament first sit in the same house , 1342 

The battle of Crecy, August 26 1346 

Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship . 1347 

Order of the Garter in England established April 23 . . . 1349 

The Turks first enter Europe 1352 

Cantacuzene abdicates the purple ...,».. 1355 

The battle of Poictiers, September I9lh 1356 

Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favour from Edward 

III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362 

Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and his exten- 
sive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years . . , 1370 
Accession of Richard the Second to the English throne . . . 1377 

Manuel succeeds his father, John Pala3ologU3 1391 

Accession of Henry the Fourth in England. The learned men of this cen- 
tury were Peler Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoklus Villa, Nicholas Lyra, 
William Occam, Nicephoras, Gregoras, Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of 
Westminster, Wickliff,Froissart, Nicholas Flamel, Chaucer . . 1399 

Henry the Fourth is succeeded by his son Henry the Fifth . . 1415 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxvii 

A. D. 
Battle of Agincourt, October 25th * . 1415 

The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese . . . 1420 

Henry the Sixth succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople is be- 
sieged by Amurath the Second, the Turkish emperor . . , 1422 
John Palaeologus the Second succeeds his father Manuel . . , 1424 
Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that family at 
Florence .......... 1434 

The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France .... 1439 

Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22 years . 1440 

Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne after his brother 
John ....... . y . 9 1448 

Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, besieges and takes Constanti- 
nople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eastern empire. The captivity 
of the Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial families of the Commenj 
and Palaeologi. About this time, the House of York in England began to 
aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to deluge the whole 
kingdom in blood. The learned men of the 15th century were Chaucer, 
Leonard Aretin, John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, FlaviusBlondus, 
Theodore Gaza, Frank Philelphus, Geo. Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho, 
Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemburg, John Faustus, Peter 
Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, i^neas Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas a 
Kempis, Argyropulus, Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Fi- 
cinus, Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola, Picus, 
Folitian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet, Reuchlin, Lyna- 
cre, Alexander ab Alexandro, Demetrius Chalcondyles, ^c, , . 145f^ 



CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 



ire. i^C, <5"C. 



AB 

4 BA and Abse, atown of Phocis, famous for 
A an oracle of Apollo, surnamed Abseus. 
The inhabitants, called Abantes, were ofThra- 
cian origin. After the ruin of their countiy by 
Xerxes, they migrated to Eubcea, which from 
them was called Abantis. Some of them passed 
afterwards from Eubcea into Ionia. Herodot. 

8, 0. S3.— Pans. 10, c. 55. A city of Caria. 

Another of Arabia Felix. A mountain 

near Smyrna.— P/in. 5, c. 24.Strab. 10. 

Abacene, a country of Sicily near Messe- 
nla. Diod. 14. 

Abalus, an island in the German ocean, 
where, as the ancients supposed, the amber 
dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned 
there, and his body never appeared above the 
water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his 
manes during a hundred years. Plin. 37, c. 2. 
Abana, a place of Capua. Cic. contra Rull. 
Abantes, a warlike people of Peloponne- 
sus, who built a town in Phocis, called Aba, 
after their leader Abas, whence also their 
name originated: they afterwards went to Eu- 
bcea. \yid. Abantis.] Herodot. 1, c. 146. 

Abantias, and Abantiades, a patronymic 
given to the descendants of Abas king of Argos, 
such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, 
he. Ovid. 

Abantidas made himself master of Sicyon, 
after he had murdered Clinias, the father of 
Aratus. He was himself soon after assassina- 
ted, B. C. 251. Plut. in Aral. 

Abaktis, or Abantias, an ancient name of 
the island of Eubcea, received from the Aban- 
tes, who settled in it from Phocis. Plin. 4, c. 

12. Also a country of Epirus. Pans. 5, c, 22. 

Abarbarea, one of the Naiades, mother of 
^sopus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laome- 
don's eldest son. Homer. II. 6, v. 23. 

Abarimon, a country of Scythia, nesu* mount 
Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have 
their toes behind their heels, and to breathe 
no air but that of their native country, Plin. 
7, c. 2. 

Abaris, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. 

^fet.6)V.86. A Rutulian, killed by Eury- 

alus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344. A Scythian, 

.son of Seuthes, in the age of Crcosus, or the 
Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from 
Apollo, with which he gave oracles, and trans- 
ported himself wherever he pleased. He is 
said to have returned to Ihe Hyperborean 
countries from Athens witliout eating, and to 
fiave made the Trojan Palladium with the 



AB 

bones of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote 
treatises in Greek ; and it is reported, that 
there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to 
Phalaris in the library of Augsburg. But there 
were probably two persons of that name. 
Herodot. 4, c. 36.—Strab. l.—Paus. 3,. c. 13. 

Abarus, an Arabian prince, who perfidious- 
ly deserted Crassus in his expedition against 
Parthia. Appian. in Parth.—r-iie is called Me- 
zeres by Flor. 3, c. 11. and Ariamnes by Plut. 
in Crass. 

Abas, a mountain in Syi'ia, where the Eur 

phrates rises. A river of Armenia Major, 

where Pompey routed the Albani. Plut. in 

Pomp. A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, 

changed into a lizard for laughing .-^t Ceres. 
Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 7. The 11th king of Ar- 
gos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus aud 
Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and 
valour. He was father to Prcetus and Acrisius^ 
by Ocalea, and built Abae. He reigned 23 years, 
B. C. 1384. Pans. 2, c. 16, 1 . 10, c . 33.— Hygin. 

I10,k.c.—Apollod.% c. 2. One of iEneas's 

companions, killed in Italy. Virg. A^a. 10, v. 

170. Another lost in the storm which drove 

^neas to Carthage. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 125. A 

Latian chief, who assisted iEijeas against Tur- 
nus, and was killed by Lausus. Virg. JEn. 10, 

V. 170, &,c. A Greek, son of Eurydamus, 

killed by j5]neas during the Trojan war. Virg. 

JEn. 3, V. 286.— Homer. II. 5, v. 150. A 

centaur, famous for his skill in hunting. Ovid 

Met. 12. V. 306. A soothsayer, to whom the 

Spartans erected a statue in the temple of A- 
polio, for his services to Lysander. Pans. 10, 

C.9. A son of Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157. 

— -A sophist who wrote two treatises, one o^ 
history, the other on rhetoric ; the time in 

which he lived is unknown. A man who 

wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by 
Servius in Virg. JEn. 9. 

Abasa, an island in the Red Sea, near JE.\\\\ 
opia. Pans. 6, c. 26. 

Abasitis, apart of Mysia in Asia. St rah. 

Abassena, or Abassinia. Vid. Abyssinia. 

Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c. 15. 

Abastor, one of Pluto's horses. 

Abatos, an island in the lake near Memphis 
in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus 
Osiris was buried there. Lucan. 10, v. 323. 

Abdalonimus, one of the descendants of 

the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain 

himself he worked in a garden. When Alex- 

lander took Sidon, he made him king in the 



AB 

loOBi of Strato, the deposed monarch, and en- 
larged his possessions on account of the great 
disinterestedness of his conduct. Justin. 11, c. 
10,— Curt. 4, c. \.—Diod. 17. 

Abd'^ba, a towTi of Hispania Baetica, built 
"by the Carthaginians. Strab. 3. A mari- 
time city of Thrace, built by Hercules, in me- 
mory of 4bderus, one of his favourites. The 
Clajzonienians and Teians beautified it. Some 
suppose that Abdera, the sister of Diomedes, 
buitt it. The air was so unwholesome, and the 
inhabitants of such a sluggish disposition, that 
stupidity was commonly called Abderitica 
7)16713. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, 
Protagoras, Anaxarchus. and Hecatasus. Mela, 
2, c. 2. — Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 16 — Herodot. 1, 
c. 186. Mart. 10, ep. 25. 

Abderia, a town of Spain. Apollod. 2, c. 5. 

Abderites, a people of Psonia, obliged to 

leave their country on account of the great 

imraber of rats and frogs which infested it. 

Justin. 15, c. 2. 

Abderus, a man of OpusinLocris, armour- 
bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares 
of Diomedes, which the hero had intrusted to 
his care when going to war against the Bistones. 
Hercules built a city, which in honour of his 
friend he called Abdera. Apollod. 2, c. 5. — 
Philoslrat. 2, c. 25. 

Abeat^, a people of Achaia,, probably the 
inhabitants of Abia. Pam. 4, c. 30. — Plin. 4, 
0.6. 

Abella, a toTivn of Campania, whose inha- 
bitants were called Abellani. Its nuts, called 
cveUancE, and also its apples, were famous 
Plrg. JEn. 1, V. n^.~Justln. 30, c. ^.~Sil 8 
V. 544. 

Abelux, a noble of Saguntum , who favour- 
ed the party of the Romans against Carthage 
Liv. 22, c. 22, 

Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inliabi 
f ants were the first who raised temples to the 
city of Rome. Liv. 45, c. 6. 

Aeia, formerly /re, a maritime town of 
Messenia, one of the seven cities promised to 
Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after 
Abia. daughter of Hercules, and nurse of Hyl- 
lus. Pam. A, c. 30.— S/ra6. Q.— Horn. 11.9, 
V. 292. 

Abii, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. 
They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy, 
and enemies to war. Homer. II. 13, v. 6. Ac- 
cording to Curt. 1, c. 6, they surrendered to 
Alexander, after they had been iadependent 
since the reign of Cyrus. 

AbVla, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, in 
that part which is nearest to the opposite 
mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, 
only eighteen miles distant. These two moun- 
tains are called the columns of Hercules, and 
were said formerly to be united, till the hero 
separated them, and made a communication 
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. 
Strab. 3.— Mela, 1, c. 5, 1. 2, c. G.—Plin. 3. 

Abisaresj an Indian prince, who offered to 
surrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. 

Abis'vris, a country beyond the Hydaspes 
in India. Arrian. 

Abisontes, sQrae inhabitants of the Alps. 
Plin. 3, c. 20. 
Aei.ktes, a j^eoplc near Troy. Strab, 
Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. Tacil. 



AB 

Abobrica, a town of Lusitania. Plin. 4, c 
20. Another in Spain. 

Abcecritus, a Boeotian general, killed with 
a thousand men, in a battle at Chaeronea, 
against the j^tolians. Plut. in Arat. 

Abolani, a people of Latium, near Alba. 
Plin. 5, c. 5. 

Abolus, a river of Sicily. Plut. in Timol. 

Aboniteichos, a town ofGalatia. Arrian. 
in Peripl. 

Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia. 

Aborigines, the original inhabitants of Ita- 
ly ; or, according to others, a nation conduct- 
ed by Saturn into Latium, where they taught 
the use of letters to Evander, the king of the 
country. Their posterity was called Latini, 
from Latinus, one of their kings. — They assist- 
ed ^-Eneas against Turnus. Rome was built in 
their country. The word signifies without ori- 
gin., or whose origin is not known, and is gene- 
rally applied to the original inliabitants of any 
country. Liv. 1, c. 1, ^c. — Dionys. Jial. 1, c. 
10.— Justin. 43, c. I.— Plin. 3, c. b.-r-Strab. 5. 

Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia. Strab. 16, 

Abradates, a king of Susa, who, when his 
wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cy- 
rus, and humanely treated, surrendered him- 
self and his troops to the conqueror. He W'as 
killed in the first battle which he undertook in 
the cause of Cyrus, aud his wife stabbed her-* 
self on his corpse, Cyrus raised a monument 
on their tomb. Xenopk. Cyrop. 5, 6, &.c. 

Abrentius, was made governor of Taren- 
tum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust to the 
enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful wo- 
man, whose brother was in the Roman army. 
Polyccn. 8. 

Abrocomas, son of Darius, w^as in the army 
of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was 
killed at Thermopylce. Herodot. 7, c, 224.-;^ 
Plut. in Cleom. 

ABRODiiETus, a name given to Parrbasius 
the painter, on account of the sumptuous man- 
ner of his living. Vid. Pai'rhasius. 

Abron, an Athenian, who wrote some trea- 
tises on the religious festivals and sacrifices of 
the Greeks. Only the titles of his works ai'e 

p7'eserved. Suidas. A grammarian of 

Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome. An- 
other who wrote a treatise on Theocritus. 

A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. Plut. 

in 10. Orat. A native of Argos, famous for 

his debauchery. 

Abronycus, an Athenian very serviceable 
to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta. 
Thucyd. 1, c. 9].— Herodot. 8, c. 21. 

Abronios, Silo, a Latin poet in the August- 
tan age. He wrote some fables. Senec. 

Abrota, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of 
the sons of ^geus. As a monument to her 
chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the 
garments which she wore to become the mo- 
dels of fashion in Megara. Plut. Qucest. Grac. 

Abrotonum, the mother of Themistocles. 

Plut. in Them. A town of Africa, near the 

Syrtes. Plin. 5, c. 4. A harlot of Thrace, 

Plut. in Arat. 

Abrus, a city of the Sapaei. Paus. 7, c. 10. 

Abryi-oms, an ally of Rome, driven from 
his possessions by Perseus, the last king of 
Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 13 and 41. 

Abskus, a giant, son of Taitarus and T6rra. 
Hygin. Pr^rf. fab. 



i 



AC 

Absinthii, a people on the coasts of Pon- 
tus, where there is also a mountain of the 
same name. Herodot. 6, c. 34. 

Absorus, Absyrtis, Absyrtides, islands in 
the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Absyrtus 
was killed, whence their name. Strab. 7. — 
Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Lucan. 3, v. 190. 

Absyrtos, a river falling into the Adriatic 
sea, near which Absyrtus was murdered. Lu- 
can. 3, V. 190. 

Absyrtus, a son of iEetes king of Colchis 
and Hypsea. His sister MedeaJ as she fled away 
with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and strewed 
his limbs in her father's way, to stop his pur- 
suit. Some say that she murdered him in Col- 
chis, others, near Istria. It is said by others, 
that he was not murdered, but that he arrived 
safe in lUyricum. The place where he was 
killed has been called Tomos, and the river 
adjoining to it Absyrtos. Lucan. 3, v. 190. — 
Strab. l.—llygin. fab. 2S.—j1pollod. 1, c. 9.— 
Flacc. 8, V. 261.— Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9.— Cic. de 
mt. D. 3, c. 19.— Plin. 3, c. 21 and 26. 

Abulites, governor of Susa, betrayed his 
tiTistto Alexander, and was rewarded with a 
province. Curt. 5, c. 2. — Diod. 17» 

Abydknus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much 
indulged by his master. He wrote some his- 
torical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and 
Assyria. Phil. Jud. — Joseph, contr. Ap, 

Abydos, a tovv'n of Egypt, where was tlie 
famous temple of Osiris. Plut. de hid. and 
Osir. A city of Asia, opposite Sestos, in 
Europe, with which, from the narrowness of 
the Hellespont, it seemed, to those who ap- 
proached it by sea, to form only one town. It 
was built by the Milesians, by permission of 
king Gyges. It i^ famous for the amours of 
Hero and Leander, and for the bridge of boats 
which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. 
The inhabitants being besieged by Philip, the 
father of Perseus, devoted themselves to death 
with their families, rather than fall into the 
hands of the enemy. Liv. 31, c. 18. — Lucan. 
2, V. 674. — Justin. 2, c. 13. — Musaius. in Her. «^- 
Leand.— Flacc. 1, v. 285. 

Abyla. Vid. Abila. 

Abylon, a city of Egypt. 

Abyssinia, a large kingdom of Africa, in 
Upper .Ethiopia, where the jNile takes its rise. 
The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian ori- 
gin, and were little known to the ancients. 

AcACALLis, a nymph, mother of Philander 
and Piiylacis by Apollo. These children were 
exposed to the wild beasts in Crete ; but a goat 
gave them her milk, and preserved their life. 
Faus. 10, c. 16. A daughter of Minos, mo- 
ther of Cydon, by Mercury, and of Amphithe- 
mis by Apollo. Pans. 8, c, 53. — Jlpollun. 4, v. 
1493. 

AcACESiuM, a town of Arcadia, built by 
Acacus son of Lycatfn. Mercury, surnamed 
Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as 
his foster-father, was worshipped there. Paus. 
8, c. 3, 36, &.C. 

AcAcius, a rhetorician in the age of the em- 
peror Julian. 

AcABEMiA, a place near Athens, surrounded 
with high trees, and adorned with spacious 
covered walks, belonging to Academus, from 
whom the name is derived. Some derive the 
word from •".-<< V":, removed from the people. 
Here Plato opened his school of philosophy, 



AC 

and from this, every place sacred to learniiag 
has ever since been called Academia. To ex- 
clude from it profaneness and dissipation, it 
was even forbidden to laugh there. It was 
called Acadcmia vetus, to distinguish it from 
the second Academy founded by Arcesilaus, 
who made some few alterations in the Platonic 
philosophy, and from the third which was esta- 
blished by Carneades. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 3-^ 
Diog. 3.—JElian. V. H. 3, c. 35. 

Academus, an Athenian, who discovered to 
Castor and Pollux where Theseus had conceal* 
ed their sister Helen, for which they amply re- 
warded him. Plut. in The.i. 

Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river falling 
into the bay of Tarentum. Plin. 3, c, 11. 

Ac ALEE, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. 
Apollod. 3, c. 1. 

AcAMARCHis, one of the Oceanides. 

AcAMAS, son of Theseus and Phaidra, went 
with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Tro- 
jans after her elopement from Menelaus. In 
his embassy he had a son, called Munitus by 
Laodice, the daughter of Priam. He was con- 
cerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built 
the town of Acamentum in Phrygia, and on 
his return to Greece called a tribe after his 
own name at Athens. Pans. 10, c.26— Q. Ca- 

lab. 12. — Hygin. 108. A son of Antenor in 

the Trojan wa^. Homer. II. 11, v. 60, &c. » 

A Thracian auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan 
war* Homer. II. 11. 

AcAMPsis, a river of Colchis. Arrian. 

AcANTHA, a nymph loved by Apollo, and 
changed into the flower Acanthus. 

Acanthus, a town near mount Athos, be- 
longing to Macedonia, or, according to others, 
to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from 

Andros. Thucyd. 4, c. 84. — Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Another in Egypt, near the Nile, called also 
Dulopolis. Plin. 5, c.28. An island men- 
tioned by P/iw; 5, c. 32. 

AcARA, a town of Pannonla. Another in 

Italy. ;: > 

AcARiA, a fountain of Corinth, where lolas 
cut off the head of Eurystheus. Strab. 8. 

AcARNANiA, (anciently Curetis) a country 
of Epirus, at the north of the Ionian sea, divid- 
ed from ifc^tolia by the Achelous. The inhabi- 
tants reckoned only six months in the year ; 
they were luxurious, and addicted to pleasure, 
so that porcus Acarnas became proverbial. 
Their horses were famous. It received its 
name from Acarnas. Plin. 2, c. 90. — Mela, 2, 
c. S.--S[rab.7 and 9.— Paus. 8, c. 24.—Lucian. 
in Dial. Meretr. 

Acarnas and Amphoterus, sons of Alcmaeon 
and Callirhoe. Alcmseon being murdered by 
the brothers of Ali)hesib(Ea, his former wife. 
Callirhoe obtained from Jupiter, that herchil-' 
dren, who were still in the cradle, might, by 
a supernatural power, suddenly gi'ow up to 
punish their father's raurderei's. This wa<; 

granted. Vid. Alcma3on. — Paus. 8, c. 24. 

Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 10. 

Acarnas and Acarnan, a stony mountain oi 
Attica. Senec. w Hippol. v. 20. 

AcASTA, one of tlie Oceanides. Ilesiod. 
Theog. V. 356. 

AcASTus, son of Pelias king of Thessaly, by 
Anaxibia, married Astydamia or Hippolyte. 
who fell in love with Peleus, son of ^acu'; 
when in banishment at her husband's coui't' 



AC 

Peleus, rejecting Ihe addresses of Hippolyte, 
was accused before Acastus of attempts upon 
lier virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed 
to Avild beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, 
delivered Peiens, who returned to Thessaly, 
and put to death Acastus and his wife. Vid. 
Peleus and Astydaraia. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 306. 

Heroid. 13, v. Ib.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, &,c. 

The second archon at Athens. 
AcATHANTUs, a bay in the Red Sea. Strah. 

16. 

Ace A Laurcntia, the wife of Faustulus, shep- 
herd of king Numitor's itocks, who brought up 
Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed 
on the banks of the Tiber.— From her wjmi- 
tonness, she was called Lt^^Jff, (a prostitute,) 
whence the fable that Romulus was suckled 
by a she-wolf. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 18. — Liv. l, 
4;. 4. — ^'iul. Gell. 6, c. 7. The Romans year- 
ly celebrated certain festivals [vid. Lauren- 
talia] in honour of another prostitute of the 
same name, which arose from this circum- 
stance : the keeper of the temple of Hercules, 
one day playing at dice, made the god one of 
the number, on condition that if Hercules was 
defeated, he should make him a present, but if 
he conquered, he should be entertained with 
an elegant feast, and share his bed with a beau- 
tiful female. Hercules was victorious, and ac- 
cordingly Acca was conducted to the bed of 
Hercules, who in reality came to see her, and 
told her in the morning to go into the streets, 
and salute with a kiss the first man she met. 
This was Tarrutius, an old unmai-ried man, 
who, not displeased with Acca's liberty, loved 
her, and made her the heiress of all his posses- 
sions. These, at her death, she gave to the 
Roman people, whence the honours paid to her 

memory. Plat. Qucpst. Rom. 4' "i Romul. 

A companion of Camilla. Virg. ^n. 11, v. 
820. 

AcciA or Atia, daughter of Julia and M. 
Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augustus, and 
died about 40 years B. C. Dio. — Suet, in Aug. 

4. Variola, an illustrious female, whose 

cause was elegantly pleaded by Pliny. Plin. 
6, ep. 33. 

AcciLA, a town of Sicily. Liv. 24, c. 35. 

L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whose 
roughness of style Quintilian has imputed to the 
unpolishe^I age in which he lived. He trans- 
lated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but 
of his numerous pieces only some of the names 
are know^i; and among these, his JVuptiae, 
Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phffinice, Medea, 
Atreus, he. The great marks of honour 
which he received at Rome, may be collected 
from this circumstance : that a man was severe- 
ly reprimanded by a magistrate for mentioning 
bis name without revereiice. Some few of his 
verses are preserved in Cicero and other wri- 
ters. He died about 190 years B. C. Horat. 
2, ep. 1, v. 56.— Odd. Mi. 1, el. 15, v. 19.— 
quinUl. 10, c. l.—Cic. ad Alt. ^ in Br. de 

Oral. 3, c. 16. A famous orator of Pisau- 

rum in Cicero's age. Labeo, a foolish poet 

mentioned Fers. 1, v. 50. Tullius, a prince 

of the Volsci, vcr>' inimical to the Romans. 
Coriolanus, when banished by his country- 
men, fled to him, and led his armies against 
Rome. Liv. 2, c. 37. — Plut. in Coriol. 

Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. 
Cccs.bdl. Gail, 6; e,4and44. Anoldwojaan 



AC 

who fell mad on seeing her deformity in a look'^ 
ing-glass. Hesych. 

AccuA, a town in Italy, Liv. 24, c. 20. 

AcE, a town in Phoenicia, called also Ptole- 
mais, now Acre. C. JVep. in Datam. c. 5.—- — 
A place of Arcadia, near Megalopolis, where 
Orestes was cured from the persecution of the 
furies, who had a temple there. Paus. 8, v. 34. 

AcERATUs, a soothsayer, who remained 
alone at Delphi when the approach of Xerxes 
frightened away the inhabitants. Herodot. 8, 
c. 37. 

AcERBAS, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who 
married Dido. Vid. Sichseus. — Justin. 18, c. 4. 

AcERiNA, a colony of the Brutii in Magna 
Grajcia, taken by Alexander of Epirus. Liv. 8. 
c. 24. 

AcERR^, an ancient town of Campania, 
near the river Clanius. It still subsists, and the 
frequent inundations from the river which ter- 
rified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevent- 
ed by the large drains dug there. Virg. G.2, 
V. 22b.— Liv. 8, c. 17. 

AcERSEcoMEs, a sumame of Apollo, which 
signifies unshorn. Jliv. 8, v. 128. 

Aces, a river of Asia. Herodot. 3, c. 117, 

AcESiA, part of the island of Lemnos, which 
received this name from Philoctetes, whose 
w-ound was cured there. Pkilostr. 

AcESiNEs, a river of Sicily. Thusyd. 4, c. 25. 

AcEsiNus, or AcEsiNEs, a river of Persia 
falling into the Indus. Its banks produce reeds 
of such an uncommon size, that a piece of 
them, particularly between two knots, can 
serve as a boat to cross the water. Justin. 12, 
c. 9.— Plin. 4, c. 13. 

AcEsius, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and 
Attica, as god of medicine, Paus. 6, c. 24. 

AcESTA, a tow^n of Sicily, called after king 
Acestes, and known also by the name of Se- 
gesta. It was built by ^neas, who left here 
part of his crew as he was going to Italy, Virg. 
JEn. 5, V. 746, he. 

Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was 
king of the country near Drepanum in Sicily. 
He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kind- 
ly entertained .^neas during his voyage, and 
heljjed him to bury his ftither on mount Eryx. 
In commemoration of this, iEneas built a city 
there, called Accsta, from Acestes. Virg. JEn. 
5, V. 746. 

AcESTiuM, a woman w'ho saw all her rela- 
tions invested with the sacred office of torch 
bearers in the festivals of Ceres. Paus. 1, c. 37. 

AcESTODORUS, a Greek historian, who men- 
tions the review which Xerxes made of his 
forces before the battle of Salamis. Plut. iip 
Thcmst. 

AcESTORiDES, an Athenian archon. A 

Corinthian governor of Syracuse. Diod. 19. 

AcETEs, one of Evander's attendants. Virg. 
JEn.lhw'^O. 

AciiABYTos, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, 
where Jupiter had a teiuj le. 

AcHiF.A, a surname of Pallas, whose temple 
in Daunia was defended by dogs, who fawned 
upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all 

other persons. Arisioi. de .Mirab. Cere* 

was called Achaea, from her lamentations (;'%*) 
at the loss of Proserpine. Plut. in Isid. ^ Osir. 

AcHiEi, the descendants of Achajus, at first 
inhabited the country near Argos, but being 
driven bv the Heraclidie 80 years after the Tro- 



1 



AC 

jan war, they retired among the lonians, whose 
twelve cities they seized and kept. The names 
of these cities arc Pelena, jEgira, iEges, Bura^ 
Tritaea, .^gion, Rhypae, Olenos, Helice, Patrcc, 
Dyme, and Phara}. The inhabitants of tliese 
three last began a famous confederacy, 2S4 
years B. C. which continued formidable up- 
W'ards of 130 years, under the name of the 
Jichtzan league, and weis most illustrious whilst 
supported by the splendid viitues and abilities 
of Aratus and Philopffimen. Their arms were 
directed against the ^tolians for three years, 
with the assistance of Philip of Macedon. and 
they grew powerful by the accession of neigh- 
bouring states, and treed their country from 
foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked 
by tJie Romans, and, after oneVear's hosiilities, 
the Achaean league was totally destroyed, B. C. 
147. The Achajans extended the boi-ders of 
their country by conquest, and even planted 

colonies in Magna Gra^cia. The name of 

Achcti is generally applied to all the Greeks 
indiscriminatelv, by the poets. Jld. Achaia. 
Herodof. I.e. 145, 1. 8, c. 36.—Siat. Theb. 2, v. 
164.—Polyb.—Liv. I. 27, 32, kc.—Plut. in 
Pkilop.—Plin. 4, c. 5.~0vid. Met. 4, v. 605.— 

Paiis. 7, c. 1, fee. Also a people of Asia on 

tiie borders of the Euxine. Ovid, de Pont. 4, 
«1. 10, V. 27. 

AcH^iuM, a place of Troas opposite Tene- 
dos. — Strab. 8. 

AcH.EMEyES, a king of Persia, among the 
progenitors of C\tus the Great; whose de- 
seendants were called Acheemenides.and form- 
ed a separate tribe in Persia, of which the 
kings were members. Cambyses, sou of Cyrus, 
on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and par- 
ticularly the Achaemenides, not to suft'er the 
Medes to recover their former power, and 
abolish the empire of Persia. Herodut. 1, c. 
125, 1. 3, c. 65, 1. 7, c. \\.—norcd.2. od. 12, v. 
21.— — A Persian, made governor of Eg-j-pt by 
Xerxes, B. C. 434. 

AcH^sMENi.!, part of Persia, called after 
Achffimenes. Hence Achamenius. Horat. 
Epod. 13, v. 12. 

AchjEmenides, a native of Ithaca, son of 
Adi^amastus, and one of the companions of 
Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, 
wiiere yEneas, on his voyage to Italy, found 
him. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 624. Ovid. lb. 417. 

AcMsoRUM LiTTUs, a harbour in Cyprus. 

Strab. In Troas, In iEolia, in Pe- 

Toponnesus; on the Euxine, Pans. 4, c. 34. 

AcH.«:oROBi sTATio, a place on the coast 
©f the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxena 
MTis sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and 
where Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had 
murdered her son Polydorus. 

AcHTEL's, a king of Lydia, hung by his;sub- 

.fects for his extortion. Ovid in lb. A son of 

Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the acci- 
dental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus^; 
where the inhabitants were called, from him, 
AchaM. He afterwards returned to Thessaly. 
airalj. 8. — Pans. 7, c. 1.-^ A tragic poet 



of Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which 
some of the titles are presei-ved, such as Adi-as- 
ttis, Linus, Cycnus, Euraenldes, Phiioctetes, 
Piritiious, Theseus, (Edipusjiic. ; of these only 
one obtained the pviza. He lived some time 
-after Sophocles. Another of Syracuse, au- 
thor of ten tragedies. A rirer which fall* 

5 



AC 

into the Euxine. Arrian in Penpl. • A rejs^ 
tion of Antiochus the Great, appointed gover- 
nor of all the king's provinces beyond Taurug, 
He aspired to sovereign power, which he dis- 
puted for 8 years with Antiochus, and was at 
last betrayed by a Cretan. His limbs Avere cut 
off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, 
was exposed on a gibbet. Polyb. 8. 

Achaia, called also IIella.s, a country of 
Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of 
Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was 
originally called ^-Egialus (short) from its si- 
tuation. The lonians called it Ionia, when 
they settled there ; and it received the name 
of Achaia from the Achasi, who dispossessed 

the lonians. Vid. Jlchizi. A small part of 

Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which 
Alos vs^as the capital. 

AciiAicuM BELLCM. Vid Achaii. 

AcHARA, a town near Sardis. Strab. 14. 

AcHARENSEs, a pcoplc of Sicily, near Syra- 
cuse. Cic. in Ver. 3. 

AcHARNJS, a village of Attica. Thiicyd. 2, 
c. 19. 

Achates, a friend of ^Eneas, whose fidelity 
was so exemplary, that Fidus Achates became 

a proverb. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 3 16. A river of 

Sicily. 

AcHELoiDEs, a patronymic given to the Si? 
reus as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. Met. 6, 
fab. 15. 

AcHELORiDM, a rivei* of Thessaly. Po- 
lyan. 8. 

Achelous, the son of Oceanus or Sol, by 
Terra or Tcthys, god of the river of the same 
name of Epirus. As one of the numerous 
suitors of Dejanka, daughter of CEneus, he en- 
tered the lists against Hercules, and being infe- 
rior, changed liimself into a serpent, and after- 
wards into an ox. Hercules broke off one of 
his horns, and Achelous being defeated, retired 
in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken 
horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled 
u'ith fruits and flowers ; and after it had for 
some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, 
it Avas presented to the goddess of Plenty. 
Some say that he Avas changed into a river afr 
ter the victory of Hercules. This ri\er is in 
Epirus. and rises in mount Pindus, and after 
dividing Acarnania from iEtolia, falls into tlie 
Ionian sea. The sand and mud Avhich it carries 
doAAn, haAc formed some islands at its mouth. 
This river is said by some to have sprung from 
tiie earth after the deluge. Htrodot. 2, c. 10.- 
— Strab. 10.— Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 5, 1. 9, fab. L 
Amor. 3. el. 6, v. 35. — Apollod. 1, c. 3 and 7, 1. 
2, c. 7. — Hygin.prcef. fab. A riA^r of Arca- 



dia, falling into the Alpl^us. Another floAV- 

ing from mount Sipylus. Pans. 8, c. 38. 

AcHERous, a tribe of Attica ; hence AdiQr- 
diisius in Demoxth. 

AcHERiMi, a people of Sicily. Cic. 3, in 
Verr. 

Acheron, a river of Thesprotia, in Epinis, 
falling into the bay of Ambracia, Homer call- 
ed it, from the dead appearance of its Avaters, 
one of the riA'ersof hell, and tiie fable has been 
adopted by all succeeding poets, Avho make the 
god of the stream to be the son of Ceres AAith- 
ont a father, and say that he concealed himself 
in hell for fear of the Titans, and wa--' changed 
into a bitter sU'eam, over Avhicli the souls of 
the dead are at li)*st conveyed. It receives,. 



AC 

say the)'', the souls of the dead, because a 
deadly languor seizes them at the hour of dis- 
solution. Some make him son of Titan, and 
suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupi- 
ter, for supplying the Titans with water. The 
word Acheron is often taken for hell itself. 
Jiorat. 1, od. 3, v. 3Q.—Virg. G. % v. 292. Mn. 
2, V. 295, &c. — Stmb. 7. — Lucan. 3, v. 16. — 

6i/. 9.. Silv. 6, V. 80.— Lu'. 8, c . 24. A river 

of Ells in Peloponnesus. Another on the 

Cliphaean mountains. Orpheus. Also a ri- 
ver in the country of the Brutii, in Italy. Jus- 
(in. 12, c. 2. 

AcHKKOxNTiA, a town of Apulia on a moun- 
tain, thence called JVidushy Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 
14. 

AcHERusiA, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, 
over which, as Diodorus, /i6. 1. mentions, the 
bodies of the dead were conveyed, and receiv- 
ed sentence according to the actions of their 
life. The boat was called Baris, and the ferry- 
man Charon. Hence arose the fable of Cha- 
ron and the Styx, &c. afterwards imported into 
Greece by Orpheus, and adopted in the reli- 
gion of tlie country. — — There was a river of 
the same name in Epirus, and another in Italy 
and Calabria. 

AcHERusiAS, a place or cave in Chersonesus 
Taurica, where Hercules, as is reported, drag- 
ged Cerberus out of hell. Xenoph. Anah. 6. 

AcHETus, a river of Sicily. Sil. 14. 

Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who mur- 
dered Pompey the Great. Plui. in Pomp. — 
Lucan. 8, v. 538. 

Achillea, a peninsula near the mouth of 
the Boiysthenes. Mela. 2, c. 1. — Herodot. 4, 

c. 55 and 76. ^An island at the mouth of 

the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, 
over which it is said that bh'ds never flew. 

riin. 10, c. 29. A fountain of Miletus, 

whose waters rise salted from the earth, and 
afterwards sweeten in their course. Allien. 2, 
c. 2. 

Achilleus or Ac^uileus, a Roman general 
in Egypt, in the reign of Dioclesian, wiio re- 
belled, and for five years maintained the impe- 
rial dignity at Alexandria. Dioclesian at last 
inarched against him ; and because he had sup- 
ported a long siege, the emperor ordered him 
to be devoured by lions. 

AcHiLLEiEKsis, a ])8ople near Macedonia. 
Xenoph. Hist. Grac. 3. 

AciriLLicis, a poem of Statins, in which he 
descnbes the education and memorable actions 
of Achilles. This composition is imperfect. 
The poet's immature de.'Uh deprived the world 
of a valuable history of the life and exploits 
of this famous liero. Vid. Statins. 

Achilles, the son of Peleus and Tlietis, 
was the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan 
war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him 
in the Styx, and made every part of his body 
invulnerable, except the heel by which she 
held hi)n. His education was intrusted to the 
centaur Chiron, wiio tau^hthira the art of war, 
and made him master of music, and by feed- 
ing him with the marrow of wild beasts, ren- 
dered him vigorous and active. He was taught 
eloquence by PhcEnix,w horn he ever after lov- 
ed and respected Thetis, to {)revent him from 
going to the Tiojan wai*, where she knew he 
was to peiish, privately sent him to the court 
of L}xomede£; where' he was disguised iu a 



AG 

female dress, and, by his familiarity with the 
king's daughters, made Deidamia mother of 
Neoptoleraus. As Troy could not be taken 
w^ithout the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the 
court of Lycomedos, in the habit of a mer- 
chant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. 
Achilles, choosing the arms, discovered his 
sex, and went to war. Vulcan, at the entrea- 
ties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of ar- 
mour, which was proof against all weapons. 
He was deprived by Agamemnon of his favour- 
ite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot 
at tho division of the booty of Lyrnessus. For 
tljis aflVont, he refused to appear in the field 
till the death of his friend Patroclus recalled 
him to action, and to revenge. [Vid. Patro- 
clus.'] He slew Hector, the bulwark of Troy, 
tied the corpse by the heels to his chariot, and 
dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. 
After thus appeasing the shades of his friend, 
he yielded to the tears and entreaties of Pri- 
am, and permitted the aged father to ransom 
and carry away Hector's body. In the 10th 
year of the war, Achilles was charmed with 
Polyxena ; and as he solicited her hand in the 
temi)le of Minei'va, it is said that Paris aimed 
an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which 
wound he died. His body was buried at 
Sigseum, and divine honours W'cre paid to him, 
and temples raised to his memory. It is said, 
that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achil- 
les appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of 
them Polyxena, who accordingly was sacri- 
ficed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. 
Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary, 
and that Polyxena was so grieved at his death, 
that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thes- 
salians yearly sacrificed a black and a white 
bull on !iis tomb. It is reported that he mar- 
ried Helen after the siege of Troy ; but others 
maintain, that this marriage happened after 
his death, in the island of Leuce, where many 
of the ancient heroes liv'ed, as in a separate 
elysium. [Vid. Leuce.'] When Achilles was 
young, his mother asked him wh ether he pre- 
ferred a long life, spent in obscurity and re- 
tirement, or a few years of military fame and 
glory .'' and that to Iiis honour he made choice 
of the latter. Some ages after tlie Trojan war, 
Alexander, going to the conquest of Persia, 
oftered sacrifices on the tomb of Achilles, and 
admired the hero wiio hud found a Homer to 
|)ublish his fame to posterity. Xenoph. de ve~ 
tint. — Plut. in Alex. — De facie in Orhe Lim, 
De music. De amic. mult. Qua:sl. Grac. — 
Pans. 3, c. 18, k.c.—Dix)d. 17.— Stat. AchiL— 
Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3, &c. Trist. 3, el. 5, v. 
37, k,c.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 472, 488, 1. 2, v. 275, 
1. 6, V. 58, k^c.—Apollod. 3, c. 13.— Hysin. 
fab. 96 and 110.— Strab. 14.— Plin. 35, c. 15.— 
Max. Tijr. Oral. 2't,—IlGrat. 8, 1, od. 1. 2, od. 
4 and 16, 1. 4, od. 6, 2, ep. 2, v. 42.— Horn. II. ^• 
Od.—Dictis. Cret. 1, 2, 3, he— Dares. 
Phryg.—Juv. 7, v. 210. — Apollon. 4. — Ar- 
gon. V. 869. There were other persons of 

the same name. The most known were a 

man who received Juno when she flod from 

Jupiter's courtship the preceptor of Chiron 

the centaur a son of .Tupiter and Lamia, 

declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus a 

man who instituted ostracism at Athens. 

Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the age of 
! the emperor ClaudiuS; but originally a pagan', 



i 



AC 

converted to Christianity, and made a bishop. 
He wrote a mixed history of great men, a 
treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on 
the loves of Clitophon and Lucieppe, he. Some 
manuscripts of his Avorks are preserved in the 
Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best 
edition of his works is that in 12mo. L. Bat. 
1640. 

AcHiLLEUM, a town of Troas near the 
tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. 
Plin. 5, c. 30. 

Ac HI VI, the name of the inhabitants of 
Ai'gos and Lacedasmon before the return of 
the Heraclidae, by Avhora they were expelled 
from their possessions 80 years after the Tro- 
jan war. Being without a home, they drove 
the lonians from ..Egialus, seized their twelve 
cities, and called the country Achaia. The lo- 
nians were received by the Athenians. The 
appellation olJlchivi is indiscriminately appli- 
ed by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. Paus. 
1, c. 1, he. Vid. Achaia, 

AcHLAD^EUs, a Corinthian general, killed 
by Aristomenes. Paus. 4, c. 19. 

AciiOLOE, one of the Harpies. Hygin. 14. 

AcicHilRius, a general with Brennus in 
the expedition "which the Gauls undertook 
against Peeonia. Paus. 10, c. 10. 

AciDALiA, a surname of Venus, from a 
fountain of the same name in Bcsotia, sacred to 
her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. — 
Virg. JEn. 1, v. 12.Q.—0vid. Fast. 4, v. 468. 

AciDASA, a river of Peloponnesus, former- 
ly called Jardanus. Paus. 5, c. 5. 

AciLiA, a plebeian family at Rome, W"hlch 

traced ifs pedigree up to the Trojans. The 

mother of Lucan, 

AciLiA LEX was enacted, A. U. C.556, by 
Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of five 

colonies in Italy. Liv. 32, c. 29. Another 

called also Capurnia, A. U. C. 684, which en- 
acted, that no person convicted of ambitus, or 
using bribes at elections, should be admitted 
in the senate, or hold an office. Another con- 
cerning such as were guilty of extortion in the 
provinces. 

M. Acilius Balbus, was consul with For- 
tius Cato, A. U. C. 640. It is said, that during 
his consulship, milkand blood fell from heaven. 

Plin. 2, c. 56. Glabrio, a tribune of the 

people, who with a legion quelled the insur- 
gent Javes in Etruria. Being consul Avilh P. 
Corn. Scipio Nasica, A. U. C. 563, he con- 
quered Antiochus at Thermopylae, for which 
he obtained a triumph, and three days were 
appointed for a public thanksgiving. He stood 
for the censorship against Cato, but desisted 
on account of the false measures used by his 
competitor. Jiislin 31, c. 6. — Liv. 30, c. 40, 

1. 31, c. 50, 1. 35, c. 10, he. The son of the 

preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which 
his father had vowed to this goddess Avhen 
'fighting against Antiochus, He raised a golden 
statue to his father, the first that appeared in 
Italy. The temple of Piety was built on the 
spot where once a woman had fed with her 
milk her aged fatiier, whom the senate had im- 
prisoned, and exchuled from all aliments. Val. 

Max. 2, c, 5. The enactor of a law against 

bribery. A pretor in the time tliat Verres 

was accused by Cicero. ^A man accused of 

i'xtorlion, and twice defended by Cicero. He 
was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cae- 
gar in tU<; civil waj-j, Oes. Bdl. Civ. 3; c. Id. 



AC 

A consul, wliose son was killed by Doml- 

tian, because he fought with wild beasts. The 
true cause of this murder w^as, that young 
Glabrio was stronger than the emperor, and 
therefore envied. — Juv. 4, v. 84. 

AciLLA, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum 
(some read Acolla). Ccbs. Afr. c. 33. 

Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus 
and the nymph Simaethis. Galatea passionate- 
ly loved him ; upon which his rival, Voly^he- 
mus, through jealousy, crushed him to death 
whh apiece of a broken rock. The gods chang- 
ed Acis into a stream which rises from mount 
.5:tna. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 8. 

AcMON, a native of Lyrnessus, who accorp- 
panied ^Eneas into Italy. His father's name 
was Clytus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 128. 

AcaioNiDES, one of the Cyclops. Ovid. 
Fast. 4, v. 288. 

AccETEs, the pilot of the ship whose crew 
found Bacchus asleep, and carried him away. 
As they ridiculed the god, they were changed 
into sea monsters, but Accetes was preserved. 
Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 8, &c. Vid. Acetes. 

AcoNTEs, one of Lycaon'sSO sons. Jlpollod. 
3, c. 8. 

AcoxTEus, a famous hunter, changed into 
a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nuptials 
of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, 

V. 201. Aperson killed in the wars of iEneas 

and Turnus, in Italy. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 615. 

AcoNTiuS; a youth of Cea, who, when he 
Aventto Delos to see the sacrifices of Diana, fell 
in love Avith Cydippe, a beautiful virgin, and 
being unable to obtain her, on account of the 
obscurity of his origin, wrote these A-erses on 
an apple, Avhich he thrcAA'' into her bosom : 

Juro tibi sanctce per mystica sacra DiancEj 

Me tibi veniuram comitem, sponsamque fa- 
turum. 
Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled 
by the oath she had inadvertently made, mar- 
ried Acontius. Ovid. Her. ep. 20. A moun- 
tain of Bosotia. Plin. 4, c. 7. 

AcoNTOBULus, a place of Cappadocia, un- 
der Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. £pol- 
Ion. arg. 2. 

AcoRis, a king of Egypt, Avho assisted EA:a- 
goras king of Cyprus against Persia. Diod. 15. 

AcRA, a to wn of Italy , Eubcsa, Cy- 
prus, Acarnania, Sicily, Africa, 

Sarmatia, &c. A promontory of Cala- 



bria, now Cape di Leuca. 

AcRADiNA, the citadel of Syracuse, taken 
by Marcellus the Roman consul. Plut. in 
Marcel. — Cic. in Verr. 4. 

AcR«, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Paus. 
2, C.34. 

AcRyEA, a daughter of the river Asterion, 
A surname or Diana, from a temple built 



to her by Melampns, on a mountain near Ar- 
gos. A surname of Juno, Pa^is. 2, c. 17. 

AcR^PHNiA, a toAvn in Bceotia; whence 
Apollo is called Acra3phnius. Hcrodol. 8, c. 135. 

AcRAGALLiD^, a dishoiiBst iiatioH living an<- 
ciently near Athens. JEsch. contra Ctesipk. 

AcRAGAS. Vid. Agragas. 

AcRATUs, a freed man of Nero, sent into 
Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. I'ac. 
An. 15, c. 45, 1. 16, c. 23. 

AcRiAs, one of Hippodamia's suitors. Paw^. 

6, c. 21. Hebuilt Acriaj, atOAvn of Laconia. 

M3, c. 21. 

AcRiDopjucJ; im .Ethiopian uatiou; "nho 



AC 

fcflupon locust,:^; and lived not beyond tlielr 
40th year. At the approach of old age, swarms 
of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed 
their belly and breast, till the patient by rub- 
bing himself drew blood, which increased 
their number, and ended m his death. Diod. 
S.—Plin. 11, c. 29.— Strab. 16. 

AcRioN, a Pythagorean philosopher of Lo- 
cris. Cic. defm. 5, c. 29. 

AcRisioNEus, a patronymic applied to the 
Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient 
kings, or from Arisione, a town of Argoli-j, 
called after a daughter of Acrisius of the same 
name. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 410. 

AcRisiONiADEs, a patronymic of Ferscus, 
from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. Met. 5. 
V. 70. 

Acrisius, son of Abas, king of Argos, by 
Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He was born 
at the same birth as Proetns, witiiwhom it is 
said that he quarrelled even in his mother's 
womb. After many dissentions Prffitus was 
driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by 
Eurydice daughter of Lacedcemon ; and being 
told by au oracle, that his daughter's son would 
put him to death, he confined Danae in a bra- 
zen to^ver, to prevent her becoming a mother. 
She however became pregnant, by Jupiter 
changed into a golden shower ; and though 
Acrisius ordered her, aud her infant, called 
Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they 
were saved ; and Perseus soon after became 
so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious 
to see so renowned a grandson, went to Laris- 
sa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his skill 
in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who pro- 
ved to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, 
and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfdled. 
Acrisius reigned about 31 years. Hygin. fab. 
m.—Ovid. Mel. 4, fab. \Q.—Horat. 3, od. 16.— 
Apollod. 2, c. 2, he— Pans. 2, c, 16, kc.—Vid. 
Danae, Perseus, Polydcctes. 

AcRiTAS, a promontory of Messenia, in 
Peloponnesus. Flin. 4, c. 5. — Mela. 2, c. 
3. 

AcROATiiON or AcROTHoos, a town on the 
top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived 
to an uncommon old age. Mela. 2, c. 2. — 
Plin. 8, c. 10. 

AcRocERAUNiuM, a promontory of Epirus, 
■with mountains called Acroceraunia, which 
project between the Ionian and Adriatic 
seas. The Avord comes from afig^, high, and 
v*eMiv(3i', thunder ; because, on account of their 
gi'eat heiglU, they w^ere often struck with 
thunder. Liicret. 6, v. 420. — Plin. 4, c. 1. — 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 506.— Strab. Q.-Horat. 1, od. 
3,v. 20. 

AcRocoRiNxnus, a lofty mountain on the 
isthmus of Corinth, trdcen by Aratus, B. C. 
243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, 
and Corinth is built at the bottom. Strah. 8. 
— jPaws. 2j C.4. — Plat, in Aral. — Slat. Thcb. 7, 
V. 106. 

AcRoy, a king of Cenina. killed by Romu- 
lus in single combat, after the rape of the Sa- 
bines. His spoils were dedicated *o Jupiter 

Fereti'ius. Plut. in Romtd. A physician of 

Agrigentum, B. C. 43i>, educated at Athens 
witit JBmpcdocles. He wrote physical treatises 
in the Doric dialect- and cured the Athenians 
of a plague, by lighting fire near the houses of 
the infected, riin. 29, c. 1. — Plut. in Isid. 



AC 

" One of the friends of ^neas, killed Ijy 

Mezentus. Virg. ,j^n. 10, v. 7 19. 

AcROPATOs, one of x\le|;ander's officers, 
who obtained part of Media after the king's 
death. Justin. 13, c. 4. 

Acropolis, the ci(adel of Athens, built 
on a rock, and accessible only on one side. 
Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Paus. 
in Attic. 

AcROTATus, son of Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta, died before his father, leaving a son 

called Areus. Paus. 1, c. 13, 1. 3, c. 6. A son 

of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidoni?, 
wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased 
her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot, 
to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was be- 
sieged b}'- Pyrrhus, Acrotatus was seen bravely 
fighting in the middle of the enemy, and com- 
mended by the multitude, who congratulated 
Chelidonis on being mistress to such a warlike 
lover. Plat, in Pyrrh. 

AcROTHoos. Vid. Acroathon. 

Acta or Acte, a country of Attica. This 
word signifies shore, and is applied to Attica, as 
being near the sea. It is derived by some 
writers, from Actasus a king, from whom the 
Athenians have been called Actaei. Ovid. 
Met. J, V. 'il^.—Virg. Ed. 2, v. 23. 

Acta, a place near mount Athos on the 
^gean Sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 109. 

AcT.'EA, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. TJi. 

250. — Homer. II. 18, v. 41. A surname of 

Ceres. A daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 2, 

c. 1. 

ActjEon, a famous huntsman, son of Aris- 
taius and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, whence 
he is called Autoneius heros. He saw Diana 
and her attendants bathing near Gargaphia, 
for which he was changed into a stag, and 
devoured by his own dogs. Paus. 9, c.2. — 

Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 3. A beautiful youth, son 

of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one 
of the Heraclidffi, endeavoured to debauch 
and carry away. He was killed in the struggle 
which in consequence of this happened be- 
tween his fiither and ravisher. Melissus com- 
plained of the insult, and drowned himself; 
and soon after the country being visited by a 
pestilence, Archias was expelled. Plut. in 
Amal. 

AcT.'Eus, a powerful person who made 
himself master of a part of Greece, which he 
called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married 
Cecrops, whom the Athenians called (heir first 
king, though Actaius reigned before him. 

Paus. 1, c. 2 and 14 The word is of the same 

signification as .dlticus an inhabitant of Attica. 

Acte, a mistress of Nero, descended from 

Attains. Sudan, in .Ver. 28. One of the 

Hora\ Hygin. fab. 183. 

AcTiA, the mother of .Augustus. As she 
slept in the femple of Apollo, she dreamt 
tliot a dragon had lalji with her. Nine months 
after, she brought forth, haying previously 
dreamt that her bowels were scattered all over 

the world. Suet, in Aug. 94. Games sacred 

to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of 
Augustus over M. Antony at Actium. They 
were celebi'ated eveiy third, sometimes fifth 
year, with great pomp, and the Lacedaemo- 
nians had the care of them. Plut. in Anton. — 
Strab. 7.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 280. 1. 8, v. 675. 
— —A sister of Julius Ciesar, Pint, in Qic: 



AC 

AcTis, son of Sol, went from Greece Into 
Egypt, where he taught astrologj", and foimd- 
ed Heliopolis. Diod. 5. 

AcTiSANES, a king of Ethiopia, who con- 
quered Egypt, and expelled king Amasis. He 
was famous for his equity, and his severe pun- 
i&liment of robbers, whose noses he cut oif, 
and whom he banished to a desert place, where 
they were in want of all aliment, and lived on- 
ly upon crows. Diod. 1. 

AcTiuM, now Azio, a town and promontory 
of Epirus, famous for the naval victoiy which 
Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopa- 
tra, the 2d of September, B. C. 31, in honour 
of which the conqueror built there the town of 
IVicopolis, and instituted games. Vid. Actia. — 
Plat, in Anton — Sutton in Aug. A promon- 
tory of Corcjrra. Cic. ad Alt. 7, ep. 2. 

AcTius, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, 
where he had a temple. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 704. 

A poet. Vid. Accius. A prmce of the 

Volsci. Vid. Accius. 

Actil'sNavius, an augur who cut a load- 
stone in two with a razov, before Tai-quin and 
the Roman people, to convince them of his 
skill as an augm-. Flor. 1, c. 5. — Liv. 1, c.36. 
Labeo. Vid. Labeo. 

Actor, a companion of Hercules in his ex- 
pedition against the Amazons. The father 

of Mencetius by ^Egina, whence Patroclus is 

called Adorides. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 8 A man 

called also Aruncus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 93. 

One of the friends of iEneas. Id. 9, v. 500. 

A son of Neptune by Agameda. Hygin. 

fab. 14. A son of Deion and Diomede. 

ApolJod. 1, c. 9. The father of Eurytus, 

and brother of Augeas. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

A son of Acastus, one of the Argonauts. Hy- 
gin. fab. 14. The father of Astyoche. Ho- 
mer. II. 2. — Paus. 9, c. 37. A king of Lem- 

nos. Hygin. 102. 

AcTORiDEs, a patronymic given to Patro- 
clus, grandson of Actor. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 

1. Also to Erithus, son of Actor. Id. Met. 

5, fab. 3. Two brothers so fond of each 

other, that in driving a chariot, one generally 
held the reins, and the other the whip ; 
whence they are represented with t^vo heads, 
four feet and one body. Hercules conquered 
them. Pindar. 

AcToRis, a maid of Ulysses. Homer Od. 
23. 

M. AcTORics Naso, a Roman historian. 
Sueton. in Jul. 9. 

C. AcuLEo, a Roman lawyer celebrated as 
much for the extent of his understanding, as 
for his knowledge of law. He W£is uncle to 
Cicero. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 43. 

AcCpiiis, an ambassador from India to Al- 
exander. Plut. in Alex. 

AcusiLAus and Damagetus, two brothers 
of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic games. 
The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras 
their father, and called him happy in having 
such worthy sons. Paus. G, c. 7. An histo- 
rian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He 
wrote on genealogies in a style simple and 
destitute of all ornament. Cic. dt Orat. 2, c. 

29. — Suidas. An Athenian who taught rlie- 

toric at Rome under GaJba. 

M. AcL'Ticus, an ancient comic writer, 
whose ))lays were known under the names of 
teones; Gerttmi, Anus, Ba'Otiti, kc. 



AD 

Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, whd 
married Hidricus. After her husbands death, 
she succeeded to the throne of Caria ; but be- 
ing expelled by her younger brother, she re- 
tired to Alindae, which she delivered to Alex- 
ander, after adopting him as her son. Curt, 
2, c. 8.—Slrab. 14. 

Adad, a deity among the Assyrians, sup- 
posed to be the sun. 

AciEcs, a native of Mitylene, who WTote a 
Greek treatise on statuaries. At/ien. 13. 

Adamant-ea, Jupiter's nurse in Crete, who 
suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that he 
might be found neither in the earth, the sea, 
nor in heaven. To drown the infant's cries, 
she had drums beat, and cymbals sounded, 
around the tree. Hygin. fab. 139. 

Adamas, a Trojan prince, killed by Me- 

rion. Homer. II. 13, v. 660. A youth who 

raised a rebellion on being emasculated by 
Cotys, king of Thrace. Arist. Pol. 5, c. 10. 

Adamastus, a native . of Ithaca, father of 
Acha?menides. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 614. 

Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount Cau- 
casus. Justin. 12, c. 5. 

Addephagia, a goddess of the Sicilians. 
JEliun. 1, V. H. c. 27. 

Addtta, now Ad4a., a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. Plin. 
2, c. 103. 

Adelphius, a friend of M. Antoninus, whom 
he accompanied in his expedition into Par- 
thia, of which he MTote the histoiy. Slrab. 
11. 

Ademo>", raised a sedition in Mauritania to 
avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula 
had put to death. Sueton. in Calig. 35. 

AdeS; or Hades, the god of hell among 
the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the La- 
tins. The word is derived from m h siSt'i, 
[yion viderel because hell is deprived of light. 
It is often used for hell itself by the ancient 
poets. 

Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who 
sent to Rome for poison to destroy Arminius, 
and was answered by the senate, that the 
Romans fought their enemies openly, and 
never used perfidious measures. Tacit. An. 
2, c. SB. 

Adherbal, son of Micipsa, and grandson 
of Masinissa, was besieged at Ciita, and put 
to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring 
the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. Sallust. in Jug. 

Adherbas, the husband of Dido. Vid. 
Sichajus. 

Adiante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 
2, c. 11. 

Adiatoris, a governor of Galatia, who, to 
gain Antony's favour, slaughtered, in one 
night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony 
of Heraclea, in Poutus. He was taken at 
Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and 
strangled in prison. Strab. 12. 

Adimantus, a commander of the ACnc- 
nian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the 
men of the fleet were put to death, except 
Adimantus, because he had opposed the de- 
signs of his countiymen, who intended to mu- 
tilate all the Spartans. Xenoph. Hist. Grar. 
Pausanias says, 4, c. 17, 1. 10, c. 9, that the 

Spartans had bribed him. A brother of 

Plato. Lacrt. 3. .\ Corinthian gcnri*al, 

who re-iiroached Themialocles with his c.\ile. 



AD 

A king struck with thunder, for saying 

that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. Ovid, in 
ibin. 337. 

Admeta, daughter of Eurystheus, was 
priestess of Juno's temple at Argos. She ex- 
pressed a wish to possess the girdle of the 
queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtain- 
ed it for her. ApoUod. 2, c. 23. One of the 

Oceanides. Hesiod. jyieog. v. 349. 

Admetus, son of Pheres and Clyraene, 
king of Pherae in Thessaly, married Theone 
daughter of Thestor, and after her death, 
Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo, when 
banished from heaven, is said to have tended 
hii flocks for nine years, and to have obtained 
froin the Parcoe, that Admetus should never 
die, if another person laid dov»'n liis life for 
him ; a proof of unbounded affection, which 
his wife Alceste cheerfully exhibited by de- 
voting nerself voluntarily to death. Admetus 
v/as one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt 
cf thy Cdydonian boar. Pelias promised his 
daughter in marriage*only to him who could 
bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a 
wild boar ; and Admetus effected this by the 
aid of Apollo, and oLtaiaed Aiceste's hand. 
Some say that Hercules brought him back 
Alceste from hell. Sene^in Medea. — Hygin. 
fab. 60, 51, h 243.— Ovf. de Art. Am. 3.— 
Apollod. \y c.Q h 9, ikz.—Tibul. 2, el. .3.— 

F(cus. 5, c. 17.- A king of the Molossi, to 

whom Themistocles fled for protection. C. 

JVrp. in Them. 8. An officer of Alexander, 

killed at the siege of Tyre. Diod. 17. 

AduNia, festivals in honour of Adonis, first 
celebrated at Byblos in Phoenicia. They 
lasted two days, the first of v/hich was spent 
in bowlings and lamentations, the second in 
joyful clamours, as if Adonis was returned to 
life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt 
they lasted eight days ; the one half of whicii 
was spent in lamentations, and the other iii 
rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and 
such as did not appear were compelled to 
prostitute themselves for one day; and the 
money obtained by this shameful custom was 
devoted to the service of Adonis. The time 
of the celebration was supposed to be veiy 
unlucky. The fleet of JNlcias sailed from 
Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many 
lanfortunate omens were drawn. Plut. in M- 
cid. — Ammian. 22, c. 9. 

Adonis, son of Cinyras, by his daughter 
Myrrh a, ft'irf. Myrrha] was the favourite of 
Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was 
often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt 
wild beasts for fear of being killed in the at- 
tempt. This advice he slighted, and at last 
received a mortal bite from a M'ildboar which 
he had wounded, and Venus, after sliedding 
many tears at his death, changed him into a 
fiower called ancmony. Proserpine is said to 
have restored him to life, on condition that he 
should spend six months v»ith her, and the rest 
of the year with Venus. This implies the 
alternate return of summer and winter. Ado- 
nis is often taken for Osiris, because the fes- 
tivals of both were often begun with mournful 
lamentations, and finished vvitli arevival of joy, 
as if they were returning to life again. Ado- 
uis had temples raised to his meujory, and is 
5-aid by some to have been l)eloved by iVpollo 
and Bacchus. — Aj'ollod, 3; c. 14. — Fro^tcrt. 2. 



AD 

el. 13, V. 5S.—Virg. Ed. 10, v. 19.— Bion. in 
Adon.—Hygin. 58, 164, 248, kc.—Ovid. Met. 

10, fab. 10. — MuscBus de Her. — Paus. 2, c. 20, 

1. 9, c. 41. A river of Phoenicia, which falls 

into the Mediterranean below Byblus. 

Adramyttium, an Athenian,colony on the 
sea-coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strab. 
Id.—Thucyd. 5, c. 1. 

Adrana, a river in Germany. Tac. Arm, 

1, c. 56. 

Adranum, a town of Sicily near ^tna, 
with a river of the same name. The chief 
deity of the place was called Adranus, and his 
temple was guarded by 1000 dogs. Plui. in 
Timol. 

Adrasta, one of the Ocean ides who nursed 
Jupiter. Hygin. fab. 182. 

Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. Paus. 

2, c. 15. A mountain. Pint, in LucuL 

A country near Ti'oy, called after Adras- 

tus, who built there a temple to Nemesis, 

Here Apollo had an oracle. Sirab. 13. 

A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. She is 
called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of 
injustice. The Egyptians placed her above 
the moon, whence she looked down upon the 

actions of men. Sirab. 13. A daughter of 

Melisseus, to whom some attribute the nursing 
of Jupiter. She is the same as Adrasta. Apol. 
I, c. 1. 

AdkastiiCampi, a plain near the Granicus, 
where Alexander first defeated Darius. Juslin. 

11, c. 6. 

Adrastus, son of Talaus and Lysimache, 
was king of Argos. Polynices being banished 
from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to 
Argos, where he married Argia, daughter of 
Adrastus. The king assisted his son-in-law, 
and marched against Thebes with an army 
headed by seven of his most famous generals. 
All perished in the war except Adrastus, who, 
with a few men saved from slaughter, fled 
to Athens, and implored the aid of Theseus 
against the Thebans, who opposed the burjing 
of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went 

to his assistance, and was victorious. 

Adrastus, after a long reign, died through 
grief, occasioned by the death of his son 
.i-Egialeus. A temple was raised to his me- 
mory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was 
annually celebrated. Homer. II. 5. — Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 480.— Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 7.— 
Stat. T/ieb. 4 and ^.—Hygin.fab. 68, 69, and 70, 
—Paus. 1, c. 39, 1. 8, c. 25, I. 10, c. 90.— 
Herodot. 5, c. 67, &:c. A peripatetic phi- 
losopher, disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed 
that a copy of his treatise on harmonics is pre- 
served in the Vatican. A Phrygian prince, 

who having inadvertently killed his brother, 
fled to Croesus, where he was humanely re- 
ceived, and intrusted with the care of his son 
Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew 
the young prince, and in his despair killed 
himself on his grave. Herodot. 1, c. 35, Sac. 
——A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against 

the Persians. Paus. 7, c. 5. A soothsayer in 

the Trojan war, son of Merops. Homer. II. 
2 and 6. The father of Einydicc, who mar- 
ried Ilus the Trojan. Apollod. 2, c. 12. A 

king of Sicyon, who reigned 4 years B. C, 
1215. A son of Hercules. Hygin. 242. 

Adria, Adrianum, or Adruiticum mare, 
a se^ lying between lilyricuHi and Italy, 



JEA 

now called the gulf of Venice, first made 
known to the Greeks by the discoveries 
of the Phocasans. Herodot. 1. — Horat. 1, od. 
33, 1. 3, od. 3 and 9,—Caiull. 4, 6. 

Adrianopolis, a town of Thrace on the 

Hebrus. Another in ^tolia, Pisidia, 

and Bithynia. 

Adrianus, or Hadriauus, the 15th em- 
peror of Rome. He is represented as an ac- 
tive, learned, warlike and austere general. He 
came to Britain, where he built a wall be- 
tween the modern towns of Carlisle and New- 
castle 80 miles long, to protect the Britons 
from the incursions of the Caledonians. He 
tilled in battle 500,000 Jew^s who had re- 
belled, and built a city on the ruins of Jeru- 
salem, which he called iEiia. His memory 
was so retenti%'e, that he remembered every 
incident of his life, and knew aJl the soldiers 
of his army by name. He was the first em- 
peror who wore a long beard, and this he did 
to hide the warts on his face. His successors 
followed his example not through necessity, 
but for ornament. Adi-ian w'ent always bare- 
headed, and m long marches generally travel- 
led on foot. In the beginning of his reign, he 
followed the virtues of his adopted father and 
predecessor Trajan ; he remitted all arrears 
due to his treasuiy for 16 yeai's, and publicly 
burnt the account-books, that his word might 
not be suspected. His peace with the Par- 
thians proceeded from a wish of punishing the 
other enemies of Rome, more than from the 
effects of fear. The travels of Adrian were 
not for the display of imperial pride, but to 
see whether justice was distributed impartial- 
ly ; and public favomnvas courted by a conde- 
scending behaviour, and the meaner familiarity 
of bathing with the common people. It is said 
that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods 
of Rome; but his apparent lenity towards the 
Christians was disproved, by the erection of a 
statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose 
from the dead, and one to Venus on mount 
Calvaiy. The '^veight of diseases became in- 
tolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy him- 
self; and when prevented, he exclaimed; that 
the lives of others were in his hands, but not 
his own. He wrote an account of his life, 
and published it under the name of one of his 
domestics. He died of a dysentory at Baias, 
July 10, A. D. 133,. in the 72d year of his 

age, after a reign of 21 years. Dio. An 

officer of Lucullus. Plut. in Luc. A rhe- 
torician of Tyre in the age of M. Antoninus, 
who wrote seven books of metamoiphoses^ 
besides other treatises now lost. 

Adrimktum, a town of Africa, on the 
Mediterranean, built by the Phoenicians. Sal- 
lust . in Jug. 

An u AT AC A, a town of Belgic Gaul, now 
Tongres, on the Maese. 

Adula, a mountain among the Rhactian 
Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, now 
ijl. Gothard. 

Adui-is, a town of Upper Egypt. 

AnYRMACH!x>JE, a maritime people of Africa, 
near Egypt. Ihrodot. 4, c. 163. 

^A, a huntress changed into an island of 
the same name by the gods, to rescue her from 
ihc pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis 



iEC 



•A fountain of Jta- 



Thessaly. Of Africa.- 

cedonia near Amydon. 

iEACEA, games at .^gina, in honour of Ma- 
cus. 

-^AciDAs, a king of Epirus, son of Neop- 
tolemus, and brother to Olympias. He was 
expelled by his subjects for his continual w^ars 
with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, 
only two veal's old, whom Chaucus king of 
Ihyricum, educated. Paus. 1, c. 11. 

^'Eacides, a patronymic of tlie descen- 
dants of iEacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Te- 
laraon, Pyriiius, k.c. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 103, 

6LC. 

^Acus, son of Jupiter by angina daughter 
of Asopus, was king of the island of (Enopia, 
which he called by his mother's name. A 
pestilence having destroyed all his subjects, he 
entreated Jupiter to re-people his kingdom ; 
and according to his desire, all the ants whlcU 
were in an old oak were changed into men, 
and called by .^acus myrmidons, from /^-jei^nr,, ait. 
ant. — ^acus married Endeis, by whom he had 
Telam.on and Peleus. He afterwards had 
Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids. He 
was a man of such integrity that the ancients 
have made him one of the judges of hell, with 
Minos and Rliadarng^athus. Horat. 2, od. 13, 
1. 4, od. Q.—Paus. 1, ^c. 44, 1. 2, c. 29.— OclJ, 
Met. 7, fab. 25, 1. 13, v. 25.— Propert. 4, el. 
12. — Plut. de consol. ad £poll. — ^pollod, 3, c. 
12.— Diod. 4. 

2Ej£, Mb., or JEsea, an island of Colchis, ia 
the Phasis, Vid. JEa.. Apollon. 3. 

JEma., a name given to Circe, because bora 
atiEffi. Virg. Mji.S, v. 386. 
! .^ANTEUM, a city of Troas, where AJax 

was buried. Plin. 5, c. 30. An island near 

the Thracian Chersonesus. Id. 4, c. 12. 

^AXTiDEs, a tyrant of Lampsacus, inti- 
mate with Darius. He married a daughter of 
Hippias, tyrant of Athens. Thucyd. 6, c. 59- 
One of the 7 poets, called Pleiades. 

.SIantis, an Athenian tribe. Plut. Si/mp. 2. 

JEas, a river of Epirus falling into the Ioni- 
an sea. In the fable of lo, Ovid describes it as 
falling into the Peneus, and meeting other riv- 
ers at Tempe. This some have supposed to 
be a a:eographical mistake of the poet. LucaR. 
6, w^Sdl.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 580. 

^ATus, son of Philip, and brother of Po- 
lyclea, was descended from Hercules. Aii 
oracle having said that whoever ot the two 
touched the land after crossing the Achelous 
should obtain tlie khigdom, I'olycle? pretended 
to be lame, arid prevailed upon her brother to 
carry her across on his shoulders. V^'h^n they 
came near the opposite side, Pclyclea leaped 
ashore from her brother's back, e,-;cla'r:)ing 
that the kingdom was her own. ^'Eatuc joined 
jier in her exclar-ation, and afierwaids maj'- 
rici her, and rei.^ned conjointly with hrr. 
Their son Ti^essahis gave his name to The.s- 
saly. tolycRti. 8. 

.t'EcH?.i>c:oKAs, a son of Hercules, by PhyJ- 
lone, daugiiter of Alcimedon. V> hen the fa- 
ther heaid that his daughter had had a child, 
he exposed htr and the infant in Uie woods 
to wild beasts, where Hercules, conducted by 
the noise of a mag^)ic wiiich imitated the crie? 
of a child, found and delivered thera. Pavi., 



It 

l)ada town called .-^Ca, which was the capital JS, c. 12 

oi ColchI.<:. /7or«-. *,. v. 420. A town ol ' /Ecumis, succeeded his falher Polyranesto 



on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theo- 
pompus, of Sparta. Paus. 8, c. 5. 

.^DEPSUM, a town of Euboja, Plin. 4, c. 
12.—Sirab. 10. 

-.Odessa, or Edessa, a town neap Pella. 
Caranusking of Macedonia took it by follow- 
ing goats that sought shelter from the rain, 
and called it from that circumstance, (^'y^, 
capras) i^Cgeas. It was the burying-place of 
the Macedonian king? ; and an oracle had said, 
that as long as the kings wei-e buried there, so 
long would their kingdom subsist. Alexander 
V;ras buried in a different place ; and on that 
account, some authors have said that the king- 
dom became extinct. Justin. 7, c. L 

iEoicuLA Ridiculi, a temple raised to the 
god of mirth, from the following circumstance : 
after the battle of Cannae, Hannibal marched 
to Rome, whence he was driven back by the 
•inclemency of the weather ; which caused so 
much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a 
temple to the god of mirth. This deity was 
worshipped at Sparta. Pint, in Lye. Agid. 
4' Cleom. — Pausanias also mentions a 3^f@' 

iEniLES, Roman magistrates that had the 
care of all buildings, baths and aqueducts, and 
examined the v»'eights and measures, that no- 
thing might be sold without its due value. 
There were three different sorts ; the ^diles 
PItbeii, or Minores ; the Majores ^diles, and 
the ^diles Cereales. — The plebeian ediles 
>vere two, first created with the tribunes ; they 
presided over the more minute affairs of the 
state, good order, and the reparation of the 
sVeets. They procured ail the provisions of 
the city- and executed the decrees of the peo- 
ple. The Majores and Cereales had greater 
privileges, though they at first shared in the 
labour of the plebeian ediles : they appeared 
ivith more pomp, and were allowed to sit pub- 
licly in ivory chairs. The office of an edile 
w«?s honourable, and was always the primaiy 
step to greater honours in the republic. The 
ediles w^ere chosen from the plebeians for 127 
vcars. till A. U. C. 338. Vnro de L. L. 4, c. 
U.—Cic. Legib. 3. 

tEdipscs, a town in Euboea, now Dipso, 
abounding in hot-baths. 

Vm.. iEniTuus, a Roman poet before the 
age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry 
and epigrams. 

jS^don, daughter of Pandarus, married Ze- 
thus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a 
son called Itylus She was so jealous of her 
sLster Niol)e, because she Ijad more children 
than herself, that .'^he resolved to murder the 
elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by 
mistake killed her own son, and was changed 
into a goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. 
flomcr. Od. 19, v. 518. 

JF.nvi, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Cel- 
tic Gaul known for their valour in the wars of 
Cresar. ^^ hen their country was invaded b)'^ 
thi^ celebrated general, they were at the head 
of a faction in opi»osition to the Sequani and 
their jiartisau'^, and they had establislied their 
sujjcrinrity in frequent battles. To support 
their cause, however, the Secpiani obtained the 
assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany, and 
soon defeated their opponents. The arrival 
otCu\«ar changed the face of affairs, the y£dui 
were restored t© the sovereignty of th« couu- 



JEG 



tiy, and the artful Roman, by employing one 
faction against the otiier, Avas enabled to con- 
quer them all, though the insurrection of Am- 
biorix, and that more powerfully supported by 
Vercingetorix, shook for a while the dominion 
of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of 
the conqueror. Cces. i?i bell. G. 

lEiivTA^ or -^etes, king of Colchis, son of Sol, 
and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was father 
of Medea, Absyi'tus, and Chalciope, by Idya, 
one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son 
of Athamas, Avho had fled to his court on a 
golden ram. This murder he committed to 
obtain the fleece of the golden ram. The Ai'- 
gonauts came against Colchis, and recovered 
the golden fleece by means of Medea, though 
it was guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and 
by a venomous dragon. Their expedition has 
been celebrated by all the ancient poets. [Vid. 
Jason, Medea, S^ Phry.xv.s.'] Apollod. 1, c. 9. 
—Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1, he— Paus. 2, c. 3.— 
Justin. 43, c. 2. — Flacc. ^ Orpheus in Argon. 

i^ETiAS, a patronymic given to Medea, as 
daughter of .'Eetes. Ovid. Med. 7, v. 9. 

^OA, an island of the j^gean sea between 
Tenedos and Chios. 

^TiGEAS, a town whose inhabitants are called 
jSgeates. [ Vid. j^dessa.] 

^G^, a city of Macedonia, the .-same as 
Edessa. Some writers make them different, 
but Justin proves this to be eiToneous, 7, c. 1. 

— Plin. 4, c. 10. A town of EubceajWhenca 

Neptune is called jEgseus. Strab. 9. 

-^G^^, a town aud sea port of Cilicia, 
Lucan. 3, v. 227. 

-/Eg^on, one of Lycaon'sSOsons. £poUod. 

3, c. 8. The son of Crelus, or of Pontus 

and Terra, the same as Briareus. [Firf. Bria- 
reus.'] It is supposed that he was a notorious 
pirate chiefly residing at JEga., whence his 
name ; and that the fable about his 100 hands 
ai'ises from his having 100 men to manage his 
oars in his {)iratical excursions. Virg. JEn. 10, 
V. 5G5.— //es?orf. Th. 149.— Homer. II. 10, v. 
404.— Otic/. Met. 2, v. 10. 

Mcrmyj^x mare (now Archipelago), part of 
the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia 
Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are 
called Cyclades, others Sporades, k.c. The 
word jEga?um is derived by some from ^Egae, 
a town of Eubo2a ; or from the number of 
islands which it contains, that appear above 
the sea, as ««>«>, goals ; or from the promonto- 
ry iEga, or from JEgea., a queen of the Ama- 
zons ; or from iEgeus, who is supposed to 
have drovv'ned himself there. Plin. 4, c. 11. — 
Slrab. 7. 

Mgjevs, a surname of Neptune, from -Eg?e 

in Eubcea. Strab. 9. A river of Corcyra. 

A plain in Phocis. 

.'EoALEOs, or itgaleum, a mountain of 
Attica opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes sat 
dunng the engagement of his fleet with the 
Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. Hcrodot. 8, 
c. 90.— TImcyd. 2, c. 19. 

jEgaN, [GrCPC. a»j.ai, OF ouytem] tllC ^Egcau 

sea. Stat. Thtb. 5, v. 56. 

iEcAs, a place of Eubrca. Another near 

Daunia in Italy. Polyb. 3. 

iEcATES, a promontory of ^Eolia. 

Three islands op}>osite Carthage, called Ar.'*^ 
by Virg. JEn. 1, near which the Ronmns un- 
der CsituliB, ia the first Punic war, defe&tciJ 



i 



tUe Carthaginian fleet, under Hanno, 242 
B. C. Liv. 21, c. 10 and 41, 1. 22, c. 54.— Mela. 
2, c. I.—Sil. 1, V. 61. 

^GELEON, a town of Macedonia taken by 
king Attains. Liv. 31, c. 46. 

uEgeria. Vid. Egeria. 

jSgesta, the daughter of Hippotes, and mo- 
ther of iEgestus, called Acestes. Virg. JEn. 1, 

V. 554. An ancient town of Sicily near 

mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was 
sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. Diod. 10. 

iEGEUS, king of Athens, son of Pandion, 
being desirous of having children, went to con- 
sult the oracle, and in his return, stopped at 
the court of Pittheus king of Troezene, who 
gave him his daughter iEthra in marriage. 
He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she 
had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as 
he could lift a stone under which he had con- 
cealed his sword. By this sword he was to be 
known to jEgeus, who did not wish to make 
any public discovery of a son, for fear of his 
nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his 
erown. JCthra became mother of Theseus, 
whom she accordingly sent to Athens with his 
father's sword. At that time iEgeus lived 
with Medea, the divorced wife of Jason. 
When Theseus came to Athens, Medea at- 
tempted to poison him ; bat he escaped, and 
upon showing ^geus the sword he wore, dis- 
covered himself to be his son. When The- 
seus returned from Crete after the death of 
the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeable to the en- 
gagement made with his father, to hoist up 
white sails as a signal of his success ; and 
.Sg^us, at the sight of black sails, concluding 
that his son w^as dead, threw himself from a 
high rock into the sea; which from him, as 
some suppose, has been called the j^^gean. 
^geus reigned 4S years, and died B. C. 1235. 
He is supposed to have first introduced into 
Greece the worship of Venus Urania, to ren- 
der the goddess prbpitlous to his wishes in 
having a son. [Vid. Theseus, Minotaurus, S/- 
Medea.] ^poUod. 1, c. 8, 9, 1. 3, c. 15.— 
Paus. 1, c. 5, 22, 38, 1. 4, c. %—Plut. in Thes.— 
Hygin. fab. 37, 43, 70, and 173. 

>Egiale, one of Phaeton's sisters, changed 
into poplars, and their tears into amber. They 

are called Heliades. A daughter of Adras- 

tus, by Amphitea, daughter of Pronax. She 
married Diomedes, in V\'hose absence, during 
the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to her 
servants, and chiefly to Cosmetes, whom the 
king had left master of his house. At his re- 
turn, Diomedes being told of his wife's wanton- 
ness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say 
that Venus implanted those vicious and lustful 
propensities in ^gialc, to revenge herself on 
Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Tro- 
jan war. Ovid, in Ih. v. 350. — Homer. II. 5, v. 
412.— Apollod. 1, c. 9.— Slat. 3, Silv. 5, v. 48. 

JEgialea, an island near Peloponnesus, in 

the Cretan sea. Another in the Ionian sea, 

near the Eciiinades. Plin. 4, c. 12. — llerodot. 
4, c, 107. The ancient name of Pelopon- 
nesus. Sirnb. 12. Mela. 2, c. 7. 

jfEciALEuSi, son of Adrastus by Amphitea 
orDemoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, i. e. 
one of the sons of those generals who were 
killed in the first Theban war. They went 
against the Thebans, who Iiad refused to give 
burial to their^ fathers, and were Victorion?. 
6 



MG 

They all returned home safe, except ^gial6uSj 
who was killed. That expedition is called the 
war of the Epigoni. Paws. 1, c. 43, 44, 1. 2, c. 

20, 1. 9, c. b.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 7. ■ 

The same as Absyrtus, brother to Medea. 
Justin. 42, c. 3.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3.— Diod. 4. 

JGgialus, son of Phoroneus, was intrusted 
with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis go- 
ing to Egypt. Peloponnesus v/as called ^gia- 

lea from him. A man who founded the 

kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the Christian 
era, and reigned 52 years. 

.a^GiALus, a name given to part of Pelopon- 
nesus. [Vid. x\chaia.] Paus. 5, c. 1, 1. 7, 

c. 1. An inconsiderable town of Pontus. 

A city of Asia Minor. A city of 

Thrace near tlie Strymon. A mountain of 

Galatia.- A city of Pontus. Another in 

Ethiopia. 

-^gides, a patronymic of Theseus. Hornet'. 
II. 1, V. 265. 

JEgila, a place in Laconia, where Aristo- 
menes was taken prisoner by a crowd of reli- 
gious women whom he had attacked. Paiis. 
4,c. 17. 

/Egilia, an island between Crete and Pelo- 
ponnesus. A place in Eubcea. Herodot. 6, 

c. 101. 

4!^GiMius, an old man who lived, according 

to Anacreon, 200 years. Plin. 7, c. 48. A 

king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to con- 
quer the Lapithffi. ^pollod. 2, c. 7. 

^.GiMORiTs oriEGiaiuRUs, an island near Li- 
bya, supposed by some to be the same which 
Virgil mentions under the name of Arag. Plin. 
5, c. 7. 

^GiNA, daughter of Asopus, had iEacu's 
by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She 
afterwards married Actor, son of Myrmidon, 
by whom she had some children, who con- 
spired against their father. Some say that she 
was changed by Jupiter into the island which 
bears her name. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Strah. 8. — ■ 
Mela, 2, c. l.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3.. c. 12.— 

Paus. 2, c. 5 and 29. An island formerly 

called (Enopia and now Engia, in apart of the 
.Egean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 
miles in circumference. The inhabitants were 
once destroyed by a pestilence, and the coun- 
tiy was repeopled by ants changed into men 
by Jupiter, at the prayer of king ^acus. They 
were once a very powerful nation by sea. but 
they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius 
when he demanded submission from all the 
Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made 
war against them ; and after taking 70 of their 
ships in a naval battle, they expelled them 
from ^gina. The fugitives settled in Pelo- 
ponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by hy- 
Sander, they returrted to their country, but 
never after rose to their former power or con- 
sequence. Herodot. 5, 6, and 7. — Paus. 2, c» 
29, 1. 8, c. 44.— Sirah. S.—jj:iian. V. H. \% 
c. 10. 

^GiNKTA Paulus, a physiciau born in 
iEgina. He flourished in the 3d, or, accord- 
ing to others, the 7th century, and first deserv- 
e<l to be culled man-midwife. He wrote Dt 
Re Medic/i, in seven books. 

iEoiNETEs, a king of Arcadia, in whose age 
Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Paua. 
I, c. 5. 

/EciocKirs, asurusu^e of Jupiter, frara ki< 



Ueing brought up by the goat Amaltksga, and 
ushig lier skin, instead of a shield, in the war 
of the Titans. Diod.b. 

iEciPAN, a name of Pan, because he had 
goat's feet. 

^gIra, a town between ^tolia and Pelo- 
ponnesus. A town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 

26.~-Herodot. 1, c. 145. 

^GiROEssA, atoAvn of x^tolia. Herodot. 1, 
■c. 149. 

yEcis, the shield of Jupiter, «^o t<k ««>-©-•; 
a goat's skin. This was the goat Amalthasa, 
with whose skin he covered his shield. The 
goat was placed among the constellations. Ju- 
piter gave this shield to Pallas, who placed 
upon it Medusa's head, which turned into 
stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. 
Virg. JEn. 8, v. 352 and 435. 

iEoisTKus, king of Argos, was son of 
Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyestes 
being at variance with his brother Atreus, was 
told by the oracle, that his wrongs could be 
revenged only by a son born of hirassli and 
his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pe- 
lopea had been consecrated to the service of 
Minerva by her father, who some time after 
met her in a wood, and ravished her, without 
knowing who she was. Pelopea kept the 
sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be her 
father's, exposed the child she had brought 
forth. The child was preserved, and when 
grown up, presented with the sword of his 
mother's ravisher. Pelopea soon after this 
melancholy adventure, had married her uncle 
Atreus, who received into his house her na- 
tural son. As Thyestes had debauched the 
first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent -Sgisthus to 
put him to death ; but Thyestes knowing the 
assassin's sword, discovered he was his own 
son, and, fully to revenge his wrongs, sent 
him back to murder Atreus. After this mur- 
der, Thyestes ascended the throne, and banish- 
ed Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or 
as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These 
children fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon ; but as 
he dreaded the power of their persecutors, he 
remitted the protection of them to ffineus, 
king of ^tolia. By their marriage with the 
daughters of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, tliey 
were empowered to recover the kingdom of 
Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while 
Menelaus reigned in his father-in-law's place, 
^gisthus had been reconciled to the sons of 
Atreus ; and When they went to the Trojan 
war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon's 
kingdoms, and of his W ife Cl}i:emnestra. Jiu- 
gisthus fell in love with Clytemnestra, and 
lived with her. On "Agamemnon's return, 
these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a 
public marriage, strengthened themselves on 
the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon's 
son, would have shai'ed his father's fate, had 
not his sister Electra privately sent him to his 
uncle Strophius, king of Phocis, where he 
contracted the most Ultimate friendship with 
^'his cousin Pj'lades. Some time after, Orestes 
came to Mycenie, the residence of iCgisthus, 
and resolved to punish the murderers of his 
father, in conjunction with Elcctra, wiio lived 
in disguise in the tyrant's family. To eftect 
this more cirectually, Electra publicly declared 
that her brotiier Orestes Avas dead ; upon which 
.•']:)jj;isthus *nd Ciytemmsstra went to the temple 



of Apollo, to return thanks to the god for iil? 
death. Orestes, who had secretly concealed 
himself in the temple, attacked them, and put 
them both to death, afte/ a reign of seven 
years. They were buried w^ithout the city 
walls. [Vid. Aganiemtwn, Thyestes., Orestes, 
Clytemnestra, Pylades, mid Ekctra.l Ovid, 
de Rem. .^m. 161. Trist. 2, v. S96.~Hygin. 
fab. 87 and S8.—JEHan. V. H. 12, c. 42.— Patw. 
2, c. 16, &;c. — So'phocl. in Electra. — .JEschyl, 
^^ Senec. in ^9 gam. — Homer. Od. 3 and 11. — 

Laclant. in T/ieb. 1, v. 684. Porapey need 

to call J. Cffisar iEgisthus, on account of his 
adultery with his wife Mutia ;wiiom he repu- 
diated after she had borne him three children. 
Suet, in Cces. 50. 

^^GiTUM, a town of ^Eolia, on a moun- 
tain eight miles from the sea. Thucyd. 3, 
c. 97. 

Mgwu, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, 
where Jupiter was said to have been fed by a 
goat, whence the name. Strab. S.—Liv. 28, 
c. 7. 

JEgle, the youngest daughter of Jillscula- 

pius and Lampetie. A nymph, daughter of 

Sol and INeccra. Virg. Ec. 6, v. 20. A 

nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by 
Theseus after he had left Ariadne. Pint, in 

Tlies. One of the Hesperides. One of 

the Graces. A pi'osiitute. Martial. 1, ep. 

95. 

^GLES, a Samlan wrestler, born dumb> 
Seeing some unlawful measures pursued in a 
contest, he broke the string which held his 
tongue, through the desire of speaking, and 
ever after spoke with ease. Val. Max. ly c. 8. 

-^GLETEs, a surname of Apollo. 

McLOGT.) a nurse of Nero. Sueton. in 
Mr. 50. 

j3^gobplus, a surname of Bacchus at Pot- 
nia, in Bceotia. 

^GocERos, or Capricornus, an animal in- 
to which Pan transformed himself when fly- 
ing before Typhon in the war with the giants. 
Ju])iter made him a constellation. Lucret. 1,, 
V. 013. 

^GON, a shepherd. Virg. Eel. — Tlieocril. 

Idyl. A promontory of Lemnos. A 

name of the JEgean sea. Flacc. 1, v. 628. 

A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large 
bull by the heelirom a mountain into tlie city. 
Theocrit. Idyll. 4. 

iEcos POTAMOs, i. e. the goal's river, a town 
in tiie Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of 
the same name, Avhere the Athenian fleet, con- 
sisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, 
on the 13th Dec. B. C. 405, in the last yeai' of 
tlie Peloponnesian war. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Pliv. 
2, c. 6S.—Paus. 3, c. 8 and 11. 

jEgosag.^, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, 
with whom he conquered Asia, and to whom 
he gave a settlement near the Hellespont. 
Polyb. 5. 

^'Egus and JRoscilluS; two brothers amongst 
the Allobroges, who deserted from Caesar t© 
Pompey. Cess . bell. civ. 3, c. 59. 

JCgusa, the middle island of the jEgate5 
near Sicily. 

iEcv, a town near Sparta, destroyed be- 
cause its inhabitants were suspected by the 
Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. Pa^is. 3, 
c. 2. 

.^GiTANE^; a nation in the middle of Afri- 



ta, whose body is human above the waist, and 
that of a goat beloAV. Mela, 1, c. 4 and 8. 

.^GYPsus, a town of the Getse, near the 
Danube. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 8, 1. 4, ep. 7. 

^Egypta, a freedraan of Cicero, ad Attic. 8. 

JEcYPTit, the inhabitants of Egypt. iVid. 
.a:gyptus.] 

tEgyptium mare, that part of tlie Mediter- 
ranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt. 

jEgyptus, son of Belus, and brother to 
Danaiis, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 
50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who 
had established himself at Argos, and was jea- 
lous of his brother, who, by following him 
from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of 
his prosperity, obliged all his daughters to 
murder their husbands the first night of their 
nuptials. This was executed; but Hyperm- 
nesti'a alone spared her husband Lynceus. 
Even uEgyptus was killed by his niece Po- 
lyxena. Vid. Danaus, Danaidcs, Lynceus. — 
JCgyptus was king, after his father, of a 
part of Africa, Avhich from him has been call- 
ed iEgyptus. HyginAoh. 168, 170. — Apollod. 
% c. \.—Ovid. Heroid. 14.— Pans. 7, c. 21.— 

An extensive countiy of Africa watered 

by the Nile, bounded on the east by Ai-abia, 
and on the west by Libya. Its name is deriv- 
ed from iEgyptus brother to Danaus. Its ex- 
tent, according to modern calculation, is 180 
leagues from north to south, and it measures 
120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean ; 
but at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, 
k diminishes so much as scarce to measure 7 
or 6 leagues between the mountains on the 
east and west. It is divided into lower, which 
lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, 
which is towards the south. Upper Egypt was 
famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower 
Egypt was the most peopled, and contained 
the Delta, a number of large islands, which, 
from their form, have been called after the 
fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. Tliis 
country has been th.e mother of ai'ts and 
.sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt 
has been formed by the mud and sand carried 
down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned 
tliemselves the most ancient nation in the uni- 
verse, {Vid Psammetichus.) but some autliors 
make them of Ethiopian origin. They are 
remarkable for their superstition ; they paid as 
much honour to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, 
and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never 
or seldom falls in this country ; the fertility of 
the soil originates in the yearly inundations of 
the Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the 
surface of the earth, and exhibits a large plain 
of waters, in which are scattered here and 
there, the towns and villages, as the Cyclades 
in the ^Egeun sea. The air is not wholesome, 
but the population is great, and the cattle very 
prolific. It is said that Egypt once contained 
20,000 cities, the most remarkable of which 
were Tliebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelu- 
giura, Coptos; Arsinoe, &.c. It was governed 
by kings who have immortalized themselves by 
the pyramids they have raised and the canals 
they have opened. The priests traced the 
existence of the country for many thousand 
years, and fondly imagined that the gods v/erc 
their first sovereigns, and thattlieir monarciiy 
had lasted 11,840 years according to Hero- 
)riotu5. Accordftig to the calculation of Cpn- 



slantine ManasseSjtl'^piSbgdom of Egypt lasl-= 
ed 1663 years from its ^|[ginning under Misra- 
im the son of Ham, 218^^. (3. to the conq^iest 
of Cambyses, 525 B. C. ^^I^j^t revolte,^^eri- 
wards from the Persian pow'CT B. C. 414^nd 
Amyrta}us then became king. After him 
succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began 
408 B. C. Nephereus 396 : Acoris, 389 : 
Psammuthis, 376 : Nepherites 4 months, and 
Nectanebis, 375 : Tachos, or Teos, 363 ■ 
Nectanebus, 361. It was conquered by Ochus 
350 B. C. ; and after the conquest of Persist 
by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the king- 
dom, and began to reign 323 B. C. Phila- 
delphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: 'Philopater, 
221 : Epiphanes, 204: Philomator, 180 and 
169, conjointly Vv'ith Evergetes II. or Physcon, 
for 6 years: Evergetes U. 145: Lathurus 
Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alex- 
ander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106: La- 
thunis Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. 6 
months, with Alexander the second 19 days, 
81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80 : 
Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 64 : Dionysius 
II. with Cleopatra III. 51 : Cleopatra III. 
with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B. C. it 
was reduced by Augustus into a Roman pro- 
vince. The history of Eg\^ptj therefore, can 
be divided into three epochas : the first be- 
ginning with the foundation of the empire, to 
the conquest of Cambyses ; the second ends at 
the death of Alexander ', and the third com- 
prehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends 
at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of Au- 
gustus — Justin. l.-r-Hirtius in Alex. 24. — 
Macrob. in somn. Scip. \, c. 19 &. 21 — HerO' 
dian 4, c. 9.—Slrab. 17.—Herodot. 2, 3, & 7. 
—TJieocrit. Id. 17, v.'79.—Polyb. l5.—Diod. 1. 
Plin. 5, c. 1, 1. 14, c. l.—Marcell. 22, c. 40.— 
Justin. 1. — C. JXep, in Paus. 3, i7i Iphic. in 
Datum. ^. — Cu7't.4,c. 1. — Jiiv. 15, v. 175. — 
Pans. 1, c. 14. — Plut. de Facie in Orb. Lim. dt 
hid. Sy^ Osir. in Ptol. inAhx.—Mela. 1, c. 9. 

— Apollod. 2, c. 1 & 5. A'minister of Mau- 

solus king of Caria. Polyxn. 6. — The ancient 
name of the Nile. Homer Od. ?, v. 258,-* 
Paus. 9, c. 40. 

jEgys. Vid. JF^gy. 

^gysthus. Vid. ^gisthus. 

iELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in 3yU. 
— — The name of some towns built or repair- 
ed by the emperor Adrian. 

Mlix lex, enacted by JElius Tubero the 
tribune, A. U. C. 559, to send two colonies 
into the country of the Brutii. Liv. 34, c. 53. 
Another A. U. C. 568, ordaiuing, that, 



in public affairs, the augurs should observe the 
appearance of the sky, and the magistrates be 
empowered to postpone the business. Ano- 
ther called MVia Sexta, by JElius Sexlus, 
A. U. C. 756, which enacted, that all slaves 
who bore any marks of punishment received 
from their masters, or who had been imprison- 
ed, should be set at liberty, but not rank as 
Roman citizens. 

tElia Petina, of the ftxmily of Tubero, 
married Claudius Caesar, by whom she had a 
son. The emperor divorced her, to marry 
Messalina. Sueton. in Claud. 26. 

.^^LTANus Claudus, a Roman sophist of 
Pra^neste, in the reign of Adrian. He fir.^^t 
taught rhetoric at Rome ; but being disgusted 
with fais pr<*tV^'ion; hr becume author, and 






.,.JS] 

•publish edifrc.atii^-9 or 

various/^dbtorv 
lam 



lis in J7 books, on 

^d t.(5Xati«. Ill his 
Very fond of the 
ijj -iVP-'IHj.UJ4y -UJ JiP*'' many stories which 

Sier^tmEfV 'Brfmcl of elegance and purity of 
styJfs'^^hbugh Philostratus has commended his 
lali'iuage as superior to what could be expect- 
ed from a person who was neither born nor 
educated in Greece. iElian died in the 60th 
year of his age. A. D. 140. The best editions of 
his works collected together are that of Con- 
rad Gesner, folio ; printed Tiguri,.1556, though 
now seldom to be met wMth, and that of Kae- 
nius, 2 vol. 8vo. Lips. 1780. Some attribute 
the treatise on the tactics of the Greeks to ano- 
ther iElian,. 

JEhivs and ^lia, a family in Rome, so 
poor that 16 lived in a small house, and were 
maintained by the produce of a little field. 
Their poverty continued till Paulus conquered 
Perseus king of Macedonia, and gave his son- 
indaw Ml, Tubero five pounds of gold from 
the booty. VaL Max. 4, c. 4. 

iELius Adrianus, an African, grandfa- 
ther to the emperor Adrian. Galhis, a Ro- 
man knight, the first who invaded Arabia 
Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the 
geographer, and sailed on the Nile with him 
to take a view of the country. Flin. 6, c. 28. 

Publius, one of the first questors chosen 

from the plebeians at Rome. Lii\ 4. c. 54. 

Q. M. Paetus, son of Sextus or Publius. As 

he sat in the senate-house, a w^ood-pecker 
perched upon his head ; upon which a sooth- 



words. Sextus Paetus, a lawyer, consul at 

Rome A. U. C. 566. He is greatly commen- 
ded by Cicero for his learning, and called cor- 
datus homo by Ennius for his knowledge of 

law. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. in Brut. 20. 

Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to N. Ter. 

Varro, and author of some treatises. Lamia^ 

Vid. Lamia. 

^Ello, one of the Harpies (from «\et<7» aja», 
alienum tollens, or «!>.>.» lempeslas.) Flac. 4, 
V. 450.— Hemd. Th. 267.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 
710. — One of Acta3on's dogs. — Ovid. Met. 3, 
V. 220. 

i^LURus, (a cat,) a deity worshipped by 
the Egyptians ; and after death, embalmed, 
and buried in the city of Bubastis. Herodot. 2, 
c. 66, kc.—Diod. l.—Cic.de Nat. D. \.—Jl. 
Gell. 20,c. I.—Plut. in Pr. 

jEmathion, and .^mathia. Vid. Ema- 
thion. 

iEMiLiA LEX, was enacted by the dictator 
.Emilius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained that the 
censorship, which was before quinquennial, 
should be limited to one year and a half. Lit. 

9, c. 33. Another in the second consulship 

of iEmilius Mamercus, A. U. C. 391. It gave 
power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in 
the capitol on the ides of September. Liv. 7, 
c. 3. The driving of a nail was a super- 



stitious ceremony, by which the Romans sup- 
posed that a pestilence could be stopped, or 
an impending calamity averted. 

^MiLiANus, (C. Julius) a native of Mau- 
ritania, proclaimed emperor after the death of 
Decius. He marched against GaUus and Va- 
sayer exclaimed, that if he preserved the bird, lerian, but was informed they had been mur- 

'^ ^ ' dered by their own troops. He soon after 
shai-ed their fate. One of the thirty tyrants 



his house would fiourish, and Rome decay ; and 
if he killed it, the contrary must hap[)en. 
Hearing this, iElius, in the presence of the 
senate, bit off the head of the bird. All the 
youths of his family were killed at Cannaj, and 
the Roman arms were soon attended with 

success. Val. Max 5, c. 6. Saturninus, a 

satyrist thrown doAvn from the Tarjjeian rock 

for writing verses against Tiberius. Sej^nus, 

Vid. Sejaaus. -Sextus Catus, censor with 

M. Cethegus, He separated the senators 
from the people in the public spectacles. Du- 
ring his consulship, the ambassadors of the 
^tolians found him feasting in earthen dishes, 
and offered hii;n silver vessels, which he refu- 
sed, satisfied with the earthen cups, &ic. 
which, for his virtues, he had received from 
his father-in-law^, L. Paulus, after the conquest 
of Macedonia. Plin. 33, c. 11. — Cic.de Oral. 
I. Spartianus wrote the lives of the empe- 
rors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and M. Aure- 

lius. He flourished A. D. 240. Tubero, 

grandson of L. Paulus, was austere in his mo- 
I'als, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. 
His grandson was accused before Cassar, and 
ably defended by Cicero. Cic. ep. ad Brut. 

' Verus Ciesar, the name of L. C. Com- 

modui Verus, after Adrian had adopted him. 
He was made pretor and consul by the em- 
peror, who was soon convinced of his incapa- 
city in the discharge of public duty. He killed 
himself by drinking an antidote ; and Antoni- 
nus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. 
.Slius was father to Antoninus Verus, whom 

Pius adopted. A physician mentioned by 

Galen L. Gall us, a lawyer, who wrote 12 

books concerning the signification of all |aw 



pro 



who rebelled in the reign of Gallienus. 

.^JULIUS. Vid. j^^mylius. 

tEmnestus, tyrant of Enna, was deposed 
by Dionysius the elder. Diod. 14. 

iEiMON. Vid. Hajmon. 

jflEMONA, a large city of Asia. Cic. 
Flacc. 

iEMONiA, a countiy of Greece, which re- 
ceived its name from ^mon, or .Jj^rnus, and 
w'as afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is 
called JEmonius. as being born there. Ovid. 
Trist. 3. el. 11, I. 4, el. l.—Horat. 1, od. 37. 
It w as also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha, Deu- 
calion's w ife, who reigned there. — The word 
has been indiscriminately applied to all Greece 
by some Avi-iters. Plin. 4, c. 7. 

^MuNiDiiS. A priest of Apollo, in Italy, 
killed by iEneas. Virg.JEn. 10. v. 537. 

^Mus, an actor in Domitian's reign. Juv. 
6, V. 197. 

iEMYLiA, a noble family in Rome, dc 
scended from Mamercus, son of Pythagoras, 
who for his himianity was called Ai^j'Ci hlandus. 
A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, 



which was extinguished by putting her veil 
over it. Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — Dionys. Hal. 2. 
The wife of Africanus the elder, famous 



for her behaviour to her husband, when sus- 
pected of infidelity. Val. Max. 6, c. 7. 

Lepida, daughter of Lepidus, married Dru- 
sus the younger, whom she disgraced by her. 
wantonness. She killed herself when accuse^ 

of adultery Avith a slave. Tacit. 6, c, 40. ; 

A part of Italy called alsoFlaininia. Martini 
6, cp. 85. A public roitd Reading isovo^ Pl^ 



i 



JEN 

ceiUa td Ariminum ; called after the consul 
JEmylius, who is supposed to have made it. 
Martial. 3, ep. 4. 

^MVLiANUS, a name of Africanus the 
younger, son of P. j^^mylius. In hira the fa- 
milies of the Scipios and ^mylii were united. 
Many of that family bore the same name. Juv. 
9, V. 2. 

JEmylu, a noble family in Rome, descend- 
ed from j^mylius the son of Ascanius. — 
Plutarch says, that they are descended from 
Mamercus, the son of Pythagoras, surnamed 
iEmylius from the sweetness of his voice, in 
JSlum. 4^ JEmyl. — The family was distinguished 
in the various branches of the Lepidi, Ma- 
merci, Mamercini, Barbulag, Pauli, and Scauri. 

iEMYLius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris- 
whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. 

Vid. Procris. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant 

of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who 
invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus 
gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and 
the tyrant made the first experiment upon the 

donor. Plut. de Fort. Rom. Lepidus, a 

youth who had a statue in the capitol, for sav- 
ing the life of a citizen in a battle. Val. Max. 

4, c. 1. A triumvir with Octavius. Vid. 

Lepidus. Macer, a poet of Verona in the 

Augustan age. He wrote some poems upon 
serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. 

Vid. Macer. Marcus Scaurus, a Roman 

who flourished about 100 years B. C. and 
wrote tliree books concerning his own life. 
Cic. in Brut. A poet in the age of Tibe- 
rius, who wrote a tragedy called Athens, and 

destroyed himself. Sura, another writer on 

the Roman year. Mamercus, three times 

dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took 
their city. He limited to one year and a half 
the censorship, which before his time was ex- 
ercised during five years. Liv. 4, c. 17, 19, 

&-C. Papinianus, son of Hostilius Papinia- 

nus, viras in favour with the emperor Severus, 
and was made governor to his sons Geta 
and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, 
andPapinianus for upbraiding himwas murder- 
ed by his soldiers. From his school the Ro- 
mans have had many able lawyers, who were 

called Papinianists. Pappus, a censor, who 

banished from the senate, P. Corn. Ruffinus, 
who had been twice consul, because he had at 
his table ten pounds of silver plate, A. U. C. 478. 

Lit\ 14. Porcina, an elegant orator. Cic. in 

Brut. Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt, 

under Tiberius. Dio. Regillus, conquered 

the general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained 

a nav^al triumph. Liv. 37, c 31, Scaurus, 

a noble, but poor citizen of Rome. His 
father, to maintain himself, was a coal-mer- 
chant. He was edile, and afterwards praetor, 
and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus 
was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he 
built a very magnificent theatre. Plin. 36, c. 

15. A bridge at Rome, called also Subli- 

pius. Juv. 6, v. 32, 

^Enaria, an island in the bay of Puteoli, 
abounding with cypress trees. It received its 
name from iKneas, who is supposed to have 
landed there on his way to Latium. It is 
tailed Pilhecusa by the Greeks, and now 
Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral 
Tvatcrs. Liv. 8, c. 22.~Plin. 3, c. 6, 1. 31, e. 2. 
T'Sta^.d. Si/lv.6,V. 104, 



JEN 

-^NATiiwM, a forest near Olenoa in Achaia 
sacred to Jupiter. 

iENAsius, one of the Ephori at Sparta. 
Thucyd. 9, c. 2. 

JEnea, or ^NEiA, a town of Macedonia, 
15 miles from Thessalonica, fomided by 
TEneas. Liv. 40, c. 4, 1. 44, c. 10. 

^NEAOES, a town of Chersonesus, built by 
^neas. Cassander desti-oyed it, and carried 
the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. 
Dionys. Hal. 1. 

JEt;'iljiJE, a name given to the friends and 
companions of ^Eneas, by Virg. Mn. 1, v. 
161. 

M^i,A s, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and 
the goddess Venus. The opinions of authors 
concerning his character are different. His 
infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, 
and at the age of 5 he was recalled to Troy- 
He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly 
under Chiron, a venerable sage, w^hose house 
Avas frequented by the young princes and he- 
roes of the age. Soon after his return home 
he married Creusa, Priam's daughter, by 
whom he had a son called Ascanius. During 
the Ti ojan war, he behaved with great valour, 
in defence of his country, and came to an en- 
gagement \tith Diomedes and Achilles. Yet 
Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicar- 
nassus, and Dares of Phrygia, accuse him of 
betraying his country to the Greeks, with An- 
tenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by 
this treacherous measure. He lived at va- 
riance with Priam, because he received not 
sufficient marks of distinction from the king 
and his family, as Homer, II. 13, says. This 
might have provoked him to seek revenge by 
perfidy. Authors of credit report, that whea 
Troy was in flames, he carried away, upon his 
shoulders, his father Anchises, and the statues 
of his household gods, leading in his hand his 
son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow 
behind. Some say that he retired to Mount 
Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set 
sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others 
maintain that ^neas never left his country, 
but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his 
posterity after him. Even Homer, who liyed 
400 years after the Trojan war, says, II, 20, v, 
30, &.C. that the gods destined ^neas and hi.<5 
posterity to reign over the Trojans. This 
passage Dionys. Hal. explained, by saying iXmi 
Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over 
to Italy with ^neas, and not the actnal inhub 
itants of Troy. According to Virgil and other 
Latin authors, who, to make their court to the 
Roman emperors, traced Uieir origin up to 
iEneas. and described his arrival into Italy as 
indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the 
Thracian Chersonesus, wiiere Polymncsloj', 
one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Dc- 
los, the Strophades, and Crete, where he ex.- 
pected to find the empire promised him by the 
oracle, as in the place where hjs progenitor.s 
were born, he landed in Epirus and Drejia- 
num, the court of king Acestus jn Sicily, 
wiiere he buried his father. From Sicily he 
sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of 
Africa, and kindly received by Dido queen of 
Carthage, to whom, on his first interview, he 
gave one of the garments of the beautiful 
Helen . Dido being enamoured of him, wisheej 
to marry him ; but he left Cartilage by order 



't)f the gods. In his voyage he wa* driven to 
SiciiV, and from thence he passed to Curaai 
where the Sybil conducted him to hell, that 
he might hear from his father th-e fates which 
attended him and all his posterity. After 
voyage of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships. 
lie came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of 
the country, received him with hospitality, 
and promised him his daughter Lavinia, who 
had been before betrothed to king Turnus by 
her mother Amata. To prevent this mar- 
riage, Turnus made war against ^'Eneas ; and 
after many battles, the war was decided by a 
combat Ipetvveen the two rivals, in which Tur- 
nus was killed. iEneas married Lavinia, in 
"nrhose honour he built the town of Lavinium, 
and succeeded his father-in-law. After a short 
reign, ^neas was killed in a battle against the 
Etrurians. Some say that he was droAvned in 
the Numicus, and his body weighed down by 
his armour ; upon which the Latins, not find- 
ing their king, supposed that he had been taken 
up to heaven, and therefore olFered him sacri- 
fices as to a god. Dionys. Hal. fixes the arrival 
of ^neas in Italy in the 54th olyrap. Some 
authors suppose that ^neas, after the siege of 
Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus; toge- 
ther with Andromache, and that he was car- 
ried to Thessaly, whence he escaped to Italy. 
Others say, that after he had come to Italy, 
he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king of 
Latium. j^neas has been praised for his pie- 
ty, and submission to the Vv'ill of ti:e gods. 
Homer. II. 13 and 20. Hymn, in Vener. — Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 12.— Diod. S.—Paus. 2, c. 33, 1. 3, c. 
22, 1. 10, c. 25.— Plut. in Romnl. i/- Corol. 
Qiiaist. Rom. — Val. Mar. 1, c. 8. — Flor. 1, c. 
l.~Justi7i. 20, c. 1, 1. 31, c. 8, 1. 45, G. l.—Dic- 
iys. Cret. 5. — Dares Phry. 6. — Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 
il.—Slrab. 13.— Lit', i, c. l.— Virg. JEn.— 
Aur. Victor.— JFMan. V. H. 8, c. 2%—Propert. 
4, el. 1, V. 42.— Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 3, &c. 
Trist. 4, V. 798. A son of iCneas and La- 
vinia, called B3dvius, because his mothor re- 
tired with him into the woods after his fat'ner's 
depth. He succeeded Ascanius in Latiura, 
though opposed bv Julius the son of his prede- 
cessor. Virg. Ml. 6, V. 770.— Lm'. 1, c. 3. 

An arabatsador sent by the L-dceda3mo- 

iilans to Atliens, to treat of peace, io the 8t.h 

year of ihe Peloponiicsian ^/ar. An ancient 

author who. wiote on lactics, besides other 
treatises, which, according to yElian, were 
♦epitomised by ri.ieas ihe friend of Fyrrhus. — 
A native of Ga.'^a, who, from a platonic philo- 
sopher became a christian, A. D. 4S5, and wrote 
a dialogue called Theophrastus, on the immor- 
lality of the soul, and the resurrection. 

JiIneu, or .(Enia, a place near Rome, 

sfferwards called Janiculum. A city of 

'Iroas. Sfrab. 17. A city of Macedonia. 

Dionys. Hal. 1. 

j^NKiDJEs, a patronymic given to Ascanius, 
^5 son of iEneas. Firi>:. Mn. 9, v. 653. 



-fiNEis, a poem of Virgil, which has for its 
.subject the settlement of ^neas in Italy 
The great merit of this poem is well known, 
rhe author has Imitated Homer, and as some 
s»y, Homer is superior to him only becau=;e he 
is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil 
died before he had corrected it, and at his 
tieatli di': ired it might be burnt. This was 
happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from 
the t^ajnc?, a ])oem which proved his family to 



be dejG ended from the kings of Troy, The 
^neid had engaged the attention of the poet 
for 1 1 years, and in the first six books it seems 
that it was Virgil's design to imitate Homer's 
Odyssey, and in the last tiie Iliad. The action 
of the poem conjprehends eight yeai's,, one of 
which only, the last, is really taken up by ac- 
tion, as the seven first are merely episodes, 
such as Juno's attempts to destroy the Trojans, 
the loves of .^neas and Dido, the relation of 
the faU of Troy, &c. In the first book of the 
^neid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh 
year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediter- 
ranean, and shipwrecked on the African coast, 
where he is received by Dido. In the second, 
iEneas, at the desire of the Phoenician queen, 
relates the fall of Troy, and his flight through 
the general conflagration to mount Ida. In the 
third, the hero continues his narration, by a 
minute account of his voyage through the Cy- 
clades, the places where he landed, and tlie 
dreadful storm, with the description of which 
the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, 
makes public her partiality to /Eneas, which 
is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from 
Carthage, and the book closes with the su- 
icide ox the disappointed queen. In the fifth 
book, iEneas sails to Sicily, wiiere he ce- 
lebrates the anni'^ersary of his father's death, 
and thence pm-sues his voyage to Italy. In 
the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns 
from, his father the fate which attends him and 
his descendants the Romans. In the seventh 
book, the hero reaches the destined land of 
Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king 
of the country, which is soon broken by the in- 
terfei-ence of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to 
war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enu- 
merated ; and in the eighth book, vEneas is 
assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus 
a shield verought by Vulcan, on which are 
represented the futui'e Riory and triumphs of 
the Roman nation. The reader is pleased in 
the ninth book, with the account of battles 
between tlie rival armies, and the immortal 
friendship of INisus and Euiyalaus. Jupiter 
in the tenth attempts a reconciliation between 
Venus and Ji'no, who patronised the opposite 
parties ; the tight is renewed, Pailas killed, 
and Tirnus saved from the avenging hand oif 
/Eneas, by the intei-position of Juno. The 
eleventh book gives an account of the funeral 
of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation 
between j$^neas and Latinus, which the sud- 
den appearance of tlie enemy defeats. Ca- 
mili.'t is slain, and the combatants separated by 
the ni^iit. In the last book, .Fano prevents 
the siiigle combat agreed upon by Turnus and 
iEneas. The Trojans are defeated in the ab- 
sence of their king : but on the return of .^Ene- 
as, the battle assumes a different turn, a single . 
combat is fought by the rival leaders, and the 
poem is concluded by the death of king Tur- 
nus. Plin. 7. c. 30, k.G. 

iENE§iDKMns, a brave general of Argqs. 

Lii\ 32, c. 25. A Cretan philosopher, who 

v.role 8 books on the doctrine of his master 
Pyrrho. Diog. in Pyr. 

iENtsiufi, a surname of Jupiter, from 
mount ^Bum. 

iENKTi^s, a victor at Olympia, w)io, in the 
moment of victory, died through excess of joy. 
Pirns. 3, c. 18. 



I 



MS- 

be derived from m«(Ao;, various, because tue 
winds over which he presided are ever vary- 
ing. There were two others, ~a king of 

Etruria, father to Macareus and Canace, and 
a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the 
god of the winds. This la^t married Enaretta, 
by whom he had seven sons and five daugh- 
ters. Apollod. 1, c. 7. — Homer. Od. 10, v. 1. — 
Ovid. Met. 11, v. 478, 1. 14, ^v. 224.—Apollon. 
4, Argon. — Fiacc. 1, v. 556. — Diod.4 and 5. — 
Virg. ^n. 1, v. 56, k,c. 

iEoKA, a festival in Athens, in honour, of 
Erigone. 

/Epliius, a king of Greece, restored to his 
kingdom by Hercules, whose son ITylius he 
adopted. Strab. 9. 

aEpEA, a town of Crete, called Solis, in ho- 
nour of Solon. Plul. in Solon. 

JEiPxJLO, a general of the Istrians, who 
drank to excess, after he had stormed the 
camp of A. ifiaulius, the Roman general. Be- 
iiig attacked by a soldier, he Qtid to a neigh- 
bouring town, which the Romans took, and 
killed himself for feai- of beiiig taken. Flor. 2, 
c. 10. 

JEpy, a town of Elis, under tlie dominion of 
Nestor. Stat. 4, Theb. v. 180. 

Mpytcs, king of Mycenaj, son of Chre^-' 
phcnLes and ivierope, was educated in Arca-- 
uia with Cypselus, his mother's father. To 
recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, 
who had raaiiied his mother against her will,, 
and usurpf'd the crown. Apollod. 2, c. 6. — 

Faus. 4, c, 8. A king of Aixadia, son of 

Elaius. *A son of Hippothous, who forcibly 

entered the temple of iscptune, near Mauti- 
uea; and was scruck blind by the suaden erup- 
tion of salt waisr from the altar. He was kill- 
ed Dj a serpent in hunting. Fau^. 8, c. 4 
and 5. 

M'^'s: or iEQ,uicuLi, a people of Latiura, 
neai* Tybur; they were great enemies to 
Rome in its infant state, and were conquered 
with much diiSculty. Flor. 1, c. 11. — Liv. 1, 
c. 32, i. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 2, kc. — Plin. 3, c. 4. — 
Virg. J£n. 7, v. 747, 1. 9, v, QS4.—Qvid. Fast. 
3, v. ys.—Dtonys. Hal. 2, c. 19. 

Mqvniihivii, a place in Rome where the 
house of Melius stood, v/ho aspired to sove- 
reign povi'er, for which crime his habitatioa 
was levelled to the ground. Ldc. 4, c. 16. 

^^RiAS, an ancient king of Cypi-us, who, 
built the temple of Paphcs. Tacit. Hist. 2» 
c. 3. 

^K'jpEjWife of Atreiis, committed adultery 
^^oLiDEs. a" patronymic of' Uivsses, from I ^^"^^^ Thyestes, her brother-in-law, and had 
lus; because Anticlea, his mother, was by him tv/ms, who were placed as ioodbetoro 

Atreus. Oi'^U 2WW. 3, v.39l. A daughter 

of Cepheus, ravished by Mars. She died iir 
child-bed : her child was preserved, and called 
jEropus, Paus. 8, c. 44. 

iERopxTS, a genera] of Epirus, in the reign 

of Pyrrhus. A person appointed regent to 

Orestes, the infant son of Archelaus, king of 
Macedonia. An officer of king Philip, ba- 
nished for bringing a singer into his camp. 

Puli/nin.4, c. 2. A mountain of Chaonia. 

Liv. 31, c. 5. 

iEsAcus, a river of Troy near Ida. 



^0 

iENicTTs, a comic writer at Athens. 

iENiocHi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
Lucnn. 2, v. 591. 

JEifOBARBUs, or Ahenobarbus, the surname 
of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux ac- 

Suainted him with victory, he discredited 
lem : upon which they touched his chin and 
beard i which instantly became of a brazen co- 
lour, whence the surname given to himself 
and his descendants. 

iEsocLES, a writer of Rhodes. Aihen. 

jUnos, now Eiio, an independent city of 
Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus, 
confounded with ^nei'a, of which ..^neas was 
tilie founder. Mela, 2, c. 2. 

^Enum, a town of Thrace — of Thessaly . 

A mountain in Cephallenia. Strab. 7. A 

river and village near Ossa. A city of Crete 

built by JEneas. 

^nFra, a town of Thasos. Herodot. 6, 
C.47. 

jEolia, a nanje given to Arne. Sappho is 
caWed ^F.oHajmella, and lyric poetry JEolium 
carmen, because of .Alcceus and Sappho,, na- 
tives of Lesbos. Horat. 4, od. 3, v. 12j and 
od. 9, V. 12. 

jEolia, or ^.olis, a country of Asia Minor, 
near the ^-gean sea It has Troas at the 
north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabi- 
tants were of Grecian origin, and were mas- 
ters of many of the neighbouring island.?. 
They had 12. otlier; say 30, considerable ci- 
ties, of which Cau~>ie and Lesbos Avere tba 
most famous. Thev- received their name from 
^olus son of Hellenus. They migrated from 
Greece about 1124 B C. 80 years before the 
migraaon of the Ionian tribes. Herodot. 1, 
c.2^, kc— Strab. 1, 2, andC— PZfn.5, c. 30.— 

Mela, 1, c. 2 and 18. Thessaly has been 

anciently called ^olia. Dffiotus, son of Pvep- 
tune, having settled there, called his followers 
Boeotians, and thsir country Bceotia. 

JEjlije and tEolides, seven Islands be- 
tween Sicily and Italy; called Lipai-a, Hiera, 
Stroiigyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phcenicusa, and 
Euonymos They were the retreat of the 
winds; and Plrg. Mn. 1, v, 66, calls them 
jS^alia, and the kingdom of ^Eolus the god of 
storms and vvinds They sometimes bear the 
name of VidcanicB and Ilephasliadts, and are 
known now among the moderns under the 
general appellation of Lipari islands. Liican. 
#, V. 609.— J«^//?i, 4, c. 1. 

jEor.inA, a city of Tenedos. Another 

near Therraopvlje. Herodot. 8, c. 35 

M " 
Mo 

pregnant by Sisyphus, the son of iEolu5, when 
she married Laerics. It is also given to Atba- 
inas and Misenus, as sons of .S^olus. Ovid. 
Met. 4, V. 511, 1. 13, v. ^l.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 164 
and 529. 

iEoLus, the king of storms and winds, was 
the son of I lippotas. He reigned over ^olia ; 
«ud because he was the inventor of sails, and 
a great astronomer, the poets have called him 
llie god of tiie wind. It is said that he coniined 
•in a baf^, and gave to Ulysses, all Uie winds tliat 
•:ould blow against his vessel when he returned 
to Ithaca. The companions of Ulyssoe untied 
the bag, and gave the wind.s their liberty. 
iEolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dig- 
nity, according ty Viigii. The n»nie ."eem"? t<> 



A son of Priam, by Alexirhoe ; or, according 
to others, by Arisba. He became enamoured 
of Hesperia, whom he pursued into the. .vood«. 
The nymph threw he£self iiito tu^ sea, and 



MS 

was changed into a bird, ^sacus followed 
her example, and was changed into a cormo- 
rant by Tethys. Qvid. Met. 11, fab. 11. 

iEsAPus, a river of Mysia, in Asia, falling 
into the Hellespont. Plin. 5, c. 32. 

^SAR, or iEsARAS, a river of Magna Grae- 
cia, falling into the sea near Crotona. Ovid. 
Met. 15, V. 28. 

^scHiNEs, an Athenian orator, who flou- 
rished about 342 B. C. and distinguished him- 
self by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His 
father's name was Atroraetus, and he boasted 
of his descent from a noble family, though 
Demosthenes reproached him as being the son 
of a courtezan. The first open signs of en- 
mity between the rival orators appeared at 
the court of Philip, where they were sent as 
ambassadors ; but the chai'acter of ^schines 
was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe 
from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny 
kad hitherto been the general subject of his 
declamation. When the Athenians wished to 
reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes 
with a golden crown, iEschines impeached 
Gteslphon, who proposed it ; and to their sub- 
sequent dispute we are indebted for the two 
celebrated orations de corona. iEschines was 
defeated by his rival's superior eloquence, and 
banished to Rhodes ; but as he retired from 
Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and no- 
bly forced him to accept a present of silver. 
In his banishment, the orator repealed to the 
Rhodians, what he had delivered against De- 
mosthenes; and after receiving much applause, 
he was desired to read the answer of his an- 
tagonist. It was received with gi'eater marks 
©f approbation ; but, exclaimed jEscbines, how 
much more would your admiration have been 
raised, had you heard Demosthenes himself 
speak it ! iEschines died in the 75th year of 
his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at 
Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine 
epistles, which, from their number, received 
the name, the first of the graces, and the last 
of the muses. The orations alone are extant, 
generally found collected with those of Lysias. 
An oration which bears the name of Ddlaca 
lex., is said not to be his production, but that of 
^schines, another orator of that age. Cic. de 
Orat. 1, c. 24, 1. 2, c. 53, in Bnit. c. 17.— Plat, 
in Demostli. — Diog. 2 and 3. — Plin. 7, c. 30. 
Diogenes mentions seven more of the same 

name. A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, 

who wrote several dialogues, some of which 
bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phasdon, 
Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia, Polyaiuus, Telau- 
ges, &,c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and 
ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his compo- 
sition. T-lie best editions are that of Leovard, 
1718, with the notes of Horraeus, in 8vo. and 

that of Fischer, 8vo. Lips. 1766. A man 

who Avrote an oratory. An Arcadian. 

A Mitylenean. A disciple of Melanthius, 

. A Milesian writer. ^A statuaiy. 

jEscnRio>r, a Mitylenean poet, intimate 
with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander 

in his Asiatic expedition. An Iambic poet 

of Samos. Allien. A physician commended 

hy Galen. A treatise of his on husbandry has 

been quoted by Pliny. A lieutenant of Ar- 

chas:athu9, killed by Hanno. Diod. 20. 

^scHVLiDEs, a man who wrote a book on 
agriculture. JElian. H. Jia. 15. 



.^scHYLus, an excellent soldier and poet 
of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother t» 
Cynsegirus. He was in the Athenian army at 
the battle of Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. 
But the most solid fame he has obtained, is the 
offspring less of his valour in the field of bat- 
tle than of his writings. Of ninety tragedies, 
however, the fruit of his ingenious labours, 40 
of which were rewarded with the public prize, 
only seven have come safe to us : Prometheus 
vindus, Septem duces apud Thebas, Persctt 
Agamemnon, Chmphori, Eumenides, Suppli- 
ces. iEschylus is the first who introduced two 
actors on the stage, and clothed them with 
dresses suitable to their character. He like- 
wise removed mui-der from the stage. It is 
said, that when he composed, his countenance 
betrayed the gi-eatest ferocity ; and, according 
to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides 
were represented, many children died tiirough 
fear, and several pregnant women actually 
miscarried in the house, at the sight of the 
horrible masks that were introduced. The 
imagination of the poet was strong and com- 
prehensive, but disorderly and wild ; fruitful 
in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His 
style is obscure, and the labours of an excellent 
modern critic have pronounced him the 
most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few 
expressions of impious tendency in one of his 
plays, nearly proved fatal to ^Eschylus ; he was 
condemned to death : but his brother Amyni- 
as, it is reported, reversed the sentence, by 
uncovering an arm, of which the hand hat! 
been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the ser- 
vice of his country, and the poet was pardoned. 
^Eschylus has been accused of drinking to ex- 
cess, and of never composing except when in 
a state of intoxication. In his old age he re- 
tired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being 
informed that he was to die by the fall of a 
house, he became dissatisfied with the fickle- 
ness of his countrymen, and withdrew from 
the city into the fields, where he sat down. An 
eagle with a tortoise in her bill, flew over his 
bald head, and supposing it to be a stone, 
dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, 
and j5]schylus instantly died of the blow, in 
the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is said 
that he wrote an account of the battle of Ma- 
rathon in elegiac verses. The best editions of 
his works are that of Stanley, fol. London, 
1663, that of Glasg. 2 vols, in 12mo. 1746, and 
that of Schutz, 2 vols. Svo. Hal«, V7S2.—Ho- 
rat.AH. Poet. 27S.—QuinliL 10, c. l.—Plin. 

10, c. 3.— Val. Max. 9, c. 12. The 12tta 

perpetual archon of Athens. A Corinthian, 

l3rother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate with 

Timoleon. Pluf. in Timol. A Rhodiaa 

set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia. 

Curt. 4, c. 8. A native of Cnidus, teacher 

of rhetoric to Cicero. Cic. in Brut. 

^EscuLAPius, son of Apollo, by Coronis, 
or as some say, by Larissa, daughter of Phle- 
gias, was god of medicine. After his union 
with Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, 
and was soon informed that she admitted th« 
caresses of Ischys, of .-Emonia. The god, in a 
fit of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, 
but saved the infant from her womb, and gave 
him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him 
the art of medicine. Some authors say, that 
Coronis left h«r father to avoid the discovery 



ll 



MS 

of her pregnancy, an ; hat she exposed her 
4;hild near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of 
Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog 
who kept the flock stood by him to shelter him 
from injury. He was found by the master of 
the flock, who went in search of his stray goat, 
and saw his head surrounded with resplendent 
rays of light, ^sculapius was physician to the 
Argonauts, and considered so skilled in the 
medicinal power of plants, that he was called 
the inventor as well as the god of medicine. 
He restored many to life, of which Pluto com- 
plained to Jupiter, who struck ^Esculapius 
with thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of 
his son, killed the Cyclops who made the thun- 
derbolts. jEsculapius received divane honours 
after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergaraus, 
Athens, Smyrna, fcc. Goats, bulls, lambs, and 
pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the 
cock and the serpent were sacred to him. 
Rome, A. U. C. 462, was delivered of a plague, 
and built a temple to the god of medicine, who, 
as was supposed, had come there in the form 
of a serpent, and hid himself among the reeds 
in an island of the Tyber. ^sculapius was re- 

E resented with a large beard, holding in his 
and a stafl^", round which was wreathed a ser- 
pent ; his other hand was supported on the 
head of a serpent. Serpents are more parti- 
cularly sacred to him, not only as the ancient 
physicians used them in their prescriptions ; 
but because they were the symbols of })r«dence 
and foresight, so necessaiy in the mcdicalpro- 
fession. Ke married Epione, by whom he had 
two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, 
Machaon and Podalirus ; and four daughters, 
of whom Hygiea, goddess of health, is the 
most celebrated. Some have supposed that he 
lived a short time after the Trojan war. He- 
siod makes no mention of him. Homer. 11. 4, 
V. 193, Hymn, in Mscul.—Apollod. 3, c. 10. 
— Appollon. 4, Jlrgon. — Hygin,- fab. 49. — 
Ovid. Mel. 2, fab. S.—Paus. 2, c. 11 and 27, I. 
7, c. 23, kc.—Diod. 4.— Pindar. Pyth. 3.— 
Lucian. Dial, de Saltat. — Val. Max. 1, c. 8. 
— Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 22, says there' were 
three of this name ; the 1st, a son of Apollo, 
worshipped in Arcadia; 2d, a brother of Mer- 
cury ; 3d, a man who first taught medicine. 

iEsEPus, a son of Bucolion. Homer. II. 6, 
V. 21, A river. Fi(/. .^Isapus. 

^SEKA^IA, a city of the Samnites, in Italy, 
Liv. 27, c. 12.— *•(/. 8, v. 567. 

iEsioN, an Athenian, known for his respect 
for the talents of Demosthenes. Plut. in Be-, 
most. 

-ffisis, a river of Italy, which separates Um- 
bria from Picenum. 

iEsoN, son of Cretheus, was born at the 
same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his fa- 
ther in the kingdom of lolchos, but was soon 
exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, 
by whom he had Jason, whose education he 
intrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. 
When Jason was grown u]), he demanded his 
lather's kingdom from his uncle, v.ho irave 
him evasive answers, ami persuaded him to 
go in quest of the golden fleece. [Fid. Ja- 
son.] At his return, Jason found his father 
very infirm ; and Medea [Vid. Meden,] at his 
request, drew the blood fron) /Eson's veins, 
and refilled them with the juice of certain 
herbs which she had gathered, and immedi- 
7 



ately the old man recovered the vigour and 
bloom of youth. Some say that Mson killed 
himself by drinking bull's blood, to avoid the 
persecution of Pelias. Died. 4. — Apollod. 1, 
c. 9.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 28b.—Hygin. fab. 12.- 

A river of Thessaly, with a town of the 

same name> 

iEsoNiDES, a patronymic of Jason, as being 
descended from iEson. 

^sopus, a Phrygian philosopher, who, 
though originally a slave, procured his liberty 
by the sallies of his genius. He travelled over 
the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but 
chiefly resided at the court of Croesus, king of 
Lydia, by \'^hom he was sent to consult the ora- 
cle of Delphi. In this commission jEsop be- 
haved with great severity, and satirically com- 
])ared the Delphians to floating sticks, which 
appear large at a distance, but are nothing 
when brought near. The Delphians, offended 
with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of 
having secreted one of the sacred vessels of 
Apollo's teniple, and threw him dov/n from a 
rock, 561 B. C. Maxiraus Plarmdes has writ- 
ten his life in Greek ) but no credit is to be 
given to the biographer, who falsely asserts 
that the mythologist was short and deformed, 
^sop dedicated his fables to his patron Croe- 
sus ; but what appeal's now under his name, is 
no doubt a compilation of ail the fables and 
apologues of wits before and after the age of 
/Esop, conjointly with his own. Plat, in So- 
lon.— Pliced. 1. fab. 2, 1. 2, fab, 9. Claudus, 

an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate 
with Cicero. He amassed an immense for- 
tune. His son, to be more expensive, melted 
precious stones to drink at his entertainments, 
Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 239.— Val. Max. 8, c. 10. 

1. 9, c. l.—Plin. 9, c. 35, 1. 10, c. 51. An 

orator. Diog:- An historian in the time 

Plat, in Solon. A river 

-An attendant of Mi- 



of Anaximenes. 

of Pontus. Strab. 12 

thridates, w^ho ^vrote a treatise on Helen, and 

a panegyric on liis royal master. 

iEsTRiA, an island in the Adriatic. Melaj 
2, c. 7. 

iEsuLA, a town on a mountain between Ty» 
bur and Praneste. Horat. 3, od, 29. 

^SYETES, a man from whose tomb Polites 
spied what the Greeks did in their ships dur- 
ing the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, v. 793. 

^sYMNETEs, a sumame of Bacchus. Paus. 
7, c. 21. 

iEsYMNus, a person of Megara, who con- 
sulted Apollo to know the best method of 
governing his country. Paus. 1, c. 43. 

iETHALiA, or Etheria, now Elba, an 
island between Etruria and Corsica. Plin. 3, 
c. 6, 1. 6, c. 30. 

-^THALiDEs, a herald, son of Mercury, to 
whom it was granted to be amongst the dead 
and the living at stated times. Apollon. Argon. 
1, V, (yi\, 

iExHioN, a man .slain at the nuptials of An- 
dromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 146. 

.(Ethjupia, an extensive countiy of Africa, 
at the south of Egypt, divided into east and 
west by the ancients, the former division ly- 
ing near Meroc, and the latter near the Mauli. 
The country, properly now called Abyssinia, 
as well as the inhabiiants, were little known 
to the ancients, tliough Homer has styled 
them the jnstest of men, «ud the favonj-itTs 



ef the gods. Diod. 4, says, that the zEthio- 
pians wei-e the first inhabitants of the earth,— 
They were the first who worsliipped the gods, 
for which, as some suppose, their country has 
never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The 
inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The 
country is inundated for five months every 
year, and their days and nights are almost of 
an equal length. The ancients have given the 
name of Ethiopia to every country whose in- 
habitants are of a black colour, Liican. 3, v. 
'253, 1. 9, V. Qol.—Juv. 2, v. 2S.—Virg. eel. 6, 
V. QS.—Plin. 6, c. 29. Pans. 1, c. 33.— Homer. 
Od.l,y.22. //. 1, V. 423. 

^TiiLius, sou of Jupiter by Protogenia, 
Was father of Endymion. JlpoUod. 1, c. 7. 

^THON, a horse of the sun. Ovid. Met. 2, 

fab. 1. A horse of Pallas, represented as 

shedding tears at the death of his master, by 

Virg. Mn. II, V.89. A horse of Hector. 

Homer. II. 8, v. 185. • 

^THRA, daughter of PItheus king of TrcB- 
zene, had Theseus by iEgeus. [Vid. JEgeiis.'] 
Slie was carried away by Castor and Pollux, 
■when they recovered their sister Helen, whom 
Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. 
[Vid. Helen.] She went to Troy with Helen. 
Homer. 11. 3, v. 144.— Pans. 2, c. 31, 1. 5, c. 19. 
■—Hygiii. fab. 37 and 79.— Plut. in Thes.— 
Olid. Her. 10, v. 181. — One of the Oceanides, 
Avife to Atlas, She is more generally called 
Pleione, 

JEthvsa, a daughter of Neptune by Ara- 
phitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of 

Kleuthereand two sons. Pans. 9, c. 20. 

An island near Lilybffiura. Plin. 3, c. 8. 

JEtia, a poem of Callimachus, in whicli 
he speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in 
which they were offered. Mart. 10, ep. 4. 

jE-noy, or Eetion, the father of Andro- 
maciie, Hector's wife. He was killed at The- 
bes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks. 

A famous painter. He drew a painting of 
Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials with 
Roxane. This piece was much valued, and 
v.as exposed to public view at the Olympic 
games, where it gained so much applause that 
The president of the games gave the painter his 
daughter in marriage. Oic Br. 18. 

jiilTNA, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gi- 
bello, famous for its volcano, which, for about 
31100 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. 
It is 2 miles in perpendicular height, and mea- 
.sures 100 miles round at the base, with an 
ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle 
about 3 1-2 miles in circumference, and its 
top is covered with snow and smoke at the 
same time, whilst the sides of the mountain, 
from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a 
rich scenery of cultivated fielde and blooming 
vineyards. Pindar is the first who mentions 
an eruption of^i^tna ; and the silence of Homer 
on the subject is considered as a proof that the 
Jires of tiie mountain W'ere unknown in his age. 
From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed date 
of the first volcanic aj)j)earance, to the battle 
of Pharsalia, it is computed that dclUm has bad 
100 eruptions. The i)oets siipj)Osed that Ju- 
piter had confined the giants under this moun- 
tain, and it was rej>rese]jted as the forge of 
Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabi'i- 
cated thunderbolts, &ic. Heslod. Theog. v. 860. 
—Virg. JEtk. 3, v. olO.—Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6. 
I. 15, V. 340.— Hal 14, v. o9. 



AF 

iEToLiA, a country bounded by Epulis, 
Acarnania, and Locris, supposed to be about 
the middle of Greece. It received its name 
from iEtolus. The inhabitants were covetous 
and illiberal, and were little known in Greece, 
till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they 
assumed a consequence in the country, and af- 
terwards made themselves formidable as the 
allies of Rome and as its enemies, till they 
were conquered by Fulvius. Liv. 26, c. 24, 
kc.—Flor. 2, c. 9.—Slrab. 8 and 10.— Mela, 2, 
c,3.— P/m.4, c. 2.— Pans. 10, c. IS.— Plut. in 
Flam. 

^ToLus, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphi- 
anassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had 
Pleiu'on and Calvdon. Having accidentally 
killed Apis, son ot Phoroneus, he left his coun- 
try, and came to settle in tliat part of Greece 
which has been called, from him, ^Etolia. 
ApoLlod. 1, c. 7 and 9. Pans. 5, .c. I. 

iEx, a rocky island between Tenedos and 
Chios. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city in the coun- 
try of the Marsi. The nurse of Jupiter 

changed into a constellation. 

Afer, an inhabitant of Africa. An in- 
former under Tiberius and his successors. He 
became also knovv'n as an orator and as the 
preceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul 
by Domitian. He died A. D. 59. 

Afrania, a Roman matron who fi-equented 
the forum forgetful of female decency. Val. 
Ma.v. 8, c. 3. 

Luc. Afranius, a Latin comic poet in the 
age of Terence, often compared to Menander, 
whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the 
unnatural gratifications which he mentions in 
Jiis writings, some fragments of which are to be 
found in the Corpus Poeiarum. Qui7it. 10, c. 1. 
— Sueton. JVer. li.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 57. — 
Cic. defin. 1, c. 3.—^. Gell. 13, c.8. A ge- 
neral of Pompey, conquered by Caesar in 

Spain. Sueton. in Cas. 34. — Plut. inPomp. 

Q. a man who wrote a severe satire against 
Nero, for which he was put to death in the 
Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. Potitus, a ple- 
beian, who said before Caligula, that he would 
willingly die ifthe emperor could recover from 
the di.^temper he laboured under. Caligula 
i-ecovcred, and Afranius was put to death that 
he might not forfeit his word. Dio. 

Africa, called Libya hy the Greeks, one 
of the three parts of the ancient world, and 
the greatest peninsula of the universe, was 
boimded on the east by Arabia and the Red 
Sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, south 
and west by the ocean. In its greatest lengtli 
it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest 
breadth it is 3500 miles. It is joined on the 
east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, 
which some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to 
cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterra- 
nean seas. It is so immediately situate under 
the sun, that only the maritime parts are in- 
habited, and the inland country is mostly bar- 
ren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. 
The ancients, through ignorance, peopled the 
southern parts of Africa with monsters, en- 
chanters, and chimeras ; errors which begia 
to be corrected l)y modern travellci's. Vid. 
Libya. Mela, 1, <;. 4, he — Diod. 3, 4, and 
20.— Hcrodot. 2, c. IT, 26 and 32, 1.4, c. 41, 

^c. — Plin. 5, c. 1, &€. There is a part of 

Africa, called Propria, which lies aboat the 



AG 

middle, ©n the Mediterranean, and has Car- 
thage for its capital. 

Atricaxus, a blind poet, commended by 

Ennius. A christian writer, who flourished 

A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which Avas uni- 
vereaily esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years 
from the creation of the world to the age of 
Julius Ceesar. ISotliing remains of this work, 
but what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter 
to Origen, Africanus proved, that the history 
of Susanna is supposititious ; and in another to 
Ainstides, still extant, he endeavours to recon- 
cile t!ie seeming contradictions that appear in 
the genealogies of Christ in St. Matthew and 
Luke. He is supposed to be the same who 
wrote nine books, in which he ti'eats of physic, 

agriculture, uc. A lawyer, disciple to Papi- 

nian, and intimate with the emperor Alexan- 
der. An orator mentioned by Quintilian. 

The surname of the Seipios, from the 

conquest of Africa. Vid. Scipio. 

Africum mare, is that part of the Mediter- 
ranean which is on tlie coast of Africa. 

Agagrian.^ port.e, gates at Syracuse, 
near which the dead were buried. Cic. in 
Tusc. 

Agalasses, a nation of India, conquered by 
Alexander. Diod. 17. 

Agalla, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote 
a treatise upon grammar. Athen. 1. 

Agamedes and Trophonius, two archi- 
tects who made the entrance of the temple 
of Delphi, for which they demanded of the 
god; whatever gift Avas most advantageous for 
a man to receive. Eight days after they were 
found dead in their bed. Plut. de cons, ad 
JlpoL — Cic. Jmc. 1, c. 47. — Pans. 9, c. 11 and 
37, gives a different account. 

Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Argos, 
was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthe- 
nes, the son of Atreus. Homer calls them 
sons of Atreus, which is false upon the autlio- 
rity of Hesiod, Apollodorus, tc. [Vid. Plis- 
iJienes.'] When Atreus was dead, his brother 
Thyestes seized the kingdom of Argos, and 
removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled 
to Poh^hidus, king of Sicyon, and hence to 
CEneus, king of ^tolia, where tliey were edu- 
cated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, 
and Menelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyn- 
darus, king of Sparta, who assisted them to re- 
cover their father's kingdom. After tlie ba- 
nishment of theusui-jDerto Cythera, Agamem- 
non established himself at Mycena?, whilst 
Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Spar- 
ta. AVhen Helen was stolen by Paiis, Aga- 
memnon was elfected commander in chief of 
the Grecian forces going against Troy ; and he 
showed his zeal in the cause by furnishing 100 
ships, and lending 60 more to the people of 
Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, 
where Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to 
appease Diana. [Vid. Iphigenia.'] During the 
Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved with much 
valour; but his quarrel Avilh Achilles, whose 
mistress he took by force, was fatal to the 
Greeks. [Vid. Briseis.] After the ruin of 
Troy, Cassandra fell to his share, and foretold 
him that his wife would put him to death. 
He gave no credit to this, and returned to Ar- 
^os with Cassandra. Clytemnestra, with her 
adullercr TEgisthus, [Vid. ^^isihus,] prepared 
to murder hi^mj &ud as he came from i\v 



AG 

bath, to embarras him, she gave him a tunic 
whose sleeves were sewed together, and while 
he attempted to put it on, she brought him to 
the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and 
iEgisthus seconded her blows. — His death was 
revenged by his son Orestes. [Firf. Clytem- 
nestra, Menelaus, and Orestes.] Homer. II. 
1, 2, &c. Od. 4, he— Ovid, de Rem. Am. v. 
Til.— Met. 12, V. 30.— Hytrin, fab. S8 and 97. 
—Strab. S.—Tliucyd. 1, c "^.—JElian. V. H. 4, 
c. 26. — Didys Cret. 1, 2, k:c. — Dares Phryg. — 
Sophocl. in Elect. — Euripid. in Orest. — Senec. 
in Jgatn. — Pans. 2, c. 6, 1. 9, c. 40, &ic. — 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 838.— .4/e/a, 2, c. 3. 

Agamemnonius, an epithet applied to 
Orestes, a son of Agamemnon. Virg. ,Sn. 4, 
V. 471. 

Agametor, an athlete of Mantinea. — Pans. 
6, c. 10. 

AGA5INEST0R; a king of Athcus. 

Aganippe, a celebrated fountain of Bceotia, 
at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into 
the Pei'niessus, and is sacred to the muses, 
who, from it, were called Aganippedes. — Pam, 
9, c. 29.— Propert. 2, el. 3.— Olid. Met. 5, v. 
312.— Piin. 4, c. 7. 

Agapjjsor, tlie commander of Agamem- 
non's fleet. Homer. II. 2. The son of An- 

ca?us, and grandson of Lycurgus, who after the 
ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cy- 
prus, W'here he built Paphos. Puus. 8, c. 5.— 
Homer. 11.2. 

Agar, a town of Africa. Hirl. hell. Afr- 
76. 

Agareni, a people of Ai-abia. Trajan 
destroyed then* city, called AgcU'um. Shah. 
16. 

Agarista, daughter of Clisthenes, was 
courted by all the princes of Greece. She 
married ^.legacies. Mlian. V.H.12,c.24. — 
Herodol. 6, c. 126, fcc. A daughter of Hip- 
pocrates, who married Xantippus. She dream- 
ed that she had brought forth a lion, and some 
time after became mother of Pericles. — Plut. 
in Pericl. — Herodot. 6, c. 131. 

AGAsicLEs, king of Sparta, was son of Ar- 
chidamus, and one of tbe Proclidae. He used 
to say that a king ought to govern his subjects 

as a father governs his children. Pans. 3, 

c. 7. — Plut. in Apoph.^ 

Agassi, a city of Thessaly. Liv. 45, c. 
27. 

Agasthenes, father to Polyxenus, was, as 
one o{ Helen's suitors, concerned in tlie Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 2. — Apollod. 3, c. 11. 

A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of 
Elis. Paus. 5, c. 3. 

Agastrophus, a Trojan, wounded by Di- 
omedes. Homer. II. 11, v. 33S. 

Agasthus, an archon of Athens. 

Agasus, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. 
Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Agatha, a town of France near Agde, in 
Languedoc. Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Agatharchidas, a general of Corinth in 
the Peloponnesian war. Tliucyd. 2, c. 63. — 
A Samian philosopher and historian, who 
wrote a treatise on stones, and a histoiy of 
Persia and Phcenice, besides an account ot the 
Red Sea, of Europe, and Asia. Some make 
him a native of Cnidas, and addtliat he flou- 
rished about 177 B. C. Joseph, cont. Ap. 

AcATiiAr>cuvs; an officer in tbe Sym- 



I 



AG 

c.osan fleet. Thucyd. 7, c. 25. -A painter 

in the age of Zenxis. Phd. in Ptrid. 

Agathias, a Greek historian of .^tolia. A 
poet and iiistorian in the age of Justinian, of 
whose reign he piil}{ished the history in five 
books. Several of his epigrams are found in 
the Anlhologia. His history is a sequel of thai 
of Procopius. The best edition is that of Pa- 
ris, foi. 1660. 

Agatho, a Saniian historian, wlio wrote 

an account of Scjdhia. A tragic poet, who 

flourished 406 B. C. The names of some of his 
tragedies are preserved, such as Telephns, 
Thyestes, &c. — A comic poet who lived in the 

same age. Plut. in Parall. A son of Priam. 

Homer. II. 24. A governor of Babylon. 

Cart. 5, c. 1. A Pythagorean philosopher. 

JFMan. V. H. 13, c. 4. A learned and me- 
lodious musician, who fii^st introduced songs ' 
in tragedy. Arislol. in Poet. — -A youth of 
Athens, loved by Plato. Dlog. Laert. 3, 
c. 82. 

Agathoclea, a' beautiful courtezan of 
Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed his 
wife Eurv'dice to marry her. She, witli her 
brother, "long governed the kingdom, and at- 
tempted to murder the king's son. Plul. in 
Clcon. — Justin. 20 yC. \. 

Agathocles, a lascivious and ignoble 
youth, son of a pottgr, v/ho, by entering in the 
Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours, 
and made himself master of Syracuse. He 
reduced all Sicil^ under his power, but being 
defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he 
carried the war into Africa, where, for four 
years, he extended his conquests over his ene- 
my. He afterwards passed into Italy, and 
made himself master of Crotona. He died in 
his 72d year, B. C. 289, after a reign of 28 
years of mingled prosperity and adversity. 
'pint, in .^popth. — Justin. 22 and 23. — Polyb. 

15. — Diod. IS, &c. A son of Lysimachus, 

taken prisoner by the Getae. He was ran- 
somed, and married Lysandra, daughter of 
Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age 
married Arsinoe.the sister of Lysander. After 
her husband's death, Arsinoe, fearful for her 
children, attempted to murder Agathocles. 
Some say that she fell in love with him, and 
killed him because he sligiited her. When 
Agathocles was dead, 283 B. C. Lysandra fled 
toSeleucus. Strab. 13. — Plut. in Pyrrh. and 
Demetr. — Pans. 1, c. 9 and 10. — A Grecian his- 
torian of Babylon, who wrote an account of 

Cyzicus. Cic. de div. 1, c. 24. A Chian 

who wrote on husbandry. Varro. A Sami- 

an wiiter. A physician. An Athenian 

archon. 

Agathon, vid. Agatho. 
Agathonymus, wrote an history of Persia. 
Plut. de Fluni. 

Agathosthenes, a poet, ^c. 
Agathyixus, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. 
Dionys.Hal. 1. 

Agathyrkum, a town of Sicily. 
Agathyrsi, an effeminate nation of Scy- 
thia, who had their wives in common. They 
received their name from Agathyrsus, son of 
Hercules. Uerodot. 4, c. 10, — Virg. JEn. 4, v. 
146. 

Agave, daughter of Gadraus <and Her- 
mione, married Echion, by whom she had 
Pcntheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bap- 



AG 

chanals. [Vid.Pentheus.'] She is said to have 
killed her husband in celebrating the orgies of 
Bacchus. She received divine honours after 
death, because she had contributed to the edu- 
cation of Bacchus. Theocrit. 26. — Ovid. Met. 
3, V. 12b.—Lucan. 1, v. S14.—Stal. Theb. 11, 
V. Sl8.—Jlpollpd. 3, c. 4. One of the Ne- 
reides. Apollod. 1. A tragedy of Statius. 

Juv. 7, V. 87, he. 

Agaui, a northern nation who lived uppn 
milk. Homer. II. 13. 
- Agavus, a son of Priam. Homer. II. 24. 

Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia, whei'e 

Atys was buried. Pans. 1, c. 4. A surname 

of Cybele. 

Agelades. a statuary of Argos. Pans. 6, c. 
8, 1. 7, c. 23. 

Agelastus. a surname of Crassas, the gi'and- 
father of the rich Crassus, He only laughed 
once in his life, and this, it js said, was upon 
seeing an ass eat thistles. Cic. defin. b.—Plin. 
7, c. 19. — The w^ord is also applied to Pluto, 
from the sullen and melancholy eippearance 
of his countenance. 

Agelaus, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion 

One of Penelope's suitors. Homer. Od. 

20. ^^A son of Hercules and Omphale, from 

whom Croesus was descended. — Apollod. 2, 

c. 7, A servant of Priam, who preserved 

Paris when exposed on mount Ida. Id. 3, 
c. 12. 

Agexdjcum, now Sens, a town of Gaul, 
the capital of the Senones. Cccs. bell. Gail. 6, 
c. 44. 

Agenor, king of Phcenicia, was son of 
Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus. He 
married Telephassa, by whom he had Cad- 
mus, Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. Hygin. fab. 
Q.—Ital. 1, V. 15, 1. 17, V. oS.—/JpoUod 2, c. 1, 
, c. 1, A son of .Tasus and father of Ar- 



1 

gus. 
tus. 
C.7.- 
Id. 1 



Apollod. 2, c. 10. A son of iEgyp- 

Id. 2, c. 1. A son of Phlegeus. Id: 3, 

A son of Pleuron, father to Phineus. 

c. 7. — :^ — A son of Amphion and Niobe. 

Id. 3, c. 4. A king of Argos, father to Cro- 

topus. A son of Antenor. Homer. II. 21, v. 

579 A Mitylenean,- who wrote a treatise 

on music. 

AoiiNORi'DEs, a patronymic applied to Cad- 
mus, and the other descendants of Agenor. 
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 8. 

Agerjnus, a freed man of Agrippina, acr 
cused of attempting Nero's life, Tadt. Ann, 
14, c. 16. 

Agesanrer, a sculptor of Rhodes under 
Vespasian, who made a representation of Lao- 
coon's history, which now passes for the best 
relict of all ancient sculpture. 

AgestaS; a platonic philosopher who taught 
the immortality of the soul. One of the Pto- 
lemies forbade him to continue his lectures, 
because his doctrine w^as so jjrevalent that 
many of his auditors committed suicide. 

Agesilaus, king of Sparla, of the family 
of the Agidffi, was son of Doryssus, and father 
of Archelaus. During his reign, Lycurgiis 
instituted his famous laws. Herodot. 7, c. 204, 

— Pans. 3, c. 2. A son of Archidamus of the 

family of the Proclidas, made king in prefer- 
ence to his nephew Leotychides. He made 
war against Artaxcrxes king of Persia with suc- 
cess ; but in the midst of his conquests in Asia, 
he W51S recalled home to oppose the AtheniEia§ 



AG 

and Boeotians, who desolated his country ; and 
his return was so expeditious that he passed in 
thirty days over that tract of country which 
had taken up a whole year of Xerxes' expedi- 
tion. He defeated his enemies at Coronea ; 
but sickness prev'ented the progress of his con- 
quests, and the Spartans were beat in every 
engagement, especially at Leuctra, till he ap- 
peared at their head. Though deformed, small 
of st&ture, and lame, he was brave;and a great- 
ness of soul compensated all the imperfec- 
tions of nature. He was as fond of sobriety as 
of military discipline ; and when he went, in 
his 80th year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, 
the servants of the monarch could hardly be 
persuaded that the Lacedaemonian general was 
eating with his soldiers on the ground, bare- 
headed, and without any covering to repose 
jipon. Agesilaus died on his return from 
Egypt, after a reign of 36 years, 362 B. C. and 
his remains were embalmed and brought to 
Laceda3mon. Justin. 6, c. 1. — Phit. and C. 
JYep. in vit. — Pans. 3, c. 9. — Xenop/i. Orat. 

pro £ges. A brother of Themistocles, who 

was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where 
he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. 

Pint, in Parall. A surname of Pluto. 

A Greek who wrote a history of Italy. 

Agesipulis, 1st, king of Lacedasmon, son 
of Pausanias, obtained a great 'victoiy over the 
Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was 
succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B. C. 
380. Pans. 3, c. 5, 1. 8, c. 8.—Xenoph. 3. 

Hist. Grotc. ^2d, son of Cleombrotus, king of 

Sparta, was succeeded by Cleomenes, 2d, 
B. C. 370. Pavs. 1, c. 13, 1. 3, c. 5. 

Agesistrata, the mother of king Agis. 
Pint, in Jigid. 

Agesistratcs, a man who wrote a trea- 
tise entitled, De arte machinali. 

Aggrammes, a cruel king of the Ganga- 
rides. His father was a hair-dresser, of whom 
the queen became enamoured, and whom she 
made governor to the king's children, to gra- 
tify her passion. He killed them, to raise Ag- 
grammes, his son by the queen, to the throne. 
Cart. 9, c. 2. 

Aggrin.^, a people near mount Rhodope. 
Cic. in L. Pis. 37. 

AgidjE, the descendonts of Eurysthenes, 
who shared the throne of Sparta with the Pro- 
clida3 ; the name is derived from Agis son of 
Eurj'sthenes. The family became extinct in 

the person of Cleomenes son of Leonidas. 

Virg. JEn. 8, v. 682. 

Agilaus, king of Corinth, reigned 36 

years. One of the Ephori, almost murdered 

by the partizans of Cleomenes. Pint, in 
C learn. 

Agis, king of Sparta, succeeded his father, 
Eurysthenes, and after a reign of one year, was 
succeeded by his son Echesitratus, B* C. 1058. 

Pnus. 3, c. 2. Another king of Sparta, who 

waged bloody wars against Athens, and re- 
stored liberty to many Greek cities. He at- 
tempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at 
Sparta, but in vain ; the perfidy of friends, 
who pretended to second his views, brought 
him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged 
from a temple where he had taken refuge, to 
a prison, where he was strangled by order of 
the Ephori. Pint, in Agid.- — Another, son 
of Archidam^s, who signalized himi-elf hi the 



AG 

war which the Spartans \vaged against Epldau- 
rus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea, and 
wasfiuccessfal in the Peloponnesian war. He 
reigned 27 years. Thucyd. 3 and 'i.—Paus 3 

c. Sand 10. Another, son of Archidamus. 

kmg of Sparta, who endeavoured to deliver 
Greece from the empire of Macedonia- with 
the assistance of the Persians. He was con- 
quered in the attempt, and slain by Antipater. 
Alexander's general, and 5300 Lacedajrao- 

nians perished with him. Curt. 6, c. L Diod. 

n. -^Justin. 12, c. 1, he. Another, son of 

Eudamidas, killed in a battle against the Man- 
tineans. Pans. 8, c. 10. An Arcadian in the 

expedition of Cyrus agfiinst his brother Arta- 

xerxes. Polycen. 7, c. 18. A poet of Argos, 

who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and 
said that Bacchus and tlie sons of Leda A^ould 
give vvay to his hero, when a god. Curt. 8, 

c- 5. A Lycian who followed ^neas into 

Italy, where he was killed. Virg. JEn. 10, 
V. 751. 

Aglaia, one of the Graces, called some- 
times Paslphae. Her sisters were EuphrosjTic 
and Thalia, and they were all daughters of 
Jupiter and Eurynome. Pa.ns. 9, c. 35. 

Aglaonice, daughter of Hegemon, was 
acquainted with astronomy and eclipses, 
whence she boasted of her power to draw the 
moon from heaven. Pint, de Orac. defect. 

Aglaope, one of the Sirens. 

Aglauphon, an excellent Greek painter 
Plin. 35, c. 8. 

Aglaosthenes, wrote an history of Naxos. 
Strab. 6. 

Aglauros, or Agraulos, daughter of E- 
rechtheus, the oldest king of Athens, was 
changed into a stone by Mercury. Some 
make her a daughter of Cecrops. Pid. Herst. 
—Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 12. 

Aglaus, the poorest man of Arcadia, pro- 
nounced by the oracle more happv than Gyges 
king of Lydia. Plin. 7, c. 46.—Val. Max. 7, . 
c. 1. 

Agna, a woman in the age of Horace, who 
though deformed, had many admu-ers. Horaf 
I, Sat. 3.V. 40. 

^ Agno, one of the nymphs who nursed Ju- 
piter. She gave her name to a fountain on 
mount LycoBus. When the priest of Jupiter, 
after a prayer, stirred the waters of this foun- 
tain with a bough, a thick vapour arose, which 

was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. 

Pans. 8, c. 31, k,c. 

Agnodice, an Athenian virgin, who dis- 
guised her sex to learn medicTne. She was 
taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery, 
and when employed always discovered her 
sex to her patients. This brought her into so 
much practice, that the males'of her profes- 
sion, who were now out of employment. ac> 
cused her before the Areopagus of cornjption. 
She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law 
was immediately made to empower all free- 
born women to learn midwifery. Hygin. fab 
274. 

Agnon, son of Nicias, was present at the 
taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Pelopon- 
nesian war he went against Potida, but aban- 
doned his expedition through disease. He 
built Amphipolis, whose inh- Sitants rebelled to 
Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, 
forgetful of Agnon, thucyd, 2, 3, kc. A 



AG 

writer. Qulntil. % c. 17. One of Alexan- 
der's officers. Plin. 3J, c. 3. 

AcNomDEs, a rlietorician of Athens, who 
accused Phocion of betraying the Piraeus to 
IVicanor. When the people recollected what 
services Phocion had rendered them, they 
raised him statues, and put to death his accu- 
ser. Flut. ami jYcp. in Phocion. 

Agunalia and Agonia, festivals in Rome, 
celebrated three times a year, in honour of 
Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by 
Pvuma, and on the festive days the chief priest 
used to offer a ram. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 317. — 
Varro. dt L. L.b. 

Agonks Capitolini, games celebrated eve- 
ry fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. — Prizes 
were proposed for agility and strength, as 
well as for poetical and literary compositions. 
The poet Statins publicly recited there his 
Thebaid, which was not received with much 
applauae. 

AcoNis, a woman in the temple of Venus, 
on mount Eiyx. Cic. Verr. 1. 

Agonius, a Roman deity, who patronised 
uver the actions of men. Vid. Agonalia. 

Agofackitus, a sculptor of Pharos, who 
made a statue of Venus for the people of 
Athens, B.C. 150. 

Agoranomi, ten magisti'ates at Athens, who 
iratched over the city and j)ort, and inspect- 
ed whatever was exposed to sale. 

Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges. 
.^rrian. de Ind. 

Agor^a, a name of Minerva at Sparta. 
Tmis. ^,c.l\. 

Agorsus, a surname of Mercury among 
file Athenians, from his presiding over the 
markets. Pnvs. 1, c. 15. 

Agra, a place of Bojotia where the lllissus 
yfees, Diana was called Agra3a, because she 

minted tltere. 'A city of Susa — of Arcadia, 

and Ara])ia. 

Agr.ili and Agreksj:s. a people of Arabia. 
Plin. 6. c. 23. Of jEtolia. Liv. 42, c. 34. 

Agraga?, or AcRAGAs, a river, town, and 
mountain of Sicily ; called also, Agrigentum. 
The town was built by the people of Gela, 
who were a Rhodian colony. Virg. JEn. 3, 
\-.70S.—Diod. 11. 

Agrarta i>ex, was enacted to distribute 
among the Roman people all the lands which 
they had gained by conquest. It was firet pro- 
posed A. U. C. 268, by the consul Sp. Cassius 
Vieollinus, and rejected by the senate. This 
produced dissentions between the senate and 
the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill 
saccess of the new regulations he proposed, 
offered to distribute among the people the 
cioney which was produced from the corn of 
Picily, after it had been brought and sold in 
Rome. This act of liberality the people refu- 
sed, and tranquillity was soon after re-estab- 
lished in t'le state. It was proposed a second 
lime A. U. C. 269, by the tribune Licinius 
Stolo ; but with no better success ; and so great 
were the tumults which followed, that one of 
the Iribunesof the people was killed, and many 
of the senators fined for their opposition. Mu- 
lius SccHvola, A. U. C. 620, persuaded the 
tribune Tiberiiis Gracduis to propose it a third 
time ; and altho(j';h Octavius, his colleague in 
the tribuneship, Oj)posed it, yet Tiberius made 
it pass into a law? yfter jxiuch altercytion, and 



AG 

commissioner? were authorized to make adivi- 
sion of the lands. This la^v at last proved fatai 
to the freedom of Rome under J. Caesar. Ftor. 
3, c. 3 and 13. — Cic. pro Leg. .^gr. — Liv. 2, 
c. 41. 

Agraule, a tribe of Athens. Plut. in 
Tfiem. 

Agraulia, a festival at Athens in honour 
of Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed these 
festivals, by offering human victims. 

Agraulos, a daughter of Cecrops. -A 

surname of Minerva. 

Agrauonit^, a people of Illyria. Liv. 4o, 
c, 26. 

Agre, one of Actajon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 
3, V. 213. 

Agrianes, a river of Thrace. Herodot. 4, 
c. 9. Apeo[)le that dwelt in the neighbour- 
hood of that river. Jd.b.c. 16. 

Agricola, the father-in-law of the histO'* 
rian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was em- 
inent for his public and private virtues. He 
was governor of Britain, and first discovered 
it to be an island. Domitian envied his vir- 
tues : he recalled him from the province he 
had governed with equity and moderation, and 
ordered him to enter Rome in the night, that 
no triumph might l)e granted to him. Agrico- 
la obeyed, and without betrajing any resent- 
ment, he retired to a peaceful solitude, and 
the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. 
He died in bis o6tli year, A. D. 93. Tacit, in 
Jjgric. 

Agrigentum, now Girgcnti, a town of Si- 
cily, 18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agra- 
gas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, accord- 
ing to some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabi- 
tants were famous for their hospitality and for 
their luxurious manner of living. In its flom'- 
ishing situation, Agrigentum contained 200,000 
inhabitants, who submitted witii reluctance to 
the superior power of Syracuse. The gov- 
ernment was monarchical, but afterwards a 
democracy was established. The famous Pha- 
laris usurped the sovereignty, which was also 
for some time in the hands of the Carthagin- 
ians. Agrigentum can now boast of more ven- 
erable remains of antiquity than any other 
town of Sicily. Polyb. 9.—Strab. 6.~-Diod. 
\3.—Virg. JEn. 3, v. 707. — Sil. It. 14, v. 
211. 

Agrinium, a city of Acarnania. Polyb. 6. 

Agrionia, annual festivals in honour of 
Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night. 
They were instituted, as some suppose, be- 
cause the god was attended with wild beasts. 

Agriopas, a man who wrote the history of 
all those who had obtained the public prize 
atOlympia. P/m.8,c.22. 

Agriope, the wife of Agenor, king of 
Phffinicia. 

M. Agrippa ViPSANirs, a celebrated Ro- 
man, who obtained a victory over S. Pompey, 
and favoured the cause of Augustus at the 
battles of Acfium and Philippi, where he be- 
haved with great valour. He advised his impe- 
rial friend to re-establish the republican govern- 
ment at Rome, but he was over-ruled by Me- 
Cccnas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germa- 
ny he obtained several victories, but refused 
the honours of a triumph, andtiu'ued his libe- 
rahty towards the embellishing of Rome, and 
the raising of magnificent buildings, one of 



i 



AG 

which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he 
had retired for two years to Mitylene, in con- 
sequence of a quai-rel with Marcellus, Augus- 
tus recalled him, and as a proof of his regard, 
gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, and 
left him the care of the empire during an ab- 
sence of two years employed in visiting the 
Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He 
died universally lamented at Rome in the 51st 
year of his age, 12 B. C. and his body was pla- 
ced in the tomb which Augustus had prepared 
for himself. He had been married three 
times, to Poraponia daughter of Atticus, to 
Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by 
whom he had five children, Caius, and Lucius, 
Caesares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina, and 
Julia. His son, C. Cffisar Agi-ippa, was adopt- 
ed by Augustus, and made consul, by the flat- 
tery of the Roman people, at the age of 14 or 
15. This promising youth w^ent to Armenia, 
on an expedition against the Persians, where 
he received a fatal blow from the treacherous 
hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the 
neighbouring cities. He languished for a little 
time, and died in Lycia. His younger brother, 
L. Cgesar Agrippa, was likewise adopted by 
his grandfather Augustus ; but he w'as soon af- 
ter banished to Campania, for using seditious 
language against his benefactor. In the 7th 
year oi his exile he w^ould have been recalled, 
had notLivia and Tiberius, jealous of the par- 
tiality of Augustus for him, ordered him to be 
assassinated in his 26th year. He has been 
called ferociousand savage ; and he gave him- 
self the name of Neptune, because he was fond 
of fishing. Virg. JEn. 8, v. QS2.—Horat. 1, od. 

6, Sylvius, ason of Tiberinus Sylvius, king 

of Latium. He reigned 33 years, and was suc- 
ceeded by Ills son Romulus Sylvius. Dionys. 
Hal. 1, c. 8. One of the servants of the mur- 
dered prince assumed his name and raised 

commotions. Tacit. Ann. 2, c.39. A consul 

who conquered the iEqui. A philosopher. 

DioiT. Herodes, a sou of Aristobulus, grand- 
son of the Great Herod, who became tutor to 
the grand-child of Tiberius, and w^as soon af- 
ter imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant. When 
Caligula ascended the throne, his favourite 
was released, presented with a chain of gold 
as heavy as that which had lately confined 
him, and made king of Judaia. He was a po- 
pular character with the Jews ; and it is said, 
thatwliile they were flattering him with the 
appellation of God, an angel of God struck him 
with the lousy disease, of which he died, A. D. 
43. His son, of the same name, was the last 
king of the Jews, deprived of his kingdom by 
Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. He 
was with Titus at the celebrated siege of Jeru- 
salem, and died A. D. 94, It w^as before him 
that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of 
his incestuous commerce with his sister Bere- 
nice. , Juv. 6, v. 156. — Tacit. 2. Hisl. c. 81. 

Menenius, a Roman general, who obtained a 
trium)))) over the Sabines, appeased the popu- 
lace of Rojne by the well-known fable of the 
belly and the limbs, and erected the new office 
of tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 261. He 
died poor, but universally regretted; his fune- 
ral was at the expense of the public, from 
which also hii daug.'iters received doneries. 
Lu.2, e. 32. FLor. 1, c. 23. A mathema- 
tician in the rei^ii of Doaiitian : he was a na- 
tive of BiilivniH. 



AG 

Agrippina, a vnie of Tiberius. I'he em- 
peror repudiated her to marry Julia. Sueion. 
in Tib. 7. — —A daughter of M. Agrippa, and 
grand-daughter to Augustus. She married 
Germanicus, whom she accompanied in Syria ; 
and W'hen Piso poisoned him, she carried his 
ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who 
stabbed himself. She fell under the displeas- 
ure of Tiberius, who exiled her in aa island, 
where she died, A. D. 26, for want of bread. 
She left nine children, and was universally dis- 
tinguished for intrepidity and conjugal affec- 
tion. Tacit. 1, Ann. c. 2, ^c. — Sueton.in Tib. 52, 
Julia, daughter of Germanicus and Agrip- 
pina, man-ied Domitius TEnobai'bus, by wdiom 
she had Nero. After her husband's death she 
married her uncle the emperor Claudius, 
whom she destroyed, to make Nero succeed to 
the throne. After many cruelties and much 
licentiousness, she was assassinated by order oF 
her son, and as she expired, she exclaimed, 
'• strike the belly which could give birth to 
such a monster," She died A. D. 69, after a 
life of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. 
It is said that her son view ed her dead body 
with all the raptures of admiration, saying, he 
never could have believed his mother was so 
beautiful a woman. She left memoirs which, 
assisted Tacitus in the composition of his an- 
nals. The tow' n which she built, where she w-as 
born, on the borders of the Rhine, and called 
Agrippina Colonia, is the modern Cologne. 
Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 75, 1. 12, c. 7, 22, &c. 

Agrisius. Vid. Acrisius. 

Agrisope, the mother of Cadmus. Hygim 
fab. 6. 

Agrius, son of Pai'thaon, drove his bro- 
ther (Eneus from the throne. He was after- 
wards expelled by Diomedes, the grandsoa 
of (Eneus, upon which he killed himself. Hy- 
gin. fab. 175 and 242. — Apollod. 1, c. 7. — Ho- 
mer. 11. 14, V. 117. A giant. A centaur 

killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. ^Asoa 

of Ulysses by Circe. Hesiod. T/ieog. v. 1013. 
The father of Thersites. — Ovid ex Pont, 



3, el. 9, V. 9. 

Agrolas, surrounded the citadel of Atheris 
with walls, except that part which afterwards 
was repaired by Cimon. Paus. 1, c, 28. 

Agron, a king of Illyria, who, after con- 
quering the iEtolians, drank to such excess 
that he died instantlv, B. C. 231. Polyb. 2, 
c. 4. . 

Agrotas, a Greek orator of Mai'seilles. 

Agrotera, an anniversaiy sacrifice of 
goats oiiered to Diana at Athens. It was in- 
stituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who 
vowed to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats 
as there might be enemies killed in a battle 
which he was going to fight against the troops 
of Dai-ius, who had invaded Attica. The 
quantity of the slain was so great, that a suiB- 
cient number of goats could not be procured; 
therefoi'e they were limited to 500 every year, 
till they equalled the number of Persians slain 
in battle. A temple of .^gira in Pelopon- 
nesus erected to the goddess under this name.- 
Pulls. 7, c. 26. 

Agylj«:us and Aoyiius, from ««>-«;« a 
street, a surname of Apollo, becan.se sacrifices 
were oifered to him in the public streets of 
Athens. Hornt. 4, od. 6. 

Agylla, a t<nvn of Etrmia, founded by « 
colony of Pe!as;;icur-; and governed l>v' Me- 



AJ 

zentlus when ^neas came to Italy. It was 
afterwards called Ca^re, by the Lydians, who 
took possession of it. Virg. Mn, 7, v. 652, 
1. 8, V. 479. 

Agyll/Eus, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonas, 
scarce inferior to Hercules in strength. Slat. 
Tlieb.Q, V. 837. 

Agvrus, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dio- 
nysius against the Carthaginians. Diod. 14. 

AayRiuM, a town of Sicily, where Diodo- 
rus the historian was born. The inhabitants 
were called Mgyrinemes. Diod. 14. — Cic. in 
Verr. 2, c. 65. 

Agyrius, an Atlienian general who suc- 
ceeded Thrasybulus. Diod. 14. 

Agyrtes, a man who killed his father. 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 148. - --A piper. Sil. 2, £ch. 
r. 50. 

Ahala, the surname of the Servilii at 
Rome. 
Ahexobakbus. Vid. -ffinobarbns. 
AjAX, son of Telamon by PeribcKa or Eri- 
boea daughter of Alcathous, was next to Achil- 
les the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan 
war. He engaged Hector, with whom at 
parting he exchanged arms. After the death 
of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their 
claim to the arras of the dead hero. When 
they were given to the latter, Ajax was so en- 
raged, that he slaughtered a whole flock of 
sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atre- 
us, who had given the preference to Ulysses, 
and stabbed himself with his sword. The 
blood which ran to the ground from the wound, 
was changed into the flower hyachith. Some 
say that he was killed by Pai-is in battle, others, 
that he was murdered by Ulysses. His body 
was buried at Sigaevmi, some say on mount 
Rhoetus, and his tomb was visited and honour- 
ed by Alexander. Hercules, according to 
some authors, prayed to the gods that his friend 
Telamon, who was childless, might have a son, 
with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the 
jS'emaean lion, which he then wore. His pray- 
ers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of 
an eagle, promised to grant the petition, and 
when Ajax was born, Hercules wrap})ed him 



AL 



up in the lion's skin, v/hich rendered Jiis body 
invulncralile, except that part wuich was left 
uncovered by a hole in tho ski':!, through 
which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulner- 
able part was in his breast, or, as some pay, 
behind the neck. Q. CaJab. 1 and 4. — Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 10 and 13.— Philostr. in Heroic. <;. 12. 
— Pindar. Is'hm. 6, — Homer. II. 1, ^c. Od. 
11. — Didys Orel. 5. — Dares Phry. 9. — Qvid. 
Met. 13.— Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. VJ>7.—Hijgin. 

fab. 107 and 242.— PaM5. 1, c. 35, 1. 5, c. 19. 

The son of Oileus king of Locris, was surna- 
med Locrian, in contradistinction to the son 
of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the 
Trojan war, as being one of Helen's suitors. 
The night that Troy was taken, he offered 
violence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva's 
temple ; and for this offence, as he returned 
home, the goddess, who had obtained the 
thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests 
from Neptune, destroyed his ship in a storm. 
Ajax swam to a rock, and said that lie was safe 
in sphe of all the gods. Such impiety offended 
iScptunp, who struck the rock with his trident, 
and Ajax tumbled into the sea with part of the 
rock, and w as drowned. His body was after- 
wards fouud by the Greeks, and black sheep 



offered on his tomb. According to Virgil's ac- 
count, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and 
dashed him against a rock, where he expired, 
consumed by thunder. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 43, &,c. 
—Homer. II. 2, 13, ^c. Od. 4.—Hygin. fab. 
116 and 213.— Philostr. ho. 2, c. \3.—Senec. 
m Agam.— Horat. epod. 10, v. 13.— Pans. 10, 
c. 26 and 31. — The two Ajaces wei'e, as some 
suppose, placed after death in the island of 
Leuce, a separate place reserved only for the 
bravest heroes of antiquity. 

AiDoNEus, a surname of Pluto. A kin**" 

of tiie Molossi, who imprisoned Theseus, be- 
cause he and Pirithous attempted to ravish 
his daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron ; 
whence arose the well-known fable of the de- 
scent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell. 

Plat, in Tiits. A river near Troy. Pam. 

10, c. 12. 

AisivLus, son of Ascanius, was, according 
to some, the progenitor of the noble family of 
the iEmilii in Rome. 

Aius LocuTius, a deity to whom the Ro- 
mans erected an altar, from the following cir- 
cumstance; one ofthe common people, called 
Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that as he 
passed one night through one of the streets of 
the city, a voice more than human, issuing 
from above Vesta's temple, told liim that Rome 
would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His in- 
formation was neglected, but his veracity was 
proved by the event ; and Camillus, after the 
conquest of the Gauls, built a temple to that 
supernatural voice which had given Rome 
warning of the approaching calamity, under 
the name of Aius Locutius. 

Alabanda, ce, or oram, an inland town of 
Caria, abounding with scorpions. The name 
is derived fromAlabandus, a deity worshipped 
there. Cic. de jYat. D. 3, c. lo.—Herodot. 7, 
c. 195.— Sirab. 14. 

Al ABA STRUM, a town of Egypt. Plin. 
36, c. 7. 

Alabus, a river 6f Sicily. 
Alj^sa, a city on a mountain of Sicily. 
Al.i;a, a surname of Minerva in Pelopon- 
nesus. Her festivals are also called Aleea 
Paus. 8, c. 4, 7. 

Altei, a number of islands in the Persian 
gulf, abounding in tortoises. Arrian in Perip. 
ALa;us, the father of Auge, who married 
Hercules. - 

Alagonia, a city of Lac on ia. P(tus.Z,c 
21 and 26. 

Alala, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. 
Pint, de glor. Mhen. 

ALALcor.i£N.T., a city of Bojotia, where 
some suppose that Minerva was born. Plut 
Q,uast. Gr.—Slat. Tlieb. 7, v. 330. 

Alalia, a town of Corsica, built by a co- 
lony of Phocteans, destroyed by Scipio, 562 
B. C. and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. IQb.—Flor. 2, c. 2. 

Alam.vnes, a statuary of Athens, discipJe 
of Phidias. ' 1 - 

Alamanni, or Alemawni, a people of 
Germauy, near the Hercynian forest. They 
were very powerful, and inimical to Rome. 

Alani, a people of Sarmalia, near the 
Palus Mceotis, who were said to have 26 dil- 
ferent languages. Piin. 4, c. 12. — "Strah. 

Alares, a people of Pannonia. Tac. 15, 
Jinn. c. 10. 
Alaiuc us, a famous king of the Goths, 



t 



AL 

who plundered Rome in the reign of Hono- 
rius. He was greatly respected for his military- 
valour, and during his reign he kept the Ro- 
man empire in continual alarms. He died after 
a reign of 13 years, A. D. 410. 

Alarouii, a nation near Pontus. Herodot. 
3, c. 94. 

Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 

ApoUod. 1, c. 9. An arm-bearer to Sarpe- 

don, king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. Horn. II. 

5, V. 677.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. One of 

Pluto's horses when he carried away Proser- 
pine. Claud, de Rapt. Pros. 1, v. 286. 

ALAUDiE, soldiers of one of Ceesar's legions 
in Gaul. Sutton, in Jul. 24. 

Alazon, a river flowing from mount Cauca- 
sus into the Cyrus, and sepai-ating Albania 
from Iberia. Flac. 6, v. 101. 

Alba Svlvius, son of Latinus Sylvius, 
succeeded his father in the kingdom of Latium, 
and reigned 36 years. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 612. 

Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascani- 

us, B. C, 1152, on the spot where .Eneas found, 
according to the prophecy of Helenus, (Virg. 
JEn. 3, v. 390, Sic), and of the god of the ri- 
ver, {^a. 8, V. 43,) a white sow with 30 young 
ones. It was called longa, because it extended 
along the hill Albanus. The descendants of 
iEneas reigned there in the following order: 

1, Ascanius, son of jEneas, with little inter- 
mission, 8 years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 
years. 3. iEneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. Latin- 
us, 5 years, 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys or Ca- 
petus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years/ 8. Cal- 
petus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus, 8 years. 10. 
Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 
12. Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 
14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, which had 
long been the powerful rival of Rome, was de- 
stroyed by the Romans 665 B. C. and the in- 
habitants were carried to Rome. Lrv. — Flor. 
— Justin. &c. A city of the Marsi in Italy. 

Pompeia. a city of Liguria. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Albani and Albenses, names applied to 
the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. Cic. 
ad Her. 2, c. 28. 

Albania, a country of Asia, between the 
Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants are 
said to have their eyes all blue. Some main- 
tain that they followed Hercules from mount 
Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the 
conquest of Geryon. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15. — 
Justin.^, c. S.—Strab. U.—Plin. 8, c. 40.— 

Mela, 3, c. 5. The Caspian sea is called 

Albanam, as being near Albania. Plin. 6, c. 13. 

Albanus, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 
16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on 
this mountain that the Latince ferice were cele- 
brated with great solemnity. Horat. 2, ep. 1, 
V. 27. The word taken adjectively, is applied 
to such as are natives of, or belong to, the town 
of Alba. 

Albia Terentia, the mother of Otho. 
Suet. 

AlbIci, a people of Gallia Aquitana. Ca^. 
Bell. Civ. 1, c. 34. 

Albieta;, a people of Latium. Dionys. 
Hal. 

Albigaunum, a town of Liguria. Mela, 

2, c. 4. 

Alb INI, two Roman orators of great me- 
rit, mentioned by Cicero in Bruk This 
tiAme is common to manv tribunes of the 
8 



AL 

people. Liv. 2, c. 33, 1. 6, c. 30. — Sallmt: de 
Jug. Bell. 

Albinovanus Celsus. Vid. Celsus. 
Pedo, a poet contemporary with 0\id. He 
wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in 
a style so elegant that he merited the epithet 
of divine. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep, 10. — Quintil. 
10, c. 5. 

Albintemelium, a town of Liguria. Tadt. 
2, Hid. c. 13. 

Albinus, w^as born at Adrumetum in Af- 
rica, and made governor of Britain, by Com- 
modus. After the murder of Pertinax, he 
was elected emperor by the soldiers in Bri- 
tain. Severus had also been invested with the 
imperial dignity by his own army ', and these 
two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came 
into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. 
Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the 
head of Albinus to be cut off; and his body to 
be thrown into the Rhone, A. D. 198. Albi- 
nus, according to the exaggerated account of a 
certain writer, called Codrus, was famous for 
his voracious appetite, and sometimes eat for 
breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 
20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 
oysters. A pretorian sent to Sylla, as am- 
bassador from the senate during the civil wars. 
He was put to death by Sylla's soldiers. Plut. 

in Syll. An usurer. Horat. A Roman 

plebeian who received the vestals into his cha- 
riot in preference to his family, when they 
fled from Rome, w^hich the Gauls had sacked. 
Val Max. 1, c. I.— Liv. 5, c. 40.— Flor. 1, c. 

13. A. Posthumus, eonsul with Lucullus, 

A. U. C. 603, w rote an history of Rome in 
Greek. 

Albion, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, 
came into Britain, where he established a 
kingdom, and first introduced astrology and 
the art of building ships. He was killed at the 
mouth of the Rhone w ith stones thrown by 
Jupiter, because he opposed the passage o£ 

Hercules. Mela, 2, c. 5. The greatest 

island of Europe, now called Great-Britain. 
It is called after Albion, who is said to have 
reigned there ; or from its chalky white (albus) 
rocks, which appear at a great distance. Plin. 
4, c. 16. — Tax:.it. in Agric. The ancients com- 
pared its figure to a long buckler, or to the 
iron of a hatchet. 

Albis, a river of Germany falling into the 
German ocean, and now called the Elbe. Ial- 
can. 2, V. 52. 

Albius, a man, father to a famous spend- 
thrift. Horat. 1. Sat. 4. A name of the 

poet Tibullus. Horat. 1. Od. 33, v. 1. 

Albl'cilla, an immodest woman. Tadt. 
An. 6, c. 47. 

Albula, the ancient name of the river Ti- 
ber. Virg. A^ln. 8, v. 332.— Lrv. 1 , c . 3. 

Albunea; a wood near Tibur and the ri%er 
Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its 
name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, wor- 
shipped as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple 
still remains. Near Albunea there was a small 
lake of the same name, whose waters w-ere of 
a sulphureous smell, and possess«^d some medi- 
cinal properties. This lake fell by a smnil 
stream called Albula, into the river Anio, with 
whicli it soon lost itself in the Tiber. Horat 
1. Od. 7, V. \2.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 83. 

ALBtrKNoS, a lofty mountain of Lucamia 



AL 

iwITcrc the Tanager takes its rise. Vkg. G.% 
V. 147. 

Alb us Pagus, a place near Sidon, where 
Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. 

Albutius, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom 

Scipio restored his wife. Arrian. A sordid 

man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants 
before they were guilty of any offence, lest, 
said he, I should have no time to punish tliem 
when they offend. Horat.2,. Sat. 2. A rhe- 
torician in the age of Seneca. An ancient 

satirist. Cic. in Brut. Titus, an epicure- 
an philosopher, born at Rome; so fond of 
Greece, and Grecian manners, that he wished 
not to pass for a Roman. He was made gover- 
nor of Sardinia; but he grew oft'ensive to the 
senate, and was banished. It is supposed that 
he died at Athens. 

Alc.eus, a celebrated lyric poet, of Mity- 
lene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the 
christian era. He fled from a battle, and his 
enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the 
armour which he left in the field, as a monu- 
ment of his disgrace. He is the inventor of 
alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the 
famous Sappho, to whom he paid his addresses. 
Of all his works nothing but a few fragments 
remain, found in Athenasus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. 
—Herodot. 5, c. 95. — Hor. 4, od. 9. — Cic. 4. 

Tusc. c. 33. A poet of Athens, said by Sui- 

das to be the inventor of tragedy. A writer 

of epigrams. A comic poet. A son of 

Androgens, who went with Hercules into 
Thrace, and was made king of part of the 

countiy. Apollod. 2, c. 5. A son of Hercn- 

les by a maid of Oniphale. A son of Per- 
seus, father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From 
him Hercules has been called Alcides. .4po/. 
2, c. 4.— Pans. 8, c. 14. 

Alcamenks, one of the Agidas, king of 
Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He suc- 
ceeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 
years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. 
Pans. 3, c. 2, 1. 4, c. 4 and 5. — —A general of 

the Achseans. Pans 7, c. 15. A statuary, 

who lived 448 B. C. and was distinguished for 
his statues of Venus and Vulcan. Pans. 6, c. 

10. The commander of a Spartan fleet, put 

to death by the Athenians. Thucyd. 4,c,5, &ic. 

At.cander, an attendant of Sarpedon, kill- 
ed by Ulysses. Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 257. A 

Lacedaemonian youth, who accidentally put 
out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was ge- 
nerously forgiven by tiie sage. Plut. in Lye. — 

Pans. 3, c. 18. A Trojan, killed by Turnus. 

Virg. JEn. 9, v. 767. 

Alc ANDRE, the wife of Polybius, a rich The- 
ban. Homer. Od. 4, v. 672. 

Alcanok. a Trojan of mount Ida, whose 
.<«ons Pandarus and BriLias followed ii^neas into 

Italy. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 672. A son of Pho- 

rus,*killed by .■Eneas. Ibid. 10, v. 338. 

Algatjioe, a name of Megara in Attica, 
because rebuilt bv Alcathoos, son of Pelops. 
Odd. Met. 8, V. 8.' 

Alcathous, a son of Pelops, who being 
suspected of murdering his brutlier Chrysip- 
pus, camt' to 3Iegara, where he killed a lion, 
winch had dc.«-troyed the king's son. He suc- 
ceeded to the kingdom of ■Megara, and, in 
oommem.oration of his services, festivals, call- 
ed Alcalhoia, were instiliUed at Megara. Pnuf. 
y, c. 4, i;c. A Trojan who married Hippo- 



AL 

damia, daughter of Anchises. He was killed! 
in the Trojan war, by Idomeneus. Homer. 11. 

12, v. 93. A son of Parthaon, killed by Ty- 

deus. .Apollod. 1, c. 7, &.c.^ A friend of 

^neas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virs. JEn, 
10, v. 747. 

Aloe, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. A 
town of Spain, which surrendered to Grac- 
chus, now Alcazar, a little above Toledo. L%v. 
40, c. 47. 

Alcenor, an Argive, who along with Chro- 
mius survived the battle between 300 of his 
countiymen and 300 Lacedeemonians. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. 82. 

Alceste, or Alcestis, daughter of Pelias 
and Anaxibia, married Admetus. She, with 
her sisters, pat to death her father, that he 
might be restored to youth and vigour by Me- 
dea, who, however, refused to perform her 
promise. Upon this, the sisters fled to Adme- 
tus, who married Alceste. They were soon 
pursued by an army, headed by their brother 
Acastus ; and Admetus being taken prisoner, 
was redeemed from death by the generous of- 
fer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his stead 
to appease the shades of her father. Some say- 
that Alceste, with an unusual display of conju- 
gal affection.laid down her life for her husband, 
when she had been told by an oracle, that he 
could never recover from a disease except 
some one of his friends died in his stead. Ac- 
cording to some authors, Hercules brought her 
back from hell. She had many suitors while 
she lived with her father. Vid. Admetus. Jwv. 
6, V. 651. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Paus. 5, c. 17. — 
Hygin.fdb. 261. — Eurip. in Alcest. 

Alcetas, a king of the Molossi, descended 
from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Paus. 1, 
c. 11. A general of Alexander's army, bro- 
ther to Perdiccas. The eiglitli king of Ma- 
cedonia, who reigned 29 years. An histori- 
an, who wrote an account of every thing that 
had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. 

Athen. A son of Arybas, king of Epirus, 

Paus. 1, c. 11. 

Alchidas, a Rhodian, who became ena- 
moured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Plin. 
36, c. 5. 

Alchimachus, a celebrated peunter. Plin. 
35, c. 11. 

AkciBiADES, an Athenian general, famous 
for his entei'prising spirit, versatile genius, and 
natural foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, 
whose lessons and example checked, for a 
while, his vicious propensities. In the Pelo-- 
ponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians 
to make an expedition against Syracuse. He 
was chosen general in that war, and in his ab- 
sence, liis enemies accused him of impiety, 
and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, 
stirred up the Spartans to make war against 
Athens, and when this did not succeed, he re- 
tired to Tlssaphernes, tlie Pei-sian general. 
Being recalled by the Afiienians, he obliged 
the Lacedaemonians to sue for peace, made se- 
veral conquests in Asia, and was received in 
triumph at Athens. His popularity was of 
.short duration ; the failure ot an expedition 
against Cyme, exposed him again to the re- 
sentment of the people, and he fled to Phar- 
nabnzus, whom he almost induced to make 
war upon Lecedajmon. This was told to Ly- 
sander; the Spartan general, who prevailed 



AL 

upon Phamabaztis to murder Alcibiades. Two 
servants were seiit for that purpose, and they 
set on fire the cottage where he was, and killed 
him with darts as he attempted to make his 
escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 
404 B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties. 
If the fickleness of his countrymen had known 
how to retain among them the talents of a man 
who distinguished himself, and was admired 
wherever he went, they might have risen to 
greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of 
Greece. His character has been cleared from 
the aspersions of malevolence, by the writings 
of Thucydidesj Timaeus, and Theopompus ; 
and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the 
principles of the debauchee, added the intelli- 
gence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool 
intrepidity ofthe general, and the humanity of 
the philosopher. Plut. &^ C. JVcp. in Alcib. 
— Thucyd. 5, 6 and 7. — Xenoph. Hist. Crete. 
1, k,c.—Diod. 12. 

Alcidamas, of Cos, father to Ctesilla, 
who was changed into a dove. Ovid. Met. 7, 

fab. 12. A celebrated wrestler. Slat. Theb. 

10, V. 500. A philosopher and orator, who 

wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to 
Gorgiasj ajid flourished B. C. 424. Quintil. 3, 
e. 1. 

Algid AMEA, was mother of Bunus by Mer- 
cury. 

Alcidamidas, a general of the Messenians, 
who retired to Rhegium, after the taking of 
Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 723. Strab. 6. 

Alcidamus, an Athenian rhetorician, who 
wrote an eulogy on death, &uc. Cic, 1. Tuse. 
c. 4S.—Plut. de Orat. 

Alcidas, a Lacedasraonian, sent with 23 
galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponnesian 
war. Thucyd. 3, c. 16, &.c. 

Alcides, a name of Hercules, from his 
strength, «^-'f, or from his grandfather Alcffi- 

us. A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. 

Liv. 42, c. 51. 

AicimcE, the mother of Tyro, by Sal- 
moneus. JlpoUod. 2, c. 9. 

Alcimachus, an eminent painter. Plin. 
35, c. 11. 

Alcimede, the mother of Jason, by .^son. 
Place. 1, V. 296. 

Alcimedon, a plain of Arcadia, with a 
.cave, the residence of Alcimedon, \yhose 
daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. 

Pam, 8, c. 12. An excellent carver. Virg. 

Ed. 3. A sailor, he. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 

10. 

Alcimenes, a tragic poet of Megara. 

A comic writer of Athens. An attendant 

of Demetrius. Plut. in Dein. A man kill- 
ed by his brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, 
c. 3. 

AlcTmus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote 

an account of Italy. An orator. Diog. 

Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus son of 
Perseus. Jpollod. 2, c. 4. 
Alcinor. Vid. Alcenor. 
Alcinous, son of Nausithous and Peribcea 
was king of Phseacia, and is praised for his \oVe 
of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, 
by whom he had several sons and a daughter 
Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who 
had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard 
the recital of his adventures ; whence arose 
the proverl^ ef the stories pf Alciu^aS; to de- 



AL 

note improbability. Homer. Od. 7. — Orpli. 
in Argon. — Virg. G. 2, v. 87. — Slat. 1. Syl. 
.3, V. 81.— Jut'. 5, V. lo\.—Ovid. Am. 1, el. 10, 
V. 6Q.— Plato de Rep. 10.— Apollod. 1, c. 9. 

A son of Hij)pocoon. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 

A man of Elis. Pans. A philosopher 

in the second century, who wrote a book, De 
doclrina Platonis, the best edition of which is 
the 12mo. printed Oxon. 1667. 

Alcioneus, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. 
Met. 5, fab. 4. 

Alciphroit, a philosopher of Magnesia, 
in the age of Alexander. There are some 
epistles in Greek, that bear his name, and 
contain a veiy perfect picture of the customs 
and manners of the Greeks. They are by 
some supposed to be the production of a writer 
of the 4th centur}^ The only edition is that 
of Leips. 12mo, 1715, cum notis Bergleri. 

AxcippE, a daughter of the god Mars, by 
Agraulos. She was ra\'ished by Halirrhotius. 

Apollod. 3, c. 14. The wife of Metion, and 

mother to Eupalamus. Id. 3, c. 16. The 

daughter of (Enomaus, and wife of Evenus, 

by whom she had Marpessa. A woman 

who brought forth an elephant. Plin. 7. ^ 

A countrywoman. Virg. Eel. 7. 

Alcippus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, ba- 
nished by his enemies. He married Demo- 
crite, of whom Plut. in Erat. 

Alcis, a daughter of .^gyptus. Apollod. 
Alcithoe, a Theban woman who ridiculed 
the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed 
into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with 
which she worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid 
Met. 4, fab. 1. 

Alcm^ox, was son of the prophet Amphia- 
raus and Eriphyle. His father going to the 
The])an war, where, according to an oracle, 
he was to perish, charged him to revenge liis 
death upon Eriphyle, who had betrayed him. 
IVid. Eriphyle.'] As soon as he heard of his 
father's death, he murdered his mother, for 
Avhich crime the fuiies persecuted him till 
Phlegeus purified him and gave him his 
daughter Alphesibcea in marriage. Alcma^on 
gave her the fatal cojiar which his motlierhad 
received to betray his father, and afterwards 
divorced h,er, and married Callirhoe, the 
daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised 
the necklace he had given to Alphesibaa 
When he attempted to recover it, Alphesi- 
bcea's brotliers murdered him on account of 
the treatment he had shown their sister, and 
left his body a prey to dogs and wild beasts. 
Alcmeeon's children by Callirhoe revenged 
their father's death by killing his murderers. 
\_Vid. Alphesibcea, Amphiarus.} Pans. 5, c, 
17, 1. 6, c. 18, 1. 8, c. 24.— Plut. de Exil— 
Apollod. 3, c. 7. — Hygin. fab. 73 and 245. — Stat. 
Theb. 2 and 4.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 44. Mei. 9, 

fab. 10. A son of j^^gyptus, the husband of 

Hippomedusa. Apollod. A philosopher, 

disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He 
wrote on physic, and he was the first who dis- 
sected animals to examine into the structure of 
the human frame. Cic. de Nat. D. 6, c. 27. 

A son of the poet iEschylus, the 13th 

archon of Athens. A son of Sylhis, driven 

from Messenia with the rest of Nestor's family 
by the Hcraclidai. He came to Athens, and 
from him the 4^Icma;ouidae aro descended 
Pans. 1, c. 18. 



AL 

ALCM<^.osfip;E,. a noble family of Athens, 
descended from Alcnieeon. They undertook 
for olK) talents to rebuikl the temple of Del- 
phi, which had been bm*nt, arid they finished 
the work in a more splendid manner than 
was required, in consequence of which they 
gained popularity, and by their influence the 
Pythifi prevailed upon the Lacedajraonian? to 
deliver their country from the tyranny of the 
Pisistratidffi. Herodot. 6 and G. — Thut.yd. 6, 
e. 59. — Pint, in Solon. ' 

Alcman, a very ancient lyric poet, born 
in Sardinia, and not at Lacedaemon, as some 
suppose. He wrote, iti the Doric dialect, 6 
books of verses, besides a play called Colym- 
bosas. He flourished B. C. 670, and died of 
the lousy disease. Some of his verses are pre- 
sened by Athenaeus and others. Piin. 11, 
c. 33.— Pai/y. 1, c. 41, 1. 3, c. \b.—Arislot. 
Hist.Jlnim. 5, c. 31. 

Alcmena, was daughter of Eleetryon king 
of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plul. de Reb. 
Gr(Ec. calls Lysidice, and Diod. 1. 2, Eury- 
mede. Her father promised his crown and his 
daughter to Amphitryon, if he Avould revenge 
the death of his sons, who had been all killed, 
except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a peo- 
ple of iEtoiia. While Amphitiyon was gone 
against the .■Etolians, Jupiter, who w^as ena- 
moured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce 
himself into her bed. The more ettectually 
to insure success in his amour, he assumed 
the form of Arnphiiryon, declared that he had 
obtained a victory over Alcmena's enemies, and 
even pre.sented her with a cup, which he said 
he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. 
Alcpaena yielded to her lover what she had 
promised to her future husband ; and Jupiter, 
to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered 
his messenger, Mercury, to stop the rising of 
Phoebus, or the sun, so that the night he passed 
with Alcmejia was prolonged to three long 
nights. Amphitryon returned the next day ; 
and fifter complaining of the coldness with 
which he Avas received, Alcmena acquainted 
him with tlie reception of a false lover the 
preceding night, and even showed him the cup 
which she had received. Amphitryon w^as 
perplexed at the relation, and more so upon 
missing the cup from among his spoils. He 
went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him 
of Jupiter's intrigue ; and he returned to his 
wife, proud of the dignity of his rival. Alc- 
mena becaij.e pregnant by Jupiter, and af- 
terwards by her husband ; and \\ lien she was 
going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in hea- 
ven, that a child was to be born that day, to 
whom he would give absolute power over his 
neighbours, and even over all the children of 
his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of 
Jupiter's amours with Alcmena, made him 
swear by the Styx, and immediately pro- 
longed the travails of Alcmena, and hastened 
the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus 
king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of 
seven months, had a son called Eurystheus. 
Oi'id. Met. 8, fab. 6, &:c. says that Juno 
was assisted by Lucina to put ofT the bring- 
ing fo'th of Alcmena, and that Lucina, in the 
form of an old woman, sat before the door of 
Amphitryon with her Ie;<s and arms crossed. 
This postme was the cause of infinite tor- 
ment to Alcaiena, till her servant, Galantbis. 



AL 

supposhig the old w'oraanto be a witch, and 
to be the cause of the pains of her mistress, 
told her that she had brought fortli. Lucina 
retired from her posture, and immediately 
Alcmena brought torth twins, Hercules con- 
ceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitiy- 
on. Eurystheus was already born, and there- 
fore Hercules was subjected to his power. 
After Amphitryon's death, Alcmena married 
Rhadamanthus, and retired to Ocalea m Bce- 
otia. This mamage, according to some au- 
thors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. 
Tlije people of Megara said that she died in 
her way from Ar-gos to Thebes, and that she 
was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. 
Pans. I, c. 41,1. 5, c. 18, 1.9, c. 16.—Plut. in 
T/ies. ^ Romul.— Homer. Od. 11, //. 19.— 
Pindar. Pyth. 9. — Lucian. Dial. Deor. — 
Diod. 4.—Hygin. fab. 29.— £pollod. 2, c. 4, 7, 

I. 3, c. 1. — Plant, in Amphit. — Herodot. 2, c. 

43 and 45. Vid. Amphitiyon, Hercules, 

Euiystheus. 

Alcon, a famous archer, who one day 
saw his son attacked by a serpent, and aimed 
at him so dexterously that he killed the beast 

without hurting his son. A silversmith. 

Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 5. xV son of Hippo- 
coon. Pans. 3, c. 14. A surgeon under 

Claudius, who gained much money by his 
profession, in curing hernias and fractures.—— 

A son of Mars. A son of Amycus. These 

two last w^ere at the chase of the Calydoniaa 
boar. Hygin. fab. 173, 

Alcyone, or Halcyone, daughter o f 
iEolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as 
he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. 
The gods apprized Alcyone, in a dream, of 
her husband's fate ; and when she found, oa 
the morrow, his body washed on the sea- 
shore, she threw herself into the sea, and was 
with her husband changed into birds of the 
same name, who keep the waters calm and 
serene while they build, and sit on their nests 
on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7, 

II, or 14 days. Virg. G. 1, v. 399.— Apot- 
lod. 1, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10.— Hygin, 

fab. 65.- One of the Pleides, daughter of 

Atlas. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and 
Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, 
was changed into a constellation. Vid. Plei- 
ades. Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 18. Apollod. 3, 

c. 10.— Hygin. fab. 157. The daughter of 

Evenus, carried away by Apollo alter hep 
marriage. Her husband pursued the ravishep 
with bows and arrows, but was not able to 
recover her. Upon this, her parents called 
her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that 
of the wife of Ceyx. Homer. II. 9, v. 568. 
The wife of Moleager. Hygin. fab. 174. 

A town of Thessaly, where Philip, Alex- 



ander's father, lost one of his eyes. 

Alcyone us, a youth of exemplary vir- 
tue, sou to Antigonus. Pluf. in Pyrrh. — 

Diog. 4. A giant, brother to Porphyrion. 

He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, 
mourning his death, threw themselves into the 
sea, and were changed into alcyons, by Am- 
phitrite. Claudian. de Rap. Pros. — Apollod. 
1, c. 6. 

Alcvona, a pool of Greece, whose depth 
the emperoi- INero attempted in vain to find. 
Pans. 2, c. 37. 

Aldescus; a river of European Sarmatia^ 



AL 

rising from the Riphasan mountains, and fall- 
ing into the northeni sea. Dionys. Per. 

Alduabis. Vid. Dubis. 

Alea, a surname of Minerva, from her 
temple, built by Aleus, son of Aphidas at Te- 
gaea in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess 
made of ivory was carried by Augustus to 

Rome. Pans. 8, c 4 and 46. A town of 

Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous 
temples, that of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana 
the Ephesian. When the festivals of Bacchus 
were celebrated, the women were whipped in 
the temple. Pans. 8, c. 23. 

Alebas, a tjTant of Larissa, killed by his 
OWQ guards for his cruelties. Ovid, in lb. 323. 

Alebion and Dercynus, sons of Neptune, 
Tvere killed by Hercules, for stealing his oxen 
in Africa, ^pollod. 2, c. 5. 

Alecto, one of the furies, («, Myi^, non dt- 
sino,) is represented with flaming torches, her 
head covered with serpents, and breathing 
V'engeance, war, and pestilence. Vid. Eurae- 
nides. Virg. JEn. 7, v, 324, &:c. 1. 10, v. 41. 

Alector, succeeded his father Anaxagoras 
in the kingdom of Argos, and was father to 
Iphis and Capaneus. Pans. 2, c. 18. — £pollod. 
3, c. 6. 

Alectryon, a youth whom Mars, during 
his amours with Venus, stationed at the door 
to watch against the approach of the sun. He 
fell asleep, and Apollo came and discovered 
the lovers, who were exposed by Vulcan, in 
each other's arms, before all the gods. Mars 
was so incensed that he changed Alectryon 
into a cock, which, still mindful of his neglect, 
early announces the approach of the sun. 
Lucian. in died. 

Alectus, a tyrant of Britain, in Dioclesian's 
reign, &c. He died 296, A. D. 

Aleius Campus, a place in Lycia, where 
Bellerophon fell from the horse Pegasus and 
wandered o^r the country till the time of his 
death. Homer. II. 6, v. 201. — Dionys. Perieg. 
872.— OritZ.'in Ibid. 257. 

Alemanni, or Alamanni, a people of Ger- 
many. They are first mentioned in the 
reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with 
the surname of Jilemanicus, for a victoiy over 
them. 

Alemon, thefather of Myscellus. He built 
Crotona in Magna Graecia. Myscellus is 
often called Alemonides. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 19 
and 26. 

Alemusii, inhabitants of Attica, in whose 
country there was a temple of Ceres and of 
Proserpine. Pans, in Attic. 

Ai.ENs, a place in the island of Cos. 

Aleon, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near Colo- 
phon. Pavs. 7, c. 5, 1. 8, c. 28. 

Alese, a town of Sicily, called afterwards 
Ai'chonidion, after the founder. The Romans 
made it an independent city. 

AlIksia, or Alexia, now .^lise, a famous city 
of the xMandubri, in Gaul, founded by Hercules 
as he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. J. 
Caesar conquered it. Flor. 3, c. 10. — Cocs. 
Bell. Gall. 7, c. 68. 

Alesium, a town and mountain of Pelo- 
ponnesus. Pans. 8, c. 10. 

Aletes, a son of j^gisthus, murdered by 
Orestes. Hygin. fab. 122. 

At-ethes, the first of the Heraclidae, who 
was king of Corinth. He w«8 fou of Hip- 



AL 

potas. Paus. 2, c. 4. A companion of 

^neas, described as a prudent and venerable 
old man. Virg. .Xn. 1, v. 125, 1. 9, v. 246. 

Alethia, one of Apollo's nurses. 

^Aletidas, (from ^f^uo.uxi, to wander.) certain 
sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance of Eri- 
gone, who wandered with a dog after her fa- 
ther Icarus. 

Aletrium, a town of Latium, whose in- 
habitants are called Aletrinates, Liv. 9, c. 42, 

Aletum, a tomb near the harbour of Car- 
thage m Spain. Polyb. 10. 

Aleuad^, a royal family of Larissa in 
Thessaly, descended from Aieuas king of that 
countfy. They betrayed their countiy to 
Xerxes. The name is often applied to the 
Thessalians without distinction. Diod. 16. — 
Herodot. 7, c. 6, 172.— Pau^. 3, c. 8, 1. 7, c. 10. 
— JElian. Anim. 8, c. 11. 

Aleus, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia^ 
famous for his skill in building temples. Pans. 
8, c. 4 and 53. 

At.ex, a river in the country of tlie Brutii. 
Dionys. Perieg. 

Alexamenus, an .^tolian, who killed Na- 
bis, tyrant of Lacedffimon, and was soon after 
murdered by the people. Liv. 35, c. 34. 

Alexander Ist, son of Amyntas, was the 
tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Per- 
sian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour 
to the women of his father's court, and was the 
first who raised the reputation of tlie Macedo- 
nians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B. 
C. Jiislin. 7, c. 3. — Herodot. 5, 7, 8 and 9. 

Alexander 2d, son of Amyntas 2d, king 
of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, 
B. C. 370, by his younger brotlier Ptolemy, 
who held the kingdom for four years, and 
made w^ayfor Perdiccas and Philip. Justin. 
7, c. 5, says, Eurydice, the Avife of Amyntas, 
was the cause of his murder. 

Alexander 3d, surnamed the Great, was 
son of Philip and Olympias. He was born 
B. C 355, that night on which the famous 
temple of Diana at Ephesus ^^as burnt by 
Erostratus. This event, according to the 
magicians, was an eai-ly prognostic of his fu- 
ture greatness, as well as the taming of Bu- 
cephalus, a horse whom none of the king's 
courtiers could manage ; upon which Philip 
said, with teai-s in his eyes, that his son must 
seek another kingdom, as that of Macedosjia 
would not be sufficiently large for the display 
of his greatness. Olympias, during her preg- 
nancy, declared that she was with child by a 
dragon ; and the day that Alexander was 
born, two eagles perched for some time on 
the house of Philip, as if foretelling tliat his 
son would become master of Europe and Asia 
He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, 
and he received his learned preceptor's in- 
structions with becoming deference and plea- 
sure, and ever respected his abilities. When 
Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th 
year, was left governor of Macedonia, whei-e 
he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon after 
followed his father lo the field, and saved his 
life in a battle. He v/ns highly offended when 
Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, 
and he even caused the death of Attains, the 
new queen's brother. After this he retired 
from court to his mother Olympias, but w;i? 
reculled } and when Philip was assassinated- 



r 



he punished his murderers ; and, by his prn- 
tlence and moderation, gained the affection of 
his subjects. He conquered Thrace and Illy- 
ricum, and destroyed Thebes ; and after he 
had been chosen chief commander of all the 
forces of Greece, he declared war against the 
Persians, who, under Darius and Xerxes, had 
laid waste and plundered the noblest of the 
Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 
horse, he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of 
Darius at the Granicus, he conquered all the 
provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two 
other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus 
and Arbela, took Tyre after an obstinate siege 
of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of 
the inhabitants in cool blood, and made him- 
self master of Egypt, Merlia, Syria, and Per- 
sia. FrorairEgypt he visited the temple of 
Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests who 
saluted him as the son of their god, and en- 
joined liis army to pay him divine honours. 
He built a town which he called Alexandria, 
on the western side of the Nile, near the coast 
of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation, 
which his penetrating eye marked as best en- 
titled to become the future capital of his im- 
mense dominions, and to extend tlie com- 
merce of his subjects from the Mediterranean 
to the Ganges. His conquests v/ere spread 
over India, where he fought with Porus, a 
powerful king of the country ; and after he 
had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian 
ocean, he retired to Babylon, loaded with 
the spoils of the east. His entering the city 
was foretold by the magicians as futal, and 
their prediction was fulfilled. He died at 
Babylon the 21st of April, in the 32dyear of 
his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months 
of brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. 
His death was so premature that some have 
attributed it to tiie effects of poison, and ex- 
cels of drinking. Antipater has been accused 
ef causing the fatal poison to be given him at a 
feast ; and perhaps the resentment of the Ma- 
ecdor)ians, whose services he seemed to forget 
hy intrusting the guard of his body to the 
Persians, was the cause of his death. He was 
so universally regretted, that Babylon was 
filled witli tears and lamentations ; and the 
Medes and Macedonians declared, that no one 
was able or worthy to succeed him. Many 
conspiracies were formed against him by the 
officers of his army, but they were all sea- 
sonably suppressed. His tender treatment 
efthe wife and mother of king Darius, who 
were taken prisonei's, has been greatly prais- 
ed ; and the latter, who had survived the death 
of her son, killed herself when she heard that 
Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity 
more than once endangered his life ', he always 
fought as if sure of victoiy, and the terror of 
his name was often more powerfully effectual 
tlian his arms. He was always forward in 
every engagement, and bore the labours of the 
field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. 
During his conquest in Asia, he founded many 
cities, which he called Alexandria, after his 
own name. When he had conquered Darius 
he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god ; 
and Cnllisthenes, who refused to do it, was 
shamefully put to death. He murdered, at 
a banquet, his friend Clit.us, Avho had once 
saved his life in a battle, because he enlarged 



AL 

upon the virtues and exploit? of Philip, and 
preferred them to those of his son. His 
victories and success increased his pride ; he 
dressed himself in the Persian manner, and . 
gave himself up to pleasure and dissipation. 
He set on lire the town of Persepolis, in a fit 
of madness and intoxication, encouraged by 
the courtezan Thais. Yet among all his ex- 
travagancies, he was fond of candour and of 
truth ; and when one of his oificers read to 
him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, an history 
vvhich he had composed of the wars with 
Porus, and in which he had too liberally pa- 
negyrised him, Alexander snatched the book 
from his hand, and threw it into the river, 
saying, *' what need is there of such flattery ? 
are not the exploits of Alexander sutficientiy 
meritorious in themselves, without tlie co- 
louring of falsehood ?" He in like manner 
rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount 
Atlios like him, and represent him as holding 
a town in one hand, and pouring a river from 
the other. H» forbade any statuary to make 
his statue except Lysippus, and any painter 
to draw his picture except Apelles. On his 
death -bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and 
it was supposed that by this singular present, 
he wished to make him his successor. Some 
time before his death, his officers asked him 
whom he appointed to succeed him on the 
throne .'' and he answered, the worthiest 
among you ; but I am afraid, added he, my 
best friends will perform my funeral' obse- 
quies with bloody hands. Alexander, with 
all his pride, was humane and libei-al, easy 
and familiar with his friends, a great patron 
of learning, as may be collected from his 
assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to 
effect the completion of his natural histoiy. 
He was brave often to rashness ; he frequently 
lamented that his father conquered every 
thing, and left him nothing to do ; and ex- 
claimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, 
Give me kings for competitors, add I will »n- 
ter the lists at Olympia. All his family and 
infant children were put to death by Cassander, 
The first deliberation that was made after his 
decease, among his generals, was to appoint 
his brother Philip Aridajus successor, until 
Roxane, who was then pregnant by him, 
brought into the world a legitimate heir. Per- 
diccas wished to be supreme regent, as Aridaeus 
wanted capacity; and, more strongly to esta- 
blish himself, he married Cleopatra, Alexan- 
der's sister, and made alliances with Eumenes. 
As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of 
Egjpt, he was defeated in a battle by Seleu- 
cus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river 
Nile, and assassinated by his own cavalry. 
Perdiccas was the first of Alexander's generals 
who took up arms against his fellow soldiers, 
and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his 
rashness and cimelty. To defend himself 
against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance 
with some generals, among whom was Anti- 
pater, who had strengthened himself by giving 
his daughter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring 
woman, in marriage to Craterus, another oi 
the generals of Alexander. After many dis? 
sentions and bloody wars among themselves, 
the generals of Alexander laid the foundation 
of several great empires in the three quarters 
of the globe. Ptolemy s»i5fed Egypt, wiierc h^ 



/ 



AL 

firmly established himself, and where his suc- 
cessors were called Ptolemies, in honour of 
the founder of their empire, which subsisted 
till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his 
posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. An- 
tigonus at first established himself in Asia Mi- 
nor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The de- 
scendants of Antipater were conquered by 
the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in 
Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans 
in tlie time of king Perseus. Lysimachus 
made himself master of Thrace ; and Leona- 
tus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, me- 
ditated for a while to drive Antipater from 
Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in 
Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the 
combinations of his rival Antigonus, and star- 
ved to death. During his life-time, Eumenes 
appeared so formidable to the successors of 
Alexander, that none of them dared to assume 
the title of king. Curt. Arrian. S^ Plul. have 
written an account of Alexander's life. Diod. 
17 and 18.— Paw*. 1, 7, 8,9.— Jicslin. 11 and 12. 
— Val. Max. Strab. 1, fcc. A son of Alex- 
ander the Great, by Roxane, put to death, 
with his mother, by Cassander. Justin. 15, 

c. 2. A man, who, after the expulsion of 

Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five 
years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put 

hlna to death. A son of Cassander, king of 

Macedonia, who i-eigned two years conjointly 
with his brother Antipater, and was prevented 
by Lysimachus from revenging his mother 
Thessalonica,whom his brother had murdered. 
Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to 

death. Justin. 16, c. 1. — Paus. 9, c. 7, A 

king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and suc- 
cessor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to 
Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against 
the Romans, and observed that he fought with 
men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, 
was fighting with an array of women (mean- 
ing the Persians.) He was surnamed Molossus. 
Justin. 17, c. 3. — Diod. 16. — Liv. 8. c. 17 and 

27. — Strab. 16. A son of Pyrrhus, was 

king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, 
from which he was expelled by Demetrius. 
He recovered it by the assistance of the Acar- 
nanians. Justin. 26, c. 3. — Pint, in Pyrrk. 
A king of Syria, driveu from his king- 
dom by INicanor- son of Demetrius Soter, and 
his father-in-law Ptolemy Philometor. Justin. 
So, c. 1 and 2. — Joseph. 13. Ant. Jud. — Strab. 
17.-— —A king of Syria, first called Bala, was 
a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius. He 
conquered jyicaiior by means of PtolemyPhys- 
eon, and was afterwards killed by Antioclms 
Gryphus, son of Nicanor. Joseph. Snt. Jud. 

13, c. 18. Ptolemy was one of the Ptole- 

mean kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra, 
raised him to the throne, in preference to his 
brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned con- 
jointly with him. Cleopatra, however, ex- 
pelled him, and soon after recalled him ; and 
Alexander, to prevent being expelled a se- 
cond time, put her to death, and lor this unna- 
tural action was himself murdered by one of 
his subjects. Joseph. 13. Ant. Jud. c. 20, &.c. — 

Ju.%lin. 39, c. 3 and 4. — Paus. 1, c. 9. 

Ptolemy 2d, king of Egypt, was son of the 
preceding. He was educated in the island of 
Cos, and falling into the haiida of Mithridales, 
escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his ting- 



AL 

dom. He was murdered by his subjects a 
few days after his restoration, Appian. 1. 
Bell. Civ. ■ 'Ptolemy 3d, was king of Egypt, 
after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. 
After a peaceful reign he was banished by his 
subjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, leaving 
his kingdom to the Roman people. Vid. 
^gyptusSf PtolemcEus. Cic. pro Rail. • - 
A youth ordered by Alexander the Great to 
climb the rock Aaornus, with 30 other youths. 
He was killed in the attempt. Curt. 8, c, 11, 

An historian mentioned hy Plut. in Ma- 

rio. " An Epicurean philosopher. Plvt. 
A governor of ^olia, who assembled a 



multitude on pretence of showing them an un- 
common spectacle, and confined them till they 
had each bought their liberty with a sum of 

money. Polycen. 6, c 10. A name given to 

Paris, son of Priam. — Pld. Paris. Jannseus, 

a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus, and brother 
of Arutobiilus, who reigned as a tyrant, and. 
died through excess of drinking, B. C. 79, af- 
ter massacring 800 of his subjects for the en- 
tertainment of his concubines. .A Paphla- 

gonian who gained divine honours by his ma- 
gical tricks and impositions, and likewise pro- 
curied the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He 

died 70 years old. A native of Caria, in the 

3d century, who wrote a commentary on the 
writings of Aristotle, pail of which is still ex- 
tant. Trallianus, a physician and philoso- 
pher of the 4th century, some of whose works 

in Greek is still extant. A poet of ^Eto- 

lia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A 

peripatetic philosopher, said to have beea 

preceptor to rs'ero. An historian, called 

also Polyhistor, v/ho wrote five books on the 
Roman republic, in which he said that the 
Jews had received their laws, not from God, 
but from a woman he called Moso. He also 
wrote treatises on the Pytliagorean philoso- 
phy, B. C. 88. A poet of Ephesus, who 

wrote a poem on astronomy and geography. 

A writer of Myndus. quoted hy" At hen^ 

and JElian. A sopliist of Seleucia, in the 

age of Antoninus. A physician in the age 

of Justinian. A Thessalian, who, as he was 

going to engage in a naval battle, gave to his 
soldiers a great number of missile weapons, 
and ordered tliem to dart them continuallv 
upon the enemy, to render their numbers 
useless. PoJycEn. 6, c. 27. A son of Lysi- 
machus. Pulycpn. 6, c, 12. A governor of 

Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of troop? 

to Alexander the Great. Curt 7, c. 10. A 

son of Polysperchon, killed in Asia by the Dy- 

meeans. Diod. 18 and 19. A poet of Pleu- 

ron, son of Satynis and Stratoclaa, who said 
that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenie, 
by Helen. Paus. 2, c. 22. A Spartan, kil- 
led with two hundred of his soldiera by the 
Argives, when he endeavoured to jprevent 
their passing through the country of^Tegca" 

Diod. 15. A cruel tyrant of Pha2ra, in 

Thessaly, who made wai* against the Macedo- 
nians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He wa? 
murdered, B, C. 357, by his wife called Thebe, 
%* hose room he cajefully guarded by a Thra- 
cian sentinel, and searched every night, fear 
ful of some dagger that might be concealed to 
take ftway hi3 life. Cic. dt^ Inv. 2, c. 49. dr. 
Off. a, c. 9.~Val. Aiaz:. 9, c. 13.— Plul. ^ ( . 
J\>jt. in Pdojf. — Pa7ifr6,t 5.-*l»rf. 15 and 



AL 



-Sevcrus, a Roman 



J6.— Ovid, in lb. v. 821.- 
emperor. Vid. Severus 

Alexandra, the name of some queens of 

Judaja, mentioned by Joseph. A nurse of 

l^ero. Suel. in J\ er. 50. A name of Cas- 

^ndra, because she assisted mankind by her 
prophecies. Lycophr. 

ALEXA>fDRi ARj«, the boundarics, accord- 
ing to some, of Alexander's victories, near 
the Tanais. Plin. 6, c. 16. 

Alexandria, the name of several cities 
which were founded by Alexander, during 
feis conquests in Asia ; the most famous are — 
A great and extensive city, built B. C. 332, by 
Alexander, on the western side of the Delta. 
The iikistrious founder intended it not only 
for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense 
conquests, and the commercial advantages 
which its situation commanded continued to 
improve from the time of Alexander till the in- 
vasion of the Saracens in the 7tli century. 
The commodities of India were brought there, 
and thence dispersed to the different countries 
ai-ound the Mediterranean. Alexandria is fa- 
mous, among other curiosities, for the large 
library which the pride or learning of the Pto- 
lemies had collected there at a vast expense, 
from all parts of the earth. This valuable re- 
pository was burnt by the orders of the caliph 
Omar, A. D. 642; and it is said, that during 6 
montlis, the numerous volumes supplied fuel 
for the 4000 baths, which contributed to the 
health and convenience of the populous capital 
©f Egypt. Alexandria has likewise been dis- 
tinguished for its schools, not only of theology 
and philosophy, but of physic, where once to 
have studied was a sutficient recommendation 
to distant countries. The astronomical school, 
founded by Philadelphus, maintained its supe- 
rior reputation for 10 centuries till the time of 
the Saracens. The modern town of Scande- 
roon has been erected upon the ruins of Alex- 
andria, and, as if it were an insult to its former 
greatness, it scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. 
Curt. 4, c. S.—Strab. l7.~-PHn. 5, c. 10. 



Another in Albania, at the foot of mount Cau- 

cassus. Another in Arachosia, in India. 

The capital of Aria, between Hecatompylon 
and Bactra. Another of Carmania. Ano- 
ther in CiIicia,on the confines of Syria. Ano- 
ther, the capital of Margian a. Another of 

Troas, kc. Curt. I.—Plin. 6, c. 16, 23, 5. 

Alexandrjdes, a Lacedaemonian who mar- 
ried his sister's daughter, by whom he had 

Dorycus, Leonidas and Cleombrotus. 

A native of Delphi, of which he wrote an 
histoiy. 

Alexandrina aqua, baths in Rome, built 
by the emperor Alexander Severus. 

Alexandropolis, a city of Parthia, built 
by Alexander the Great. Plin. 6, c. 25. 

Alexanor, a son of Machaon, who built 
in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather ^scula- 
pius, and received divine honours after death. 
Paus.2, c. 11. 

Alexarchus, a Greek historian. 

Alexas, of Laodicea, was recommended to 
M. Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause 
that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry 
Cleopatra. Augustus punished him severely 
after the defeat of Antony. Plul. in .Anton. 

Alexia, or Alesia. Vid. Alesia. 

Alexicacus; a sarnarne givcB to Apollo 



AL 

by the Athenians, because he delivered them 
from the plague during the Peloponnesian wai-. 

Alexinus, a disciple of Eubulides the Mi- 
lesian, famous for the acuteness of his genius 
and judgment, and for his fondness for con- 
tention and argumentation. He died of a 
wound he had received from a sharp-pointed 
reed, as he swam across the river Alpheus. 
Diog. in Euclid. 

Alexion, a physician intimate with Cice- 
ro. Cic. ad Att. 13, ep. 25. 

Alexippus, a physician of Alexander. PM. 
in Mex. 

Alexiraes, a son of Hercules by Hebe. 

Apollod. 2, c. 7. A place Of Bceotia, where 

Alexiraes was born, bears also this name. 
Pans. 9, c. 25. 

Alexiriioe, a daughter of the river Gran- 
icus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 763. 

Alexis, a man of Samos, who endeavoured 
to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his 

country. A comic poet, 336 B. C. of Thu- 

rium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some 

few fragments remain. A servant of Asi- 

nius Poliio. An ungrateful youth of whom 

a shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil'^ 

Ed. 2. A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 

87 01ym. Plin. 34, c. 8. A school-fellow 

of Attious. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 2. 

Alexon, a native of Myndos, who wrote 
fables. Diog. 

Alfaterna, a town of Campania, beyond 
mount Vesuvius. 

P. Alfjenus Varus, a native of Cremona, 
who, by the force of his genius and his appli- 
cation, raised himself from his original profes- 
sion of a cobler, to offices of trust at Rome, 
and at last became consul. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v, 
130. 

Algidum, a town of Latium near Tuscu- 
lum, about 12 miles from Rome. There is a 
mountain of the same name in the neighbour- 
hood. Eoral. 1, od. 21. 

Aliacmon and Haliacmon, a river of Ma- 
cedonia, separating it from Thessaly. It flows 
into the iEgean sea. Plin. 4, c. 10. 

Aliartum, a city of BoBotia, taken by M. 
Lucretius. Liv. 42, c. 63. 

Aliartus and Haliartus, a town of Bce- 
otia, near the river Permessus. Another 

in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. 
Slat. Tilth. 7, V. 274. 

Alicis, a town of Laconia. -A tribe of 

Athens. Sirab. 

Alienus CvEcina, a ■ questor in Boeotia, 
appointed, for his services, commander of a 
legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor 
disgraced him for his bad conduct, for which 
he raised commotions in the empire. Tacit. 
1, Ilist. c. 52. 

ALiFiE, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Italy, 
near the Vulturnus, famous for the making of 
cups. Horal. 2, Sat. 8, v. 39. — Liv. 8, c. 25. 

AliljEi, a people of Arabia Felix. 

Alimentus, C. an historian in the second 
Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of 
Annibal, besides a treatise on military affairs. 
Lir. 2 land 30. 

AlindjE, a town of Caria. Arrian. 

Alipheria, a town of Arcadia, situate on 
a hill. Polish. 4, c. 77. 

Alirrothius, a son of Neptune. Hearing 
that his faflier had bceii defeuied by Minerva.- 



^ 



AL 

i\i. his dispute about giving a name to Athens, 
he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut 
down the olive which had sprung from the 
ground, and given the victory to Minerva ; but 
in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his 
own legs so severely that he instantly expired. 

T. Alledius Severds, a Roman knight 
who married his brother's daughter to please 

Agrippina. A noted glutton in Domitian's 

reign. Jut?. 5, v. 118. 

Allia, a river of Italy, falling into the Ti- 
ber. The Romans were defeated on its banks 
by Brennus and tlie Gauls, who were going to 
plunder Rome, 17th July, B. C. 390. Pint, in 
Camil. — Liv. 5, c. 37. — Flor. 1, c. 13. — Virg. 
Mn. 7, V. 717.— Orirf. ^rt. Jim. 1, 413. 

Allienos, a pretor of Sicily, under Cajsar. 
Bin. Afric. 2. 

Allobroges, a warlike nation of Gaul near 
the Rhone, in that part of the country now cal- 
led Savoy, Dauphine, and Vivarais. The 
Romans destroyed their city, because they had 
assisted Annibal. Their ambassadors w ere al- 
lured by great promises to join in Catiline's 
conspiracy against his country ; but they 
scorned the offers, and discovered the plot. — 
JDio.—Strab. 4.--Tacit. 1. Hist. c. 66.— Sal- 
lust, in Jug. bell. 

Allobryges, a people of Gaul supposed 
to be the same as the Allobroges. Polyb. 30, 
C.56. 

Allotriges, a nation on the southern 
parts of Spain. Strab. 2. 

Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the 
Celtiberi,to whom Scipio restored the beauti- 
ful princess he had taken in battle. 

Almo, a small river near Rome, falling into 
the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 387. — Lucan. 1, 
V.600. 

Almon, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. 
He wa.s the first Rutulian killed by the Tro- 
jans; and from the skirmish which happened 
before and after his death, arose the enmities 
which ended in the fall of Turnus. Virg. ^^n. 
7, V. 532. 

Aloa, festivals at Athens in honour of Bac- 
chus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the 
husbandmen received the recompense of their 
labours. The oblations were the fruits of the 
earth. Ceres has been called, from this, Aloas 
and Alois. 

Aloeus, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. 
He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had 
the twins, Othus and Ephialtus, Aloeus edu- 
cated them as his own, and from that circum- 
stance they have been called Aloidts. They 
made war against the gods, and were killed by 
Apollo and Diana. They grew up nine inches 
every month, and were only nine years old 
when they undertook their war. They built 
the town of Ascra, at the foot of mount Heli- 
con. Pans. 9, c. 29. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 582. — 
Homer. II. o, Od. 11. 

Aloides and Aloidje, the sons of Aloeus. 
Vid. Aloeus. 

Alope, daughter ofGercyon, kingofEleu- 
sis, had a child by Neptune, whom she expo- 
sed in the woods, covered with a piece of her 
gown. The child was preserved, and earned 
to Alope's father, who, upon knowing the 
gown, orderful iiis daughter to be put to death. 
Neptune, who could not save his mistress, 
tthahgcd her into afou^Uain. The child railed 




AL 

Hippothoon was preserved by some shepherds, 
and placed by Theseus upon his grandfather's 
throne. Pans. 1, c. 5 and 39. — Hygin. fab. 187. 

One of the Harpies. Hygin. fab. 14. 

A town of Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 7. Homer. 
II. 2, v. 682. 

Alofece, an island in the Palus Maeotis. 

Slrab. Another in the Cimmerian Bos- 

phorus. Plin. 4, c. 12. Another in the 

uEgean sea, opposite Smyrna. Id. 5, c. 31. 

Alopeces, a small village of Attica, where 
was the tomb of Ancliimolius, Avhom the Spar- 
tans had sent to deliver Athens from the ty- 
ranny of the Pisistratids. Socrates and Aris- 
tides were born there. JEschin. contra Ti- 
march. — Herodot. 5, c. 64. 

Alopius, a son of Hercules and Antiope. 
.ipollod. 2, c. 35. 

Alos, a town of Achaia. Strcd). 9. — Plin. 
4, c. 7. 

Alotia, festivals in Arcadia, in comme- 
moration of a victory gained over Lacedaemon 
by the Arcadians. 

Alpenus, the capital of Locris, at the 
north of Thermopylae. Herodot. 7, c. 176, &,c. 

Alpes, mountains that separate Italy from 
Spain, Gaul, Rhsetia, and Germany : consider- 
ed as the highest ground in Europe. From 
them arise several rivers which after watering 
the neighbouring countries discharge them- 
selves into the German, Mediterranean and 
Euxine seas. The Alps are covered with per- 
petual snows, and distinguished, according to 
tlieir situation, by the different names of Cot- 
tuR, CarniccR, Graice, JVoriccB, Julias,, Mariti- 
me, Pannonio'., Pennince, PancB, RhceticcB, Tri- 
deiUince, Venetce. A traveller is generally five 
days in reaching the top in some parts. They 
were supposed for a long time to be impassa- 
ble. Hannibal marched his army over them, 
and made his way through rocks, by softening 
and breaking them with vinegar. They were 
inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations, who 
were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, 
to eternize the victory he" had obtained over 
them, erected a pillar in their territory. Strab. 
4 and 5.— Liv. 21, c. 35.— ^uv. 10, v. 151.— //o- 
rat. 2, Sat. 5, v, 41.— Lwan. 1, v. 183.— Tacit. 
Hist. 3, c. 53. 

Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Ells. It 
was given her when the river Alpheus endea- 
voured to ravish her without success. A 

surname of the nymph Arethusa, because lov- 
ed by the Alpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, y. 487. 

Alphenoh, one of Niobe's sons. Ovid. 
Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Alphenus. Vid. Alfenus. 

Alphesibcea, daughter of the river Phle- 
geus, married Alcmaion, son of Amphiaraus, 
who had fled to her father's court after the 
murder of his mother. [Vid Alcmxon.] She 
received as a bridal present, the famous neck- 
lace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to 
induce her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. 
Alcmaeon, being persecuted by the manes of 
his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, 
and retired near the Achelous, whose daughter 
Callirhoe had two sons by him, and begged of 
him, as a present, the necklace uhicli was 
then in the hands of Alphesibcea. He endea- 
voured to o])(ain it, and was killed by Tenic 
neus and Axion, AJphcsiba?a-s brothers, who 
thus revenged their si.>ler; who had been so iu- 



AL 

flo6enlly abandoned. Hygin. fab. 244. — Pro- 
pert. 1, el. 15, V. 15.— Pans. 8, c. 24. 

Alphksiboeus, a shepherd often mention- 
ed in Virgil's eclogues. 

Alpheus, now Alpheo, a famous river of 
Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and after 
passing through Elis falls into the sea. The 
god of this river fell in love with the nymph 
Arethusa, and pursued her till she was changed 
into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Aretliu- 
sa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse ; 
and the ancients affirm, that the river Alpheus 
passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, and 
without mingling itself with the salt waters, ri- 
ses again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of 
Arethusa. If any thing is thrown into the Al- 
pheus in Elis, according to their traditions, it 
will re-appear, after some time, swimming on 
the waters of Arethusa neai* Sicily. Hercules 
made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables 
of Augeas. Slrab. Q.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 694.— 
Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10.— Lucan. 3, v. 176.— 
Stat. Theb. 1 and 4.— Mela, 2, c. 7.—Paus. 5, 
c. 7, 1. 6, c. 21.—Marcellin. 25.—Flin. 2, c. 103. 

Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usurer, 
ridiculed in Horat. Epod. 2. 

Alphius Avitus, a writer in the age of 
Severus, who gave an account of illustrious 
men, and an history of the Carthaginian war. 

Alpinus, belonging to the Alps, Virg. 
M,n. 4, v. 442. 

Alpinus, (Cornelius) a contemptible 
poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awkward 
manner in which he introduces the death of 
Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style 
with which he describes the Rhine in an epic 
poem he had attempted on the wars in Ger- 
many. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 36. Julius, one 

of the chiefs of the Helvetii. Tacit. Hist. 1, 
C 68. 

Alpis, a small river falling into the Dan- 
ube. 

Alsium, a maritime town at the west of 
the Tiber, now Slatua. Sil. 8. 

Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, 
flowing from mount Sipylus. Pans. 7, c. 27. 

A shepherd during the Rutulian wars. 

Plrg. ^n. 12, v. 304. 

Alth^a, daughter of Thestius and Eu- 
rythemis, married Qilneus, king of Calydon, 
by whom she had many children, among whom 
was Meleager. When Althaea brought forth 
Meleager, the Parcae placed a log of wood in 
the fire, and said, that as long as it was preser- 
ved, so long would the life of the child just 
born be prolonged. The mother saved the 
wood from the flames, and kept it very care- 
fully •, but when Meleager killed his two un- 
cles, Althi»a's brothers, Altheea, to revenge 
their death, threw the log into the fire,.and as 
soon as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She 
was afterwards so sorry for the death which 
she had caused, that she killed herself, unable 
to survive her son. Vid. Meleager. — Ovid. 
Met. 8, fab. ^.—Horner. 11. 9.— Pans 8, c. 45, 1. 
10, c.31.—£poUod. 1, c. 8. 

Alth^menes, a son of Creteus king of 
Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers 
were to be their father's murderers, he fled to 
Rhodes, where he made a settlement to avoid 
becoming a parricide. After the death of all 
Ms other sons, Creteus went after his son Al- 
thsemcnes ; when he landed in Rhodes, the 



AM 

Inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be 
an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of hi^ 
own son. When Altha;menes knew that h« 
had killed his father, he entreated the gods to 
remove him, and the earth immediately open- 
ed and swallowed him up. Apollod. 3, c. 2. 

Altinum, a flourishing city of Italy near 
Aquileia, famous for its wool. Martial. 14, ep. 
25.— P/wi.3, c. 18. 

Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter's tem- 
ple at Olympia, where the statues of the 
Olympic conquerors were placed. Paus. 6/ 
c.20, &c. 

Altus, a city of Peloponnesus. Xenoph.. 
Hist. Grcec. 

Aluntium, a town of Sicily. Plin. 5, c, 
8. — Cic in Verr. 4. 

Alus, Aluus, and Halus, a village of Ar- 
cadia, called also the temple of iEsculapius. 
Paus. 8, c. 25. 

Alyattes I. a king of Lydia, descended 
from the Heraclidae. He reigned 57 years.- 
II. king of Lydia, of the family of the Merra- 
nadse, was father to Crcesus. He drove the 
Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against 
the Medes. He died when engaged in a war 
against Miletus, after a reign of 35 years. A 
monument was raised on his grave with flie 
money which the women of Lydia had obtain- 
ed by prostitution. An eclipse of tlie sun ter- 
minated a battle between him and Cyaxares. 
Herodot. 1, c. 16, 17, kc—Strab. 13. 

Alyb A, a countiy near Mysia. Homer. 11. 2. 

Alyc^a, a town of Ai'cadia. Paus. 8, c. 
27. 

Alyc^us, son of Sciron, was killed by 
Theseus. A place in Megara received its 
name from him. Plut. in Thes. 

Alymon, the husband of Ch'ce. 

Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose wa- 
ters could cure the bite of a mad-dog. Parn^ 
8, c. 19. 

Alyxothoe, or Alexirhoe, daughter 
of Dymus, was mother of .Ssacus by Priam. 
Ovid. Met. 11, v. 763. 

Alyzia, a town of Acarnania on the wes- 
tern mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the 
Echinades. Cic. ad Fam. 16. ep. 2. 

Amadocus, a king of Thrace, defeated by 
his antagonist Seuthes. .^-istot. 5, Polit. 10. 

Amaoe, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable 
for her justice and fortitude. Polycen. 8, c. 56. 

Amalth^a, daughter of Melissus king of 
Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk. Hence 
some authors have called her a goat, and have 
maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kind- 
nesses, placed her in heaven as a constellation, 
and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who 
had taken care of his infant years. This horn 
was called the horn of plenty, and had the pow- 
er to give the nymphs whatever they desired- 
Diod. 3, 4, and 5,— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 113.— 



Slrab. li).—Hygin. fab. 139.— Paus. 7, c. 26. 

A Sibyl of Curaaj, called also Hierophile 

and Demophile. She is supposed to be the 
same who brought nine books of prophecies to 
Tarquin king of Rome, &ic. Varro. — Tibul. 
2, el. 5, V. 67. {Vid. Sibylla.^ 

Amaltheum, a public place which Atti- 
cus had opened in his country-house, called 
Amalthea in Epirus, and provided with every 
thing which could furnish entertainment and 
convey instruction. Cic. ad. Mic. J, ep. 1?. 



II 



AM 

AmaNa or Am ANUS, part of mount Taurus in 
Oilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 244. 

Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general under 
Dioclesian, who assumed imperial honours, 
and was at last conquered by Dioclesian 's col- 
league. 

Amantes or Amantini, a people of Illyri- 
eum, descended from the Abantes of Phocis. 
CaUimach. 

Amanus, one of the deities worshipped in 

Armenia and Cappadocia, Strab. 11. -A 

mountain of Cilicia. 

Amaracus, an officer of Cinyras, changed 
into marjoram. 

Amardi, a nation near the Caspian sea. 
Mda, 1, c. 3. 

Amartus, a city of Greece. Homer. Hymn, 
in Apoll. 

Amaryllis, the name of a country woman 
in Virgil's eclogues. Some commentators 
have supposed, that the poet spoke of Rome 
under this fictitious appellation. 

Amarynceus, a king of the Epeans, buried 
at Buprasium. Strah. S.—Paus. 8, c. 1. 

Amarynthus, a village of Eubcea, whence 
Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in 
that town Amarj^nthia. Eubcea is some- 
times called Amarynthus. Paus. I, c. 31. 

Amas, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 3. 

Amasenus, a small river of Latium, falling 
into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 685. 

Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mithri- 
dates the great, and Strabo the geographer, 
were born. Strab. 12. — Plin. 6, c. 3. 

Amasis, a man who, from a common sol- 
dier, became king of Egypt. He made war 
against Arabia, and died before the invasion of 
his country by Cambyses king of Persia. ^ He 
made a law, that every one of his subjects 
should yearly give an account to the public 
magistrates, of the manner in which he sup- 
ported himself. He refused to continue in al- 
liance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on 
account of his uncommon prosperity. When 
Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the 
body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insult- 
ed and burnt ; an action which was very of- 
fensive to the religious notions of the Egyp- 
tians. Herudot. 1, 2, 3. A man who led 

the I'ersians against the inhabitants of Bai-ce. 
Herodot. 4, c. 201, &.c. 

Amastris, the wife of Dionyslus the tyrant 
of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom Alexan- 
der conquered. Strab. Also, the wife of 

Xerxes, king of Persia. [Vid. Amesiris.] 

A city of Paphlagonia, on the Euxiue sea. 
Catuil, 

Amastrus, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, 
against .ft^etes, king of Colchis, killed by Ar- 
gus, son of Phryxus. Flacc. 6, v, 644. A 

friend of JUneas, killed by Camilla in the Ru- 
tulian war. FiVg. ^n. 11, v. 673. 

Amata, the wife of king Latinus. She had 
betrothed her cjaughter Lavinia to Turnus, 
before the arrival of jEneas in Italy. She zeal- 
ously favoured the interest of Turnus ; and 
when her daughter was given in marriage to 
iEneas, she hujig herself to avoid the sight of 
lier son-in-law, Virg. JEn. 7, he. 

Amathus, (gen. untis) now Limisso, a city 
on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, 
jiarticularly dedicated to Venus. The island 
is Eometimes called AraathuM^, a name not 



AM 

unfrequently applied to the goddess of the 
place. Virg. Ma. 10, v. 6\.—Ptol. 5, c. 14. 

Amaxampeus, a fountain of S^.ythia, whose 
waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypa* 
nis, Herodot. 4, c. 52. 

Amaxja or Amaxita, an ancient town of 

Troas.- A place of Cilicia abounding with 

wood fit for building ships. Plin. 5, c. 9. — 
Sirab, 14. 

Amazenes or Mazenes, a prince of the island 
Oractus, who sailed for some time with the 
Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander's ex- 
pedition into the east Arrian. in Indie. 

Amazones or Amazonides, a nation of 
famous women who lived near the river Ther- 
modon in Cappadocia. AH their life was em- 
ployed in wars and manly exercises. They 
never had any commerce with the other sex : 
but, only for the sake of propagation, they vi- 
sited the inhabitants of the neiglibouring coun- 
try for a few days, and the male children which 
they brought forth were given to the fathers. 
According to Justin, they were strangled as 
soon as born, and Diodorus says that they 
maimed them and distorted their limbs. The 
females were carefully educated with their 
mothers, in the labours of the field ; their right 
breast was burnt oflf, that they might hurl a 
javelin with more force, and make abetter use 
of the bow ; from that circumstance, thereforCi 
their name is derived (» jion, m«^« mamma.) 
They founded an extensive empire in Asia 
Minor, along the shores of the Euxine, and 
near the Thermodon. They were defeated in 
a battle near the Thermodon, by the Greeks ; 
and some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, 
and extended their territories as far as the 
Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most capi- 
tal of their towns. Smyrna, Magnesia, Thya- 
tira, and Ephesus, according to some authors, 
were built by them. Diodorus 1. 3, mentions 
a nation of Amazons in Africa, more ancient 
than those of Asia. Some authors, among 
whom is Strabo, deny the existence of the Am- 
azons, and of a republic supported and govern- 
ed by women, who banished or extirpated all 
their males; but Justin and Diodorus particu^ 
larly support it ; and the latter says, that Pen- 
thesilea, one of their queens, came to the Tro- 
jan war, on the side of Priam, and that she was 
killed by Achilles, and from that time the glo- 
ry and character of the Amazons gradually de- 
cayed, and was totally forgotten. The Ama- 
zons of Africa flourished long before the Tro- 
jan yvm', and many of their actions have been 
attributed to those of Asia, It is said, that af 
ter they had almost subdued all Asia, they in- 
vaded Attica, and were conquered by These- 
us. Their most famous actions were their 
expedition against Priam, and afterwards the 
assistance they gave him during the Trojan 
war ; and their invasion of Attica, to punish 
Theseus, who had carried away Antiope, 
one of their queens. They were also con- 
quered by Bellero{)hon and Hercules, Among 
their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope, Lampeto, 
Marpesia, &.c. ase famous. Curlius says, that 
Thalestris, one of their queens, came to Alex- 
ander, whilst he was pursuing his conquests in 
Asia, for the sake of raising children from a 
man of such military reputation ; and tliat af- 
ter she had remained 13 days with him, sho 
retiired into h(*r country. The .\vnazons wore 



AM 

such expert arcliersj that, to denote the good- 
ness of a bow or quiver, it was usual to call it 
Amazonian. Vir^. Mn. 5, v. 311. — Journand. 
de Reb. Get. c. 7. — Philostr. Icon. 2, c. 5. — 
Justin. 2, c. 4:.— Curt. 6, c. 5. — Plin. 6, c. 7, 1. 
34, c. 8; 1. 36, c. b.—Herodot. 4, c. 110.— Strab. 
ll.—Diod. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 4. — Paus. 7, c. 3. 
— Pint, in Thes. — Apolhod. 2, c. 3 and b.—rHy- 
gin. fab. 14 and 163. 

Amazonia, a celebrated mistress of the em- 
peror Commodns. The country of the 

Amazons, near the Caspian sea. 

Atwazonium, a place in Attica, where The- 
seUs obtained a victory over the Amazons. 

Amazonius, a surname of Apollo at Lace- 
dasmon. 

Amearri, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the 
Arar, related to theiEdui. Cces. bell. G. 1, c. 11. 

Ambakvalia. a joyful procession round the 
ploughed fields, in honour of Ceres, the god- 
dess of corn. There were two festivals of that 
name celebrated by the Romans ; one about 
the month of April, the other in July. They 
went three times round their fields, crowned 
"with oak leaves, singing hymns to Ceres, and 
pntreatiiig her to preserve their corn. The 
w^ord is derived ab ambiendisarvis. going round 
the fields. A sow, a &heep, and a bull, called 
ambarvalice hostile., ^vere afterwards immola- 
ted, and the sacrifice ha^ sometimes been call- 
ed suovetaurilia from sus, ovi^, and taurus. 
Virg. G. 1, V. 339 and Mb.— Tib. 2, el. 1, v. 19. 
—Cato de R. jR. c. 141. 

Ambenus, a mountain of European Sarma- 
tia. Flacc. 6, v. 85. 

Ambialxtes, a people of Gallia Celtica. Ccbs. 
bell. G. 3, c. 9. 

Ambianum, atown of Belgium, now Smiens. 
Its inhabitants conspired against J. Cassar. 
Cce.^.2,bell. G.c.4. 

Ambiatinum, a village of Germany, where 
the emperor Caligula was born. Sueton. in 
'Cal. 8. 

AiMBiGATus, a king of the Celtaj, in the time 
of Tarquiniiis Priscus. Seeing the great popu- 
iatioji of his country, he sent his two nephews, 
Sigovesus and Beliovesus, with two colonies, 
m quest of new settlements ; the former to- 
wards the Hercynian woods, and the other to- 
wards Italy. Liv. 5, c. 34, &;c, 

Ambiorix, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. 
He was a great enemy to Rpme, and was kill- 
ed in a battle with J. Ca?sar, \n which 60,000 
of his countiymen were slain. Cces. bell. G. 5, 
c. 11, 26, 1.6, c. 30. 

Ambivius, a man mentioned by Cicero de 
Stnect, 

Amblada, a town of Pisidia. Slrab. 

A.MBRACiA, a city of Epirus, near the Ache- 
ron, the residence of king Pyrrhus. Augustus, 
after tlie battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. 
Mela, 2, c. S.—Plin. 4, c. l.—Polyb. 4, c. 63. 
—Slrab. 10. 

Ambracius Sinus, a bay of the Ionian sea, 
near Anibracia, about 300 stadia deep, nar- 
row at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia 
in breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. 
Polyb. 4, c. 63.— Mela, 2, c. 3.—Flor. 4, c. 11. 
—Strab. 10. 

Ambri, an Indian nation. Justin. 12, c. 9. 

Ambrones, certain nations of Gaul, who 
lost their possessions by the inundation of the 
sea, and Hved upon rapine and plunder, 



AM 

whence the word ambrones implied a disho- 
nourable meaning. They were conquered by 
Marius. Plut. in Mario. 

Ambrosia, festivals observed in honour of 
Bacchus, in some cities in Greece. They 
were the same as the Brumalia of the Roman.s. 

One of the daughters of Atlas, changed 

into a constellation after death. The food 

of the gods was called ambrosia, and their drink 
nectar. The word signifies immortal. It had 
the power of giving immortality to all those 
who eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and of 
a most odoriferous smell ; and it is said, that 
Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was sav- 
ed from death by eating ambrosia given her by 
Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Au- 
rora, by eating ambrosia ; and in like mannei' 
Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their 
impiety had been driven from heaven, and 
compelled to die upon earth. It had the pow- 
er of healing wounds, and therefore, Apollo, 
in Homer's Iliad, saves Sarpedon's body from 
putrefaction, by rubbing it with ambrosia ; and 
Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in 
Virgil's iEneid with it. The gods used gener 
rally to perfume their hair with ambrosia, as 
Juno when she adorned herself to captivate 
Jupiter, and Venus when she appeared to 
iEneas. Homer. II. 1, 14, 16 and 24. — Lucian. 
de dea Syria. — Calull. ep. 100. — Theocrit. Id, 
lb.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 407, 1. 1%, v. 419.— OwVf. 
Met. 2. — Pindar. 1, Olymp. 

Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, obliged the 
emperor Theodosius to make penance for the 
murder of the people of Thessalonica, and dis- 
tinguished himself by his writings, especially 
against the Arians, 'His 3 books de officiis are 
still extant, besides 8 hymns on the creation. 
His style is not inelegant, but his diction is sen- 
tentious, his opinions eccentric, though his 
subject is diversified by copiousness of thought. 
He died A. D. 397. The best edition of his 
works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols. fol. 
Paris, 1686, 

Ambrvon, a man who wrote the life of The- 
ocritus of Chios. Diog. 

Ambryssus, a city of Phocis, which receives 
its name from a hero qf the sEime name. Paus. 
10, c. ;35. 

Ambubaj^, Syrian wonaen of immoral 
lives, who, in the dissolute period of Rome, at- 
tended festivals and assemblies as minstrels. 
The name is derived by some from Syrian 
words, which signify a flute. Horat. 1, Sai. 2, 
— Suet.inMr.21. 

Abibulli, a surname of Castor and Pollux, 
in Sparta. 

Ameles, a river of hell, whose waters no 
vessel could contain. Plut. 10, de Rep. 

Amenanus, a river of Sicily, near mount 
jEtna, now GuidictUo. Strab. 5. 

Amemdes, a secretaiy of Darius, the last 
king of Persia. Alexander set him over the 
Arima.spi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 

Amenocles. a Corinthian, said to be the first 
Grecian who built a three-oared galley at Sa- 
mos and Corinth. Thuryd. 1, c. 13. 

Ameria, a cily of Umbria, whose o.5iers 
(amerina, salices) were famous for the binding 
of vines to the elm trees. Plin. 3, c. 14. — 
Virg. G. 1, V. 265. 

Amkstratus. a town of Sicily, near the 
Halesus. The Romans besieged it for seven 



i 



AM 

montiis, and it yielded at last after a third 
siege, and the inhabitants were sold as slaves. 
Folijb. 1, C.24. 

Amestris, queen of Persia, was wife to 
Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother of 
Artiante, lier husband's mistresS: and cut off 
her nose, ears, lips, breast, tongtie. and eye 
brows. She also buried alive 14 noble Persian 
youths, t\} appease the deities under the earth. 

Herodof. 7, c. 61, 1. 9, c. 111. A daughter of 

Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. Diod. 20. 

Amida, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged 
^nd taken by Sapor, king of Persia. Atnmian. 
19. 

Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of great 
eloquence and cunning, surnamed Rhodanus. 
When the Athenians were afraid of Alexan- 
der, Amilcar went to his camp, gained his 
confidence, and secretly transmitted an ac- 
count of all his schemes to Athens. Trogus. 

21, c.6. A Carthaginian, whom the Syra- 

cusans called to their assistance against the 
tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their city. 
Amilcar soon after favoured the interest of 
Agathocles, for which he was accused at Car- 
thage. He died in Syracuse, B. C. 309. Diod. 

20. — Justiyi £2, c. 2 and 3. A Carthaginian. 

surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated 
Annibal. He was general in Sicily during the 
first Punic war ; and after a peace had been 
made with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion 
of slaves who had besieged Carthage, and ta- 
ken many towns of Africa, and rendered 
themselves so formidable to the Carthaginians 
that they begged and obtained assistance from 
Rome. After this, he passed into Spain with 
his son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, 
and laid the foundation of the town of Barcelo- 
na. He was killed in a battle against the Vet- 
tones, B. C. 237. He had formed the plan of 
an invasion of Italy, by crossing the Alps, 
which his son afterwards carried into execu- 
tion. His great enmity to the Romans was 
the cause of the second Punic Avar. He used 
to say of his three sons, that he kept three 
lions to devour the Roman power. C. JVep. 
in Vit.—Liv. 21, c. l.—Polyb. 2.—Plut. in 
Jlnnih. A Carthaginian general, who assis- 
ted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken 
by Cn. Cornelius. Liv. 32, c. 30, 1. 33, c. 

8. A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by 

Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated 
at Salarais by Themistocles. He burnt him- 
self, that his body might not be found among 
the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him. 
Herodot. 7, c. 165, &c. 

Aiviir.os, or Amilus, a river of Mauritania, 
where the elephants go to wash themselves 

by moonshine. Plin. 8, c. 1. A town of 

Aj-cadia. Pans, in Arcadic. 

Amimune, or Amymune, a daughter of Da- 
naus, changed into a fountain which is near 
Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. Ovid. 
Met. 2, V. 240. 

Aminea, or Amminea, a part of Campa- 
nia, where the inhabitants are great husband- 
men. Its wine was highly esteemed. Virg. 
G. 2, V. 97. A place of Thessaly. 

Aminias, a famous pirate, who'm Antigo- 
nus employed against Apollodorus, tyrant of 
Cassandrea. Polycpn. 4, c. 18. 

AminiuS; a river of Arcadia, Paus. 8, 
c. 30, 



AM 

Aminocles, a native of Corinth, who flour- 
ished 705 B. C. kc. 
Amisjena, acountiy of Cappadocia. Stmb. 

Amisias, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes 
ridiculed for his insipid verses. 

Amissas, an oificer of Megalopolis in Alex- 
ander's army. Curt. 10, c, 8. 

Amiternum, a town of Italy, where Sal- 
lust was born. The inhabitants assisted Tur- 
nus against ^neas. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 710. — 
Plin. 3, c. b.—Lit. 28, c. 45. 

Ar.iiTHAON, or Amythaon, was father to 
Melarapus the famous prophet. Stat. Theb. 
3, V. 451. 

Ammalo, a festival in honour of Jupiter m 
Greece. 

Ammiaxus. Vid. Marcellinus! 

Ammon, and Hammon, a name of Jupiter, 
worshipped in Libya. He appeared under the 
form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to 
othei-s, to Bacchus, Avho, with his army, suf- 
fered the greatest exti'emities for want of wa- 
ter, in the deserts of Africa, and showed him 
a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a tem- 
ple to his father, under the name of Jupiter 
Ammon, i. e. sandy, with the horns of a ram. 
The ram, accordingto some, was made a con- 
stellation. The temple of Jupiter Ammon 
was in the deserts of Libya, nine days journey 
from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, 
which; according to ancient tradition, was es- 
tablished about 18 centm-ies before the time of 
Augustus, by two doves, which flew away from 
Thebais in Egypt, and came, one to Dodona, 
and the other to Libya, where the people were 
soon informed of their divine mission. The 
oracle of Haramon was consulted by Hercules, 
Perseus, and others ; but when it pronounced 
Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flat- 
tery destroyed its long established reputation, 
and in the age of Plutarch it was scarce knomi . 
The situation of the temple was pleasant ; and 
according to Ovid. Met. 15, v. 31t> — Lucref. 

6, V. 847. — Herodot. in Mclpom. — Ci'rt. 4, c. 

7. there was near it a fountain, whose waters 
were cold at noon and midnight, and warm in 
the morning and evening. There were above 
100 priests in the temple, but only the elders 
delivered oracles. There was also an oracle 
of Jupiter Ammon in .Ethiopia. Plin. 6, c. 
29.— Sfrab. 1, 11 and 17.— Plut. cur orar. edi 
desierint, 4-' wi Isid. — Curt. 6, c. 10, 1. 10, c 
5— Herodot. 1, c. 6, 1. 2, c. 32 and 55, 1. 4, c. 
44.— Paus. 3, c. 18,1. 4, c.2S.—Hygin. fab. 
133. Poet, astr.2, c. 20.— Jusiin. i, c. 9, 1 
11, c. II. A king of Libya, father to Bac- 
chus. He gave his name to the temple of 
Haramon, accordingto Diod. 8. 

Ammok and Brothas, two brothers fa- 
mous for their skill in boxing. Ovid. Met. o, 
V. 107. 

Ammonia, a name of Juno in Elis, as be- 
ing the wife of Jupiter Ammon. Paus. 5, c. 15. 

Ammu.mi, a nation of Africa, who derived 
their origui from the Egj'ptians and JEih\o[n- 
ate. Tiieir language was a mixture of that of 
(he two people from whom they were descen- 
ded. Herodot. 2, 3 and 4. 

Ammonius, a christian philosopher, wh<? 
opened asciioolof platonic philosophy at Alex 
andria, 232 A. 1). and had among his pupils 
Ori?en and Plotinus. His treati?;c ii»r« o.<.eiwK 



AH 

was publishecl in 4to. by Vaclkenaer, L. Bat. 
1739. A writer who gave an account of sa- 
crifices, as also^ a treatise on the harlots of 

Athens. Alhen. 13. An Athenian general 

surnamed Barcas. Polnh. 3. 

Ammothea, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. 
Thedg. 

Amnias, a river of Bithynia. ^pian. de 
bell. Mithr, 

AMKises, a port of Gnossus, at the north 
of Crete, with a small river of the same name, 
near which Lucina had a temple. The 
nymphs of the place were called Aranisiades. 
€allim. 

Am(eb.«us, an Athenian player of great 
reputation, who sung at the nuptials of Deme- 
trius and Nicaea. Polycen. 4, c. 6. 

Amometus, a Greek historian. Plin. 6, 
|:.17. 

Amor, the son of Venus, was the god of 
love. Vid. Cupido. 

Amorges, a Persian genei-al, killed in 
Caria in the reign of Xerxes. Herodot. 5, 
c. 121. 

Amorgos, an island among the Cyclades, 
wliere Simonides was bom. Strab. 10. 

Ampelus, a promontory of Samoa. ^A 

town of Crete, — ^Macedonia, — Liguria, — and 
Cyrene. K favourite of Bacchus, son of a 



satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after 
death. Ovid. Fa^t. 3, v. 407. 

Ampelusia, a promontory of Africa, in 
Mauritania. Mela, 1, c. 5 and 6. 

Ar^PHEA, a city ef Messenia, taken by the 
Lacedaemonians. Paus. 4, c. 5. 

Amphailaus, a famous dancer in the island 
of the Phaeacians. Homer. Od.S. 

AriPHiANAX, a king of Lycia in the time of 
Acrisius and Prcetus. ^pollod. 2, c. 2. 

Amphiaraus, son ofOicleus, or according 
to others, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra, w^as 
at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and ac- 
companied the Argonauts in their expedi- 
tion. He was famous for his knowledge of fu- 
turit}', and thence he is called by some son of 
Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of 
Adrastus king of Argos, by whom he had two 
sons, Alcmason and Amphilochus. When A- 
drastus, at the request of Polynices, declared 
war against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted him- 
self, not to accompany his brother-in-law in an 
expedition in which he knew* he was to perish. 
But Eriphyle, wlio knew where he had con- 
cealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray 
liim by Polynices, who gave her, as a reward 
for her perfidy, a famous golden necklace set 
'wfth diamonds. Amphiaraus being thus dis- 
covered, went to the war, but previously char- 
ged his son Alcmson, to put to death his mo- 
ther Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that 
be was killed. The Theban war w^as fatal to 
the Argives, and ximphiareius was swallowed 
np in his chariot by the earth as he attempted 
to retire from the battie. The news of his 
flcnth was brought io Alcmaeon, who immedi- 
ately executed his father's command, and mur- 
dered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine 
Jionours after death, and had a celebrated tem- 
ple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His sta- 
tae was made of w hite marble, and near his 
fomple v/as a fountain, whose waters were ever 
ijcld sacred. They only who had consulted 
Ills oracle, Oi* had been delivered from a dis- 



AM 

ease, werd permitted to bathe in it, after whicfe 
they threw pieces of gold and silver into the 
stream. Those who consulted the oracle of 
Amphiaraus, first purified themselves, and ab- 
stained from food for 24 hours, and three days 
from wine, after which they sacrificed a ram 
to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the 
ground, upon which they slept in expectatioa 
of receiving in a dream the answer of the ora- 
cle. Plutarch de oral, defect, mentions, 
that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once con- 
sulted in the time of Xerxes, by one of the ser- 
vants of Mardonius, for his master, who was 
then with em array in Greece ; and that the ser- 
vant, when asleep, saw in a dream the priest 
of the temple, who upbraided him, and drove 
him away, and even threw stones at his head 
when he refused to comply. This oracle was 
verified in the death of Mardonius, who was 
actually killed by the blow of a stone he re- 
ceived on the head. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 40. — 
Philostr. in vit. ^ollon. 2, c. 11. — Homer. 
Od. 15, v. 243, kc.—Hygin. fab. 70, 73, 128 
and 150.— Diod. 4.~~0vid. 9, fab. 10.— Paws. 

1, c. 34, 1. 2, c. 37, 1. 9, c. 8 and 19.— ^scliyl. 
Sept. ante Theb. — Apollod. 1, c.^8 and 9, 1. 3, c. 
6, k.c.— Strab. Q. 

Amphiaraides, a patronymic of Alcmae- 
on, as being son of Amphiai-aus, Ovid. Fcui. 

2, V. 43. 

Amphicrates, an historian who wrote th© 
lives of illustrious men. Diag. 

AMPHicTYorf, son of Deucalion and Pyr- 
rha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and first 
attempted to give the interpretation of dreams, 
and to draw omens. Some say, that the deK 

uge happened in his age. Justiii. 2, c. 6. r 

The son of Helenus, who first established the 
celebrated council of the Amphidyons, compo- 
sed of the wisest and most virtuous men of 
some cities of Greece. This august assembly 
consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the 
following states ; the lonians, Dorians, Perhae- 
bians, Boeotians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locri- 
ans, Malians, Phociaus, Thessalians, Dolopes, 
and the people of (Eta. Other cities in pro- 
cess of time sent also some of their citizens to 
the council of the Amphictyons, and in the 
age of Antoninus Pius, they were increased to 
the number of 30. They generally met twice 
every year at Delphi, and sometimes sat at 
Thermopylas. They took into consideration 
all matters of difference which might exist be- 
tween the different states of Greece. When 
the Phocians plundered the temple of Delphi, 
the Amphictyons declared war against them, 
and this war was supported by all the states of 
Greece, and lasted 10 year.?. The Phocians 
with their allies, the Lacedaemonians, were de- 
prived of the privilege of sitting in the council 
of the Amphictyons, and the Macedonians 
were admitted into their place, for their servi- 
ces in support of the w'ar. About 60 years af- 
ter, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded 
Greece, the Phocians behaved with such cour- 
age, that they were reinstated in all their for- 
mer privileges. Before tiiey proceeded to bu- 
siness, the Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the 
god of Delphi, andcuthisfiesh into small pie- 
ces, intimating tiiat ufiion and unanimity pre- 
vailed in the several cities which they repre- 
sented. Their decisions were held sacred and 
inviolable, and even aims were taken up tc 



i\ 



Ail 

^kiorce them. Pans, in Phocii. ^ Schdic. 
—Strab. S.—Suidas. — Hesych.—^diin. 

Amphiclea, a town of Phocis, where Bac- 
chus had a temple. 

Amphidamus, a son of Aleus, brother to 
Lycurgus. He was of the family of the Ina- 
chidae. Paus, 8, c. 4. One of the Argo- 
nauts. Flac. 1, V. 376. A son of Busiris, 

killed by Hercules, ^pollod. 2, c. 5. 

Amphidromia, a festival obser\'ed by pri- 
vate families at Athens, the fifth day after the 
birth of every child. It was customary to run 
round the fire with a child in their arms ) 
whence the name of the festivals. 

Amphigenia, a town of Messenia in Pe- 
loponnesus. Stat. 4. TVtet/. v. 178. 

Amphilochus, a son of Amphiaraus and 
Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he left Ar- 
gos,his native country, and built Amphilochus, 
a town of Epirus. Strab. 7. — Paus. 2, c. 18. 

An Athenian philosopherwho wrote upon 

agriculture. Varro de R. R. 1. 

Amphilytus, a sootlisayer of Acarnania, 
who encouraged Pisistratus to seize the sove- 
reign power of Athens, Herodot. 1, c. 62. 

Amphimache, a daughter of Amphidamus, 
wife of Eurystheus. Jipollod. 2. 

Amphimachus, one of Helen's suitors, 
son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. 

Apollod. 3, c, 10. — Hygin. fab. 97. A son 

01 Actor and Theronice. Paus. 5, c. 3. 

Amphimedon, a Libyan killed by Perseus 
in the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 75. 

One of Penelope's suitors killed by Tele- 

machus. Homer. Od. 22, v. 283. 

Amphinome, the name of one of the at- 
tendants of Thetis. Homer. II. 18, v. 44. 

Amphinomus, one of Penelope's suitors, 
killed by Telemachus. Homer. Od. 16 and 22. 

Amphinomus and A;?apius, two brothers, 
who, when Catana and the neighbouring cities 
were in flames, by an eruption from mount 
jEtna, saved their parents upon their shoulders. 
"The fire, as it is said, spared them Avhile it 
consumed others by dieir side ; and Pluto, to 
reviard their uncommon piety, placed them 
after death in the island of Leuce, and they 
received divine honours in Sicily. Val. Max. 
5, c. 4.— Strab. 6.—Itat. 14, v. 197.— Seneca, 
de Benef. 

Amphion, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope 
daughter of Nycteus, who had married Lycus, 
and had been repudiated by him when he 
married Dirce, Amphion was born at the 
same birth as Zethus, on mount €itheron, 
where Antiope had fled to avoid the resent- 
ment of Dirce ; and the two children were 
exposed in the woods, but preserved by a shep- 
herd. [Vid. Antiope.'] When Amphion grew 
up, he cultivated poetry, and made such an 
uncommon progress in music, that he is said 
to have been the inventor of it, and to have 
built the walls of Thebes at the sound of his 
lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave 
him the lyre. He was the first who raised an 
altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion united 
to avenge the wrongs which their mother had 
suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. They 
besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to death, 
and tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, who 
dragged her through precipices till she expired. 
The fable of Amphion's moving stones and 
raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his 



AM 

pRKuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and ubgI- 
vilized people to unite together and build a 
town to protect themselves against the attacks 
of their enemies. Homer. Od* 11. — Apollod. 
3, c. oand \0.—Paus.Q, c.6, 1. 6, c, 20, 1. 9, 
c. Sand 17. — Proper! . 3, el, 15. — Ovid. de Art. 
Am. 3, v.S23.—Horat.S, od. 11. Art. Poet. 

V. 394.--Stat. Theb. 1, v. 10. A son of Ja- 

sus, king of Orchomenos, by Persephone 
daughter of Mius. He married Niobe, daugh- 
ter of Tantalus, by whom he had many chil- 
dren, among whom was Chloris the wife of 
Neleus. He has been confounded by mytho- 
lo^ists witii the son of Antiope, though Homer 
in his Odyssey speaks of them both, and distin- 
guishes them beyond contradiction. The num- 
ber of Amphion's children, according to Ho- 
mer, was 12, six of each sex ; according to 
Julian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven 
males and seven females. When ISlobe boast- 
ed herself greater, and more deserving of im- 
mortality than Latona, all her children, ex- 
cept Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of 
Apollo and Diana ; Niobe herself was changed 
into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a 
fit of despair. Homer. Od. 11, v. 261 and 282,- 
—JElia?!. V. H. 12, v. 3Q.'—0vid. Met. 6, fab. 

5, One of the Argonauts. Hygin. fab. 14. 

A famous painter and statuaiy, son of 

Acestor of Gnossus. Plin. 36, c. 10. One 

of the Greek genemls in the Trojan war. 
Homer. II. 13, v. 692. 

Amphipoles, magistrates appointed at Sy- 
racuse, by Timoleon, after the expulsion of 
Dionysius the younger. The otfice existed for 
above 300 years. Diod. 16. 

Amphipolis, a town on the Strymon, be- 
tween Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian 
colony under Agnon, son of Nicias, drove the 
ancient inhabitants, called Edonians, from the 
country, and built a city, which they called 
Amphipolis, i.e. a town surrounded on all sides» 
because the Strymon flowed all around it. It 
has been also called Acra, Strymon, Myrica, 
Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause 
of many wars between the Athenians and 
Spartans. Thucyd. 4, c. 102, he— Herodot. 
5, c, 126, 1, 7, c. 114.— i>/o^. 11, 12, &c.— 
C. JVep. in dm. 

AiMPHiPYRos, a surname of Diana, be- 
cause she carries a torch in both her hands, 
Sophocles, in Track. 

Amphiretus, a man of Acanthus, who 
artfully escaped from pirates who had made 
him prisoner, Polyan. 6. 

Amphiuoe, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
Theog. v. 361. 

Amphis, a Greek comic poet of Athens, 
son of Amphicrates; contemporary with Plato. 
Besides his comedies, he wrote other pieces, 
which are now lost. S^iidas. — Diog. 

Amphisb.«:na, a two-headed serpent iii 
the desei-ts of Libya, whose bite was venomous 
and deadly. Lucan. 9, v. 719. 

Amphissa, or Issa, a daughter of Ma- 
careus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her 
name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in which 
was a temple of Miner\'a. Liv. 317, c, 5. — 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 703.— Lucan. 3, v. 172. 
A town of the Brutii on the east coast. 

Amphissene, a country of Armenia. 

Amphissus, a son of Dryope. Ovid. Met. 
9, fab. 10. 

\ ui'm>i«vvvc. a T :<r'>(1^rr)pnian, who 



AM 

fell delirious in sacrificing to Diana. Pans. 3, 
c. 16. 

Amphistidks, a man so naturally destitute 
of iutellects, that he seldom remembered that 
he ever had a father. He wished to learn 
arithmetic, but never could comprehend be- 
yond the figure 4. Jlrisiot. probl. 4. 

Amphistratus and Rhecas, two men of 
Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. 
Strab. 11. — Justin. 42, c. 3. 

Amphitea, the mother of iEgialeus, by 
Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, 
D'eipyle, and iEgialea, by Adrastus king of 
Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. ^pol- 

lod. 1. The wife of Autolycus, by whom 

she had Anticlea, the wife of Laertes. Ho- 
mer. Od. 19, V. 416. 

Amphitheatrum, a large round or oval 
building at Rome, where the people assembled 
to seethe combats of gladiators, of wild beasts, 
and other exhibitions. • The amphitheatres of 
Rome were generally built with wood ; Stati- 
lius Taurus was the first who made one with 
stones, under Augustus. 

Amphithemis, a Theban general, who 
involved the Lacedaemonians into a war with 
iiis country. Plul. in Lys. — Pans. 3, c. 0. 

Amphjthoe, one of the Nereides. 

Amphitrite, daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys, married Neptune, though she had 
mads a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had 
by him Triton, one of the sea deities. She 
had a statue at Corinth in the temple of Nep- 
tune. She is sometimes called Salatia, and is 
often taken for the sea itself. Varro. de L. L. 
4. — Hcsiod. Theog. 930. — AjwUod. 3. — Clau- 
dian de Rapt. Pros. 1, v. 104. — Ovid. Met. 1, 
V. 14. — One of the Nereides. 

AaiPiiiTRYON, a Theban prince, son of 
AlccEus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo 
had married Electryon king of MycenfB, whose 
sons Were killed in a battle by the Teleboans. 
Electryon promised his crown, and daughter 
Alcmena, to him who could revenge the death 
of his sons upon the Teleboans ; and Ara})hi- 
tryon offered himself, and was received, on 
condition that he should not approach Alcmena 
before he had obtained a victory. Jupiter, 
who was captivated with the charms of Alc- 
mena, borrowed the features of Amphitryon, 
when he wa? gone to tiie war, and introduced 
himself to Electryon's daughter, as her hus- 
band returned victorious. Alcmena became 
pregnant of Hercules, by Jupiter, and of 
iphiclus by Amphitryon after his return. 
{Vid. Mcvicna.] When Amphitiyon returned 
from the war, he brought back to Electryon, 
the herds wiiich the Teleboans had taken from 
him. One of tlie cows having strayed from 
the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together, 
tlirew a stick, which struck the horns of the 
cow, and rebounded with such violence upon 
Electryon, that .he died on the spot. After 
tills accidental murder,Sthenelus, Electiyon's 
brother, seized the kingdom of Mycenaj, and 
obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and re- 
tire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon, king 
of Thebes, purified him of the murder, .^pol- 
lud. 2, c. 4.—Vir^. JEn. 8, v. 2l'3.—Properi. 
4, el. 10, V. 1. — Ilcdod in Soiit. Ilcrcul. — Hy- 
gin. fab. 29.— Pans. S, c. 14. 

Ami'iiituyoniades, a surname of Hercules, 
as the supposed sou of Amphitryon, lug. 
JLn, 8, V. lua 



AM 

Atiiphitus, a priest of Ceres, at the court ol 
Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 5. 

Amphoterus, was appointed commander 
of a Heet in the Hellespont by Alexander, 
Curt. 3, c. 1. ^A son of Alcmaeon. 

Amphrysos, a river of Thessaly, near 
which Apollo, when banished from heaven, 
fed the flocks of king Admetus, From this 
circumstance the god has been called Am- 
phryssius, and his priestess Amphryssia. Ovid. 
Met. 1, V. 580. — Lucan. 6^ v. S67.~-Virg. G. 3, 

v. 2. JEn. 6, V. 398. A river of Phrygia 

whose waters rendered women liable to bar- 
renness. Plin. 32, c. 2. 

Ampia Labiena Lex was enacted by T. Am- 
pius and A. Labienus, tribunes of the people, 
A. U. C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the 
privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and 
with a golden crown at the Circensian games, 
and with a prastesta and golden crown at the- 
atrical plays. 

Ampracia. [Vid. Ambracia.] 

Ampysxdes, a patronymic of Mopsus, son of 
Ampyx. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 316. 

Ampyx, a son of Pelias. Paus. 7, c. 18. 

A man mentioned by Ovid. Met. 6, v. 184.—-— 
The father of Mopsus. Orpli. in Argon. — Paus: 
5, c. 17. 

Ams ACTUS, a lake in the country of the Hir- 
pini, at the east of Capua, whose waters are 
so sulphureous that they infect and destroy 
whatever animals come near the place. It 
was through this place that Virgil made the 
fury Alecto descend into hell, after her visit 
to the upper regions. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 565.— 
Cic. de Div. 1, c. 36, 

Amulius, king of Alba, was son of Procas, 
and youngest brother to Numitor. The 
crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth ; 
but Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even 
put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated 
his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of 
Vesta, to prevent her ever becoming a mo- 
ther. Yet, in spite of all these precautions, 
Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and 
bi-ought forth twins, Romulus and Remus. 
Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered 
the mother to be buried alive for violating the 
laws of Vesta, which enjoined perpetual chas- 
tity, and the two children to be thrown into 
the river. They were providentially saved by 
some shepherds, or, as others say, by a she- 
wolf; and when they had attained the years 
of manhood, they put to death the usurper, 
Amulius, and restored the crown to their 
grandfather. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 67. — Liv. 1, c 
3 and 4. — Plut. iji Romul. — F/or. 1, c. 1. — JD/o- 

7iys. Hal. A celebrated painter. Plin. 35, 

c. 10. 

Amvci Portus, a place in Pontus, famous 
for the death of Amycus king of the Bebryces. 
His tomb was covered with laurels, whose 
boughs, as is reported, when carried on board 
a ship, caused uncommon dissentions among 
the sailors. Plin. 5, c. 32. — Arrian. 

Amvcla, a daughter of Niobe, who, with 
her sister Melibcea, was spared by Diana, 
when her mother boasted herself greater than 

Diana. Paus. 2, c. 22. Homer says that 

all the daughters perished. 11.24. [^7rf. JNi- 
obe.] The mn-se of Alcibiades. 

Amvci, ^:, a town of Ilaiy between Caieta 
and Tarricina, built b}' the companions of Ca.s- 
tur and Pollux. The inhabitant'? were blrict 



1 



AM 

followers of the precepts of P5rthagoras, and 
therefore abstained from flesh. They were 
killed by serpents, which they thought inripious 
to destroy, though in their own defence. Plin 
8, c. 29. Once a report prevailed in Amyclaj 
that the enemies were coming to storm it; 
upon which the inhabitants made a law, that 
forbade such a report to be credited, and when 
the enemy really arrived, no one mentioned 
it, or took up arms in his own defence, and 
the town was easily taken. From this circum- 
stance the epithet of tacitK has been given to 
Amyclae. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 564.— Sj7. 8, v. 529. 

A city of Peloponnesus, built by Amyclas. 

Castor and Pollux were born there. The 
country was famous for dogs, Apollo, called 
Amyclaeus, had a rich and magnificent temple 
there, surrounded with delightful groves. 
Pans. 3, c. IS.—Stat. Theb. 4, v. 223.— Strab. 
S.— Virg. G. 3, v. 34o.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 

a, V. 5. 

Amycl^us, a statuaiy. Paus. 10, c. 13. 

A surname of Apollo. 

Amyclas, son of Lacedsem^on and Sparta, 
built the city of Amyclag. His sister Eurydice 
married Acrisius, king of Argos, by whom she 

had Danae. Paus. 3, c. 1, 1. 7, c. 18. The 

master of a ship in which Cajsar embarked in 
disguise. AVhen Amyclas wished to put back 
to avoid a violent storm, Caesar unveiling his 
head, discpvered himself, and bidding the pilot 
pursue his X^oyage, exclaimed, Ccesarem vehis, 
Casarisque forlunam. Lucan. 5,y. 520. 

Amycus, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bi- 
thynis according to^others, was king of the Be- 
bryces. He was famous for his skill in the ma- 
nagement of the cestus, and he challenged all 
strangers to a trial of strength. When the 
Argonauts, in their expedition, stopped on his 
coasts, he treated them with great kindness, 
and Pollux accepted his challenge, and killed 
him when he attempted to overcome him by 
fraud. Jipollon. 2. Argon. — Theocrit. Id. 22. 

—^Apollon. 1, c. 9. One of the companions 

of iEneas, who almost perished in a storm on 
i\\e coast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. 

Virg. Mn. 1, v. 225, 1. 9, v. 772. Another, 

likewise killed by Turnus. lb. 12, v. 509. 

A son of Ixion and the cloud. Ovid, Met. 12, 
V. 245. 

Amydon, a city of Paeonia, in Macedonia, 
which sent auxiliaries to Priam during the 
Trojan war. Homer . 11.2, 

AmvmOne, daughter of Danaus and Europa, 
married Enceladus, son of Egyptus, whom she 
murdered the first night of her nuptials. She 
wounded a satyr with an an*ow which she had 
aimed at a stag. The satyr pursued her, and 
even ottered her violence, but Neptune deli- 
vered her. It was said, that she was the only 
one of the 50 sisters who was not condemned 
to fill a leaky tub with water in hell, because 
she had been continually employed, by order 
of her father, in supplying the city of Argos 
with water, in a great drought. Neptune saw 
her in this employment, and was enamoured 
of her. He carried her away, and in the plaee 
where she stood, he raised a fountain, by stri- 
king a rock. The fountain has been called 
Amymone. She had Nauplius by Neptune. 
Propcrl. 2, el. 26, v. 4^.—Apollod. 2.— Strab. 
a.— Paus. 2, c. 37.— Ovid. Amor. 1, v. 515.— 

Hj/^in. fub. 169. A fountain and rivnlet of 

10 



AM 

Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis intX» 
the lake of Lerna. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240. 

Amyntas, 1st, was king of Macedonia after 
his father Alectas. His son Alexander mur- 
dered the ambassadors of Megabyzus for their 
w-anton and insolent behaviour to the ladies of 
his father's court. Bubares, a Persian general, 
was sent with an army to revenge the death of 
the ambassadors ; but instead of making war, 
he married the king's daughter, and defended 
his possessions. Justin. 7, c. 3. — Herodot. 5, 

7 and 8. The second of that name was son 

of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia, after his 
murder of Pausanias. He was expelled by the 
lUyrians, and restored by the Thessalians and 
Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians 
and Olyiithians, ant! lived to a great age. His 
wife Emydice conspired against his life ; but 
her snares were seasonably discovered by one 
of his daughters by a former wife. He hsui 
Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander 
the Great's father, by his first wife ; and by 
the other he had Archelaus, Aridesus, and Me- 
nelaus. He reigned 24 years ; and soon after 
his death, his son Philip murdered all his bro- 
thers, and ascended the throne. Justin. 7, c. 
4 and 9.—Diod. 14, k.c.—C. Xep. 8^ Plul. inPe- 

lopid. There is another king of Macedonia 

of the same name, but of his life few particu- 
lars are recorded in histoiy. A man who 

succeeded Dejotarus in the kingdom of Gal- 
logra3cia. After his death it became a Roman 

province under Augustus. Strab. 12. One 

of Alexander's officers. Another officer 

who deserted to Darius, and was killed as he 
attempted to seize Egypt. Curt. 3, c. 9. 
A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself 
from Macedonia, because he hated Alexander. 

An officer in Alexander's cavalry. He 

had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon, 
He was accused of conspiracy against the king, 
on account of his great intimacy with Philotas, 
and acquitted. Curt. 4, c. 15, 1. 6, c. 9, 1. 8, e. 

12. A shepherd's name in Virgil's Eclog. 

A Greek writer who composed severalv 



works quoted by Athenaeus 10 and 12. 

Amyntianus, an historian in the age of An- 
toninus, who wrote a treatise in commenda- 
tion of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander. 

Amyktor, a king of Argos, son of Phras- 
tor. He deprived his son Phcenix of his eyes, 
to punish him for the violence he had offered 
to Clytia, his concubine. Hygin. fab. 173. — 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 307.— Apollod. 3.— Homer. II 

9. A general of the Dolopes. Ovid. Met, 

12, V. 364. A son of .ffigj'ptus, killed by 

Damone the first night of his marHage. Hy- 
gin. fab. 170. 

Amyris, a man of Sybaris, who consulted 
the oracle of Delphi concerning the probable 
duration of his countr}''s prosperity, kc. 

Amykicus Casipus, a plain of Thessaly. 
Polyb. 3. 

Amyrius, a king by whom Cyrus was killeil 
'n\ a battle. Clcsiaa. 

Amyrus, a town of Thessaly. A river, 

mentioned by Val. Flacc. 2, v. 11. 

A.MYSTI9, a river of India, falling into the 
Ganges. An-ian iyi Indie. 

Amythaoji, a son of Cretheus, king of lol- 
chos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, by 
whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his 
father's death, he e5t8L'?]i5hc!Li hijnself in Mcs- 



AN 

seuia, with Lis brother Neleus, and re-esta- 
Vlfshed or regulated the Olympic games. — 
Melampus is called Amythaoriius, from his fa- 
ther Amythaon. Virg. G. 3, v. 550. — Diod. 4. 

Apollod. 1. — llomer. Od. 11. A son of Hip- 

pasus, who assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
and was kiUed by Lycomedes. Homer. II. 17. 

Amytis.. a daughter of Astyages, whom Cy- 

r'us married. Ctesias. A daughter of Xerses, 

who married Megabyzus, and disgraced her- 
self by her debaucheries. 

Anacks or Anactes, a name given to Cas- 
tor and Pollux among the Athenians. Their 
festivals were called Anaceia. Flut. in Thes. 
Cic.^'. D. 3, c. 21. 

Anaciiarsis, a Scythian philosopher, 592 
B. C. who, on account of his wisdom, temper- 
ance, and extensive knowledge, hasbeen called 
one of the seven wise men. Like his country- 
men, he made use of a cart instead of a house. 
He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, 
which can stop only small flies, and are unable 
to resist the superior force of large insects. 
When he returned to Scythia, from Athens, 
where he had spent some time in study, and in 
tlie friendship of Solon, he attempted to intro- 
duce there the laws of the Athenians, which so 
irritated his brother, who was then on the 
throne, that he killed him with an arrow. Aii- 
acharsis has rendered himself famous among 
the ancients by his writings, and his poems on 
war, the laws of Scythia, &;c. Two of his let- 
ters to Crcesus and Hanno are still extant. 
Later auth?)rs have attributed to him the in- 
vention of tinder, of anchors, and of the pot- 
ter's wheel. The name of Anaciiarsis is be- 
come very familial* to modern ears, by that 
elegant, valuable, and truly classical work of 
Barthelemi, called the travels of Anacharsis. 
Ilcrodol. 4, c. 46, 47 and 4S. — Pint, in Conviv. 
—Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 32.— Slrab. 7. 

Anacium, a mountain with a temple, sa- 
cred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. Polycen. 
3, C.21. 

Anacreon, a famous lyric poet of Teos. 
in Ionia, highly favoured by Polycra.tes and 
Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus. He was of a 
lascivious and intemperate disposition, much 
given to drinking, and deeply ejiamoured of a 
yor.th called Bathyllus. His odes are still ex- 
tant, and the uncommon sweetness and ele- 
gance of his poetry have been the admiration 
of every age and country. Fie lived to his 
Soth year, and after every excess of pleasure 
and debauchery, choked himself with a grape 
.stone, and expired. Plato says, tliat he was 
descended from an illustrious family, and that 
Codrus, the last king of Athens, was one of his 
progenitors. Hi» statue Vvas placed in the ci- 
tadel of Athens, i-epresenting him as an old 
drunken man, singing, with every mark of dis- 
:{ipation and intemperance. Anacreon flou- 
rished 532 B. C. All that ho wrote is not ex- 
Cant ; his odes wore flrst puhlished by fl. Ste- 
phens, with an elegant translation. The best 
editions of Anacreon are, that of Maittaire, 
4to. London, 1725, of which only one hundred 
copies wei-e printed, and the very correct one 
of Barnes, 12mo. Cantab. 1721, to Vvhich may 
be added that of Brunck, 12mo. Argentor, 
•1778. Pans. 1, c. 2, 25.— Slrab. U.—.T.Uan. 
r. //. 9, c. 4.— Cic. in Tusc. 4, c. 33.—Ifor(U. 
epod. 14, V. 20.~P^w. 7, c. 7.— J/trurfo^. 3, c. 
121. 



village 



of Atticai 



The 



vir- 



AN 

AxACTORiA and Anactoripm, a town of Epr' 
rus, in a peninsula towards the gulf of Ambra- 
cia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, 
ana was the cause of many quarrels between 
the Corcyreans and Corinthians. — Augustus 
carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, 
after the battle of Actium. Strab. 10. — Thvcyd. 
1, c. 55. — Plin. 4, c. 1, 1. 5, c. 29. An an- 
cient name of Miletus. 

Anactorie, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly 
loved by Sappho. Ovid. Her. 15, v. 17. 

Anadyomene, a valuable painting of Ve- 
nus, represented as rising from the sea, by 
Apelles. Augustas bought it, and placed it in 
the temple of J. Caesar. The lower part of it 
was a little defaced, and there were found no 
painters in Rome able to repair it. Plin. 35, 
c. 10. 

Anagnia, now Jlndgni, a city of the Her- 
nici in Latium, where Antony stixick a medal 
when he divorced Octavia and married Cleo- 
patra. Virg. JEn. 7, v. m^.— Strab. b.—Ital. 
8, V. 392. 

Anagogia, a festival celebrated by the peo- 
ple of Eryx in Sicily, in honour of Venus. 
JElian. V. H. 1, c. 15. H. A. 4, c. 2. 

Anagyrontum, a small 
Herodot. 

Anaitis, a goddess of Armenia, 
gins who were consecrated to her service, 
esteemed themselv^es more dignified by public 
prostitution. The festivals of the deity were 
called Sacarum Fesia ; and when they were 
celebrated, both sexes assisted at the ceremo- 
ny, and inebriated themselves to such a decree 
that the whole Avas concluded by a scene ot tlie 
greatestlasciviousnessand intemperance. They 
were first instituted by C}rus, when he march- 
ed against the Sacje, and covered tables, with 
the most exquisite dainties, that he might de- 
tain the enemy by the novelty and sweetness 
of food to which they were unaccustomed, and 
thus easily destroy them. Slrab. 11. Dia- 
na is also worshipped under this name by the 
Lydians. Plin. 33, c. 4. 

Ananias, an Iambic poet. Allien. 

Anaphe, an island that rose out of the 
Cretan «ea, and received this name from the 
Argonauts, who, in the middle of astorm, sud- 
denly saw the new rnoon. Apollo was wor- 
shipped there, and called Anapha;us. Apol- 
lonliis. 

Anaphlystus, a small ijillage of Attica, near 
the sea, called after an ancient, hero of the 

same name, who was son of Troezen. A 

small village near Athens. 

Anapus, a river of Epirus. Thucyd. 2, 

c. 82. Of Sicily, near Syracuse. Id. 6^ 

c. 90. 

Anartes, a people of lower Pannonia. C<rs. 
6, bell. G. c. 25. 

Anas, a river of Spain, now called Guadi- 
ann. Sired). 3. 

Anatule, one of tho Horaf. Hygin. fab, 

183. A mountain near the Ganges, where 

Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia. 

AjfAucHiUAs, a Samian wrestler. Pans. 5, 
c.37. 

Anaurus, a rive? of Thcssaly, near the foot 
of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one of his 

sandals. CaHim. in Dian. A river of Troas 

near Ida. Colulh. 

Anausis, one of Medea's suitoi'S, killed by 
Sfyiust Val Place. 6, v. 43. 



1; 



AN 

AsAX, a SOB of Ccelu? and Terra, father to 
Aslerius, from whom Miletus has been called 
Anactoria. Pans. 1, c. 36, 1. 7, c. 2. 

Anaxagokas succeeded his father Mega- 
pentlies on the throne of Argos. He shared 
the sovereign power with Bias and Melam- 
pus, who had cured the women of Argos of 

madness. Pans. 2, c. 18. A Clazomenian 

philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to 
Anaximenes: and preceptor to Socrates, and 
Euripides. He disregarded wealth and honours, 
to indulge his fondness for meditation and phi- 
losophy. He applied himself to astronomy, was 
acquainted with eclipses, and predicted that 
one day a stone would fall from the sun, which 
it is said really fell into the river -3]gos. Anax- 
agoras travelled into Egypt for improvement, 
and used to say that he preferred a grain of 
wisdom to iieaps of gold. Pericles was in the 
number of his pupils, and often consulted him 
in matters of state ; and once dissuaded him 
from starving himself to death. The ideas of 
Anaxagoras, concerning the heavens, were 
wild and extravagant. He supposed tliat the 
sun was inflammable matter, about the bigness 
of Peloponnesus ; and that the moon was in- 
habited. The heavens he believed to be of 
stone, and the earth of similar materials. He 
was accused of impiety, and condemned to 
die ; but he ridiculed tlie sentence, and said it 
hadlongbeen pronounced upon him by nature. 
Being asked whether his body should be car- 
ried into his own country, he answered, no, 
as the road that led to the other side of the 
grave was as long from one place as the 
other. His scholar Pericles pleaded eloquent- 
ly and successfully for him, and the sen- 
tence of death was exchanged for banish- 
ment. In prison, the philosopher is said to 
have attempted to square the circle, or deter- 
mine exactly the proportion of its diameter 
to the circumference. When the people of 
Lampsacus asked him before his death, whe- 
ther he wished any thing to be done in com- 
memoration of him, Yes, says he, let the 
boys be allowed to play on the anniversEiry of 
my death. This was carefully observed, and 
that time dedicated to relaxation, was called 
Anaxagorsia. He died at Lampsacus in his 
seventy-second year, 428 B. C. His writings 
were not much esteemed by his pupil Soc- 
rates. Dios. m Vila. — Plut. in JVlcia ^ Pericl. 

—Cic. AcaJ^ q. 4, c^ 2S.—Tusc. 1, c. 43. 

A statuary of jEgiYia, Pans. 5, c. 23. A 

grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. Diog. 

An orator, disciple to Socrates. Diog. 

A son of Echeanaxj Avho, with his brothers 

Codrus and Dlodorus, destroyed Hegesias, ty- 
rant of Ephesus, 

Anaxander, of the family of the Hera- 
clidai, was son of Eurycrates, and king of 
Sparta. The second Messenian war began in 
his reign, in which Aristomanes so egregi- 
ously signalized himself His son was called 
Eurycrates. Herodot. 7, c. 204. — Plut. in 

Apoph. — Paus. 3, c. 3, 1. 4, c. 15 and IG. 

A general of Megalopolis, taken by the The- 
bans. 

AnaxandrVdks, son of Leon, and father 
to Cleomenes 1st, and Leonidas, was king of 
Sparta. By the order of the Ephori he di- 
vorced his wife, of whom he was extremely 

»nd, on accoant of her barrenness j anel he 



AN 

was the iirst Lacedsemonlaa who had two 
wives. Herodot. 1, Sand 7. — Plut.in Apoph. 

1. — Paus. 3, c. 3, ^c. A son of Theopom-» 

pus. Herodot. 8, c. 131 A comic poet of 

Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander. 
He was the first poetwho introduced intrigues 
and rapes upon the stage. He was of such a 
passionate disposition that he tore to pieces all 
his compositions which met with no success. 
He composed about ahundredplays, of which 
ten obtained the prize. Some fragments of 
his poetry remain in Athenajus. He was 
starved to death by order of the Athenians^ 
for satirizing their government. Aristot. 3, 
RJiet. 

Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, 
one of the followers of Democritus, and tlie 
friend of Alexander. When the monarch had 
been wounded in a battle, the philosopher 
pointed to the place, adding, that is human 
blood, and not the blood of a god. The free- 
dom of Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon at 
Alexander's table, and the tyrant, in revenge, 
seized the philosopher, and pounded him in a 
stone mortar with iron hammers. He bore 
this with much resignation, and exclaimed, 
'- Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou 
dost not pound his soul." Upon this, Nico- 
creon threatened to cut his tongue, and Anax- 
archus bit it otF with his teeth, and spit it out 
into the tyrant's face. Ovid. ^in lb. v. 511. — 
Plut. in Symp. 7. — Diog. in Vita. — Cic. in 
Tusc. 2, c. 22.—— A Theban general. Thucyd, 
8, c. 100. 

Anaxarete, a girl of Salarais, who so ar- 
rogantly despised the addresses of Iphis, a 
youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung 
himself at her door. She saw this sad spec- 
tacle without emotion or pity, and was chang- 
ed into a stone. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 748. 

Anaxenor, a musician, whom M. Anto- 
ny greatly honoured, and presented ,with the 
tribute of four cities. Slrab. 14. 

Anaxias, a Theban general, Paus. 2> 
c. 22. 

Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon, mo- 
ther of seven sons and two daughters by Nes- 
tor. Paus. 2, c. 29. A daughter of Bias^ 

brother to the physician Melarapus. She mar- 
ried Pelias, king of lolchos, by whom she had 
Acastus, and four daughters, Pisidice, Pelopea, 

Hippothoe, and Alceste. ApoUod. 1, c.9. 

She is called daughter of Dymas, by Hygin. 
fab. 14. 

Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon. Paus. 
10,c.23. 

Anaxjdamus, succeeded his father Zeuxi^ 
damns on the throne of Sparta, Paus. 3, c, 
7, 1. 4, c. 15. 

AnaxTlas and AnaxYlaus, a Messenian, 
tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and 
was so mild and popular during his reign, 
that when he died, 476 B. C. he left his in- 
fant sons to the care of one of his servants, 
and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave 
than revolt from their benevolent sovereign's 
children. Justin. 3, c. 2. — Paits. 4, c. 23, 1, 
5, c. ^a.—Thucyd. 6, c. 5.— Herodot. 6, c. 23, 
. 1. 7, c. 167. A magician of Larissa, banish- 
ed from Italy by Augustus. A Pythagorean 

philosopher. A physician. Plin. 19, c. 1. 

An historian, who began his history with 

hitter invectives against former writers. Dionys 



AN 

ffal. A Lacedaemonian. PIvt. Alcib.——-' 

A comic writer, about the 100 olympiad. 

Anasilides, wrote some treatises concern- 
ing philosophers, and mentioned that Pla- 
to's mother became pregnant by a phantom of 
fhe god Apollo, from which circumstance her 
son was called the prince of wi§dom. Diog. 
in Plut. 

Ajvaximander, a Milesian philosopher, the 
companion and disciple of Thales. He was the 
first who constructed spheres, asserted that the 
earth was of a cylindrical form, and thought that 
men were born of earth and water mixed toge- 
ther, and heated by the beams of the sun ; that 
fhe earth moved, and that the moon received 
light from the sun, which he considered as a cir- 
cle of fire like a wheel about 28 times bigger than 
the earth . He made the first geographical maps 
and sun dials. He died in the 64th year of his 
age, B. C. 547. Cic. Acad. Quatst. 4, c. 37.— 
Diog. in Vit.—Plin. 2, c. 79. Plut. Ph. He 
had a son who bore his name. Strab. 1. 

Anaximenes, a philosopher, son of Era- 
sistratus, and disciple of Anaximander, whom 
be succeeded in his school. He said that the 
air was the cause of every created being, and 
a self-existent divinity, and that the sun, the 
moon, and the stars, had been made from the 
earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and 
the heavens as a solid concave sphere, on which 
the stars were fixed like nails, an opinion pre-, 
valent at that time, and from which originated 
the proverb, t« » supw©^ i/tmiroi, if the heavens 
should fall ? to which Horace has alluded, 3 
Od. 3, v. 7. He died 504 years B. C. Cic. Acad. 
Qumt. 4, c. 37, de JVat. D. 1, c. 10. Plut. Ph. 

— Plin. 2, c. 76. A native of Lampsacus, 

5on of Aristocles. He was pupil to Diogenes 
the Cynic, and preceptor to Alexander the 
Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, he 
wrote the history. When Alexander, in a fit 
of anger, threatened to put to death all the in- 
habitants of Lampsacus, because they had 
maintained a long siege against him, Anaxime- 
nes was sent by his countrymen to appease the 
king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he 
would not grant the favour he was going to ask. 
Upon this, Anaximenes begged the king to de- 
stroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and 
by this artful request the city of Lampsacus 
was saved from destruction. Besides the life 
of Philip and his son, he wrote an history of 
Greece in 12 boolcs, all now lost. His nephew 
Lore the same name, and wrote an account of 
ancient paintings. Pans. 6, c. 18. — Val.Max. 
T, c. 3. Diog. in Vit. 

Anaxipolis, a comic poet of Thasos. Plin. 

14, c. 14. A writer on agriculture, likewise 

of Thasos. 

Anaxippus, a comic writer in the age of 
©emetrius. He used to say that philosophers 
were v/ise only in their speeches, but fools in 
their actions. Alhen. 

Anaxirriiok, a daugh.ter of Coronas, who 
married Epeus. Pavi. 5, c. 1. 

Akaxis, a Boeotian historian, who wrote 
an history down to the age of Philip son of 

Amyntas. Diod. 25. -A son of Castor and 

Hilaira. 
Anaxo, a virgin of Trcezene carried away 

by Theseus. Pint, in Thcs. A daughter of 

Ulceus, mother of Alcmene by EIectr}'on. 
A>'CiEUSj the son of Lycurgus anU Antinoe, 



AN 

was in the expedition of the Argonaufi!. He 
was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in 
which he perished. Hygin. fab. 173 and 248. — 

Ovid. Met. 8. The son of Neptune and 

Astypalaea. He went with the Argonauts, 



and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo , 
He reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia, 
daught(y of the Meeander, by whom he had 
four sons, Perilas, Enudas, Samus, Alithersus, 
and one daughter called Parthenope. Orpher 
us Argon. He was once told by one of his ser- 
vants, whom he pressed with hard labour in his 
vineyard, that he never would taste of the 
produce of his vines. He had already the cup 
in his hand, and called the prophet to convince 
him of his falsehood ; when the servant, yet 
firm in his prediction, uttered this wellknowa 
proverb, 

Multa cadunt inter calicem suprcmaque labra. 
And that very moment Anceus was told that a 
wild boar had entered his vineyard ; upon 
which he threw down the cup, and ran t» 
drive away the wild beast. He was killed iu 
the attempt. 

Ancalites, a people of Britain near the 
Trinobantes. Cas. Bell. G. 5, c. 21. 

Ancarios, a god of the Jews. Vid. Ant 
chialus. 

Ancharia, afamily of Rome. The name 

of Octavia's mother. Plut. in Anton. 

Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by the 
partizans of Marius during the civil wars with 
Sylla. Plut. in Mario. 

Anchemolus, gon of Rhcetus, king of the 
Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law, 
Casperia, for which he was expelled by his fa? 
ther. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by 
Pallas, son of Evander, in the wars ofiEneas 
against the Latins. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 389. 

Anchesites, a wind which blows from 
Anchisa, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad Attic. 
7, ep. 1. Dionys. Hal. , 

Anchesmus, a mountain of Attica, where 
Jupiter Anchesmius has a statue. 

Anchiale and Anchiala, a city on the sea 
coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king 
of Assyi-ia, built it, witli Tarsus in its neigh- 
bourhood, in one day. Strab. 14. — Plin. 5, c. 
27. The founder was buried there, and had a 
statue, under which was a famous inscription 
in the Syrian language, denoting the great in- 
temperance and dissipation which distinguish- 
ed all his life. There was a city of the same 
name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of 
Apollo. There was another in Epirus. Orid 
Prist. 1, el. 10, V. 36.— Plin. 4, c. U.—Mela, 
2, c. 2. 

Anchialus, a famous astrologer. A 

great warrior, father of Mentes, One of the 

Phaeacians Homer. Od. A god of the Jews., 

as some suppose, in JWarttar* epigrams, 11 ep. 
95. . ^ 

Anchimolius, a Spartan general sent a- 
gainst the Pisistratidae, and killed in the expe- 
dition. Herodot. 5, c. 63. A son of Rhcef 

tus. Vid. Anchemolus. 

Anchinoe, a daughter of Nilus, and wifa 
of Belus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
Anchion. Vid. Chion. 
Anchise, a city of Italy. Dionys. Hal. 
Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis, 
daughter of Ilua. He was of sucU a beautiful 



I 



AN 

complexion, that Venus came down from hea- 
ven on mount Ida, in ttie form of a nymph, to 
enjoy his company. The goddess became 
pregnant, and forbade Anebises ever to men- 
tion the favours he had received, on pain of 
being struck with thunder. The cJiild which 
Venus brought forth, was called .Eneas ; he 
was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of 
Ida, and, when of a proper age, was intrusted 
to the care of Chiron the Centaur. When Troy 
was taken, Anchises was become so infirm that 
^neas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take 
away whatever he esteemed most, cEirried him 
through the flames upon his shoulders, and 
thus saved his life. He accompanied his son in 
his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily in 
the 80th year of his age. He was buried on 
mount Eiyx, by Mneas and Acestes, king of 
the countiy, and the anniversary of his death 
was afterwards celebrated by his son and the 
Trojans on his tomb. Some authors have 
Maintained that Anchises had forgot the in- 
junctions of Venus, and boasted at a feast, that 
he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida, upon 
which he was killed with thunder. Others say, 
that the wounds he received from the thunder 
were not mortal, and that they only weakened 
and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the 6th 
book of the ^Eneid, introduces him m the Ely- 
sian fields, relating to his son the fates that 
were to attend him, and the fortune of his des- 
cendants, the Romans. [Fid. JEnesis.'\ Virg. 
JEn. 1, 2, kc.—Hygin. fab. 94, 254, 260, 270.— 
Hesiod. Theog-. v. 1010.— .^pollod. S.—Ovid. 
Fast. 4, v. 34.— Homer. II. 20. 4^ Hipnn. in Ve- 
rier.— Xcnoph. Cyaeg. c. 1*. — Dionys. Hal. 1, de 
Antiq, Rom. — Pausanias, 9, c. 12, says, that 
Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, 
which, from him, has been called Anchisia. 
——An Athenian archon. Dionys. Hal. 8, 

Anchisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the 
bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. 
Pans. 8, c. 12 and 13. 

Anchisiades, a patronymic of iEneas, as 
being son of Anchises. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 348, 
he. 

Anchoe, a place near the mouth of the Ce- 
phisus, where there is a lake of the same name. 
Strab. 

Anchora, a fortified place in Gralatia. 

AnchCrus, a son of Midas, king of Phry- 
gia, who sacrificed himself for the good of his 
country, when the earth had opened and swal- 
lowed up many buildings. The oracle had 
been consulted, and gave for answer, that the 
gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw 
into it whatever he had most precious. Though 
the king had parted with many things of im- 
mense value, yet the gulf continued open, till 
Anchurus, thinking himself the most precious 
of his father's possessions, took a tender leave 
of hiswife and family, and leaped into the earth, 
which closed immediately over his head. Mi- 
das erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, 
and that altar was the first object which he 
turned into gold, when he had received his fa- 
tal gift from the gods. This unpolished lump 
of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch. 
Pint, in Parall- 

Ancile and Ancvle, a sacred shield, which, 
according to the Roman authors, fell from hea- 
ven in the reign of Numa, when tlie Roman 
people laboui'ed under a pestilence. Upon the 



AN 

preservation of this shield depended the fattj 
of ti}e Roman empire, and therefore Isuma 
ordered 1 1 of the same size and form to be 
made, that if ever any attempt was made to 
cany them away, the plunderer might find it 
difficult to distinguish the true one. They 
were made with such exactness, that the king 
promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, what- 
ever reward he desired. [Vid. Mamurius.} 
They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and 
an order of priests was chosen to watch over 
their safety. These priests were called Salii, 
and were twelve in number; they carried eve- 
ry year, on the first of March, the shields in a 
solemn procession round the walls of Rome, 
dancing and singing praises to the god Mars. 
This sacred festival continued three days, dur- 
ing which every important business was stop- 
ped. It was deemed unfortunate to be married 
on those days, or to undertake any expedi- 
tion, and Tacitus in 1 Hist, has attributed the 
unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho 
against Vitellius, to his leaving Rome during 
the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. " 
These two verses of Ovid explain the origin of 
the word Ancyle, which is applied to these 
shields : 

Idque ancyle voccUj quod ah omni parte red' 
sum est, 

Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest. 
Fast. 3, V. 377, &c. 
Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — e 
Juv. 2, V. 1M.—Plut. in mim.—Kirg. JEn. S, 
V. 664.— Dionys. Hal. 2.—Liv. 1, c. 20. 

Ancon and Ancona, a town of Picenum, 
built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form 
of a crescent or elbow, {»y/.<^) on the shores of 
the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous 
chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish histo- 
rians to have been brought through the air by 
angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Juda?a, 
where it w^as a cottage, inhabited by the virgin 
Mary, The reputed sanctity of the place has 
often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to 
Loretto. Plin. 3, c. 13. — Lucan. 2, v. 402. — 
Ital. 8, v. 437. 

Angus Martius, tlie 4th king of Rome, 
was grandson to Numa, by his daughter. He 
waged a successful war against the Latins, 
Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and 
joined mount Janiculum to the city by a 
bridge, and enclosed mount Martius and the 
Aventine within the walls of the city. He, 
extended the confines of the Roman territor 
ries to the sea, where he built the town of 
Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherit- 
ed the valour of Romulus with the modera- 
tion of Numa. He died, B. C. 616, after a 
reign of 24 years, and was succeeded by Tar-: 
quin the elder. JDionys. Hal. 3, c. 9. — Liv. 1, 
c. 32, kc.—Flor. 1, c. 4.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 
815. 

Ancyr^, a town of Sicily. A town of^ 
Phrygia. Pans. 1. 

Anda, a city of Africa. Polyb. 

ANDABATiE, certain gladiators who fought 
blindfolded, wiience the proverb, Jlndabala- 
rum more to denote rasli and inconsiderate 
measures. Cic. 7, ad Famil. ep. 10 

Andania, a city of Arcadia, where Aristo- 
menes was educated. Pans. 4, c. 1, &.c. It 
received its name from a gulf of the sani« 
name. fd. 4j c. 33» 



Akdecavia, a country of Gaul, near the 
Turones and the ocean. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 41. 

Andera, a town of Phiygia. 

Andes, a nation among the CeltaB, now 

Anjou. CcES 2, Bell. Gall. c. 35. A village 

of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, 
hence AndiniLS. Ital. S, v. 595. 

Andocides, an Athenian orator, son of 
Leogoras He lived in the age of Socrates the 
philosopher, and was intimate with the most 
illustrious men of his age. He was often ban- 
ished, but his dexterity always restored him to 
favour. Plut. has written his life in 10 orat. 
J'our of his orations are extant. 

AND0MA.T1S, a river of India, falling into the 
Ganges. Jlrrian. 

Andr^mon, the fatlier of Thoas. Uygin. 

fab. 97. The son-in-law and successor of 

CEneus. Apollod. 1. 

Andragathius, a tyrant, defeated by Gra- 
tian, A. D. 383, &c. 

Andragathus, a man bribed by Lysima- 
ehus to betrav his country, &c. Polymi. 4, c. 
12. 

Andragoras, a mtm who died a sudden 
death. Martial. 6, ep. 53. 

AfTDRAaivLES, a king of Lydia, who cas- 
trated women, and made use of them as 
eunuchs. ..^Ihcn. 

Andreas, a statuary of Argos. Paus. 6,. 

c. 16. A man of Panormum, who wrote an 

account of all the remarkable events that had 

happened in Sicily. jWim. A son of the 

Peneus. Part of Bceotia, especially where 
Orchemenos was built, was called Jlndrtis af- 
ter him. Pans. 9, c. 34, he. 

ANDR1CI.US, a mountain of Cilicia. Slrah. 

14. A river of Troas, falling into the Sca- 

mander. Plin.b, c. 27. 

Andriscus, a man who wrote an history 
of Naxos. Allien. 1. — — A worthless person 
called Pse.itdophilippu&, on account of the like- 
«ess of his features to king Philip. He incited 
the Zvlacedonians to revolt against Rome, and 
^vas conquered and led in triumph by Metei- 
h\s, 152 B. C. Flor. 2, c. 14, 

Androbiusj a famous painter. Plin. 35, 
c. U. 

Androclea, a daughter of Antipcenus of 
Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed 
herself in the service of her country, when the 
oracle had promised the victory to her coun- 
trymen, who were engaged in a war against 
Orcho'nenos, if any one of noble birth devoted 
liimself for the gloiy of his nation. Antipce- 
nus refused to do it, and his daughters cheer- 
fully accepted it, ;ind received great honours af- 
ter death. Hercules, who fought on the side 
of Thebes, dedicated to them the image of a 
lion in the temple of Diana. Paus. 9, c. 17. 

Anj)Rocles, a son of Phintas who reigned 
in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 5, fcc. ■ ■ A man 
\vho wrote an history of Cyi)rus. 

Androclides, a noble Theban who de- 
fended the democratical, against the encroach- 
ments of the oligarchical power. He was kill- 
ed by one of his enemies. A sophist in the 

age of Aurelian, who gave an account of phi- 
losophers. 

Androclus, a son of Codrus, who reigned 
in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. Paus. 
7, c. 2. 

AsDiiocvDEs. a physician, who wrote the 



AN 

following letter to Alexander. — Vmumpotalu^ 
rus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem lerrm, 
sicuti venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum. 
Plin. 14, c. 6. 

Androdamus. Vid. Andromadas. 
Androdus, a slave knowrx and protected in 
the Roman circus, by a lion whose foot he 
had cured. Gell. 5, c. 15. 

Androgeos, a Greek, killed by Mne^s and 
his friends, whom he took to be his country- 
men. Virg.ASn.2,v.S11. 

Androgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae, 
was famous for his skill in wrestling. He over- 
came every antagonist at Athens, and became 
such a favourite of the people, that iEgeus king 
of the country grew jealous of his popularity, 
and caused him to be assassinated as he was 
going to Thebes Some say that he was killed 
by the wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared 
war against Athens to revenge the death of his 
son, and peace was at last re-established on 
condition that .^geus sent yearly seven boys 
and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be de- 
voured by the minotaur. [Vid. Minotaurns.'} 
The Athenians established festivals by order of 
Minos, in honour of his son, and called them 
Androgeia. Hygin. fsb. 41. — Diod. 4. — Vir. 
JEn. 6, V. 20.— -P«w. 1, c. 1 and 27. — Apollod. 
2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 1 and 15.— Plut. in Thes. 

Androgvn.^, a fabulous nation of Africa, 
beyond the Nasaniones, Every one of them 
bore the characteristics of the male and female 
sex ; andoneoftheirbreasts wasthatof aman, 
and the other that of a woman. Lucret. 5, v. 
837.— P/?n, 7, c. 2. 

Andromache, a daughter of Eetion, king 
of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of 
Priam, king of Troy, by v/hom she had Astya- 
nax. SheAvas so fond of her husband, that she 
even fed his horses with her own hand. Dur- 
ing the Trojan war she remained at home em- 
ployed in her domestic concerns. Her parting 
with Hector, who was going to a battle ;in which 
he perished, has always been deemed the best, 
most tender and pathetic of all the passages in 
Homer's Iliad. She received the news of her 
husband's death with extreme soitow; and af- 
ter the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune 
to see her only son Astyanax, after she had 
saved him from the flames, thrown headlong 
from the walls of the city, by the hands of the 
man whose father had killed her husband. — 
(Senec. in Troad.) Andromache, in the divi- 
sion of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the 
share of Neoptoiemus, who treated her as his 
wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had by 
her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Perga- 
mus, and after^^ards repudiated her. After 
this divorce she married Helenusson of Priam, 
M ho, as herself, v.as a captive of Pyrrhus. 
She reigned with him over part of the countiy, 
and became mother by him ofCestrinus. Some 
say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and 
Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death. 
Hoiner. II. 6, 22 and 24.— q. Calah. l.— Virg. 
JEn. 3, V. 486.~-IIygin. fab. l23.~Dares 
Phnjg.—Ovid. Am. 1, el. 9, v. 35. Trist. 5, 
el. tt, V. 43. — Apollod. 3, c. 12. — Paus. 1, c. 11. 
ANDROMACHin.'R, a nation who presented 
to their king all the virgins who were of nu- 
bile years, and permitted him to use them as 
he pleased. 
AKDuoMACiirs, an opwlent person of Si 



AN 

cUy, father to the historian Tlmsetis. Diod. 16. 
He assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty 

of the Syracusans. A general ot Alexander, 

to whom Parmenio gave the government of 
Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. 

Curt. 4, c. 5 and 8. An officer of Seleucus 

the younger. Polycen. 4. A poet of Byzan- 
tium. A physician of Crete in the age of 

Nero A sophist of Naples, in tlie age of 

Dioclesian. 

Andkomadas or Androdamus, a native 
of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thracians 
concerning the punishment of homicide, fee. 

Andromeda, a daughter of Cepheus, king 
of iEthiopia, by Cassiope. She was promised 
in marriage to Phineus, her uncle, w hen Nep- 
tune drowned the kingdom, and sent a sea mon- 
ster to ravage the counti'y, because Cassiope 
had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the 
Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was 
consulted, and nothing could stop the resent- 
ment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not ex- 
posed to the sea monster. She was accordingly 
tied naked on a rock, and at the mouient that 
tlie monster was going to devour her, Perseus, 
who returned through the ah' from the con- 
quest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was capti- 
vated with her beaut}". He promised to deli- 
ver her and destroy the monster, if he receiv- 
ed her in maniage as a reward for his trouble. 
Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the 
sea monster into a rock, by showing him Me- 
dusa's head; and untied Andromeda and mar- 
ried her. He had by her many children, 
among whom were Sthenelus, Ancajus, and 
Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with 
Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who after a 
bloody battle was changed into a stone by Per- 
seus. Some say that Minerva made Androme- 
da a constellation in heaven after her death. 
Vid. Medusa, Perseus. Hyi^in, fab. 64. — Cic. 
de jYat. D. 2, c. 43.— .dpollod. 2, c. 4.—Manil. 
6, v. 533. — Propert. 3, el. 21. According to 



AN 

sis IS eltant, the best€?dition of which is that of 

Heinsius, 8vo. L.Bat. 1617. Plut. in Syll. 

A Latin poet in the age of Caesar. A Latin 

grammarian, w'hose life Suetonius has WTitten . 

A king of Lydia, surnamed Alpvus. 

One of Alexander's officers. One of the offi- 
cers of Antiochus Epiphanes. An astrono- 
mer of Athens, who built a marble octagonal 
tower in honour of the eight principal winds, 
on the top of which was placed a Triton with 
a stick in his hand, pointmg always to the 
side whence the wind blew. 

Androphagi, a savage nation of Europejui 
Scythia. Herodoi. 4, c. i8, 102. 

Andropompus, a Theban who killed Xan-: 
thus in single combat by fraud. Pans. 2, c. IS. 

Andros, an island in the iEgean sea, known 
by the different names of Epagrys, Antandro^, 
Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chiei 
town was called Andros. It had a harbour, 
near which Bacchus had a temple, with a foun- 
tain, whose waters during the ides of January 
tasted like wine. It received the name of An- 
dros from Andros son of Anius, one of its kings, 
who lived in the time of the Trojan war. Ocuh 
Met. 13, V. 643.— F/V^. .¥.n. 3, v. SO. Jui\3y 
V. lO.—Plin. 2, c. 103. Mda, 1 and 2. 

Androstheses, one of Alexander's gene- 
rals, sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia. 

Arrian. 7, c. 10. Strab. 16. A governor of 

Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pora- 
pey. He was conquered by J. Cajsar. Ctes. 

3, Bell. Civ. c. 80. A statuary of Thebes. 

Pmi.s. 10, c. 19. A geographer in the age of 

Alexander. 

Androtrion, a Greek, who wrote a his- 



Pliny, 1, 5, c. 31, it was at Joppain Judaea that 
Andromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions 
that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to 
which she had been exposed, was brought to 
Ronieby Scaurus and carefully preserved. The 
feble of Andromeda and the sea monster has 
been explained, by supposing that she was 
courted by the captain of a ship, who attempt- 
ed tocaiTy heraway, but wasprevented by the 
interposition of another more faithful lover. 

Andron, an Argive, who travelled all oyer 
the deserts of Libya without drink. Arhtot. 

1. de Ebriet. A man set over the citadel of 

Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised 
him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, 
which he refused to do. The tyrant put him 
to de:itli for not discovering that Hermocrates 
had incited him to rebellion. Polyif;n.o,c. 

2. A man of Halicarnassus who composed 

some historical works. Plat, in Thes. A 

nativeofEphesus, who v.Tote an account of the 

seven wise aien of Greece. Viog. A man 

of Argos. Another of Alexaiidria, ki:.Apot- 

tim. Hist. Mirab. c. 25. — Athen. 



a ureeic, who wrote a 
tory of Attica, and a ti-eatise on agriculture. 
Plin.—Paus. 10, c. 8. 

Anelostis, a river near Colophon. Paits. 
8, c. 28. 

Anerastus, a king of Gaul. 

Anemoha, a city of Phocis, afterwards 
called Hyampolis. Strab. 

Anemosa, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 35. 

A>iiNOMus and A>asias, rather Amphino- 
nuis, which Vid. 

Angelia, a daugliter of Mercury. 

Angelios, a statuary, who made Apollo's 
statue at Delphi. Paus. 2, c. 32. 

Angei-ls, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, 
of a nymph whose name is unknown. Paus. 
7, c. 4. 

AiCGiTES, a river of Thrace, falling into tht 
Strymon, Jlerodvt. 7, c. 113. 

A>'GLi, a people of Germany, at the nortk 
of the Elbe, from whom, as being a branch ot" 
the Saxons, the English have derived their 
name. Tacit. G. 40. 

Angrls, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a 
nortliern direction. Herodoi. 4, c. 49. 

Anguitia, a wood in the countiy of tilt? 
Marci, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. 
Serpents it is said could not injure the inhabi- 
tants,- because they weredescendedfrom Circ(%- 
whose power over these venomous creaturw 
has been much celebrated. Slh 8. — Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 759. 

Ania, a Iloraaa widow, celebrated for her 
beauty. One of her friends advised hor Iv 
No, said she, if I marry a man 



Andkonicus Livius. Vid. Livius. 

Anduonicus, a peripatetic philosopher of J marry again 
Rhodes, wlio flourished 59 years B. C. He was | as allectionate a,s my Hrst hu.sbajid, I shall bt» ap- 
the first who {..ihlished and revised the works } prclieusive for his deatli ; and if he h bad, why 
of Aristotle and Theophraslus. His periphra- ' have him , after such a kind and indulgent pne * 



AN 

AsicETCS. a son of Hercules, by Hebe the 

godclesst)f youth. Apollod. 2. A freedman 

who directed the education of Nero, and be- 
came the instrument of his crimes. Suet, in 

Anicia, a family at Rome, which, in the 
flourishing times of the republic, produced 
many brave and illustrious citizens. A re- 
lation of Atticus. C Mpos. 

Anicium, a town of Gaul. Cces. Bell. Gal. 7. 

Anicius Gallus triumphed over the II- 
lyrians and their king Gentius, and was pro- 

praj^or of Rome, A. U. C. 585. A consul 

with Corn. Cethegus, A. U. C. 594. Pro- 
bus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, 
famous for his humanity. 

Anigrus, a rs\'er of Thessaly, where the 



tjentaurs washed the Avounds which they had 
received from Hercules, and made the waters 
unwholesome. Owrf. Jlfef. 15, v. 281. The 
nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. 
Paus. 5, c. 6. 

Amo and Anien, now Taverone, a river 
©f Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, 
and falling into the river Tiber, about live 
miles at the north of Rome. It receives its 
name, as some suppose, from Anius, a king of 
Struria, who drowned himself there ^vhen he 
oould not recover his daughter, who had been 
carried away. Stat. \. Sylv.3,\.20.—Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 683.— Strab. 5.—Horai. 1, od. 7, v. 
13.— Plut. de Fort, llorn.^ 

Anitorgis, a city of Spain, near which a 
battle was fought between Asdrubal and the 
Scipios. Liv. 25, c. 33. 

Anius, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was 
king of Delos, and father of Andrus. He had 
by Dorippe, three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, 
andElais, to whom Bacchus had given the 
power of changing whatever they pleased into 
wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went 
to the Trojan war, he wished to carry them 
with him to supply his army with provisions \ 
but they complained to Bacchus, who changed 
them into doves. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 642.— 
Dionys. Hal l.—Diod. 6.—Virg. JEn. 3, v. 80. 

Anna, a goddess, in w hose honour the Ro- 
mans instituted festivals. She was, according 
to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister 
of Dido, who after her sister's death, fled from 
Carthage, which Jarbashad besieged, and came 
to Italy, where ^Eneas met her, as he walked 
on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an 
honourable reception, for the kindnesses she 
bad shown him when he Avas at Carthage. 
Lavinia, the wife of Mneas, was jealous of the 
tender treatment which was shown to Anna, 
and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprized 
of this by her sister in a dream, and she fled to 
the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, 
and ordered the inhabitants of the country to 
rail her .^nna Perenna, because she would re- 
main for ever under the waters. Her festivals 
were performed with many rejoicings, and the 
females often, in the midst of their cheerful- 
ness, forgot their natural decency. They 
were introduced into Rome, and celebrated 
the 15th of March. The Romans generally sa- 
€rificed to her, to obtain along and happy life : 
and hence the words Jinnar& and Pertnnare. 
Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, 
fjuia memibus impleat annum; others call her 
Themis, or lo, the daughter of Inachus, and 
sQjnetimes Maia. Another more received 



AN 

opinion maintains, that Anna was an old in-* 
dustrious woman of Bovillae, who, when the' 
Roman populace had fled from the city to 
mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day : 
for which kind treatment the Romans, when 
peace was re-established, decreed immortal 
honours to her whom they called Perenna, 
ab ptrennitaie cultHs, and who, as they sup- 
posed, w^as become one of their deitiesj Ovid, 
Fast. 3, V. 653, hc.—Sil. 8, v. Id.— Virg. JEn. 
4, V. 9, 20, 421, and 500. 

Anna Cobimena, a princess of Constan- 
tinople, known to the world for the Greek 
history, which she wrote of her father Alexius, 
emperor of the east. The character of this 
history is not very high for authenticity or' 
beauty of composition : the historian is lost in 
the daughter : and instead of simplicity of style 
and narrative, as Gibbon says, an elaborate 
affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in 
every page the vanity of a female author. 
The best edition of Anna Comraena, is tiiat of 
Paris, folio, 1651. 

ANNiEus, a Roman family which was sub- 
divided into the Lucani, Senecae, Flori, k.c. 

Annales, a chronological history which 
gives an account of all the important events 
of every year in a state, without entering into 
the causes w^hich produced them. The annals 
of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In 
the first ages of Rome, the writing of the an- 
naU was one of the duties and privileges of 
the high-priest ; whence they have been called 
Annales Maximi, from the priest Pontifex 
Mazimus, who consecrated them, and gave 
them as truly genuine and authentic. 

Annalis lex settled the age at which, 
among the Romans, a citizen could be ad- 
mitted to exercise the offices of the state. 
This law originated in Athens, and was in- 
troduced in Rome. No man could be a knight 
before 18 years of age, nor be invested with 
the consular power before he had arrived to his 
25th year. 

Annianus, a poet in the age of Trajan. 
Annibal, a celebrated Carthaginian ge- 
neral, son of Amilcar. He was educated in 
his father's camp, and inured from his eai-ly 
years to the labours of the field. He passed 
into Spain when nine years old, and at thft; 
recjuest of his father, took a solemn oath he 
never would be at peace with the Romans. 
After his father's death, he was appointed 
over the cavalry in Spain ; and some time 
after, upon tiie death of Asdrubal, he was in- 
vested with the command of all the armies 
of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year 
of his age. In three years of continual success, 
he subdued all the n'ations of Spain which op- 
posed the Carthaginian power, and took Sa- 
guntum after a .siege of eight months. The 
city was in alliance with the Romans, and it? 
fall w^as the cause of the second Punic war, 
which Annibal prepared to support w-ith all 
the courage and prudence of a consummate 
general. He levied three large armies, one of 
w hich he sent to Africa ; he left another in 
Spain, and marched at the head of the third 
towards Italy. This army some have calcula- 
ted at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse ; others say- 
that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000. 
horse. Liv. 21, c. 38. He came to the Alps, 
which were deemed alnuist inaccessible, and 
bad never been p8is.5e<i over before him but by 



ift 



AN 

Hercules, and after much trouble gained the 
top in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized 
inhabitants that opposed his passage, and after 
the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his 
way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire 
and vinegar, that even his armed elephants 
descended the mountains without danger or 
difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of 
his arms, could not walk before in safety. He 
was opposed by the Romans as soon as he en- 
tered Italy ; and after he had defeated P. Corn. 
Scipio and Sempronius, near the xlhone, the 
Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apen- 
nines, and invaded Etruria. He defeated the 
army of the consul Flaminius near the lake 
Trasiraenus, and soon after met the two con- 
suls C. Terentius and L. JEmilius at Cannae. 
His army consisted of 40,000 foot and iOjOOO 
horse, when he engaged the Romans at the 
celebrated battle of Canna?. The slaughtar 
was so great, that no less than 40,000 Romans 
were killed, and the conqueror made abridge 
with the dead caixasses ; and as a sign of his 
victory, he sent to Carthage three bushels 
of gold rings which had been taken from 
5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. 
Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, 
marched his army to the gates of Rome, it 
must have jielded amidst the general conster- 
nation, if we believe the opinions of some 
writers ; but his delay gave the enemy spirit 
and boldness, and when at last he approached 
the walls, he was informed that the piece of 
ground on which his army then stood, was 
selling at a high price in the Roman forum. 
After hovering for some time round the city, 
he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian 
soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures 
and riot of this luxurious city. From that 
circumstance it has been said, and with pro- 
priety, that Capua was a Cannee to Annibal. 
After the battle of Cannae the Romans be- 
came more cautious, and when the dictator 
Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well 
as the valour of Annibal, they began to look 
for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded 
Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans 
tliat Annibal was not invincible. After many 
important debates in the senate, it was decreed, 
that war should be carried into Africa, to re- 
move Aimibal from the gates of Rome ; and 
Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, 
was empowered to put it into execution. 
When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, 
she recalled Aimibal from Italy; and that great 
general is said to have left with tears in his 
eyes, a countiy, which during sixteen years 
he had kept under continual alarms, and 
which he could almost call his own. He and 
Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, 
m which neither would give the preference 
to his enemy, they determined to come to 
a general engagement. The battle was fought 
near Zama : Scipio made a great slaughter of 
the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and the same 
number made prisoners. Annibal, after he 
had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon 
after this decisive battle, the Romans granted 
peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and 
afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and ap 
prehensive of tlie Roman po"\ver,fled to Syria, 
to ki)ig Antiochus, whom he advised to make 
war against Rome, and lead an army into the 

n 



AN 

heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the lidcl» 
ity of Annibal, and was conquered by the 
Romans, who granted him peace on the con- 
dition of his delivering their mortal enemy 
into their hands. Annibal, who was apprized 
of this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled 
to Prusias, king of Bithynia. He encouraged 
him to declare war against Rome, and even 
assisted him in weakening the power of Eume- 
nes, king of Pergamus, who was in alliance 
with the Romans. The senate received intel- 
ligence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and im- 
mediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom * 
was L. Q. Flaminius, to demand him of Pru- 
sias. The king was unwilling to betray Anni- 
bal, and violate tlie laws of hospitality, but at 
the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. 
Annibal extricated him from his embarrass- 
ment, and when he heard that his house was 
besieged on every side, and all means of escape 
fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he 
always carried with him in a ring on his finger, 
and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, 
Solvamus diuturnd curd populum Romanunij 
quando mortem senis expectare longv.m ctnset. 
He died in his 70th year, according to some, 
about 182 years B. C. That year was famous 
for the death of the three greatest generals of 
the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopoemen. 
The death of so formidable a rival was the 
cause of great rejoicings in Rome ; he had al- 
Avays been a professed enemy to the Roman, 
name, and ever endeavoured to destroy its 
power. If he shone in the field, he also distin- 
guished himself by his studies. He was taught 
Greek by Sosilus, a Lacedaemonian, and he 
even wrote some books in that language on 
ditferent subjects. It is remarkable, that the 
life of Aimibal, whom the Romans wished so 
many times to destroy by perfidy, was never 
attempted by any of his soldiers or country- 
men. He made himself as conspicuous in the 
government of the state, as at the head of ar- 
mies, and though his enemies reproached him 
with the rudeness of laughing in the Cartha- 
ginian senate, while every senator was bathed 
in tears for the misfortunes of the country, 
Annibal defended himself by saying, that he, 
who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought 
to be dispensed with all the more polished 
feelings of a capital. He was so apprehensive 
for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia, 
his house was fortified like a castle, and on 
every side there were secret doors, which 
could give immediate escape if his life was 
ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and 
embarked on board a vessel for Africa, he 
so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, 
who told him that the lofty mountain which 
appeared at a distance was a promontory of 
Sicily, that he killed him on the spot ; and 
when he was convinced of his fatal error, ho 
gave a magnificent burial to the man whom he 
had so falsely murdered, and called the pro- 
montory by his name. The labours which he 
sustained, and the inclemency of the weather 
to which he exposed himself in crossing the 
Alps, so weakened one of his eyes, that \\<i 
ever after lost the use of it. The Romans 
have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who^ 
after the battle of Canna", sought the body v.'<^ 
the fallen consul amidst the heap? of slain, and 
honoured it with a funeral becoming the di j- 



AN 

iiity of Rome. He performed tbe same 
fi-iendly offices to the remains of Marcellus 
and Tib. Gracchus- who had fallen in battle. 
He often blamed the unsettled measures of 
his couatry; and when the enemy had 
tlu'ovvn into his camp the head of his brother 
Asdrubal, who had been conquered as he 
came from Spain with a reinforcement into 
Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms 
would no longer meet with their usual suc- 
cess. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, ob- 
ser\'es, that the ring which catised his death 
made a due atonement to the Romans for the 
many thotisaad rings which had been sent to 
Carthage from the battle of Cannas. Annibal, 
when in Spaiu, married a woman of Cat-tulo. 
The Romans entertained such a high opijnon 
of him as a commander; that Sci|:io, who con- 
quered him, calls him the greatest generalrfhat 
ever lived, and gives the second raiik to Pyr- 
rhusthe Epirot, and places himself the next to 
these in merit and abilities. It is plain that 
the failure of Annibal's expedition in Italy did 
not arise from his neglect, but from that of his 
countrymen, who gave him no assistance; far 
from imitating their enemies of Rome, who 
even raised in one year ISIegions to oppose the 
formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted the 
chai'acter of Annibal like an enemy, and it is 
much to be lamented that a great historian has 
withheld the tribute due to the merits and vir- 
tues of the greatest of generals. C. JVep. in 
rila. — Liv. 21, 22, &c. — Flut. in Flamin, he. 
— Justin. 32, c. 4. — Sil. Ital. 1, &.c. — Appi- 
an. — Florus 2 and 3. — Polyb. — Diod. — Juv. 
10, V. 159, &c. Val. Max.—Horat. 4, Od. 4, 

Epod. 16. The son of the great Annibal, 

>vas sent by Himilco to Lilyba3um, which was 
besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians 

in their duty. Polyb. 1. A Carthaginian 

general, son of Asdrubal, commonly called of 
Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of 
the great Annibal. Justin. IS, c. 2. — Xenoph. 
Hist. Grace. A son of Giscon, and grand- 
son of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to 
the assistance of JCgista, a town of Sicily. 
He was overpowered by Hermocrates, an ex- 
iled Syracusian. Justin. 22 and 23. A Cai'- 

thaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquer- 
ed by the consul, C. Sulpit. Paterculus, in 
Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countiy- 
nien for his ill success. 

AsNicERis, an excellent cliarioteer of Cy- 
rene, who exhibited his skill in driving a cha- 
riot before Plato and the academy, \\hen 
the philosopher was wantonly .sold by Diony- 
jjius; Anniceris ransonaed his friend, and he 
showed further his respect for learning, by 
establishing a sect at Cyiene, called aftt^- his 
nanle, which supported that all good consis- 
Ted in ))leasure. Cic. de Off. Z.^—Diog. in 
rUd.^-Arbti.—JElian, V. H.2, c. 27. 

A?i5ius Scapula, a Roman of gi*eat dig- 
nity, put to death for conspiring against Caa- 
sius. Hirt. Alt.r. 55. 

A^KON and Hanko, a Csrthaginian gene- 
ral conquered in Spain by Scipio, and .^ent to 
Rome. He was son of Boniilcar, whom An- 
nibal sent privately over to the Rhone to con- 
quer the Gauls. Liv. 21, c. 27. A Car- 
thaginian who taught birds to sing " Annon is 
a god," afi-er which he restored them to 
their native liberty ; but the bird? let with 



AN 

their slavery what they had been taugl^t. ^H' 

an, V. II. ult. lib. c. 30. A Carthaginian 

who wrote, in the Punic language, the account 
of a voyage he had made round Africa. This 
book was translated into Greek, and is still 



extant. Vossius de HiM. Gr. 4.- 



-AnotheJE" 



banished from Carthage for taming a lion foi* 
his own amusement, which was interpreted as 
If he wislied to aspire to sovereign power, 
Plin 8, c. 16. — Tliis name has been common 
to many Carthaginians who have signaliced 
themselves among their countrjTnen during 
the Punic wars against Rome, and in their 
wars against the Sicilians. Liv. 26, 27, k.c. 

Anop.sa, a mountain and road near the ri- 
ver Asopus. Herodot. 7, c. 216. 

AifSER, a Roman poet whom Ovid, Trisf. 
3, el. 1, v. 425, calls bold and impertinent. 
Virgil and Propertius are said to have played 
upon his name with some degree of severity. 

AjrsiBARii, a pebple of Germany. Tacit. 
Ann. 13, c. 65. 

AifT^A, the wufe of Proteus, called also 
Stenobasa. Homer. 11. A goddess wor- 
shipped by the inhabitants of Antium. 

Ant^as, a king of Scythia, who said that 
the neighing of a horse was far preferable to 
the music of Ismenias, a famous musician, who 
had been taken captive. Plut. 

Antaeus, a giant of Libya, son of Terra 
and Neptune. He Avas so strong in wrestling, 
that he boasted that he would erect a temple 
to his father with the sculls of his conquered 
antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as he 
received new strength from his mother as often 
as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him 
up in the air, and squeezed him to death in 
his arms. Lucan. 4, v. 598. — Stat. 6. Theb. 

V. 893. — Juv. 3, v. 88. A servant of Atticus. 

Cic. ad Attic. 13, ep. 44. A friend of Tur- 

nus, killed by -iEneas. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 561. 

Antagoras, a man of Cos. Paus. 3, c, 5. 



A Rhodian poet, much admired by Anti- 
genus, Id. 1, c. 2. One day as he was cooking 
some fish, the king asked him whether Homer 
ever dressed any meals v>'uen he was recordin ^j 
the actions of Agamemnon.' And do you think, 
replied the poet, that be « ?^* t' nTunrcsi^xrxi xy,t 
To-ru. uiuvii^^ ever inquired whether any indi- 
vidual dressed fish in his army .' Plut. Symp. 
4' Apoph. 

Antalcidas of Sparta, son of Leon, was 
sent into Persia, where he made a peace with 
Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his coun- 
try, by which, B. C. 387, the Greek cities 
ot Asia became tributary to tiie Persian mo- 
narch. Pans. 9, c. 1, &c. — Diod. 14. — Plut. 
in Artax. 

Antander, a general of Messenia. against 

the Spartans. Paus. 4, c. 7. A brotlver 

of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. Justin. 24> 
c.7. 

Antastdrcs, now St. Dimilrl, a city <Jf 
Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near whick 
j^jieas built his fleet after the destruction of 
Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, 
Assos, and Apoilonia. There is a hill in it* 
neighbourhood called Alexandreia, where 
Paris sat, as some suppose, wlieu the tiiree 
rival goddesses apj>eared before him when con- 
tending for the prize of beauty. Strab. 13. — 
yirg. JEn. 3, v. 6. — Mela, 1, c. 18. 

AjTEKBPvOuir?, an afilbasjador to Ca;- 



I 



AN 

sap from the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. Cces, 
Bell. Gall?., c. 3. 

': Anteius Pubhus was appointed over Sy- 
ria by Nero. He was accused of sedition 
and conspiracy, and drank poison, which ope- 
rating slowly, obliged him to open his veins, 

''■Tacit. An. 13, he. 

AntemnjE, a city of the Sabines between 
Bome and the Anio, whence the name (ante 
amnem.) Virg. Mn. 7, v. 631 Dionys. Hal. 
An'tenor, a Trojan prince related to 
Priam. It is said that during the Trojan war, 
he always kept a secret correspondence with 
the Greeks, and chiefly wi*h Menelans and 
Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer in- 
troduces him as advising tha Trojans to restore 
Helen, and conclude the war. He advised 
Ulysses to cany away the Trojan palladium, 
and encouraged the Greeks to make the 
wooden hoi-se, Vv'hich, at his persuasion, was 
brought into the city of Troy by a breach made 
in the walls, ^neas has been accused of be- 
ing a partner of his guilt ; and the night that 
Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks 
stationed at the doors of their houses to pro- 
tect them from harm. After the destruction 
of his country, Antenor .migrated to Italy n^ar 
the Adriatic, Vvhere he built the town of Pa- 
dua. His children were also concerned in the 
Trojan war, and displayed much valour against 
the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, 
Acamas, Agenor, and according to others, 
Polydaraas and Helicaon. Liv. 1, c. 1. — Plin. 
3, c. Vi.~Virg. JEn. 1, v. 242.— Tacit. 16, 
c. 2\— Homer. 11. 3, 7, 8, 11.— OriU Met. 
IS.—Didys. Cret. 5. — Dares Phryg. 6. — 
Strab. 13. — Dionys. Hat. 1. — Paus. 10, c. 

27. A statuary. Pans. A Cretan who 

wrote a history of his countrj^ ^lian. 

Antenoriues, a patronymic given to the 
three sons of Antenor, all killed during the 
Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 484. 

Anteros, (»ti iffs,, against love,) a son of 
Mars and Venus. He vvas not, as the deriva- 
tion of his name implies, a deity that presided 
over an opposition to love, but he was the 
god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. 
Venus had complained to Themis, that her 
son Cupid always continued a child, and was 
told, that if he had another brother, he would 
grow up in a short space of time. As soon 
as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength 
increase, and his wings enlarge ; but if ever his 
brother was at a distance from him, he found 
himself reduced to his ancient shape. From 
this circumstance it is seen, that return of pas- 
.sion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a tem- 
ple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles 
had experienced the coldness and disdain of 
Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed, 
and for whom he had killed himself IVid. 
Meles.] Cupid and Anteros are often repre- 
sented striving to seize a palm-tree from one 
another, to teach us that true love always en- 
deavours to overcome by kindness and grati- 
1 ude. They were always painted in the Gi-eek 
academies, to inform tiie scholars that it is their 
immediate duty to be grateful to tiieir teachers, 
and to rew^ard their trouble with love and reve- 
rence. Cic. de. JVat. D. 3, c. 23. — Pans. 1, c. 



AN 

AifTHEA, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 

18. Of Messenia. Id. 4, c. 31. Of Trce- 

zene. Id. 2, c. 30. 

Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in at- 
tempting to sow corn from the chariot of Trip- 
tolemus drawn by dragons. Paus. 7, c. 18. 

Anthedon, a city of Bcsotia, w^hich re- 
ceives its name from the flowery plains that 
surround it, or Anthedon, a certain nymph. 
Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. "^ Paus. 
7, c. 10, 1. 9, c. 22. — It w as formerly inhabit- 
ed by Thracians. Homer 11.2. — Ovid Met. 13, 

V. 905. A port of Peloponnesus. Plin. 4, 

c. 5.— Stat. 9, V. 291. 

Anthela, a town near the Asopus, near 
which Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. 
Herodot. 7, c. 176. 

Anthemis, an island in the Mediterranean; 
the same as the Ionian Samos. Strab. 10. 

Anthemon, a Trojan. Homer II. 4. 

Anthejius, a city of Macedonia at The.r^ 
ms. A city of Syria. Strab. * 

Antkemusia, the same as Samos.' A 

city of Mesopotamia. Strab. 

Anthene, a town of Peloponnesus. Thii'- 
cyd. 5, c. 41. 

AxTiiERMus, a Chian sculptor, sonofMic- 
ciades, and grandson to Malas, He and his 
brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet 
Hipponax, which caused universal laughter, 
on account of the deformity of its counte- 
nance. The poet was so incensed upon this, 
and inveighed w ith so much bitterness against 
the statuaries, that they hung themselves, ac- 
cording to the opinion of sorne authors. P/w. 
36, c. 5. 

Anti-ies, a native of Anthedon, who first 

invented hymns. Plut de Mus. A son of 

Neptune. 

ANTHESPnoRi.A, fcstivals celebrated in Sici- 
ly, in honour of Proserpine, Vv^ho was carried 
a.v,'ay by Pluto as she v/as gathering flou'ers. 

Claudian de Rapt. Pros. Festivals of the 

same name were also observed at Argos in ho- 
nour of Juno, who was called Antheia. Paus. 
Corinth. — Pollux. Onom. 1, c. 1. 

AxTHESTERiA, fcstivals in honour of Bac- 
chus among the Greeks. They were cele- 
brated in the month of February, called An- 
ihesterion, whence the name is derived, and 
continued three days. The first w^as called 
ntboytu, otrra -r.u TTs^-g o>Ktiv, bccause they tapped 
their barrels of liquor. The second day was 
called Xe f, from the measure %:«, because eveiy 
individual drank of his own vessel, in commcr 
moration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after 
the murder of his mother, came without being 
purified, to Dernophoon, or Pandion, king of 
Athens, and w as obliged, with all the Atheni- 
ans, to drink by himself, for fear of polluting 
the people by drinking with them before he 
was purified of the parricide. It was usual on 
tliat day, to ride out in chariots, and ridicule 
those that passed by. The best drinker was 
rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of 
gold, and with a cask of wine. The third day 
was called Xurjo* from %ut(;«, a vessel brought 
out full of all sort^ of seed and herbs, deemed 



sacred to Mercuiy, and therefoi^ not touched. 

The slaves had the permission of being merry 
iiO, 1. 6, c. 23. — —A grammarian of Alexandria, I and free during these festivals ; and at the end 

in the age of the emperor Claudius. Afree- of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, eot &, 

^^ of Atticiig. CiV. flrf .i?;ic. 9; ep. i4. 1K«{c, iw er' Av^,->;{«x: i. e. Bepart, ve Caiian 



AN 

slaves, the festivals are at an end. Mlian. V. 
H. 2, c. 41. 

Antheus, a son of Antenor, much esteem- 
ed by Paris. One of the companions of 

iEneas. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 514. 

Akthia, a sister of Priam, seized by the 
Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene 
to burn their ships, and buikl Seione. Polyoen. 

'7, c. 47. A toAvn. Vid. Jinihea. A 

daughter of Thespius, mistress to Hercules. 
^jiollod. 2, c. 7. 

Anthias. Vid. Antheas. 

Anthippe, a daughter of Thestius. 

Anthium, a town of Thrace, afterwards 

called Apollonia. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city 

of Italy. 

Anthius, (flowery,) a name of Bacchus 
worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue 
at Patraj. 

Antho, a daughter of Amulius king of 
Alba. 

Anthores, a companion of Hercules, who 
followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He 
was killed in the war of Turnus against .^ne- 
as. Virg. JEn. 10, V. 'TIS. 

Anthracia, a nymph. Pans. 8, c. 31. 

Anthropinus, Tisarchus, and Diocles, 
three persons who laid snares for Agathocles 
tyrant of Sicily. Polycen. 5, c. 3. 

Anthropophagi, a people of Scythia that 
fed on human flesh. They lived near the 
country of ;the Messagetee. Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. 
6, c. 30.— .¥e/a, 2, c. 1. 

Anthylla, a city of Egypt on the Cano- 
pic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the 
queens of the country in shoes, or, according 
to Mhenoiiis 1, in girdles. Herodot. 2, c. 98. 

Antia lex was made for the suppression of 
luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not 
known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who 
afterwards never supped abroad for fear of 
being himself a witness of the profusion and 
cxtravffgance which his lav/ meant to destroy, 
but without effect. Macrob. 3, c. 17. 

Antianira, the mother of Echion. 

AsTiAs, the goddess of fortune, chiefly wor- 
shipped at Antium. — —A poet. Vid. Furius. 

ANTicLJiA, a daughter of Autolycus and Am- 
phithea. Her father, who \vas a famous rob- 
ber, permitted Sisyphus, sonof JEolus, to en- 
joy the favours of his daughter, and Anticlea 
was really pregnant of Ulysses when she mar- 
ried Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was 
nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses. 
Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in Ovid. Met. 
as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said that 
Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false 
report of her son's death. Homer. Od. 11, 19. 

—Hygin. fab. 201, 24:6.— Pans. 10, c. 29. 

A woman who had Periphetes by Vulcan. 

Apollod. 3. A daughter of Diocles, who 

married Machaon the son of jEsculapius, by 
whom she had Nicomachus ?ind Gorgasus. 
Pans. 4, c. 30. 

ARTICLES, an Athenian archon. A man 

who conspired against Alexander with Her- 

molaus. Curt. 8, c. 6. An Athenian victor 

at Olympia. 

Anticlides, a Greek historian, whose 
works are now lost. They are often quoted 
by Athenxzus and Plui. in Mex. 

Anticragus, a mountain of Lycia; oppo- 
site mount Cragus. Utrab, 4, 



AN 

Anticrates, a Spartan, who stabbed Epa* 
minondas, the Theban general, at the battle of 
Mantinea. Phil, in Ages. 

Anticyra, two toAvns of Greece, the one in 
Phocis, and the other near mount Oeta, both 
famous for the ellebore which they produced. 
This plant was of infinite service to cure dis- 
eases', and particularly insanity ; hence the pro- 
verb JVaviget Anticyram. The Anticyra of 
Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It 
had a temple of Neptune, who was repre- 
sented holding a trident in one hand and rest- 
ing the other on his side, with one of his feet 
on a dolphin. Some writers, especially Ho- 
race {Art. P. 300), speak of three islands of 
this name, but this seems to be a mistake. 
Pam. 10, c. 36.—Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 166. De 
Art. Poet. V. 300.— Persiius, 4, v. 16.— Strab. 
9.— Mela. 2, c. S.—Ovid Pont. 4, ep. 3, v. 53. 

^A mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in D&- 

metr. 

Antidomus, a wai'like soldier of king Philip 
at the siege of Perinthus. 

Antidotus, an excellent painter, pupil of 
Euphranor. Plin. 35, c. 11. 

Antigenes, one of Alexander's generals, 
publicly rewarded for his valour. Curt. 5, c. 14. 

Antigenidas, a famous musician of The- 
bes, disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his 
pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the 
populace. Cic. in Brut. 97. 

Antigona, daughter of Berenice, was wife 
to king Pyrrhus. Pint, in Pyrrh. 

Antigone, a daughter of (Edipus, king of 
Thebes, by his mother .Tocasta. She buried 
by night her brother Polynices, against the 
positive orders of Creon, who, when he heard 
of it, ordered her to be buried alive. She 
however killed herself before the sentence was 
executed ; and Hiemon, the king's son, Avho 
was passionately fond of her, and had not been 
able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on 
her grave. The death of Antigone is the sub- 
ject of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The 
Athenians were so jileased Avith it at the first 
representation, that they ])resented the author 
with the government of Samos. This tragedy 
was represented 32 times at Athens without 
interruption. Sophod. in Antig. — Hygin. fab. 
67, 72, 243, 254.— Apollod. 3, c. o.—Ovid, 
Trisi. 3, el. 3.—Philostrat. % c. 29.— Stat. 

Theb. 12, v. 350. A daughter of Eurjtion 

king of Phthia in Thessaly. Apollod. A 

daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of 
Priam, and was changed into a stork for com- 
paring herself to Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 93, 

Antigon/a, an inland town of Epirus. Plin. 

4, c. 1. One of Macedonia, founded by 

Antigonus, son of Gonatas. Id. 4, c. 10. 

One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. 

Sfrab. 16. Another in Bithynia, called also 

Nica3. Id. 12, Another in Arcadia, an- 
ciently called Mantinea. Paus. 8, c. 8. 

One of Troas in Asia Minor. Strab. 13. 

Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, 
universally supposed to be the illegitimate son of 
Philip, Alexander's father. In the division of the 
provinces after the king's death, he received 
Pamphylia, Lyciujand Phrygia. He united with 
Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy Perdiccas 
and Eumcnes ; and alter the death of Perdicr 
cas, he made continual war against Eumenes, 
whom, aflcr three years of various foilunf^ hf 



AN 

tWok prisoner, and ordered to be stai-ved. He 
afterwards declared war against Cassander, 
whom he conquered, and had several engage- 
ments by his generals with Lysimachus. He 
obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, and fly 
for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptolemy, who 
had established himself in Egypt, promised to 
defend Seleucus, and from that time all friend- 
ship ceased between Ptolemy and Antigonus, 
and a new war was begun, in which Deme- 
trius, the son of Antigonus, conquered the 
fleet of Ptolemy near the island of Cyprus, and 
took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. 
After this famous naval battle, which happen- 
ed 26 years after Alexander's death, Antigo- 
nus and his son assumed the title of kings, and 
their example was followed by all the rest of 
Alexander's generals. The power of Antigo- 
nus was now become so formidable, that Pto- 
lemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, 
combined together to destroy him ; yet Anti- 
gonus despised them, saying that he would dis- 
pei-se them as birds. He attempted to enter 
Egypt in vain, though he gained several victo- 
ries over his opponents, and he at last received 
so many wounds in a battle, that he could not 
sui'vive them, and died in the 80th year of his 
age, 301 B. C. During his life, he was master 
of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria ; but after his 
death, his son Demetrius lost Asia, and estab- 
lished himself in Macedonia after the death 
of Cassander, and some time after attempted 
to recover his former possessions, but died in 
captivity, in the court of his son-in-law, Seleu- 
cus. Antigonus was concerned in the different 
intrigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty of 
alliance with the jEtolians, and was highly res- 
pected by the Athenians, to Avhom he showed 
himself very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus 
discharged some of his officers because they 
spent their time in taverns, and he gave their 
commissions to common soldiers, who per- 
formed their duty with punctuality. A certain 
poet called him divine ; but the king despised 
his flattery, and bade him go and inquu'e of 
his servants whether he was really what he 
supposed him. Strab. 13. — Diod. 17, &c. — 
Pans. 1; c. 6, k.c. — Justin. 13- 14, and 15. — C. 
JS'ep. in Eumen. — Plvl. in Demelr. Eumev. &f- 

Arat. Gonatas, son of Demetrius, and 

grandson to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. 
He restored the Armenians to liberty, con- 
quered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by 
Pjrrhus, who seized his kingdom. After the 
death of Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, 
&nd died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his 
son Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243, Juslin. 

21 and 26.— Pol yb.—Plut. in Demetr. The 

guardian of his nephew, Philip, the son of De- 
metrius, who married the widow of Deme- 
trius, and usurped the kingdom. He was call- 
ed Doson, from his promising much and giv- 
ing nothing. He conquered Cleomenes, king 
of Sparta, and obliged him to retire into 
Egypt, because he favoured the .^tolians 
against the Greeks. He died B, C. 221, after a 
reign of 1 1 years, leaving his crown to the la w- 
ful possessor, Philip, who distinguished him- 
self by his cruelties and the war he made 
against the Romans. Jmdn. 28 and 29. — Po- 

lyb. 2. — Pint, in Cleom. A sou of Aristobu- 

lus king of Judiea, who obtained an army from 
tile king of Parlhiaj by promising him 1000 ta- 



AN 

lents and 500 women. With these foreign 
troops he attacked his country, and cut tliR 
ears of HvTcanus to make him unfit for the 
priesthood. Herod, Avith the aid of the Ro- 
mans, took him prisoner, and he was put to 
death by Antony. Joseph. 14. — Dion ^ Pint. 

in Anton. Carj^stius, an historian in the age 

of Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some 
of the ancient philosophers. Diog. — Athtn. 
A writer on agriculture. A statuary 



who wrote on his profession. 

Antilco, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his 
death oligarchy prevailed in tliat city. Arist. 
5, Polit. 

Antilibanus, a mountain of Syria oppo- 
site mount Libanus ; near which the Orontes 
flows. Strqb.—Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Antilochus, a king of Messenia. The 

eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went to 
the Trojan war with his father, and was killed 
by Memnon, the son of Aurora. Homer. Od. 
4. — Ovid. Heroid. says he was killed by Hec- 
tor. A poet who wrote a panegyric upon 

Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver. 

Plut. in Lys. An historian commended by 

Dionys. Hal. 

x\ntimachls, a lascivious person. An 

historian. A Greek poet and musician of 

Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a ti'ea- 
tise on the age and genealogy of Homer, and 
proved him to be a native of Colophon. He 
repeated one of his compositions before a 
large audience, but his diction was so obscure 
and unintelligible, that all retired except Plato; 
upon which he said, Legam 7iihilominus, Pla- 
to enim mihi est unus instar omnium. He was 
reckoned the next to Homer in excellence, 
and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his po- 
etry, that he preferred him to Homer. He 
wrote a poem upon the Theban war ; and be- 
fore he had brought his heroes to the city of 
Thebes, he had filled 24 volumes. He was sur- 
named Clarius from Claros, a mountain neav 
Colophon, where he was born. Pans. 9, c.SS. 
— Plut. in Lysand. 4' Timol. — Propert. 2, el. 

34, V. 45. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. Another poet 

of the same name, surnamed Psecas, because 

he praised himself. Suidas. A Trojan 

whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of 
Helen to Menelaus and Ulysses, who had 
come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons. 
Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by 
Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11, v. 123, 1. 12, v, 

188. A son of Hercules by a daughter of 

Thestius. Apollod. 2 and 3. A native of 

Heliopolis, Avho wrote a poem on the creation 
of the world, in 3780 verses. 

Antimenes, a son of Deiphon. Pans. 2, 
V. 28. 

Antinoe, one of the daughters of Pelius, 
whose wishes to restore her father to youthful 
vigour proved so fatal. Apollod. 1. — Paus. 8, 
c. 11. 

Antinoeia, annual sacrifices and quinquen- 
nial games in honour of Antinous, instituted 
by the emperor Adi'ian at Mantinea, where 
Antinous was worshipped as a divinity. 

Antinopolis, a town of B'gypt, built in ho- 
nour of Antinous. 

Antinous, a youth of Bithynia, of whom 
the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, 
that at his death he creeled a temple to him, 
and wished it to be believed that he had been 



AN 

cliaaged "mto a. constellation. Some writers 
Suppose that Antinous was drow"ned in the 
IN'ile; while others maintain that he offered 
himself at a sacrifice as a victim, in honour of 

the emperor. A native of Ithaca, son of Eu- 

peithes, and one of Penolope's suitors. He was 
bnrtal and cruel in his manners, and excited 
his companions to destroy Telemachus, wkosp 
advice comforted Ids mother Penelope. When 
Ulysses returned home, he came to the palace 
in a beggar's dress, and beijged for bread, 
which Antinous refused, nnd even struck him. 
After Ulysses had di"covered himself to Tele- 
machus and Eumseus, he attacked the suitors, 
v.'ho were ignorant who he was, and killed 
Antinous among the first. Homer. Od. 1, 16, 
17, and 22.—FrGpert. 2, el. 5, v. 7. 

Antiochia, the name of a Syrian pro- 

■^ance. Mela, 1, c. 14. -A city, of Syria- 

once the third city of the world for beauty, 
jrreainess, and population. It was built b}^ An- 
tiochus and Seleucus pNicanor, partly on a hill 
and pfiitly in a plain. It has the river Orontes 
In lis lieighbourhood; with a celebrated grove 
called Daphne; v.hence, for the sake of dis- 
tinction, it has been called Antiochia near 

Daphne. Dionys. Piereg. A city called 

aisa Misibis, in Mesopotamia, built by Seleu- 
cus, son of Antiochus. — —The capital of Pisl- 

dia 92 miles at the east of Ephe.su.'?. A city 

on mount Cragus.^ Another near the liver 

Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia, on the west- 
Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and 

Seleucia. Anotlier near mount Taurus, on 

t!i8 confines of Syria. Another of Caria, on. 

the river .Meander. 

Antiochis, the name of the mother of 

Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. A tribe of 

Athens. 

A?fTiocuus, surnamed Sotcr, was son of 
Seleucus, and king of Syria and Asia. Ke 
made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Fhila- 
delphus, king of Eg}^pt. He fell into a linger- 
ing di.sease, which none of his father's physi- 
cians could cure for some time, till it v.ns dis- 
covered that his pulse ^vas mors irregulai'than 
usual, when Stratonice his step-mother enter- 
ed his roouijand that love for her '.vas the cause 
of his illness. This was told to the father, who 
willingly gave Stratonice to his son, that his 
immoderate love might not cause his death. 
He died 2i>l B. C. after a reign of 19 years. 
Justin. 17, c. 2, Lc.—Val. Max. b.—Polyb. 4. 
J9ppia77. The second of that name, surna- 
med Tkeos (God) by the Milesians, because 
he put to death their tyrant Timarchus, was 
son and successor of Antiochus Sotcr. He put 
an end to the war which had been begun with 
Ptolemy ; and, to strengthen the peace, he 
married Berenice, the daughter of the Egyp- 
tian king. This so offended his former wife 
Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she 
poi-oned him, and suborned Artemon, whose 
features were similar to his, to represent him 
a.s King. Artemon, subservient to her ^vill, 
jn-etendcd to be indi5po.sed,and, as king, called 
.'ill the ministers; -liud recommended to them 
fceleucus, surnamed Callinicusjson of Laodice, 
}\s his successor. Affr this ridiculous impos- 
ture, it was made public that the king had died 
a natural death, and Laodice placed her son on 
the throne, iind dispatched Berenice and her 
gen, 246 years before the christian era. .-???- 



AN 

pian.— — The third of that name, sumameS 
the Great, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus. was 
king of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. 
He was defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at Ra- 
phia, after which he made war against Persia, 
and took Sardes. After the death of PhUo- 
pater, he eudeavom'ed to crush his infant son 
Epiphanes ; but his guardians solicited the aid 
of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled 
to resign his preiensions. He conquered the 
greatest part of Greece, of which some cities 
implored the aid cji Rome ; and Annibal, who 
had taken refuge at his court, encounfged him 
to make v^ar against Italy. He was glad to find 
himself supported by the abilities of such a ge- 
neral ; but his measures were dilatory, and not 
agreeable to the advice of Annibal, and he was 
conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount 
Taurus, and pay a yeai'ly fine of 2000 talents 
to the Romans. His revenues bei-ng unable to 
pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the tem- 
ple of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the 
inhabitants that they killed him with his follow- 
ers, 187 years before the christian era. In his 
character of king, Antiochus was humane and 
liberal; the patron of learning, and the friend 
of Baerit : and he published an edict, ordering 
his subjects never to obey except his com- 
mands were consistent with the laws of the 
country. He had three sons, Seleucus Philo- 
paterj Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. 
The first succeeded him, and the two others 
vcere kept as hostages by the Romans. Jusihu 
31 and 32.— 5/ra6. 16.— Lir. 34, c. 50.—Flor, 
2, c. 1. — Appian.BelJ. Syi\ The fourth An- 
tiochus, surnamed Epiphanes, or Ilk:sirioi(Sf 
was king of Syria, after the death of his bro- 
ther Seleucus, and reigned eleven years. He 
destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to 
the Jews, that they called him Epimanes, or 
Furious, and not Epiphanes. He attempted 
to plunder Persepoiis without effect. He 
was of a voi-acious appetite, and fond of 
childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to 
empty bags of money in the streets, io see thft- 
people's eagerness to gather it; he bathed in 
the public baths with the populace, and Avas 
fond of perfuming himself to e:icess. He invi- 
ted all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and 
waited upon them as a servant, and danced 
\A'ith such indecency among the stage players, 
that even the most dissipate and shameless 
blushed at the sight. Polybius. — Justin. 84, c. 

3. The fifth, surnamed Eupalor, succeeded 

his father Ep/iphanes on the throne of Syria, 
164 B. C. ■ He made a peace with the Jews, 
and in tlie second year of his reign was assas- 
sinated by his uncle Demetrius, who said that 
the crown was lawfully his own, and that it had 
been seized from his lather. Justiri. 34. — Jo- 
seph. 12. The sixth, king of Syria, was sur- 
named Entheus, or J\oble. His father, Alex- 
ander Bala, intrusted him to the ckre of Mal- 
cus, an Arabian ; and he received the crown 
from Tryphon, in opposition to his brotlier 
Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before 
he had been a yeai* on the throne, Tryphon 
murdered him 143 E. C. and reigned in his 

place for three yeai's. Joseph. 13. The se-. 

venth, called iiidefes, reigned nine years. In 
the beginning of his reign, he was afraid of 
Tryphon, and concealed himself, but he soon 
obtained the means of destroying his enemy. 



AN 

He made war against Phraates king of Parthia, 

and he fell in the battle which was soon after 

k, jfought about 130 years before the christian era. 

Justin. 36, c. 1. — Appian. Bell. Syr. The 

-eighth, surnamed Grupus. from his aqv.iline 
nose, was son of Demetrius Xicanor by Cleo- 
patra. His brother Seleucus Avas destroyed 
by Cleopatra, nnt^ he himself would have 
shared the same fate, had he not discovered his 
mother's artifice, and compelled her to drink 
the poison which was prepared for himself. He 
killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had 
set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and 
was at last assassinated B. C. il2, after a reign 
of eleven years. Justin. 39, &:c. — Joseph. — 

Jlppian. The ninth, surnamed Cyzcnicus, 

from the city of Cyzicus,wHere he received his 
education, was son of Ardochus Sldetes, by 
Cleopati-a. He disputed* le kingdom with his 
brother Grypus, who ce ed to him C{closy- 
ria, part of his patrira( ?y. He was at last 
conquered by his nephi »v Seleucus near An- 
tioch, and rather thar to continue prisoner 
in his hands, he killed himself, B. C. 93. 
"While a private man, he seemed v/orthy to 
reign ; but when on the throne, he was dis- 
solute and tyrannical. He was fond of n%e- 
chanics; and invented some useful military en- 
gines. Appian. — Joseph. The tenth, was 

ironically surnamed Pius, because he married 
Selena, the wife of his father and of his uncle. 
He was the son of Antiochus ninth, and he ex- 
pelled Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, 
and was killed in a battle he fought against tlie 
Parthians, in the cause of the Gaiatians. Jo- 
seph. — Appian. After his death, the king- 
dom of Syria was torn to pieces by the faotions 
of the royal family or usurpers, who, under a 
good or false title, under the time of Antio- 
chus or his relations, established themselves for 
a little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or 
Damascus, or other dej^endent proviuces. At 
last Antiochus, surnamed Asiaticus, the son of 
Antiochus the ninth, w^as restored to his pater- 
nal throne by the influence of Lucullus the Ro- 
man general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king 
of Armenia from the Syrian dominions; but 
four years after, Pompey deposed him, and 
observed, that lie who hid himself while an 
usurper sat upon his throne, ought not to be a 
king. From that time, B. C. 65, Syi'ia became 
a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus 
was extinguished. Justin. 40. A philoso- 
pher of Ascalon, famous for his writings, and 
the respect with which he w^as treated by his 
pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus. Plut. in 

Lucull. An historian of Syracuse, son of 

Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other w orks. 
Sin history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he 
began at the age of king Cocalus. Strab. — Di- 
od. 12. A rich king, tributmy to the Ro- 
mans in the age of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 2, 

c. 81. A sophist Vv'ho refused to take upon 

himself the government of a etate, on account 

of the vehemence of his passions. A king 

conquered by Antony, &,c. C(£S. 8, Bell. Civ. 

4. A king of Meseenia, Paux. 4. A 

commander of the Athenian fieet, under Alci- 
biades, conquered by Lysander. Xenopk. Hist. 

Orac. A writer of Alexandria, who pub- 

lislied a treatise on comic poets. Athtn. A 

sceptic of Laodicea. Dioy;. in Pyrrh. A 

Icaropd sophist. Philostra.^—^X servant of 



Atticus. Cie. ad Atlic. 3, ep. 33. A hair.* 

dresser mentioned by Martial, 11, ep. 85. ^> 

A son of Hercules by Medea, Apollod. 2, c. 

7. A stage player. Juv. 3, v. 98. X 

sculptor, said to have made the famous statue 
of Pallas, preserved in the Ludovisi gardens 
at Rome. 

Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, king of 
Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, 
who, to deceive her, changed himself into a sa- 
tyr. She became pregnaiit, and, to avoid ihf. 
resentment of her father, she fled to mount Ci' 
thxcron, where she brought forth twins, Ara- 
phion and Zethus. She exposed them, to pre- 
vent discovery, but they w^ere preserved. Af- 
ter this she fled to Epopeus, king of Sicj-'on, 
who married her. Some say that Epopeus 
earned Jier away, for which action iNyctens 
made war against him, and at his death Icit 
his crown to his brother Eycus, intreating 
him to continue the war and punish the ra- 
visher of iris daughter. Lycus obeyed his in- 
junctions, killed Epopeus, and recovered An- 
tiope, whom he loved, and married, though 
his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous ol 
his new connection ; she prevailed upon her 
husband, and Antiope was delivered into her 
hands, and confined in a prison, where she 
was daily tormented. Antiope, after many 
years imprisonmenijobtained means to escape, 
and went after her sons, who mideilook to 
avenge her wrongs upon Lycus and his wife 
Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to 
death, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, 
vvho draggedhertiil shedied. Bacchus changed 
her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope of 
the use of her senses. In this forlorn situa- 
tion she wandered all over Greece, and at 
last found relief from Phocus, son of Orny- 
tion, who cured her of her disorder, and mar- 
ried lier. Hyginxis, fab. 7, says that Antiope 
was divorced by Lycus, because she had been 
ravished by Epopeus, v;-hom he calls Epaphus«> 
and that after her repudiation she became 
pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus mar- 
ried Dirce, who suspected that her husband 
still kept the company of Antiope, upon which 
he imprisoned her. Antiope however escaped 
Ix'ora ner confinement, and brought forth on 
mount Cithasron. Some authors have called 
her daughter of Asopus, because she was 
born on the banks of that river. The Scholi- 
ast on Apollon. 1, v. 736, maintains that there 
were two pei-sons of the name, one tlie daugh- 
ter of Nycteus, and the other of A.sopu3, aiid 
mother of Amphion and Zatlius. Pmfs. 2, "c. 
6, 1. 9, c. 17.— CH^U 6. Met. v. WO.—.QpoUod. 
3, c. b.—Pr&pcrt. 3, el. Ib.-^Hom. Od. 11, v. 

269. — Hygin.iob. 7, 8, and 155. A daughtep 

of Thespius or Thestius, mother of Alopius 

by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A daughter 

of Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prison- 
er by Hercules, and given in marriage to The- 
seus. She is alfo called Hippolyte. Vid. Hip- 

polyte. A daughter of Jiolus, mother of 

Bojotus and Hellen, by Neptune. Hygin. fab. 

157. A daughter of Pilon, who manied. 

Eurytus. Id. fab. 14. 

Ai?TiaRi8, a son of Lycurgu5; Phtl. in 
Lycurg. 

Aifi'iPARoa, a aniall island in the ^g^aa 
sea, opposite Poros- from wlii-Jli it j» abo'it six 
mile? dinant. . 



AN 

iiPATER, son of lolaus, was soldier un- 
iing Philip, and raised to tiie rank of a 
/eral under Alexander the Great. When 
jxander went to invade Asia, he left Aiiti- 
p^ter supreme governor of Macedonia, and of 
all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the 
eause of his king ; he made war against Sparta, 
and was soon after called into Persia with a 
reinforcement by Alexander. He has been 
suspected of giving poison to Alexander, to 
raise himself to power. — After Alexander's 
death, his generals divided the empire among 
themselves, and Macedonia was allotted to An- 
tipater. The wars which Greece, and chiefly 
Athens, meditated during Alexander's life, 
BOW burst forth with uncommon fury as soon 
as the news of his death was received. The 
Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and 
equipped 200 ships against Antipater, who was 
master of Macedonia. Their expedition was 
attended with iriuch success, Antipater was 
routed in Thessaly, and even besieged in the 
town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the 
Athenian general was mortally wounded under 
the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was 
changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise 
the siege, and soon after received a reinforce- 
ment from Craterus from Asia, with which he 
conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thes- 
saly. After this defeat, Antipater and Crate- 
rus marched into Ba?otia, and conquered the 
JEtolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, 
on the conditions which Leosthenes had pro- 
posed to Antipater when besieged in Lamia, i.e. 
that he should be absolute master over them. 
Besides this, he demanded from their ambas- 
sadors, Deraades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, 
that they should deliver into his hands the ora- 
tors Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose elo- 
quence had inflamed the minds of their coun- 
trymen, and had been the primary causes of 
the war. The conditions were accepted, a 
Macedonian garrison was stationed in Athens, 
but the inhabitants still were permitted the 
free use of their laws and privileges. Antipa- 
ter and Craterus were the first who made 
hostile preparations against Perdiccas ; and 
during that time, Polyperchon was appointed 
over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated the 
iEtolians, who made an invasion upon Mace- 
donia. Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes 
in Asia, against Antigonus, according to Justin. 
14, c. 2. At his death, B. C. 319, Antipater 
appointed Polyperchon master of all his pos- 
sessions ; and as he was the oldest of all the 
generals and successors of Alexander, he re- 
commended that he might be the supreme ru- 
ler in their councils, that every thing might be 
done according to his judgment. As for his 
son Cassander, he left him in a subordinate 
Jitation under Polyperchon. But Cassander 
was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey 
his father's injunctions. He recovered Mace- 
donia, and made himself absolute. Curt. 3, 4. 
ft, 6, 7 and 10.— Justin. 11, 12, 13, hc.—Diod. 
17, 18, &.C. — C. JS'ep. in Phoc. ^ Eimien. — 

Plut. in Eumtn. Mexand. &.c. A son of 

Cassander, king of Macedonia, and son-in-law 
of Lysimachns. He killed his mother, because 
she wished his brother Alexander to succeed 
to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death 
of his mother, solicited the assistance of Deme- 
trius : but peace was re-estabHsbcd between 



AN 

the two brothers by the advice of Lysimacbill?, 
and soon after Demetrius killed Antipater, and 
made himself king of Macedonia, 294 B. C. 

Justin. 26, c. 1. A king of Macedonia, who 

reigned only 45 days, 277 B. C. A king of 

Cicilia. A powerful prince, father to Her- 
od. He was appointed governor of Judea by 
Cajsar, whom he had assisted in the Alexan- 
drine war. Joseph. An Athenian archon. 

One of Al('"\ander's soldiers, who conspir- 
ed against his life with Hermolaus. Curt. 8, 

c. 6. A celel«rated sophist of Hieropolis, 

preceptor to the children of the emperor Se- 

verus, A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 

years B. C- A poet of Sidon, who could 
compose a number of verses extempore, upon 
any subject. He ri>nked Sappiio among the 
muses, in one of h ^ epigrams. He had a fe- 
ver eveiy year on th.^ day of his birth, of which 
at last he died. Hevflourished about 80 years 
B. C. Some of his ^igi'ams are preserved in 
the anthologia. Plin.l, c. 51. — Val. Max. 1, 
c. 10. — Cic. de Or at. 3, le Office. 3, de Qucest. 
Acad. 4. A philosopher of Phoenicia, pre- 
ceptor to Cato of Utica. Plut. in Cat. A 

stoic philosopher, disciple to Diogenes of Ba- 
bylon. He wrote two books on divination, and 
died at Athens. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 3. Ac. 
Qucest. 4, c. 6. De Offic. 3, c. 12. A disci- 
ple of Ai'Istotle, who WTote two books of let- 
ters. A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of 

Augustus. 

Antipatria, a city of Macedonia. Liv. 
31, C.27. 

Antipatridas, a governor of Telmessus. 
Polycen. 5. 

Antipatris, a city of Palestine. 

Antiphanes, an ingenious statuary of Ar- 

gos. Pans. 5, c. 17. A comic poet of 

Rhodes, or i*ather of Smyrna, who wrote 
above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year 
of his age, by the fall of an apple upon his 

head. A physician of Delos, who used to 

say that diseases originated from tlie variety 
of food that was eaten. Clem. Alex. — Athen. 

Antiphatks, a king of the Laestrygones, 
descended from Lanius, who founded Formiae. 
Ulysses, returning from Troy, came upon his 
coasts, and sent three men to examine the 
country. Antiphates devoured one of them, 
and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of 
Ulysses with stones, except tiie ship in which 

Ulysses was. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 232. A 

son of Sarpedon. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 696. 

The grandfather of Amphiai'aus. Homer. Od. 

A man killed in the Trojan war bv Leon- 

teus. Homer. 11. l%x.\9\. 

Antiphili portus, a harbour on the Afri- 
can side of the Red sea. Strab. 16. 

Antipiiilus, an Athenian who succeedeci 
Leosthenes, at the siege of Lamia against An- 
tipater, Dlod. 18. A noble painter who 

represented a youth leaning over a fire and 
blowing it, from which t)ie whole house seem- 
ed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by 
birth : he imitated Apelles, and was disciple 
to Ctesidemus. Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Antiphon, a poet. A native of Rham- 

nusia, called Neslor, from his eloquence and 
prudence. The sixteen orations that are ex- 
tant under his name, are supposititious. An 

orator, who promised Philip, king of Macedo- 
nia, tiaat he would set on fire the citadel of 



AN 

Athens, for which he was put to death at the 
instigation of Demosthenes. Cic. de Div. 2. — 

Plut. in Alcih. «^ Demost. A poet who 

wrote on agriculture. Mhen. An author 

who wrote a treatise on peacocks. A rich 

man introduced by Xenophon as disputing 
with Socrates. An Athenian who inter- 
preted dreams, and wrote an history of his art. 

Cic. de Div. 1 and 2. A foolish rhetorician. 

A poet of Attica, who wrote tragedies, 

epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him 
to death, because he refused to praise his com- 
positions. Being once asked by the tyrant, 
what brass was the best .' he answered, that 
"With which the statues of Harmodius and 
Aristogiton are made. Plut. — Jlnstot. 

Antiphonus, a son of Priam, who went 
with his father to the tent of Achilles to re- 
deem Hector. Homer. II. 24. 

Anti'phus, a son of Priam, killed by Aga- 
memnon during the Trojan war, A son of 

Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went 
to the Trojan war in 30 ships. Homer. II. 2, 

V. 185. An intimate friend of Ulysses. 

Homer. Od. 17. A brother of Ctimenus, 

was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These 
two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on 
the false suspicion that he had offered violence 
to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. 
The poet's dog discovered them, and they 
were seized and convicted of the murder. 
Flut. de Solert. Anim. 

Antip(enus, a noble Theban, whose 
daughters sacrificed themselves for the public 
safety. Vid. Androclea. 

Antipolis, a city of Gaul, built by the 
people of Marseilles, Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 15. 

Antirrhium, a promontory of ^tolia, op- 
posite Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence the 
name. 

Antissa, a city at the north of Lesbos. 
——An island neai* it. Ovid. Met. 15, v, 287, 
—Plin. 2, c. 89. 

Antisthenes, a philosopher, born of an 
Athenian father, and of a Phrygian mother. 
He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils 
the famous Diogenes ; but when be had heard 
Socrates, he shut up his school, and told his 
pupils, " Go seek for yourselves a master, I 
have now found one." He was the head of 
the sect of the cynic philosophers. One of 
his pupils asked him what philosophy had 
taught him ? " To live with myself," said he. 
He sold his all, and prescn-ed anly a very rag- 
ged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, 
and tempted him to say to the cynic, who 
carried his contempt of dress too far, "Antis- 
thenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of 
thy coat." Antisthenes tauglit the unity of 
God, but he recommended suicide. Some of 
his letters are extant. His doctrines of aus- 
terity were followed as long as he was liimself 
an example of the cynical character, but after 
his death tii-^y were all forgotten. Antisthenes 
flourislied 396 years B. C. " Cic. de Oral. 3, c. 

35. — Dio^. 6. — Plut. ill Lye. A disciple of 

Heraclitu.^. An historian of Rhodes. Diog. 

ANTfsTins Lab7:o, an excellent lawyer at 
Rome, who dcft-uded the liberties of his coun- 
tiy against Augustus, for which he is taxed 
with madness, by Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 82, — 

niicton. in Ai'g. 64. Pcti'O of Gabii, was 

^'le author of a celebrated treaty between 
\2 



AN 

Rome and his country, in the age of Tarquiu 

the Proud, Dionys. Hal. 4. C. Reginus, 

a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. Cces. Bell. G. 

6 and 7. A soldier of Pompey's army, so 

confident of his valour, that he challenged all 
the adherents of Caesar. Hirt. 25, Hisp. Bell. 

Antitaurus, one of the branches of 
mount Taurus, which runs in a north-east di- 
rection through Cappadocia towards Armenia 
and the Euphrates, 

Antitheus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 7, 
c. 17. 

Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built 
by Ascanius, or, according to others, by a 
son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 
32 miles from Ostium. It was the capital of 
the Volsci, who made war against the Ro- 
mans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, 
and carried all the beaks of their ships to 
Rome, and placed them in the forum on a 
tribunal, which from thence was called jRos- 
trum. This town was dedicated to the god- 
dess of fortune, whose statues, when con- 
sulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, 
or other different signs. Nero was born there. 
Cic. de Div. 1. — Horat. 1, od.35. — Liv.8, c. 14. 

Antomenes, the last king of Corinth. After 
his death, magistrates with regal authority 
were chosen annually. 

Antonia lex, was enacted by M. Antony, 
the consul, A. U. C. 710. It abrogated the Zea; 
Aiia, and renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking 
away from the people the privilege of choos- 
ing priests, and restoring it to the college of 
priests, to which it originally belonged. Dio. 

44. Another by the same, A. U. C, 703. 

It ordained that a new decury of judges should 
be added to the two former, and that they 
should be chosen from the centurions, Cic. in 

Philip. 1 and 6. Another by the .same. It 

allowed an appeal to the people, to those who 
were condemned de majeslate, or of perfidious, 

measures against tlie state. Another by the 

same, during his triumvirate. It made it a 
capital offence to propose ever after the elec» 
tion of a dictator, and for any person to accepS 
of the office. Jlppian. de Bell. Civ. 3. 

Antonia, a daughter of M, Antony, by 
Octavia, She married Domitius .Snobarbus, 
and was mother of Nero, and two daughters- 
A sister of Germaiiicus, A daughter 



of Claudius and iii^lia Petina, She was of the 
family of the Tu hero's, and was repudiated 
for her levity. Sueton. in Claud. 1. — Tacit. 

Ann. 11. The wife of Drusus the son ot 

Livia, and brother to Tiberius, She became 
mother of three children, Germanicus, Cali- 
gula's father ; Claudius the emperor, and tjie 
debauched Livia. Her hu^sband died very 
early, and she never would marry again, but 
sj)cnt her time in the education of he? chil- 
dren. Some people suppose her grandson Ca- 
ligula ordered her to be poisoned, A. D, 38, 

VrJ. Max.4, c. 3. A castle of Jerusalem, 

winch received this name in honour of M. 
Antony. 

Antonu, a patrician and plebeian family, 
yv'li'ch were said to derive their origin from 
Antones, a son of Hercules, as Plut. in AiUon,^ 
informs us. 

AuTONiNA, the wife of Bellisarius, Sic. 

Antoninus, Tixus, surnamed PiuSf was 
adopteil by the emperor Adri^^ to whom he 



AN 

fjucceeded. This prince is remarkable for all 
the vii'tues that can form a perfect statesman, 
philosopher, and king. He rebuilt whatever 
chies had been destroyed by wars in former 
reigns. In cases of famine or inundation, he 
reheved the distressed, and supplied their 
wants with his own money. He suffered the 
governors of the provinces to remain long in 
the administration, that no opportunity of ex- 
tortion might be giveii to new-comers. In his 
conduct towards his subjects, he behaved w ith 
atFability and humanity, and listened with pa- 
tience to every complaint brought before him. 
When told of conquering heroes, he said with 
Scipio, I prefer the life and preservation of a 
citizen, to the death of 100 enemies. He did 
not persecute the christians like his predeces- 
sors, but his life was a scene of univei'sal bene- 
volence. His last moments were easy, though 
preceded by a lingering illness. When consul 
of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a 
sophist, who in civility obliged the governor to 
change his house at night. The sophist, when 
Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, 
and was jocosely desired to use the palace as 
his own house, without any apprehension of 
being turned out at night. He extended the 
boundaries of the Roman province in Britain, 
by raising a rampart between the Friths of 
Clyde and Forth ; but he waged no wars dur- 
ing his reign, and only repulsed the enemies of 
the empire Avho appeared in the field. He died 
in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 
23 years, A. D. 161. He w-as succeeded by his 
adopted son, M. Aurelius Antoninus, sur- 
named the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as 
his father. He raised to the imperial dignity 
his brother L. Verus, whose voluptuousness 
and dissipation were as conspicuous as the mo- 
deration of the philosopher. During their 
reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni 
were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in 
Gi-eek, entitled, r» -:*&' la-jTct., concerning him- 
self, the best editions of which are the 4to. 
Cantab. 1652, and the Svo. Oxon. 1704. Af- 
ter the war with the Quadi had been finish- 
ed, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoni- 
nus survived him eight years, and died in his 
61st year, after a reign of 29 years and ten 
davs. Dio. Cassius. — —Bassianus Caracalla, 



AN 

Aktoniopolis, a city of Mesopotamia* 
Marcdl. 8. 

M. Antonius Gnipho, a poet of Gaul 
who taught rhetoric at Rome ; Cicero and 
other illustrious men frequented his school. 
He never asked any thing for his lectures, 
whence he received more from the liberality 

of his pupils. Suefon. de Illust. Gr. 7. 

An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the 
same name. He was killed in the civil wars 
of Mariris, and his head was hung in the forum. 

Val. Max. 9, c. tl.—Lucan. 2, v. 121. 

Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the 
same name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus, 
obtained from the senate the office of manag- 
ing the corn on the maritime coasts of the 
Mediterranean with unlimited power. This 
ga\ e him many opportunities of plundering the 
provinces and enriching himself. He died of 

a broken heart. Sallust. Frag. Cains, a 

son of the orator of that name, who obtai«ed a 
troop of horse from Sylla, and plundered 
Achaia. He was carried before the pretor M. 
Lucullus, and banished from the senate by the 
censors, for pillaging the allies, and refusing 

to appear when summoned before justice. • 

Cains, son of Antonius Caius was consul, with 
Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the con- 
spiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Ma- 
cedonia as his province, and fought with ill suc- 
cess against the Dardani. He was accused at 
his return and banished. Marcus, the tri- 
umvir, was grandson to the orator M. Anto- . 



son of the emperor Septimus Severus, was ce- 
lebrated for his cruelties. He killed his bro- 
ther Geta in his mother's arms, and attempt- 
ed to destroy the writings, of Aristotle, ob- 
.=erving that Aristotle was one of those who 
sent poison to Alexander. He married his 
mother, and publicly lived with her, which 
gave occasion to the people of Alexandria to 
s-ay that he was an OEdipu,=, and his wife a 
.Tocasta. This joke v;as fatal to them ; and 
the emperor, to punish their ill language, 
slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. 
After assuming the name and dress of Achilles, 
<»nd styling himself the conqueror of provinces 
he had never seen, he was assassinated at 
F.dessa by Macrinus, A\)v\\ 8, in the 43d year 
of his age, A, D. 217. His body was sent to 
his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight. 

There is extant a Greek itinerary, and , 

another book called llcr Britannicum, which 

:ome have attributed to the emperor Antoni- 

;uis, ihough it was more probably written by a 

'person of that name whosre p.gG U unknown. 



nius, andsoji of Antonius, surnamed Cretensis, 
from his wars in Crete. He was augur and 
tribune of the people, in which he distinguish- 
ed himself by his ambitious views. He always 
entertained a secret resentment against Cicero, 
which arose from Cicero's having put to death 
Corn. Lentulus, who was concerned in Cati- 
line's conspiracy. This Lentulus had married 
Antonius's mother after his father's death. 
When the senate was torn by the factions 
of Pompey's and Cajsar's adherents, Antony 
proposed that both should lay aside tlie 
command of their armies in the provinces ; 
but as this proposition met not with suc- 
cess, he privately retired from Rome to the 
camp of Cajsar, and advised him to mai^ch 
his army to Rome. In support of his at- 
tachment ho commanded the left wing of 
his army at Pharsalia, and according to a pre- 
meditated scheme, oflered him u diadem in 
tl:e presence of the Roman people. When 
Ca3sar was assassinated in the senate house, his 
friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; 
and to ingratiate himself and his party with 
the populace, lie reminded them of the libe- 
ral treatment they had received from Ciesar. 
He besieged Mutina, which had been allotted 
to D. Brutus, for which the senate judged 
him an enemy to the republic, at the remon- 
stration of Cicero. He was conquered by the 
consuls Hirtius andPansa, and by young Ca?- 
sar, who soon after joined his interest with 
that of Antony, and formed the celebrated 
triumvirate, which was established with such 
cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even 
spare his own uncle, that he might strike ofl' 
the head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvi- 
rate divided the Roman empire among them- 
selves; Lepiduswas set over all Italy, Augus- 
tus ha.d the west, and Antony returned into 



ift^ 



II 



AN 

tke east, where he enlarged his dominions by 
ditterent conquests. Antony had niarried Ful- 
via, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia the 
sister of Augustus, and by this connexion to 
strengthen the triumvirate. He assisted Au- 
gustus at the battle of Philippi against the 
murderers of J. Caesar, and he buried the 
body of M. Brutus, his enemy, in a most mag- 
nificent manner. During his residence in the 
east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleo- 
patra, queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia 
to marry her. This divorce incensed Augus- 
tus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of 
all his power. Antony, in the mean time, as- 
sembled all the forces of the east, and with 
Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cgesar. 
These two enemies met at Actium, where a 
naval engagement soon began, and Cleopatra, 
by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the 
battle, and ruined his cause. After the battle 
of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatra into 
Egypt, where he was soon informed of the 
defection of all his allies and adherents, and 
saw the conqueror on his shores. He stabbed 
himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself 
by the bite of an asp. Antony died in the 
56th year of his age, B. C. 30, and the con- 
queror shed tears when he was informed that 
his enemy was no more. Antony left seven 
children by his three uives. He has been 
blamed for his great effeminacy, for his un- 
common love of pleasures, and his fondness 
of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in 
praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imita- 
ting Hercules, from whom, according to some 
accounts, he was descended ; and he is often 
represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in 
the form of Omphale, dressed in the arras of 
her submissive lover, and beating him with 
her sandals In his public character, Anto- 
ny was brave and courageous, but with the 
intrepidity of Ceesar, he possessed all his vo- 
luptuous inclinations. He was prodigal to 
a degree, and did not scruple to call, from va- 
nity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. 
His fondness for low company, and his de- 
bauchery, form the best parts of Cicero's Phi- 
lippics. It is said that the night of Cassar's 
murder, Cassius supped with Antony ; and 
being asked whether he had a dagger with 
him, answered, yes, if you, Antony, aspire to 
sovereign power. Plutarch has written an 
account of his life. Virg. ^m. 8, v. 685. — 
Horat. ep. 9. — Juv. 10, v. 122, — C. Nep. in 
Attic. — Cic. in Philip. — Justin. 41 and 42. 

Julius, son of Antony the triumvir, by 

Fulvia, was consul with Paulus Fabius Maxi- 
mus. He was surnamed Africanus, and put 
to death by order of Augustus. Some say that 
he killed himself. It is supposed that he wrote 
an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. 
Horace dedicated his 4 Od. 2, to him. Tacit. 
4, Ann. c. 44. Lucius, tlie triumvir's bro- 
ther, was besieged in Pehisium by Augustus, 
and obliged to surrender himself with 3(K)mcn 
by famine. The conqueror .spared his life. 
Some say that he was killed at the shrine of 

Caisar. A noble, but unfortunate youth. 

His father, Julius, was put to death by Augus- 
tus, for his criminal conversation with Julia, 
and he himself was removed by the emperor 
to Marseilles, on pretence of finishing his ed- 
Wcqtion. TacU. % Ann. c. 41 — i^rclis, a 



AO 

freedraan of Claudius, appointed governor of 
Judaea. He married Drusilla, the daughter 
of Antony and Cleopatra. Tacit. 4, Hist. 9. 
Flamma, a Roman, condemned for extor- 
tion, under Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 45, 
— — Musa, a physician of Augustus. Plin. 29, 

c. 1. Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A. 

U. C. 304. Liv. 3, c. 35. Q. Merenda, a 

military tribune, A. U. C. 332. Liv. 4, c. 42. 

Antorides, a painter, disciple to Aristip- 
pus. Plin. 

Antro CoRACius. Vid. Coracius. 

Antylla. Vid. Anthylla. 

Anubis, an Egyptian deity, represented 
under the form of" a man with the head of a 
dog, because when Osiris went on his expedi- 
tion against India, Anubis accompanied him, 
and clothed himself in a sheep's skin. His 
worship was introduced from Egypt into 
Greece and Italy. He is supposed by some 
to be Mercury, because he is sometimes re^- 
presented with a caduceus. Some make him 
brother of Osiris, some his son by Nephthys, 
the wife of Typhon. Diod, 1. — Lucan. 8, v. 
3S1.— Ovid. Met. 9, v, 6S6.—Plut. de Isid. 
and Osind.—Herodot. 4. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 
698. 

Anxius, a river of Armenia, falling into the 
Euphrates. 

Anxur, called also Tarracina, a cit)^ of the 
Volsci, taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 348. 
It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter 
Anxur, and represented in the form of a 
beardless boy. Liv. 4, c. 59. — Horat. 1, Sat. 
5, v. 2Q.— Lucan. 3, v. 84.— FtVg. Mn.l^x.' 
799. 

Anyta, a Greek woman, some of whose 
elegant verses are still extant. 

Anytus, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with 
Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates of im- 
piety, and was the cause of his condemnation. 
These false accusers were afterwards put to 
death by the Athenians. Diog. — AEllian. V. 
H. 2, c. VS.— Horat. 2, Sat. 4, v. 3.— Pint, in 
Alcib. One of the Titans. 

Anzabe, a river near the Tigris. Mar- 
cd. 18. 

AoLLius, a son of Romulus by Hersila, af- 
terwards called Abillius. 

AoN, a son of Neptune, who came to Eu- 
boea and Bceotia, from Apulia, where he col- 
lected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned 
over them. They were called Aones, and the 
country Aonia, from him. 

AoNEs, the inhabitants of Aonia, called af- 
terwards Bceotia. They came there in the 
age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to set- 
tle with the Phoenicians. The muses have 
been called Aonides, because Aonia was more 
particularly frequented by them. Pavs. 9, 
c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 3, 7, 10, 13. Tri^t. el. 5, 
V. 10. Fast. 3, v. 456, 1. 4, v. 245.— Virg. G. 
3,v. 11. 

Aonia, one of the ancient names of Bce- 
otia. 

AoRis, a famous hunter, son of Aras, king 
of Corinth. He was so fond of his sister Ara- 
thyraia, that he called part of the country by 

her name. Pans. 2, c. 12. The wife of 

Neleus, called more commonly Chloris. Id. 
9, 0. 36. 

Aornos, Aorm's, Aornis, a lofty rock, 
supposed to be near the Ganges, in India, taken 



AP 

by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but 
was never able to conquer it. Curt. 8, c. 11. 

— Jlirian. 4. — Slrab. 15. — Plat, in Mcx. A 

place in Epinis, with an oracle. Pans. 9, c. 

80. A certain lake near Tartessus. 

Another near BaioR and Puteoli. It was also 
called Avernus. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 242. 

AoTi, a people of Thrace near the Getaj, 
on the Ister. Piin. 4. 

ApaitjE, a people of Asia Minor. Slrab. 

Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who 

married Pharnabazus, satrap of Ionia. A 

daughter of Antiochus. Pans. 1, c. 8. 

Apame, the mother of Nicomedes by Pru^- 
sias king of Bithynia. The mother of An- 
tiochus Soter, by Seleucas Nicanor. Soter 
founded a city which he called by his mother's 
name. 

Apamia or Apamea, a city of Phrygia, on 

the Mai'syas. A city of Bithynia. Of 

Media. Mesopotamia. Another near 

tile Tigris, 

Apakjji, a nation of shepherds near the 
Caspian sea. Slrab. 

ApATiJRiA, a festival at Athens, which re- 
ceived its name from !*.tt»xh, deceit, because it 
was instituted in memory of a stratagem by 
which Xanthiis king of Bceotia was killed by 
Melanthus king of Athens, upon the following 
occasion : when a war arose between the Bo3o- 
tians and Athenians about a piece of ground 
which divided their territories, Xanthus made 
a proposal to the Athenian king to decide 
the battle by single combat. Thynicetes, who 
was tiien on the throne of Athens, refused, 
and his successor Melanthus accepted the 
challenge. When they began the engagement, 
Melanthus exclaimed, that his antagonist had 
some person behind him to support him ^ up- 
on which Xanthus looked behind, and was kil- 
led by Melanthus. From this success, Jupiter 
was called a;7«T(,v«)?, deceiver, and Bacchus, Avho 
was supposed to be behind Xanthus, was called 
M»>^v:*«;. »,-, clothed in the skin of a black goat. 
Some derive the word from «7r»rof»», i. e. o/Mroax, 
because on the day of the festival, the children 
accompanied their fathers to be registered 
among the citizens. The festival lasted three 
days, the first day was called Soe^t», because 
suppers, 'V'^oi, were prepared for each separate 
tribe. The second day was called amieva-ii xtto 
rev um ivsitv, because sacrifices were offered to 
Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the vic- 
tims was generally turned up towai'ds the hea- 
vens. The third was called KoyfiujTt;, from 
KojfO£, a youth, or Koi/f:*, shaving, because the 
young men had their hair cut off before they 
were registered, and their parents swore 
that they were free-born Athenians. They 
generally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goat 
to Diana. This festival was adopted by the 
lonians, except the inhabitants of Ephesus and 

Colophon. A surname of Minerva of 

Venus. 

Apeauros, a mountain in Peloponnesus. 
Polyb. 4. 

Apella, a word, Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 10, 
which has given much trouble to critics and 
commentators. Some suppose it to mean cir- 
cumcised, (sine pelk) an epithet highly appli- 
cable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a 
proper name, upon the authority of Cicero ad 
Jltiic. 12, ep. 19, who mentions a person of 
the sa^e no^mc, 



AP 

Apblles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or^ 
as others say, of Ephesus, or Colophon, son of 
Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the 
Great, who honoured him so much that he 
forbade any man but Apelles to draw his pic- 
ture. He was so attentive to his profession, 
that he never spent a day without employing 
his pencil, whence the provei'b of Nulla dies 
sine tinea. His most perfect picture was Ve- 
nus Anadyomene, which was not totally finish- 
ed when the painter died. He made a paint- 
ing of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, 
so much like life, that Pliny, who saw it, says 
tiiat the hand of the king witli the thunder 
seemed to come out of the pictui'e. This pic- 
ture was placed in Diana's temple at Ephesus. 
He made another of Alexander, but the king 
expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of 
it ; and at that moment a horse passing by, 
neighed at the horse which was represented in 
the piece, supposing it to be alive ; upon which 
the painter said, " One would imagine that the 
horse is a better judge of painting than your 
majesty." When Alexander ordered him to 
draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mis- 
tresses, Apelles became enamoured of her, 
and the king permitted him to marry her. — 
He wrote three volumes upon painting, which 
were still extant in the age of Pliny. It is said 
that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring 
against the life of Ptolemy, and that he would 
have been put to death had not the real con-. 
spirator discovered himself, and saved the 
painter. Apelles never put his name to any 
pictures but three ; a sleeping Venus, Venus 
Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The pro- 
verb of JVe sutor ultra crepidam, is applied to 
him by some. Plin. 35, c. 10. — Horat. 2, ep. 
1, V. 238. — Cic. in Famil. 1, ep. 9. — Ovid, de 

Art. Am. 3, v. 401.— Fa/. Max. 8, c. 11. A 

tragic writer. Suet. Calig. 33. — — ^A Mace- 
donian general, fcc. 

Apellicon, a Teian peripatetic philoso- 
pher, whose fondness for books was so great 
that he is accused of stealing them, when he 
could not obtain them with money. He bought 
the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but 
greatly disfigured them by his frequent inter- 
polations. The extensive library which he 
had collected at Athens, was carried to Rome 
when Syllahad conquered the capital of Attica, 
and among tlie valuable books was found an 
original manuscript of Aristotle. He died 
about 86 years before Christ. Slrab. 13. 

Apenninus, a ridge of high mountains 
which run through the middle of Italy, from 
Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are 
joined to the Alps. Some have supposed that 
they ran across Sicily by Rhegium before Italy 
was separated from Sicily. Lucan. 2, v. 306. 
—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 226.— /to/. 4, v. 743.— 
Strah. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Aper, Marcus, a Latin orator of Gaul, 
who distinguished himself as a politician, as 
well as by his genius. The dialogue of the ora- 
tors, inserted with the works of Tacitus and 
Quintilian, is attributed to him. He died A. D, 
85. Another. Vid. INumerianus. 

Aperopia, a small island on the coast of 
Argolis. Pans. 2, c. 34. 

Apesus, Apesas, or Apesantus, a moun- 
tain of Peloponnesus, nee^r Lerna. Siat. in 
Theb. 3, v. 463. 



AP 

ApHACAja town of Palestine, where Venus 
was worshipped, and where she had a temple 
and an oracle. 

Aphjea, a name of Diana, who had a tem- 
ple in jEgina. Paus. 2, c. 30. 

Aphar, the capital city of Arabia, near the 
Red Sea. Arrian. in Perij)L 

Apharetus, fell in love with Marpessa, 
daughter of OEnoraaus, and carried her away. 

Aphareus, a king of Messenia, son of Pe- 
rieres and Gorgophone, who married Arene 
daughter of CEbalus, by whom he had three 

sons. Paus. 3, c. 1. A relation of Isocrates 

who wrote 37 tragedies. 

Aphas, a river of Greece, which falls into 
tlie bay of Ambracia. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Aphellas, a king of Cyrene, who, with 
the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce 
all Africa under his power. Justin. 22, c. 7. 

Aphesas, a mountain in Peloponnesus, 
whence, as the poets have imagined, Perseus 
attempted to fly to heaven. Stat. 3. Theb. v. 
461. 

Aphet-=e, a city of Magnesia, where the ship 
Argo was launched. Apollod. 

Aphidas, a son of Areas king of Arcadia. 
Paus. 8. 

Aphidna, a part of Attica, which received 
its name from Aphidnus, one of the compani- 
ons of Theseus. Herodot. 

ApHiDNus, a friend of JEneas, killed by 
Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 702. 

Aphoebetus, one of the conspirators against 
Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Aphrices, an Indian prince, who defended 
the rock Aornus with 20,000 foot and 15 ele- 
phants. He was killed by his troops, and his 
head sent to Alexander. 

Aphrodisia, an island in the Persian gulf 

where Venus is worshipped. Festivals in 

honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts 
of Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were 
first instituted by Cinyras, from whose family 
the priests of the goddess were always chosen. 
All those that were initiated offered apiece of 
money to Venus, asa harlot, and received as a 
mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure 
of salt and a f«?^a;; the salt, because Venus 
arose from the sea; the <f*>^^05, because she is 
the goddess of wantonness. They were cele- 
brated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part 
of Greece, they were very much frequented. 
Strah. 14.— 4then. 

Aphrodisias, a town of Caria, sacred to 
Venus. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 62. 

Aphrodisium or a, a town of Apulia built 
by Diomede in honour of Venus. 

ApiiRODisuai, a city on the eastern parts of 
Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis. A pro- 
montory with an island of the same name on 
the coast of Spain, Plin. 3, c. 3. 

Aphrodite, the Greecian name of Venus, 
from «?f3.-, froth, because Venus is said to have 
been born from the froth of the ocean. Jfe- 
siod. Th. 195.— Plin. 36, c, 5. 

AphytjE or ApHVTis, a city of Thrace, 
near Pallena, where Jupiter Amnion was wor- 
shipped. Lysander besieged the town •. but 
the god of the place appeared to him in a 
dream, and advised him to raise the siege, 
which he immediately did. Paus. 3, c. 18. 

Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, 
which it received from king Apis It was af- 



AP 

terwards called .iEgialea, Pelasgia, Argia, ami 
at last Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. 

Homer. II. 1, v. 270. Also the name of the 

earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a 
powerful deity. Herodot. 4, c. 59. 

Apianus, or Apion, weis born at Oasis in 
Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of 
which he was deemed a citizen. He succeed- 
ed Theus in the profession of rhetoric in the 
reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book against the 
Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the 
head of an embassy which the people of Alex- 
andria sent to Caligula, to complain of the 
Jews. Seneca, ep. 88. — Plin. prw/. Hist. 

ApiCATA, married Sejanus, by whom she 
had three children. She was repudiated. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 4, c. 3. 

Apicius, a famous glutton in Rome. — There 
were three of the same name, all famous for 
their voracious appetite. The first lived in 
the time of the republic, the second in the 
reign of Augustus and Tiberius, and the third 
under Trajan. The second was the most fa- 
mous, as he wrote a book on the pleasures 
and incitements of eating. He hanged himself 
after he had consumed the greatest part of bis 
estate. The best edition of Apicius Cajlius 
de Arte Coquinarid, is that of Amst. i2nio. 
1709. Juv. 11, V. 3 —Martial. 2, ep. 69. 

Apidanus, one of the chief rivers of The's- 
sah', at the south of the Peneus, into which it 
falls, a little above Larissa. Lucan. 6, v. 372. 

Apina, and Afiisjz, a city of Apulia, des- 
troyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by 
Diomedes ; whence came the proverb of 
Apina 4' Trica, to express trifling things. 
Martial. 14, ep. 1. — Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Apiola, and ApioL5;,atown of Italy, taken 
by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman capitol 
was begun with the spoils taken from tliaf, 
city. Piiyi. 3, c. 5. 

Apion, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the 
descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. A gram- 
marian. IVid. Apianus.] 

Apis, one of the ancient kings of Pelopon ■ 
nesus, son of Fhoroneus and Laodice. Some 
say that Apollo was his fatlier, and that he was: 
king of Argos, while others call him king of 
Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 2C0 
years earlier, which is enough to show he is 
but obscurely known, if known at all. He 
was a native of Naupactum, and descended 
from Inachus, He received divine honouri. 
after death, as he had been muniiicent and hu- 
mane to his subjects. The country where he 
reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it re- 
ceived the name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, 
and at last that of Peloponnesus, from Peiops. 
Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augus- 
tine, have imagined that Apis went to Kpypt 
, with a colony of Greeks, and that he civili;ied 
the inhabitants, and polished their manner.-;, 
for which they made him a god after deatli, 
and paid divine honours to him under the name 
of SerapLs. This tradition, according to some 
of the moderns, is without foundation. JEsthyl. 
in Suppl. — August, de Civ. Dei, 18, c. 5. — 

Paus. 2, c. 5. — ApoUod. 2, c. 1. A son of 

Jason, born in Arcadia ; he was killed by the 

horses of i^^tolus. Paus. 5, c. 1. A town 

of Egypton the lake Mareolis. A god of the 

Egyptians worsliippcd under the form of an 
ox. Some say that Isis and Obiris me the 



AP 

(feities worshipped under this name, because 
during their reign tliey taught the Egyptians 
agriculture. Tiie Egyptians believed tliat the 
soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, 
where it wished to dwell, because that animal 
had been of the most essential service in the 
cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had in- 
troduced into Egypt. The ox that was chosen 
was always distinguished by particular marks ; 
his body was black ; he had a square white 
spot upon the forehead, the iigure of an eagle 
upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a 
beetle, the hairs of his tail were double, and 
his right side was marked with a whitish spot, 
resembling the crescent of the moon. With- 
out these, an ox could not be taken as the god 
Apis ; and it is to be imagined that the priests 
gave these^distinguished characteristics to the 
animal on whom their credit and even prospe- 
rity depended. The festival of Apis lasted se- 
ven days ; the ox was led in a solemn proces- 
sion by the priests, and everyone Avas anxious 
to receive him into his house, and it was be- 
lieved that the children Vv'ho smelt his breath 
received the knowledge of futurity. The ox 
was conducted to the banks of the Nile with 
much ceremony, and if he had lived to the 
time when their sacred books allowed, tliey 
drowned him in the river, and embalmed his 
body, and buried it in solemn state in the city 
of Memphis. After his death, which some- 
times w:as natural, the greatest cries and la- 
mentations were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris 
was just dead; the priests shaved their headS; 
"wiiich was a sign of the deepest mourning. 
This continued till another ox appeared with 
the proper characteristics to succeed as the 
deity, which Avas followed with the greatest ac- 
clamations, as if Osiris was returned to life. This 
ox, which was found to represent Apis, was left 
40 days in the city of the Nile before he was 
carried to Memphis, during which time none 
but women were permitted to appear before 
him, and this they performed, according to 
their superstitious notions, in a wanton and in- 
decent manner There was also an ox wor- 
shipped at Heliopolis, under the name of 
Mnevis ; some supposed that he was Osiris, 
but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis 
was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis'to Isis. When 
Carnbyses came into Egypt, the people were 
celebrating the festivals of Apis with every 
mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror 
inteipreted as an insult upon himself. He 
called the priests' of Apis, and ordered the 
deity himself to come before him. When he 
saw that an ox was the object of their venera- 
tion, and the cause of such rejoicings, he 
wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to 
be chastised, and commanded his soldiers to 
daughter such as were found celebrating such 
riotous fe.stivals. The god Apis had generally 
two stables, or rather tempie.j. If he eat from 
tiie hand, it was a favourable omen ; but if he 
refused the food that va as offered him, it was 
interpreted r.s unlucky. From this, Germani- 
cus, when he visited Egypt, drew the omens of 
his approaching death. When his oracle was 
consulted, incense v;as burnt on an altar, atid a 
piece of n)oncy placed upon it, after which the 
people that wished to know futurity applied 
their car to the mouth of the god and imme- 
diately retired, stopping their ears till they had 



AP 

departed from the temple. The first sounds that 
were heard, v\'ere taken as the answer of the 
oracle to their questions. Fmis. 7, c. 22. — 
Herodot. 2 and 3.—Plin. 8, c. 38, hc.—Strab. 
7. — Plut. ill Idd. and Osir. — Jipollod. 1, c. 7. 

I. 2, c. l.—Mda, 1, c. 9.—Plin. S, c. 39, he. 
Strah. l.—JElian. V. H. 4 and G.—Diod. l._ 

Apisaon, son of Hippasus, assisted Priara 
against the Greeks, at the head of a Paeoniaa 
army. He was killed by Lycomedes. Horn. 

II. 17, V. 348. Another on the same side. 

Apitius Galba, a celebrated buffoon in 

the time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4. 

ApoLLiNAREs LUDi, games (jdebrated at 
Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated 
from the following circumstance : an old pro- 
phetic poem informed the Romans, that if they 
instituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a 
collection of money for his service,.they would 
be able to repel the enemy whose approach al- 
ready signified their destruction. The first 
time they wei»e celebrated, Rome was alarmed 
by the approach of the enemy, and instantly 
the people rushed out of the city, and saw a 
cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the 
troops of the enemy. With this heavenly as- 
sistance they easily obtained the victory. The 
people generally sat crowned with laurel at the 
representation of these games, which were 
usually celebrated at the option of .the praslor* 
till the year U. C. 545, when a law was passed 
to settle the celebration yearly on the same 
day, about the nones of July. When this alte- 
ration happened, Rome was infested with a 
dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed 
to be appeased by this act of religion. Lit. 
25, c. 12. 

Apollinaris, C. Sulpitius, a grammarian of 
Caithage, in the second century, who is sup- 
posed to be the author of the verses prefixed 

to Terence's plays as arguments. A writer 

better known by the name of Sidonius. Vid* 
Sidonius. 

Apollonides, a Greek iu the wars of Da- 
rius and Alexander, &c. Curt. 4, c. 5. 

AppoLTviNis Arx, a place at the entrance of 

the Sibyl's cave. Vir^. JEn. 6. Promon- 

torium, a ])romontory of Africa. Liv. 30, c. 

24. Templum, a place of Thrace, ■ in 

Lycia. JEliun. V. H. 6, c. 9. 

Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, called 
also Phrebus, is often confounded with the sun. 
According to Cicero, 3. de Js'^at. Deor. there 
were four persons of this name. The first was 
son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the 
Athenians. The second "was son of Corybas, 
and was born in Crete, for the dominion of 
which he disputed even with Jupiter himself 
The third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and 
came from the nations of the Hyperboreans 
to Delphi. The fourth was born in Ai'cadia, 
and called Nomion, because he gave laws to the 
inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona 
all the actions of the others seem to have been 
attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the 
same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the 
most ancient, from whom the actions of the 
others have been copied. The three others 
seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition 
that the son of Latona was born in the floating 
island of Delos, is taken from the Egyptiai^ 
mythology, which asserts that the son ol Vul- 
can, which is supposed to be Orus, wrs guved 



AP 

by his mother Isis from the persecution of Ty- 
phon, and intrusted to the care of Latona, who 
concealed him in the island of Chemmis. — 
When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, 
who w^as ever jealous of her husband's amours, 
raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, 
who was refused a place to give birth to her 
children,tillTN'eptune, moved at the severity of 
her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bot- 
tom of the sea, where Latona brought forth 
Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all 
the fiiie arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and 
eloquence, of all which he was deemed the in- 
ventor. He had received from Jupiter the 
power of knowing futurity, and he was the only 
one of the gods whose oracles were in general 
repute over the world. His amours with Leuco- 
thoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene. 
Cyrene, Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, 6ic. are 
well known, and the various shapes he assu- 
med to gratify his passion. He was very fond 
of young Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally 
killed with a quoit ; as also of Cyparissus, who 
was changed into a cypress tree. When his son 
./Esculapius had been killed with the thunders 
of Jupiter, for raising the dead to life, Apollo, 
in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had 
fabricated the thunderbolts. Jupiter was in- 
censed at this act of violence, and he banished 
Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his 
dignity. The exiled deity came to Admetus, 
kingof Thessaly, and hired himself to be one of 
his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he 
remained nine years ; from which circumstance 
be was called the god of shepherds, and at his sa- 
crifices a wolfwas generally offered, as that ani- 
mal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. 
During his residence in Thessaly, he rcAvarded 
the tender treatment of Admetus. He gave 
him a chariot, drawn by a lion and a bull, with 
which he was able to obtain in marriage Alceste 
the daughter of Pelias; and soon after, the 
Parcae granted, at Apollo's request, that Adme- 
tus might be redeemed from death, if another 
person laid down his life for hira. He assisted 
Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and 
when he was refused the promised reward from 
Laomedon.the king of the countiy, he destroy- 
ed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as 
he was born, Apollo destroyed with arrows the 
serpent Python, whom Juno had sent to per- 
secute Latona; hence he w^as called Pythius; 
and he afterwards vindicated the honour of his 
juother by putting to death the children of the 
proud Niobe. [l^/t/. IViob^] He Avas not the 
inventorofthe lyre, as some have imagined,but 
Mercury gave it him, and received as a reward 
the famous caduceus with Avhich Apollo was 
wont to drive the Hocks of Admetus. His con- 
test witii Pan and Marsyas, and the punishment 
inllicted upon Midas, are well known. He re- 
ceived the surnames of Phoebus, Delius, Cyn- 
thius, P/ean, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, Cla- 
riiis, Jsmeni:is, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c. for 
reasons which are explained under those words. 
Apollo is generally represented with long hair, 
and the llomuns were fond of imitating his 
figure ; aud therefore in their youth they were 
remarkable for their fine head of hair, which 
they cut short at the age of seventeen or eigh- 
teen ; he is always represented as a tall beard- 
less young man witli a hand.some shape, holding 
in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre : his 



Ap 

heacl IS generally suiTounded with beams cri 
light. He was the deity who, according to the 
notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, and 
in that moment he appeared surrounded with 
clouds. His worship and power wei-e univer- 
sally acknowledged : he had temples and sta- 
tues in every country, particularly in Egypt, 
Greece, and Italy. His statue, which siood 
upon mount Actiura, as a mark to mariners to 
avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly fa- 
mous, and it appeared a great distance at sea. 
Augustus, before the battle of Actium, address- 
ed himself to it for victory. The gi-iliin, the 
cock, the grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the 
swan, the liawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm- 
ti-ee, ^z-c. were sacred to him ; and in his sacri- 
fices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they 
were the natural enemies of the flocks over 
which he presided. . Bullocks and lambs were 
also immolated to him. As he presided over 
poetry, he was often seen on mount Pai-nassus 
with the nine muses. His most famous oracles 
were at Delphi, Delos, Clares, Tenedos, Cyr- 
rha, and Patara. His most splendid temple was 
at Delphi, where every nation and individual 
made considerable presents when they con- 
sulted the oracle. Augustus, after the battle 
of Actium, built him a temple on mount Pala- 
tine, which he enriched with a valuable library. 
He had a famous Colossus in Rhodes, which 
was one of the seven wonders of the world. 
Apollo has been taken for the sun ; but it may 
be proved by ditterent passages in the ancient 
writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phcebus aud Hy- 
perion,were all different characters and deities, 
though confounded together. When once Apol*- 
1q^ was addressed as the Sun, and represented 
with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was 
adopted by every writer, and from thence arose 
the mistake. Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 9 and 10, L 4- fab 

3, kc.~Faus. 2, c. 7, 1. 5, c. 7, i. 7, c. 20, 1. 9, ci 
30, tc. Hygin. fab. 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 16 1 , 202, 
203, ^t.—Sial. 1. Theb. oGO.—TibulL 2, el. 3. 
— Plut. de Amor. — Horn. II. 4- Hymn, in ApolL 
Virg. J£n. 2, 3, k.Q.. G. 4, v. 323.— Horct. 1, od. 
10.— Uician. Dial. Mer. 4' Vulc.-Propert. 2, 
el. 28. — Callimach. in Apoll. — Apollod:. 1, c. 3, 

4, a?id 9, 1. 2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 5, 10 and 12. One 

of the ships in the fleet of iEneas. Virg. ^n. 

10, V. 171. Also a temple of Apollo upon 

mount Leucas, which appeared at a great dis- 
tance at sea, and served as a guide to mariners, 
and reminded them to avoid the dangerous 
rocks that were along the coast. Virs. JEn 
3,v.275. ^ 

Apollochates, a friend of Dion, supposed 
by some to be the son of Dionysius. 

Apollodurus, a famous grammarian and 
mythologist of Athens, son of Ascle])ias, and 
disciple to Panatius the Rhodfen philosopher. 
He flourished about 115 years before the chris- 
tian era, and wrote an history of Athens, be- 
sides other works. But of all his composition.^ 
nothiagis extaiit but his £i///w//tec«., a valuable 
work, divided into three books. It is aa 
alsridged history- of the gods, and of the an- 
cient heroes, of whose actions and gejiealogyit 
gives a ti-ue and faithful account. The best 
edition is that oi Hct/nc, Goett. in Svo. 4 vol'. 
1782. Alhen.—riin. 7, c. 31.—Diod. 4 and 13. - 

A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tra 

gedies entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, he. A 

« omic poet of <JeIa iu Slcilv, in the age of Mc- 



AP 

naiider, who wrote 47 plays. An architect' 

of Damascus, who du-ccted the building of 
Trajan's bridge across the Danube. He was 
put to deatli by Adrian, to whom, when in a 
private station, he had spoken in too bold a 
manner. A writer who composed an histo- 
ry of Parthia. A disciple of Epicuras, the 

most learned of his scheol, and deservedly 
sumamed the Illustrious. He wrote about 40 

volumes on different subjects. Diog. A 

painter of Athens, of whom Zeuxis was a pu- 
pil. Two of his paintings were admired at 
Pergamus in the age of Pliny ; ajiriest in a 
suppliant posture, and Ajax strack with Mi- 
nerva's thunders. He was of such an irasci- 
ble disposition that he destroyed his own 
pieces upon the least provocation. Plin. 34, c. 

8. A rhetorician of Pergaraus, preceptor 

and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on 
rhetoric. Slrab. 13. A tragic poet of Tar- 
sus, A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry. 

A physician of Tarentum. Another 

of Cytium. 

Apollonia, a festival at ^gialea in honour 
©f Apollo and Diana. It arose from this cir- 
cumstance ; these two deities came to iEgialea, 
after the conquest of the serpent Python ; but 
they were fMghtened away, and fled to Crete. 
iEgialea was soon visited with an epidemical 
distemper, andtheinhabitants,by the advice of 
their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with 
the same number of girls, to entreat them to 
return to ^gialea. Apollo and Diana grant- 
ed their petition, in honour of which a temple 
was raised to tth^'^ the goddess of persuasion ; 
and ever after, a number of youths of both 
sexes were chosen to march in solemn proces- 
sion, as if anxious to bring back Apollo and Di- 
ana. Pausan. in Corinth. A town of Myg- 

donia. — Of Crete. — Of Sicily. — On the coast 
of Asia Minor. — Another on the coast of 
Thrace, part of which was built on a small 
island of Pontus, where Apollo had a temple. 

A town of Macedonia, on the coasts of 

the Adriatic. A city of Thrace. Another 

on mount Parnassus. 

Apollonias, the wife of Attalus king of 
Phrygia, to whom she bore four children. 

Apoloniades, a tyrant of Sicily, compel- 
led to lay down his power by Timoleon. 

Apollonides, a writer of Nicaea, A 

physician of Cos at the court of Artaxerxes, 
who became enamoured of Amytas, tlie mo- 
narch's sister, and was some time after put to 
death for slighting her after the reception of 
her favours. 

Apollonius, a stoic philosopher of Chal- 
cis, sent for by Antoninus Pius, to instruct his 
adopted son IVJiircus Antoninus. When he 
r.amc to Rome, ne refused to go to the palace, 
observing, that the master ought not to wait 
upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The 
p.mpcror heaving this, said, laughing, " It was 
then easier for Apollonius to come from Chal- 
cis to Rome, than from Rome to the palace." 

A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, 

whoso works are now lost. He lived about 242 
ycar.s before the christian era, and composed 
H conimentury on Euclid, whose pupils he at- 
( ended at Alexandria. He wrote a treatise on 
I'Dnic sections,, eight of which are now extant; 
and he first endeavoured to explain the causes 
of the appaveiil stopping and retrograde mo- 



AP 

tion of the planets, by cycles and epicycles^ 
or circles v/ithin circles. — The best edition of 

Apollonius is Dr.Halley's,Oxon.fol. 1710. 

A poet of Naucrates in Egypt, generally call- 
ed Apollonius of Rhodes, because he lived for 
some time there. He was pupil, when young, 
to Callimachus and Panaetius, and succeeded 
to Eratosthenes as third librarian of the fa- 
mous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy 
Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master 
Callimachus, who wrote a poem against him, 
in which he denominated him Ibis. Of all his 
works nothing remains but his poem on the 
expedition of the Argonauts, in four books. 
The best editions of Apollonius are those print- 
ed at Oxford, in 4to. by Shaw, 1777, in 2 vols, 
and in 1, 8vo. 1779, and that of Brunck. Ar- 

gentor, 12mo. 1780. Quinlil. 10, c. 1. A 

Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of 
Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of 
rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had J. Cae- 
sar and Cicero among his pupils. He discour- 
aged the attendance of those whom he sup- 
posed incapable of distinguishing themselves 
as orators, and he recommended to them pur- 
suits more congenial to their abilities. H© 
wrote an history, in which he did not candidly 
treat the people of Judasa.accordingto the com- 
plaint 01 Josephus contra ^pion. Cic. de Orat. 
1, c. 28, 75, 126; and 130. MFamilS, ep. 16. 
De Invent. 1, c. 81. — Quinfil. 3, c. 1, 1. 2, c. 6. — 

Suet, in Cms. 4. — Pint, in Cces. A Greek 

historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote 
upon the pliilosophy of Zeno and of his follow- 
ers. Strab. 14. A stoic philosopher who at- 
tended Cato of Utica in his last moments. Plut. 
in Cat. An otlicer set over Egypt by Alex- 
ander. Curt. 4, c. 8. A wrestler. Pans. 5. 



A physician of Pergamus, who wrote on 

agriculture. Varro. A grammarian of 



Alexandria. ^A writer in the age of Anto- 
ninus Pius. Thyaneus, a Pythagorean phi- 



losopher, well skilled in the secret arts of ma- 
gic. Being one day haranguing the populace 
at Ephesus, he suddenly exclaimed, " Strike 
the tyrant, strike him ; the blow is given, he is 
wounded, and fallen !" At that very moment 
the emperor Domitlan had been stabbed at 
Rome. The magician acquired much reputa- 
tion when tills circumstance was known. He 
was courted by kings and princes, and com- 
manded unasual atteiition by his numberless 
artifices. His friend and companion, called 
Damis, wrote his life, which 200 years after en- 
gaged the attention of Philostratus. In his 
history the biographer relates so many curi- 
ous and extraordinary anecdotes of his hero, 
that many have justly deemed it a romance ; 
yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption 
to compare the hnpostnres of Apollonius with 

the miracles of Jesus Christ. A sophist of 

Alexandria, distinguished for his Lexicon Grai- 
cum liiadis c.t Odi/sscce, a book that was beau- 
tifully edited by Villoison, in 4to. 2 vols. Paris, 
1773. Ap'oUonius was one of the pupils of 
Didymus, and flourished in the beginning ofthe 

first century. A physician. A son of So- 

tades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

Syrus, a Platonic philosopher. Hero- 

philius, wrote concerning ointments. A 

sculptor of Rhodes. 

Apollophanes, a stoic, who greatly flat- 
tered king AntigOHus, and maintained that 



AF 

there existed but one virtue, prudence. Diog. 

A physician in the court of Antiochus. 

Polyb. 5. A comic poet. JElian. Anim. 6. 

Apomyios, a surname of Jupiter. 

ApoNiANA; an island near Lilybaeum. Hirt. 
Afrir. 2. 

M. Aponius, a governor of JMcesia, reward- 
ed with a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeat- 
ing 9000 barbarians. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79. 

ApoNDS, now Mano, a fountain, with a vil- 
lage of the same name, near Pata\ium in Italy. 
The waters of the fountain, which were hot, 
were wholesome, and were supposed to have 
an oracular power. Lucan. 7, v. 194. — Suet, 
ill Tiber. 14. 

Apostrophia, a surname of Venus in 
BcBOtia, who was distinguished under these 
names, Venus Ui-ania, Vulgaria, and Apostro- 
phia, The former was the patroness of a 
pure and chaste love ; the second of carnal and 
sensual desires; and the last incited men to il- 
licit and unnatural gratifications, to incests 
and rapes. Venus Apostrophia was invoked 
by the Thebans, that they might be saved from 
such unlawful desires. She is the same as the 
Verticordia of the Romans. Paus. 9, c. 16. — 
Vol. Max. 8, c. 15. 

Apotheosis, a ceremony obser\"ed by the 
ancient nations of the world, by which' they 
raised their kings, heroes, and great men, to 
the rank of deities. The nations of the east 
were the first who paid divine honours to their 
great men, and the Romans followed their ex- 
ample, and not only deified the most prudent 
and humane of their emperors, bat also the 
most cruel and profligate. Ilerodian 4, c. 2, 
has left us an account of the apotheosis of a 
Roman emperor. After the body of the de- 
ceased was burnt, an ivory image Avas laid on 
a couch for seven days, representing the empe- 
ror under the agonies of disease. The city was 
in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning, 
and the physicians pronounced it every day in 
a more decaying state. When the death was 
announced, a young band of senators carried 
the couch and image to the Campus MartiuS; 
where it was deposited on an edifice in the form 
of a pyramid, where spices and combustible 
materials were thrown. After this the knights 
walked round the pile in solemn procession, 
and th3 images of the most illustrious Romans 
were di-awn in state, and immediately the new 
emperor, with a torch, set fire to the pile, and 
was assisted by the surrounding multitude. 
Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the mid- 
dle of the pile, which was supposed to cariy 
the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he 
was ranked among the gods. If the deified 
was a female, a peacock, and not an eagle, was 
sent from the flames. — The Greeks observed 
ceremonies much of the same nature, 

Appia via, a celebrated road leading from 
the Porta Capena at Rome to Brundusium, 
through^ Capua. Appius Claudius made it as 
far a.s Capua, and it received its name from 
him. It was continued and finished by Grac- 
t-hus, J. Ca3s:u-, and Augustus. — Vid. Via. 
Lmaa. 3, v. 2S5. — S7a/. 2. ^qlv. 2, v. J2.— 
Marl. 9, ep. 104.— Sue/, in Tiber. 14. 

Appia DEs, a name given to these five 

deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and 

Peace, because a temple was erected to them 

n«ar the Appifin roads. Tlie name was also 

13 



AP 

applied to those courtezans at Rome who liv- 
ed near the temple of Venus by the Appiae, 
Aquse, and the forum of J. Cgesar. Ovid, de 
Art. Am. 3, v. 452. 

Appianus, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 
who flourished A. D. 123. His universal his- 
tory, which consisted of 24 books, was a series 
of history of all the nations that had been con- 
quered by the Romans in the order of time ; 
and in the composition, the writer displayed, 
with a style simple and unadorned, a great 
knowledge of military affairs, and described 
his battles in a masterly manner. This excel- 
lent worlf is greatly mutilated, and there is ex- 
tant now only the account of the Punic, Syri- 
an, Parthian, Mithridatic and Spanish wars, 
with those of lUyricum and the civil dissen- 
tions, with a fragment of the Celtic wars. The 
best editions are those of Tollius and Vario- 
rum, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, and that of Sch- 
weigheuserus, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1785. He was 
so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted 
iiim in the state. He wrote an universal his- 
tory in 24 books, which began from the time 
of the Trojan war, down to his own age. Few 
books of this valuable work are extant. 

Apii Forum, now Burgo Longo, a little vil- 
lage not far from Rome, built by the consul 
Appius. Horat. 1, Sat. 5. 

Appius, the prsenomen of an illustrious fami- 
ly at Rome. A censor of that name, A. U. 

C. 442. Horat. 1, Sat. 6. 

Appius Claudius, a decemvir who ob- 
tained his power by force and oppression. He 
attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her 
father killed to preserve her chastity. This 
act of violence was the cause of a revolution 
in the state, and the ravisher destroyed him- 
self when cited to appear before the tribunal 

of his countiy. Liv. 3, c, 33. Claudius 

Ccecus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian 
way, and many aqueducts in Rome. When 
Pyrrhus, who was come to assist the Tai'en- 
tines against Rome, demanded peace of the 
senators, Appius, grown old in the service of 
the republic, caused himself to be carried to 
the senate house, and, by his authority, dis- 
suaded them from granting a peace which 
would prove dishonourable to the Roman 
name. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 203. — Cic. in Brut. 

«^' Tusc. 4. A Roman who, when he heard 

that he had been proscribed by tlie triumvirs, 
divided his riches among his servants, and em- 
barked with them for Sicily. In their passage 
the vessel was shipAvrecked, and Appius alone 

saved his life. Appian. 4. Claudius Cras- 

sus, a consul, who, with Sp, Naut, Rutulius, 
conquered the Celtn)erians, and was defeated 

by Perseus, king of Macedonia. Liv. 

Claudius Pulcher, a gi-andson of Ap. CI. Cae- 
cus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from 
grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private 

life. Clausus, a general of the Sabines, 

^vho, upon being ill-treated by his country- 
men, retired to Rome with 500<) of his friends, 
and was ^admitted into the senate in the early 

ages of the republic. Plut. in Poplic. Her- 

donius ^^oized the capitol witli 4i)0() exiles, A., 
U. C. 292, and was soon after overthrown. 

LiiK 3, c. 15. — Flor. 3, c. 19. Claudius 

Lentulus, a consul with M. Perpenna. A 

dictator who conquered the Hernici. The 

name of Appius \\ as common in Rome, and 



AQ 

particularly to many consuls whose history is 
not marked by any uncommon event. 

Appula, an immodest woman, &c. Juv. 6, 
V. 64. 

Apries and Aprius, one of the kings of 
Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to l>e the 
Pharaoh Hophra of scripture. He took Si- 
don, and lived in great prosperity till his sub- 
jects revolted to Amasis, by whom he was con- 
quered and strangled. Herodol. 2, c. 159, &.c. 
—Diod. 1. 

ApsiNTpii, a people of Tlirace : they receiv- 
ed their name from a river called ApsinthuS; 
wliich floAved through their territory. Dionys. 
Perieg. 

Apsinus, an Athenian sophist in the third 
century, author of a work called PrcEceplor de 
Arle Rhetork-a. 

ApsuS; a river of Macedonia, falling into the 
Ionian sea between Dyi'rhachium and Apol- 
lonia. Lv.cun. 5, v. 46, 

ApTERA, an inland town of Crete. Ptol. — 
Pli7i. 4, c. 12. 

Apuleia LEX, was enacted by L. Apuleius 
the tribune, A. U. C. 652, for inflicting a pu- 
nishment upon such as were guilty of raising 
seditions, or showing violence in the city 



"Varilia, a grand-daughter of Augustus, con- 
victed of adultery with a certain Manlius in 
tlie reign of Tiberius. Tacit. An. c. 50. 

Apuleius, a learned man, born at Madaura 
in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens, 
and Rome, where he married a rich widow 
called Pudentilla, for which he was accused 
by some of her relations of using magical arts 
to win her heart. His apology Avas a masterly 
composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been 
very expensive ; but he was, in a maturer age, 
more devoted to study, and learnt Latin with- 
out a master. The most famous of his works 
extant is the golden ass, in eleven books, an 
allegorical piece replete with morality. The 
best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin. 2 
vols. 4to, Paris, 1688, and Pricaii, 8vo. Goudae. 
1650. 

ApuLLi, now Pnglia, a country of Italy be- 
tween Daunia and Calabria. It was part of 
the ancient Magna Grajcia, and generally di- 
vided into Apalia Daunia, and Apulia Puece- 
tia.' It was famous for its avooIs, superior to 
all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that 
it is called after Apulus, an ancient king of the 
country before the Trojan war. Pliji. 3, c. 
U.— Cic.de Div. 1, c. 4S.—8trab. 6.~Mela, 2, 
c. 4. — Marlial iyi Jlpoph. 155. 

Apuscidamus, a lake of Africa. All bodies, 
how ever heavy, were said to swim on the sur- 
face of its waters. PUn. 32, c. 2. 

Aquarius, one of tiie signs of the zodiac, 
rising in Januarj'^, and setting in February. 
Sonie suppose that Ganymede was changed 
into this sign. Virg. G. 3, v. 304. 

AqiTiLARi A, a place of Africa. C(es. 2. Bell. 
Civ. 23. 

Aquileia, or Aquilegia, a town found- 
ed by altoinan colony, called, fjom hs gran- 
deiu', Roma scrunda, and situcited at tiie 
north of liie Adriatic sea, on tlie confines of 
Italy. The Romans built it chiefly to ojtposc 
the frequent incursions of tlie barbarians. 
The Roman emi^erors enlarged arjd beautified 
it, and often n:ade it their residence. Jlal. 8, 
V. (i05.^Marlia.L 4, ep. 25.— Mela, 2, c. 4. 



AR 

Aquilius Niger, an historian mentioned hy 
Sueton. in Aug. 11. Marcus, a Roman con- 
sul who had the government of Asia Minor* 

Jusiin. 36, c. 4. Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome, 

surnamedthe Cato of his age. He was father 
to Aquilia Severa, whom Heliogabalus mar- 

ried.i Severas, a poet and historian in the 

age of Valentinian. 

Aquillia and Aquilia, a patrician fami- 
ly at Rome, from which few illustrious men 
rose. 

Aquilo, a wind blowing from the north. 
Its name is derived, according to some, from 
Aquila, on account of its keenness and ve- 
locity. 

Aquilonia, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. 
Liv. 10, c. 38. 

Aqui.mus, a poet of moderate capacity. 
Cic. 5. Tusc. 

Aquinum, a town of Latium, on the borders 
of the Samnites, where Juvenal was born. A 
dye M as invented there, which greatly resem- 
bled the real pui"ple. Horat. 1, ep. 10, v. 27.— 
Strah.—Ital. 8, v. 404.— Juv. 3, v. 319. 

Aquitania, a country of Gaul, bounded on 
the west by Spain, north by the province of 
Lugdunum, south by the province called Gal- 
lia IVarbonensis. Its inhabitants are cUed 
Aquitani. PUn. 4, c. 17, — Strab. 4. 

Ara, a constellation, consisting of seven, 
stars, near the tail of the Scorpion. Ovid. Met. 
2, V. 138. 

Ara lugdunensis, a place at the confluence 
of the Arar and Rhone. Juv. 1, v. 44, 

Araearches, a vulgar person among tlie 
Egyptians, or perhaps an usual expression 
for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in 
Rome. Juv. 1, v. 130. Some believe that 
Cicero, 2, ep. 17, (ul Altic. alluded to Pompey 
under the name of Arabarches. 

Arabia, a large country of Asia, foniiing 
a peninsula between the Arabian and Persian 
gulfs. It is generally divided into three dif- 
iferent parts, Petraea, Deserta, and Felix. It 
is famous for its frankincense and aromatic 
plants. The inhabitants were formerly under 
their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who 
paid adoration to the sun, moon, and even ser- 
pents, and who had their wives in common, 
and circumcised their children. The country 
has often been invaded, but never totally sub- 
dued. Alexander the Great expressed his 
wish to place the seat of his empire in their 
territories. The soil is rocky and sandy, the 
inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, 
and the country without Avater. In Arabia, 
whatever Avoman Avas convicted of adultery 
was capitally punished. The Arabians for 
some time sup})orted the splendour of litera- 
ture, which Avas extinguished by the tyranny 
and superstition Avhich prevailed in Egypt, 
and to them Ave are indebted for the invention 
of algebra, or the application of signs and 
letters to represent lines, numbers, and quan- 
tities, and also for the numerical characters of 
1, 2, 3, &.C. first used in Europe, A. D. 1253. 
Ucrodot. 1, 2, 3, and Diod. 1 and 2.— PUn 
12 and U.—Strab. IQ.—Xcnoph.— Tibull. 2, 
el. 2.— Curt. 5, c. I.— Virg. G 1, v. 57.— 
Also the name of the Avife of iEgyptus. Apol- 
lod. 

ArabTcus sinus, a sea between Egypt 
and Arabia, ditFerent? according to some au- 



i 



AR 

tuors, from the Red Sea, which they suppose 
to be between ^Ethiopia and India, and the 
Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt 
and Arabia. It is about 40 days' sail in length, 
and not half a day's in the most extensive 
breadth. PUn.d, c. l\.—Strab. 

Arabis, Arabius, Arbis, an Indian river. 
Curt. 9, c. 10. 

Arabs and Arabus, a son of Apollo and 
Babjione, who first invented medicine, and 
taught it in Arabia, which is called after his 
name. Plin. 7, c. 56. 

Aracca arid Arecca, a city of Susiana. 
Tibul. 4, el. 1. 

Arachne, a woman of Colophon, daugh- 
ter to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in 
working with the needle, that she challenged 
Minerva, the goddess of the art, to a trial of 
skill. She represented on her work the amours 
of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, 
Asteria, Danae, Alcmene, Sic. but though 
her piece Avas perfect ond masterly, she was 
defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in 
despair, and was changed into a spider by the 

goddess. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 1, kc. A city 

of Thessaly. 

Arachosia, a city of A-sia, near the Mas- 
sage tae. It was built by Semiramis. One 

of the -Persian provinces beyond the Indus. 
Flin. 6, c^ 23.— Slrab. 11. 

ARACHoTiE and Arachoti, a people of 
India, who received their name from the 
river Arachotus, which flows down from 
mount Caucasus. Dionys. Perieg. — Curt. 9, 
c. 7. 

Arachthias, one of the four capital ri- 
vers of Epirus, near Nicopolis, falling into the 
bay of Ambracia. Strab. 7. 

Aracillum, a town of Hispania Tarraco- 
nensis. Flor. 4, c. 12. 

Aracosii, an Indian nation. Justin. 13, 
c. 4. 

Aracvnthus, a mountain of Acarnania, 
between the Achelous and Evenus, not far 
from the shore, and called Actaius. Plin. 4, 
C.2.— -Virg. Ed. 2, V. 24. 

Aradus, an island near Phoenicia, joined to 
the continent by a bridge. Dionys. Perieg. 

Arje, rocks in the middle of the Mediter- 
ranean, between Africa and Sardinia, where 
the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It 
was upon them that .flilneas lost the greatest 
part of his fleet : they are supposed to be those 
islands which are commonly called JEgates. 
Virg.JEn. 1, v. 113. 

Ar.e Phii.^enorum, a maritime city of 
Africa, on the borders of Cyrene. Sallust. 
Jug. Bell. 19 and 79. 

Arar, now the Saone, a river of Gaul, flow- 
ing into the Rhone, over which Cajsar's sol- 
diers made a bridge in one day. Ca's. Bell. 
Oall.l, c. 12.— Si/. 3, V. 452. 

Ararus, a Scythian river flowing through 
Armenia. Her odot. 4, c. 48. 

Arathvrka, a small province of Achaia, 
afterwards called Asophis, with a city of the 
same name. Homer. 11. 2, — S7m6. 8. 

Aratus, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 
277 B. C. He was greatly esteemed by Anti- 
gonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, at whose 
court he passed much of his time, and by whose 
desire he wrote a poem on astronomy, in which 
' ' gis'os an account of f be situations; rising and 



AR 

setting, number and motion of the stars. Ci- 
cei-o represents him as unacquainted with as- 
trology, yet capable of writing upon it in ele- 
gant and highly finished verses, v/hich, how- 
ever, from the subject, admit of little variety. 
Aratus wrote besides, hymns and epigrams, &c. 
and had among his interpreters and commen- 
tators many of the learned men of Greece 
whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius, 
and Germanicus Casar, who, in their youth, or 
moments of relaxation, translated the. plK&no- 
mena into Latin verse. The best editions of 
Aratus are Grotius' 4to. apud Raphaleng. 
1600 ; and Oxon. 8vo. 1672. Cic. de Kat. D. 
2, c. 4\.~Paus. 1, c. 2.— Ovid. Am. 1, el. 15, 

V. 26. The son of Clinias and Aristodama, 

was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river 
Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, 
his father, who held the government of Sicyon, 
was assassinated by Abantidas, who made him- 
self absolute. After some revolutions, the sove- 
reignty came into the hands of Nicocles.whom 
Aratus murdered, to restore his country to liber- 
ty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that 
he even destroyed a picture which was the re- 
presentation of atyrant. He joined the republic 
of Sicyon in the Achaean league, which he 
streugthened;bymaking a treaty of alliance with 
theCorinthians,andvvithPtoleray king of Egypt. 
He was chosen chief commander of the forces 
of the Achieans, and drove away the Macedo- 
nians from Athens and Corinth. He made 
war against the Spartans, but was conquered 
in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair 
the losses he had sustained, ho solicited the as- 
sistance of king Antigonus, and drove away 
Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, 
where he killed himself. The jEtolians soon 
after attacked the Acha^ans ; and Aratus, to 
support his character, was obliged to call to liis 
aid Philip, king of Macedonia. His friendship 
with this new^ ally did not long continue. Philip 
showed himself cruel and oppressive ; and put 
to death some of the noblest of the Achasans, 
and even seduced the wife of the son of Aratus. 
Aratus, who was now advanced in years, show- 
ed his displeai^re by withdrawing himself from 
the society and friendship of Philip. But this 
rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the power 
and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caus- 
ed him and his son to be poisoned. Some days 
before his death, Aratus was observed to spit 
blood ; and when apprized of it by his friends, 
he replied, '• Such are the rewards which a con- 
nexion with kings w^ill produce." He was bu- 
ried with great pom]) by his countrymen; and 
two solemn sacrifices were annually made to 
him, the first on the day that he delivered 
Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the 
day of his birth. During those sacrifices, which 
were called Araleia. the priests wore a ribbon 
bespangled with white andpurple spots, andthe 
public school-master walked in procession at 
the head of his scholars, and was always ac- 
companied by the richest and most eminent 
senators, adorned with garlands. Aratus died 
in the 62d year of his age, B. C. 213. He wrote 
a history of the Achaian league, much com- 
mended by Polybius. Plut. in vita. — Pans. 2, 
c. S.—Cic. de Offic. 2, c. 2-3.— Slrab. li.—Liv. 
21,c.Sl.—Polyb.2. 

Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river 
which separates Armenia from Media, and fall? 



AR 

3flto the Caspian sea. Lucun. 1, v. 19, 1. "7, v. 
\QS.—Strab.S.— Virg.,mi.Q, v. 728.— Hero-' 

do/. 1, c. 202, k.Q. Another which falls, into 

the Euphrates. Another in Europe, now 

called Volga. 

Akbaces, a Mede who revolted with Be- 
lesis againet Sardanapalus,and founded the em- 
pire of Media upon tiie ruins of the Assyrian 
power, 820 years before the christian era. He 
reigned above fifty years, and was famous for 
the greatness of his undertakings, as w ell as for 
his valour. Justin. 1, c. 3. — Palerc. 1, c. 6. 

Arbela, (orum) now Irbil, a town of Per- 
sia, on the river Lycus, famous for a battle 
fought there between Alexander and Darius, 
the 2d of October, B. C. 331. Curl. 5, c. 1 — 
Plut. in j-llex. 

Arbela, a town of Sicily, whose inhabi- 
tants were very credulous. 

Arbis, a river on the western boundaries of 
India. Strab. 

Arbocala, a city taken by Annibal as he 
marched against Rome. 

Arbuscula, an actress on the Roman 
stage, who laughed at the hisses of the popu- 
lace, while she received the applause of the 
knights. Hor. 1, Sat. 10, v. 77. 

Arcadia, a countiy in the middle of Pelo- 
ponnesus, surrounded on every side by land, 
situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and 
Argolis, It received its name from Areas son 
of Jupiter, and was anciently called Drymodes, 
on account of the great number of oaks (w) 
it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pe- 
lasgia. The country has been much celebrat- 
ed by the poets, and was famous for its moun- 
tains. The inhabitants were for the most part 
all shepherds, who lived upon acorns, were 
skilful warriors, and able musicians. They 
thought themselves more ancient than the 
moon. Pan, the god of shepherds, chiefly 
lived among them. Aristotle 4, de met. says, 
that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a 
goat's skin near a fire, w'ill become chalky, and 
at last be turned into salt. Strab. 8. — Plin. 4. 

c. 6.— Pans. 8, c. 1, 2, Lc.—Ath&n. 14. A 

fortified village of Zacynthus. 

Akcadius, eldest son of Theodosius the 
Great, Succeeded his father A. D. 395. Un- 
der him the Romgn power was divided into 
the eastern and western empire. He made the 
eastern empire his choice, and fixed his resi- 
dence at Constantinople; while hisbrother Ho- 
norius was made emperor of the w'est, and liv- 
ed in Rome. After this separation of the Ro- 
man empire, the two powers looked upon one 
another with indifference; and soon after, their 
indifterence was changed into jealousy, and 
contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In 
the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the 
western em})ire, and plundered Rome. Arca- 
dius married Eudoxia, a bold ambitious wo- 
man, and died in tiie 31st year of Jiis age, after 
a reign of 13 years, in which he bore the cha- 
racter of an efieminate prijice, who suffered 
himself to be governed by favourites, and who 
abandoned his subjects to the tyranny of minis- 
ters, while he lost himself in the pleasures of 
a voluptuous court. 

Arcanum, a villa of Cicero's near the Min- 
furni. Cic. 7, ep. ad.m. 10. y 

AncAS, a son of .Jupiter and Callisto. He 
ncaily killed his mother, whom Juuo had 



AR 

changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, 
which from him w^as called Arcadia, and 
taught his subjects agriculture, and the art of 
spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made 
him a constellation, with his mother. As he 
was one day hunting, he met a wood nymph, 
who begged his assistance, because the tree over 
which she presided, and on whose presei'vation 
her life depended, v^as going to be carried away 
by the impetuous torrent of a river. Areas 
changed the coui-se of the waters, and preserved 
the tree, and married the nymph, by whom he 
had three sons, Azan. Aphidas, and Elatus, 
among w-hom he divided his kingdom. The 
descendants of Azan planted colonies in Phry- 
gia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea, 
Avhich on that account has been called the in- 
heritance of Aphidas ; andElatus became mas- 
ter of mount Cyllene, and some time afler pas- 
sed into Phocis. Pans. 8, c. 4.-r-Hygin. fab. 
155 and TS.—JlpoUod. 3, c. S.— Strab. 8.— 

Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 470. One of Actaeon's 

dogs. 

Arce, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Fon- 
tus and Terra. PtoJem. Heph. 

Arcena, a town of Phoenicia, where Alex- 
ander Severus was born. 

ArcenS; a Sicilian who permitted his son to 
accompany iEneas into Italy, where he was 
killed by Mezentius. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 581, &,c. 

AncHESiLAUS, son of Battus, king of Cyrene, 
was drivenfrom his kingdom in a sedition, and 
died B. C. 575. The second of that name died 
B.C. 550. Polycpan.8,c. 41.— Herodot. 4, c. 
159. One of Alexander's generals, who ob- 
tained Mesopotamia at the general division of 

the provinces after the king's death. A 

chief of Catana, which he betrayed to Diony- 

sius the elder. Diod. 14. A philosopher of 

Pitane in ^olia, disciple of Polemon. He vi- 
sited Sardes and Athens, and was the founder 
of the middle academy, as Socrates founded 
the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He 
pretended to know nothing, and accused others 
of the same ignorance. He acquired many pu- 
pils in the character of teacher ; but some of 
them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicu- 
rean came to him ; which gave him occasion to 
say, that it is easy to make an eunuch of a man, 
but impossible to make a man of an eunuch. 
He w-as very fond of Homer, and generally di- 
vided his time among the pleasures of philoso- 
phy, love, reading, and the table. He died in 
his 75th year, B. C. 241, or 300, according to 
some. Diog. in vita. — Pei'siits 3, v. 78. — Cic. 

de Finib. The name of two painters — a 

statuary — a leader of the Bffiotians during the 
Trojan war. A comic and elegiac poet. 

Arcesius, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to 
Ulysses. Ovid. Md. 13, v. 144. 

ARciiiCA, a city of JEoWa. 

ARcHyKA^'Ax of Mitylcue was intimate with 
Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He fortified Si- 
gaium with a wall from Uie ruins of ancient 
Troy. Strab. 13. 

Arch^atidas, a country of Peloponnesus. 
Polyb. 

Archagathus, son of Archagathus, was 
slain in Africa by his soldiers, B. C. 285. He 
killed his grandfather Agathocles, tyrant of 
Syracuse. Diod. 20.— Justin. 22, c. 5, &.c. 
says, tliat he was put to death by Archesilaus. 
— ^A physicjan at Rome, B. C, 219, 



AR 

Archander, father-in-law to Danaus, He- 
rodot. 2, c. 98. 

Archandros, a town of Egj'pt. 

Arche, one of the muses, according to Ci- 
cero, 

Archegetes, a surname of Hercules. 

Archelaus, a name common to some 
kings of Cappadocia. One of them was con- 
quered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates. 

A person of that name married Berenice, and 
made himself king of Egypt; a dignity he en- 
joyed only six months, as he was killed by the 
soldiers of Gabinius, B- C. 56. He had been 
made priest of Comana by Pompey . His grand- 
son was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, 
whom he assisted at Actium, and he maintain- 
ed his independence under Augustus, till Ti- 
berius perfidiously destroyed him. A king 

of Macedonia, who succeeded his father Per- 
diccas the second: as he was but a natural 
child, he killed the legitimate heirs to gain the 
kingdom. He proved himself to be a great 
monarch ; but he was at last killed by one of 
his favourites, because he had promised him 
his daughter in marriage, and given her to ano- 
ther, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized 
the poet Euripides. Diod. 14. — Justin. 7, c. 4. 

■^JElian: V. H. % 8, 12, 14. A king of the 

Jews,surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, 
daughter of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, and 
widow of his brother Alexander. Ca3sar ba- 
nished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where 

he died. Dio. A king of Lacedaimon, son 

of Agesilaus. He reigned 42 years with Char- 
ilaus, of the other branch of the family. Hero- 
dot. 7, c. 204. — Paus. 3, c. 2. A general of 

Antigonus the younger, appointed governor of 
the Acrocorinth with the philosopher Persseus. 

Polycen. 6, c. 5. A celebrated general of 

Mithridates, against Sylla. Id. 8, c. 8. A 

philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of 
Apollodorus, and successor to Anaxagoras. He 
was preceptor to Socrates, and was called P%- 
sicus. He supposed that heat and cold were 
the principles of all things. He first discover- 
ed the voice to be propagated by the vibration 
of the air. Cic. Tusc. 5. — Diog. in vita. — ^u- 

gustin. de civ. Dei, 8. A man set over Susa 

by Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. 
Curt. 5, c. 2. A Greek philosopher, who 



wrote a history of animals, and maintained that 
goats breathed not through the nosti'ils, but 

through the ears. Plin. 8, c. 50. A son of 

Electryon and Anaxo. Apollod. 2. A Greek 

poet, who wrote epigrams. Varro de R. R. 3, 

c. 16. A sculptor of Priene, in the age of 

Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, 
a piece of sculpture highly admired, and said 
to have been discovered under ground A. D. 
1658. A writer of Thrace. 

Archemachus, a Greek W'riter, who pub- 
lished an history of En bcca. Jithen. Q. A 

son of Hercules of Priam. Apollod. 2 and 3. 

Archemorus, or Opheltes, son of Lycur- 
gus, king of iSemai, iu Thrace, by Ein-ydice, 
was brought up by Hypsipyle, queen of Lem- 
nos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employ- 
ed as a nurse in the king's family. Hypsipyle 
w as met by the army of Adrastus, who was go- 
ing against Thebes ; and she was forced to show 
them a fountain where they might quencii 
their lhii>t. To do this more expeditiously, 
Slieput down the cliild on the grass, an^at her 



AR 

return found him killed by a serpent. The 
Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, 
that they instituted games in honour of Arche- 
morus, which vvere called Nemajan, and king 
Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and 
was victorious. Apollod. 2 and 3. — Paus. 8, c. 
48. — Stat. Theb. 6. 

Archepolis, a man in Alexander's army, 
who conspired against the king with Dymnus. 
Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Archeptolemus, son of Iphitus, king of 
Elis, went to tlie Trojan war, and fought 
against the Greeks. As he was fighting near 
Hector, he was killed by Ajax, son of Tela- 
mon. It is said that he re-established the 
Olympic games. Homer. II. 8, v. 128. 

Archestratus, a tragic poet, whose pieces 
were acted during the Peloponnesian war. 

Plut. in Arist. A man so small and lean, 

that he could be placed in a dish without fill- 
ing it, though it contained no more than an 

obolus. A follower of Epicurus, who wrote 

a poem in commendation of gluttony. 

Archetimus, the first philosophical writer 
in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. 
Diog. 

Archetius, a Rutulian, killed by the Tro- 
jans. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 459. 

Arciiia, one of the Oceanides, wife to Ina- 
chus. Ht/gin.f'dh. 143. 

Archias, a Corinthian descended from 
Hercules. He founded Syracuse B. C. 732. 
Being told by an oracle to make choice of 
health or riches, he chose the latter. Dionys. 

Hal. 2. A poet of Antioch, intimate with 

the Luculli. He obtained the rank and nam.e 
of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, 
who defended him in an elegant oration, when 
his enemies had disputed his privileges of citi- 
zen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cim- 
brian war, and began another concerning Cice- 
ro's consulship, which are now lost. Some of 
his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. 

Cic. pro Arch. A polemarch of Thebesg 

assassinated in the conspiracy of Pclopidas, 
which he could have prevented, if he had not 
deferred to the morrow the reading of a letter 
which he had received from Archiasthe Athe- 
nian high-priest, and which gave him informa- 
tion of his danger. Plui. in Pelop. A hi^h- 



priest of Athens, contemporary and intimate 
with the polemarch of the same name. Id. 
ibid. — —A Theban, taken in the act of adulte- 
ry, and punished according to the law, and tied 
to a post in the public place, for whiclj punisii- 
ment he abolished the oligarchy. Aristot. 

Archibiades, a philosopher of Athens, whci 
affected the manners of the Spartans, and was 
very inimical to the views and measures ot' 

Phocion. Plut. in Phoc. An ambussadoi 

of Byzantium, &lc. PolycEn. 4, c. 44. 

Archibius, the son of the geographev 
Ptolemy. 

Archidabiia, a priestess of Ceres, who. 
on account of her attection for .\ristomen( s 
restored him to liberty when he had been la- 
ken prisoner by her female attendants at thf 
celebration of (heir festivals. Z'fl?<5. 4, c. 17 
A daughter of Cicadas, who, upon heat- 
ing tliat her countrymen, the Spartans, were 
debating whcihrr they should send away \\iv'\: 
women to Crete against the hostile approach 
of Pyrrhus, sei}!:ed a sword, and ran to th<' s^ 



AR 

nate-house, excleimini? that the women were 
95 able to fidit as the men. Upon this the de- 
cree was repealed. Plut. in JPyrr,—Pohj(e,n. 

8 c. 8. 
'AnciiiDAMUS, son of Theoporapus, king of 

Sparta, died before iiis father. Pans. 

Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, 
succjpcded by Agasicles.-r-^ — Another, son of 



Agesilaus, of the family of the Proclidae.- 
Another, grandson of Leotychidas, by his son 
Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, 
and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. 
He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and 
privately assisted the Phocians in plundering 
the temple of Delphi. He was called to the 
aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and kill- 
ed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. 

Diod. 16. — Xenovh. iLnother, son of Euda- 

jjjifjas. Another, who conquered the He- 
lots, after a violent earthquake. Diod. 11. 

A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan 

auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle of 
Leucira, and was killed in a battle against the 

Lucanians, B. C. 338. A son of Xenius 

Theopompus. Pans. 

Archidas, a tyrant of Athens, killed by 
his troops. 

AncHiDETiius, a stoic philosoplier, who 
willingly exiled himself among the Parthians. 
Phd. d& exil. 

ARCHiDtus, a son of Amyntas, king of 
Macedonia. Jiistim 7, c. 4. 

Abchidium, a city of Crete, named after 
Archidius, son of Tegeates. Pau^. 8, c. 53. 

Archigallus, the high-priest of Cybele's 
temple. [Vid. Galli.] 

Archigenes, a physician, born at Apa- 
mea, in Syria. He lived m the reign of Domi- 
tian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73d 
year of his age. Re wrote a treatise on adorn- 
ing the hair, as also ten books on fevers. Juv. 
6, V. 235. 

AncHiLocHus, a poet of Paros, who wrote 
elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and was 
the first who introduced iambics in his verses. 
He had courted Neobule, the daughter of Ly- 
cambes, and had received promises of mar- 
riage ; but the father gave her to another, su- 
perior to the poet in rank and fortune ; upon 
which Archilochus wrote such a bitter satire, 
that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of des- 
pair. The Spartans condemned his verses on 
account of their indelicacy, and banished him 
from their.city as a petulent and dangerous 
citizen. He flourished (585 B. C. and it is said 
tliat he was assassinated. Some fragments of 
his poetry remain, which display vigour and 
animation, boldness and vehemence in the 
highest degree ; from which reason perhaps 
Cicero calls virulent edicts, Anhilocltia edic- 
1a. Cic. Tv.tc. l.— quinhl. 10, c. l.—Herodol. 
], c. Vl.^Ho/CJ. riri.poef. v. '79.—J(he7h \, 2, 

&,c. A son of Meslor, killed by Memnon in 

the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. A Greek 

hisforian who wrote a chronological table, and 
otlun* work^^, about the 20th or 30th olyni- 
piail. 

AitcniMF.Di:3, a famous geometrician of 
Syracuse, who invented a machine of glass that 
faithfully repfesentod the motion of all the 
heavenly bodies. When Marcelhrs, the Ko- 
man consul, bcsioged Syracuse, Archimedes 
t.-on?Uiicted niaf'h'nes ^vliich .*uddcnlv raided 



AR 

up in the air the ships of the enemy from the 
bay before tiie city, and then let them fall witli 
such violence into the water that they sunk. 
He set them also on fire with his burning glass- 
es. When the town was taken, the Roman 
general gave strict orders to his soldiers not tt> 
hurt Archimedes, and even offered a reward 
to him Vk'ho should bring him alive and safe in- 
to his presence. All these precautions were 
useless : the philosopher was so deeply engag- 
ed in solving a problem, that he was even ig- 
norant that the enemy were in possession of 
the town ; and a soldier, without knowing who 
he was, killed him, because he refused to fol- 
low him, B. C. 212. Marcellus raised a mon- 
ument over him, and placed upon it a cylindei* 
and a sphei-e ; but the place remained long un- 
known, till Cicero, duiing his questorship in 
Sicily, found it near one of the gates of Syra- 
cuse, suri'ounded with thorns and brambles. 
Some suppose that Arclumedes raised the site 
of the towns and villages cf Egypt, and began 
those mounds of earth by means of which com- 
munication is kept from town to town during 
the inundations of the Nile. The story of his 
burning glasses had ah\ ays appeared fabulous 
to some of the moderns, till the experiments of 
Buiibn demonstrated it beyond contradiction. 
These celebrated glasses Avere supposed to be 
reflectors made of metal, and capable of pro- 
ducingtheireftectat the distance of a bow-shot. 
The manner in which he discovered how much 
brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in mak- 
ing a golden crown for the king, is well kno^\ n 
to every modern hydrostatic, as well as the 
pumping screw which still bears his name. 
Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his 
saying, that by means of his machines he could 
move the earth with ease, if placed on a fixed 
spot near it. Many of his works are extant, 
especially treatises de sphcera 4" cylindro, ch'- 
ciili dimensio, de lineh spiralibus, de (juadrU' 
lura paraholcs, de r.umero arencc, &:c. the best 
edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, fol. 
Paris, 1615. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 25.— Z>e JVat. D. 
2, c. 34.— Lu'. 24, c. S4.—Qmnfil. 1, c. 10.—- 
Vitruv. 9, c. 2.^Polyb. 9.^Plut. in MarcelL— 
Val. Max. 8, c. 7. 

Archini-ts, a man who, when he was ap- 
pointed to distribute new arms among the po- 
pulace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and 

made himself absolute. PolycBn.3, c.8. A 

rhetorician of Athens. 

Archipki-agus, a part of the sea where 
islands in a great number are interspersed, such 
as that part of the Mediteri-anean which lies 
between Greece and Asia Minor, and is gene- 
rally called Mare i^geum. 

Archipolis, a soldier who conspired against 
Alexander with Dymmis. Ctirt. 6, c. 7. 

AnciuppK. a city of the Marsi, destroyed by 
an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus. 
Plin. 3, c. 19. 

Arciuppis, a king of Italy, from wliom 
l)erhaps the town of Archippe received its 
name. JV/-^:. JEn. 7, y. 752. A philoso- 
pher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras. An 

archon at Athens. A comic jioet of Athens, 

of who.se eight comedies only one obtained the 
prize. A philosopher in the age of Trajan. 

AutHJTis, a name of Venus, worshipped on 
mount Lihanus. 

Aiitijo.N, one of Alexander's generals, vrlic 



, AR 

received the provinces of Babylon, at the gene- 
ral division after tiie king's death. Diod. 18. 

Archontes, the name of the chief magis- 
trates of Athens. They were nine in number, 
and none were chosen but such as were de- 
.scended from ancestors who had been free citi- 
zens of the republic for three generations. 
They were also to be without deformity in all 
the parts and members of their body, and were 
obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful 
behaviour to their parents, of the services they 
liad rendered their country, and the compe- 
tency of then- fortune to support their dignity. 
They took a solemn oath, that they would ob- 
serve the laws, administer justice with impar- 
tiality, and never suffer themselves to be cor- 
rupted. If they ever received bribes, they 
were compelled by thelaAvs to dedicate to the 
god of Delphi, a statue of gold of equal weight 
with their body. They all had the power of 
punishing malefactors with death. The chief 
among them was called Jhxhon; the year took 
its denomination from him ; he determined all 
causes between man and wife, and tooJc care 
of legacies and wills ; he provided for orphans, 
protected the injured, and punished drunken- 
ness with uncommon severity. If he suffered 
himself to be intoxicated during the time of 
his office, the misdemeanor was punished with 
death. The second of the ai'chons was called 
Basileus; it was his office to keep good order, 
and to remove all causes of quarrel in the fami- 
lies of those who were dedicated to the ser- 
vice of the gods. The profane and the impious 
were brought before his tribunal ; and he of- 
fered public sacrifices for the good of the state. 
He assisted atthe celebration of the Eleusinian 
festivals, and other religious ceremonies. His 
*vife was to be related to the whole people of 
Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He 
had a vote among the Areopagites, but was 
obliged to sit among them without his crown. 
The Polcmarch was another archon of infe- 
rior dignity. He had the care of all foreignei s, 
and provided a sufficient maintenance, from 
the public treasury, for the families of those 
who had lost their lives in defence of their 
country. These three chief archons generally 
chose each of them two persons of respectable 
character, find of an advanced age, whose coun- 
sels and advice might assist and support them 
in their public capacity. The six other ar- 
chons were indistinctly called Thesmothela. 
and received complaints against persons ac- 
cused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. 
They settled all disputes between the citizens^ 
redressed the wrongs of strangers, and forbade 
any laws to be enforced, but such as were con- 
ducive to the safety of the state. These offi- 
cers of state were chosen after the death of 
king Codrus ; their power was originally for 
life, but afterwards it was limited to ten years, 
and at last to one year. After some time, the 
quKlifications which were required to be an ar- 
chon were not strictly observed. Adrian, be- 
fore he was elected emperor of Rome, was 
made arciion at Athens, though a fon.'igner ; 
and the same hononrs were conferred upon 
Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the 
death of Codrus, were Medon, whose office be- 
gan B. C. 1070; A<',astus, 1050; Archippus, 
1014; Thersippus, 905; Phorbas, 954; Me- 
<;tck'-^, 9i2;i ; l)io?;riPtn<, Sl>3 : Phrrec^>^. Sfto: 



AR 

Ariphron, 846 ; Thespieus, 826 ; Agamestor, 
799; ^schylus, 778; Alcmseon, 756; after 
whose death the archons were decennial, the 
first of Avhom was Charops, who began 753 ; 
.^simedes, 744 ; Clidicus, 734 ; Hippomenes, 
724 ; Leocratcs, 7 14 ; Apsander, 704 ; Eryxias, 
694 ; after Avliom the office became annual, 
and of these annual archons Creon was the 
tii'st. Aristoph. in JVub. ^ Avih. — Plui. Sympos. 
1 . — Demost . — Po II ux . — Lys las. 

Archylus Tnupaus, a general of Dionysius 
the elder. Ding. 14. 

Archytas, a musician of Mitylene, who 

wrote a treatise on agriculture. Diog. The 

son of Hestia3us of Tarentum, was a follower 
of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able 
astronomer and geometrician. He redeemed 
his master, Plato, from the hands of the tyrant 
Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven 
times chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor 
of Tarentum. He invented some mathemati- 
cal instruments, and made a wooden pigeon 
whicli could fly. He perished in a shipwreck, 
about 394 years before the ciu'istian era. He 
is also the reputed inventor of the screv*^ and 
the pully, A fragment of his writings has 
been preserved bv Porphvry. HoraL l,od. 
28.—Cic.3, de Ordt.—Diog. in Fit. 

ArciteneiVs, an epithet applied to Apollo, 
from his bearing a.bow, with which as soon as 
born, he destroyed the serpent Python. Virg. 
JEn.Z.x.lb. 

Arctinus, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil 
to Homer. Dionys. Hal. 1, 

Arctophylax, a stai* near the great bear, 
called also Bootes. Cic. de Mit. D. 2, c. 42, 

Akctos, a mountain near Propontis, inha- 
bited by giants and monsters, Two celes- 
tial constellations near the north pole, com- 
monly called Ursa Major and Minor, suppo- 
sed to be Areas and his mother, who were 
made constellations. Virg. G. 1. — Araius. — 
Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107, 

ARCTfjRus, a star near the tail of the great 
bear, whose rising and setting were generally 
supposed to portend great tempests. Horat. 

3, od. 1. The name is derived from its situa- 
tion, --^ei^Tog UTSUS-. wt^cnv.da. It rises now about 
the beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it 
rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to 
Columella, on the 5th of September. 

Ardalus, a son of Vulcan, said to have 
been the first who invented the pipe. He gave 
it to the muses, who on that account have been 
C'dWed Ardulidts andArdaliotides. Pans. 2, c. 31. 

Ardania, a country of Egypt, Sirab. 

ArdaxaxNus, a small river of IlJyricum, 
Polyb. 

Ardea, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, 
built by Danae, or, according to some, by a son 
of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital of the 
Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the 
inhabitants publicly reported, that their city 
had been changed into a bird, called by tJi"e 
Latins Ardea. It was rebuilt, and it became a 
rich and magnificent city, whose enmity to 
Rome rendered it famous. Tarqiiij) the proud 
was pressing it with a siege, when his son ra- 
vished Lucretia. A road called Ara'caiijia, 
branched from the Appian road to x\rdea. C. 
jXep. in Atlic. 14.— Liv. 1, c. 57, 1.3, c. 71, 1. 

4, c. 9, S^c.— l'inr. JJ::iu 7, v. 4V2.-~Oiitf. 
Md. 11- v. .573. ■■'^Irnh.n 



AR 

Ardehicca, a small town on the Euphra- 
tes, north of Babylon. 

Ardi>i:i, a people of Illyricnm, whose capi- 
tal was called Ardia. Sfrab. 7. 

Ardonea, a town of Apulia. Liv. 24, c. 
20. 

Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea, Virg. 
^7i.7,v.41i 

Arduenna, now £rdenne, a large forest of 
Gaul, in the time of J. Caesar, which extended 
50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the 
Nervii. Tacit. 8. £nn. c. 42.— Cas. bell. Gall. 
6, c. 29. 

Aruuine, the goddess of hunting among 
the Gauls ; represented with the same attri- 
butes as the Diana of the Romans. 

Ardyensks, a nation near the Rhone. 
Folyb. 3. 

Ardys, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, w^ho 
reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war 
against Miletus. Herodot. 1, c. 15. 

Area, a surname of Minerva, from her 
temple on Mars' hill, (a?*),) erected by Orestes. 
Pans. 1, c. 23, 

AREACiDiE, a nation of Numidia. Polyb. 

Areas, a general chosen by the Greeks 
against iEtolia. Justin. 24, c. 1. 

AREGo^fis, the mother of Mopsus by Am- 
pyx. Orph. in Argon. 

Arei.atum, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. 
Slrab. 4. — Mda, 2, c. 5. 

Arellius, a celebrated painter of Rome 
in the age of Augustus. He painted the god- 
desses in the form of his mistresses. Plin. 35, 
c. 10. A miser in Uorat. 

Aremorica, a part of Gaul, at the north of 
the Loire, now called Brittany. Plin. 4. 

Arena, and Arene, a city of Messenia, in 
Peloponnesus. Homer. 11. 2. 

Arenacum, a town of Germany. Tacit. 
Hist. 5, c. 20. 

Areopagitje, the judges of the Areopa- 
gus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near 
Athens, whose name is derived from c^i'Q' -»>©>, 
t/ie hill of Mars, because Mars was the first 
wlio was tried there, for the murder of Ilallir- 
hotius, who had oftered violence to his daugh- 
ter Alcippe. Some say that the place receiv- 
ed the name of Areopagus, because the Ama- 
zons pitched their camp there, and offered sa- 
crifices to their progenitor Mars, when they 
besieged Athens ; ajid others maintain, that 
the name was given to the place, because Mars 
is the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, 
V. hicli were generally punished by that court. 
The time in which this celebrated seat of jus- 
tice was instituted, is unknown. Some suj)- 
pose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, lirst 
established it, while others give the credit of 
it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The uum- 
])er of judgcsthat composed this august assem- 
bly, is not known. Tliey have been limited by 
some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a 
greater number. The most worthy and reli- 
gious of the Aliienians were admitted as mem- 
bers, and such arcltons as had discharged their 
duly \\]{l\ care and faithfulness. In the latter 
ages of the republic, this observance was often 
violated, ami we find some of their members 
of loose and debauched morals. If any of them 
were duivicled of immorality, if they were 
seen sitting at a tavern, or bail used any inde- 
cent langun^e, they were Immediately expel- 



AR 

led from the assembly, and held In the greatest 
disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of the 
Areopagus always was for life. The Areopa- 
gites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and 
immoral behaviour, and particularly of idle- 
ness, which they deemed the cause of all vice. 
They watched over the laws, and they had the 
management of the public treasury ; they had 
the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of in- 
flicting severe punishment upon such as blas- 
phemed against the gods, or slighted tlie cele- 
bration of the holy mysteries. They always sat 
in the open air, because they took cognizance 
of murder ; and by their laws it was not per- 
mitted for the murderer and his accuser to be 
both under the same roof. This custom also 
might originate because the persons of the jud- 
ges were sacred, and they were afraid of con- 
tracting pollution by conversing in the same 
house with men who had been guilty of shed- 
ding innocent blood. They always heard cau- 
ses and passed sentence in the night, that they- 
might not be prepossessed in favour of the 
plaintiff or of the defendant by seeing them. 
Whatever causes were pleaded before them, 
were to be divested of all oratory and fine 
speaking, lest eloquence should charm their 
ears, and corrupt their judgment. Hence 
arose the most just and most impartial deci- 
sions, and their sentence was deemed sacred 
and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant 
were equally convinced of its justice. The 
Areopagites generally sat on the 27th, 2Sth, 
and 29th day of every month. Their authori- 
ty continued in its original state, till Pericles, 
who was refused admittance among them, re- 
solved to lessen their consequence, and des- 
troy their power. From that time the morals 
of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Are- 
opagites were no longer conspicuous for their 
virtue and justice j and when they censured 
the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of tlie fa- 
mily of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if 
they wisiied to make a reform in Athens, they 
must begin at home. 

Areopagus, a hill in the neighbourhood of 
Athens. Vid. Areopagita?. 

AuEST^si;, a people of India, conquered by 
Alexander. Justin. 12, c. 8. 

Aresthanas, a countryman, whose goat 
suckled Jisculapius, when exposed by his mo- 
ther. Paus. 2, c. 26. 

Arestorides, a patronymic given to the 
hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Aj-estor. Ovid. 
Met. li, v. 5S4. 

Areta, the mother of Aristippus, tlie phi- 
losopher. Laert. 2. A daughter of Diony- 

sius, who married Dion. She was thrown into 
the sea. Plut. in Dion. A female philo- 
sopher of Cyrene, B. C. 377. 

Areta, a daughter of Rhcxenor, descended 
from JNeptune, who married her uncle Aici- 
nous, by whom she had JNausicaa. Homer. Od. 
7 and 8. — Apullod. 1. 

Arkt^us, a physician of Cappadocia, very 
inquisitive after the operations of nature. His 
trealis*! on agues has been much admired. The 
best edition of his works which arc extant, is 
thatof Boerhaavc, L. Bat. fol. i7o5. 

Aretai'iiila, the wife of Melanippus, a 
priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her 
husband to marry her. Siie, however, was so 
aftac Led to .Vk'li'nijipus, that she endeavoured 



"'Cw-. 



AR 

to poison Nicocrates, and at last caused hina to 
be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom 
she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his 
brother, upon which Aretaphila ordered him 
to be thrown in the sea. After this she reti- 
red to a private station. Plut. de Virtut. Mu- 
Uer. — Poly (Ban. 8, c. 38. 

Aret ALES, a Cnidian, who wi'ote an his- 
tory of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands . 
Plut. 

Arete. Vid. Areta. 

Aretes, one of Alexander's officers. Curt. 
4, c. 15. 

Arethusa, a nymph of Elis, daughter of 
Oceanus, and one of Diana's attendants. As 
she returned one day from hunting, she sat 
near the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. 
The god of the river was enamoured of her, 
and he pursued her over the mountains and 
all the country, when Arethusa, ready to sink 
under fatigue, implored Diana, who changed 
her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediate- 
ly mingled his streams with hers, and Diana 
opened a secret passage under the earth and 
under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa 
disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, 
near Syracuse in Sicily. The river Alpheus 
followed her also under the sea, and rose also 
in Oi-tygia ; so that, as mythologists relate, 
whatever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, 
rises again, after some time, in the fountain 
Arethusa near Syracuse. Vid. jllpheus. — 

Ovid. Met. 5, fah! 10.— Mhen. I.—Pam. 

One of the Hesperides. Apollod. 2, c. 5 



A daughter of Herilaus, mother of Abas, by 

Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157. One of Actaj- 

on's dogs. Hygin. fab. 181. A lake of up- 
per Armenia, near the fountain of the Tigris. 
IVothing can sink under its waters. Plin. 2, c. 

103. A town of Thrace. Another in 

Syria. 

Aretikum, a Roman colony in Etruria. 
Ital. 5, V. 123. 

Aretus, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. 

Homer. Od. 3, v. 413 A Trojan against the 

Greeks. He Avas killed by Automedon. Homer, 

II. 17, V. 494. A famous warrior, whose 

only weapon was an iron club. He was 
treacherously killed by Lycurgus, king of Ar- 
cadia. Pans. 8, c. 11. 

Areus, a king of Sparta, preferred in the 
succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, 
who had made an alliance Avith Pyrrhus. He as- 
sisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and 

died at Corinth. Pans. 3, c. 6. — Plut. A 

king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acro- 
tatus 2d, and was succeeded by his son Leoni- 

das, son of Cleonymus. A philosopher of 

Alexandria, intimate with Augustus. Sutton. 
A poet of Laconia. An omtor men- 
tioned by Quintil. 

ARGiEus and Argeus, a son of Apollo and 

Cyrene. Justin. 13. o. 7. A son of Per- 

diccas, who succeeded his father in the king- 
dom of Macedonia. Justin. 7, c. 1. A 

mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpe- 
tual snows, at the bottom of which is the capi- 
tal of the country, called Maxara. Claudian. 
A son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. 
Pans. 1. A son of Licymnius. Jipollod. 2. 

Argalus, a king of Sparta, son of Amy- 
clas. Paus. 3, c. 1. 

Argathoj^a, a huntress of Cios in Bithy- 
14 



AR 

nia, whom Rhesus married before he went to 
the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, 
she died in despair. Parfhen Erotic, c. 36, 

Argathonius, a king of Tartessus, who, 
according to Plin. 7, c. 48, lived 120 years, 
and 300 according to Itcd. 3, v. 396. 

Arge, a beautiful huntress, changed into & 

stag by Apollo. Hygin. fab. 205. One of 

the Cyclops. Hesiod. A daughter of Thes- 

pius, by whom Hercules had two sons, .^pol- 

lod. 2. A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and 

Juno. Apollod. 1, 

Argea, a place at Rome where certain Ar- 
gives were buried. 

Arg^thve, a village of Arcadia, Paus. 8, 
c. 23. 

Argennumj a promontory of Ionia. 

Arges, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who had 
only one eye in his forehead. Jipollod. 1, c. 1. 

ArgestratOs, a king of Lacedaemon, who 
reigned 35 years. 

Argeus, a son ofPerdiccas, king of Mace- 
donia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyn= 
tas was deposed by the Illyrians. Justin. 7, 
C.2. 

Argi, (plur. masc.) Vid. Argos. 

Argia, daughter of Adrastus, married Po- 
lynices, whom she loved with uncommon ten- 
derness. When he was killed in the war, she 
buried his body in the night, against the posi- 
tive orders of Creon, for which pious actioa 
she was punished with death. Theseus reven- 
ged her death by killing Creon. Hygin. fab. 
69 and 12— Stat. Theb. 12. [Vid. Antigone 

and Creon.] A country of Peloponnesus, 

called also Argolis, of which Argos was the ca- 
pital. One of the Oceanides. Hygin. prosf. 

The wife of Inachus, and mother of lo. 

Id. fab. 145. Tiie mother of Ai'gos, by Po- 

lybus. Id. fab. 145. A daughter of Aute- 

sion, who married Aristodemus, by whom she 
had two sons, Eurysthenes, and Procles. 
Apollod.2.—Paus. 4, c. 3. 

Argias, a man who founded Chalcedon, A. 
U. C. 148. 

Argieetum, a place at Rome near the Pa- 
latium, where the tradesmen generally kept 
their shops. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 355 — Martial. 1, 
ep. 4. 

Argilius, a favourite youth of Pausanias, 
who I'evealed his master's correspondence 
with the Persian king, to the ephori. C. Kep. 
in Paus. 

Argillus, a mountain of Egypt near the 
Nile. 

Argilus, a town of Thrace near the Stry- 
mon, built by a colony of Andrians. Thucyd^ 
4, e. \m—Herodot. 7, c. 115. 

ArginusjE, three small islands near the 
continent, between Mitylene and Methymna, 
where the Lacedsemonian fleet was conquered 
by Conon the Athenian. Strab. 13. 

Argiupe, a nymph of mount Parnassus, 
mother of Thamyris, by Philammon the son 
of Apollo. Paus. 4, c, 38, 

Argipiiontes, a surname given to Mer- 
cury, because he killed the hundred-eyed Ar- 
gus, by order of Jupiter. 

Argippei, a nation among the Saurosia- 
tians, born bald, and with flat noses. They 
lived upon trees. Herpdot. 4, c. 23. 

Argiva, a surname of Juno, worshipped at 
Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, con- 



gecrated to her by Eurydice, the daughter of 
Lacedaemon. Pans. 4, c. 13.— Virg. JEn. 3, 

V. 547. 

ArgIvi, the inhabitants of the city of Ar- 
gos and the neighbouring country. The word 
is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all 
the inhabitants of Greece. 

Argius, a steward of Galba, who privately 
interred the body of his master in his gardens. 
Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 49. 

Argo-, the name of the famous ship which 
carried Jason and his 54 companions to Col- 
chis, when they resolved to recover the golden 
fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has 
been often disputed. Some derive it from Ar- 
gos, the person w'ho first proposed the expedi- 
tion, and who built the ship. Others maintain 
that it was built at Argos, whence its name. 
Cicero, Tusc. 1, c. 20, calls it Ai-go, because it 
cai-ried Grecians, commonly called Argives. 
Died. 4, derives the word from «•;>©', which 
signifies swift. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that 
Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo, af- 
ter a son of Jason, who bore the same name. 
The ship Argo had 60 oars. According to ma- 
ny authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut 
in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had 
the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. 
This ship was the first that ever sailed on the 
sea, as some report. After the expedition was 
finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn a- 
ground at the isthmus of Corinth, and conse- 
crated to the god of the sea. The poets have 
made hera constellation in heaven. Jason was 
killed by a beam which fell from tlie top, as he 
slept on the ground near it. Hygin. fab. 14, 
.4. P. 2, c. '61.—Catull. de. AupL Pel. <^ 
Tktt.— Val. Place. 1, v. 93, kc—Plmdr. 4, 
fab. 6. — Seneca in Medea. — Apollon. Argon. — 
Apollod.~Cic. de jYal. D.—Plin. 7, c. 56.— 
Manil. 1. 

Akgolicus sinlsj a bay on the coast of 
Argolis. 

Argolis and Argia, a country of Pelopon- 
aesus between Arcadia and the u^Cgean sea. 
Its chief city was called Argos. 

Argon, one of the descendants of Hercules, 
who reigned in Lydia505 years before Gyges. 
Herodot. 1, c. 7. 

Argonauts, a name given to those an- 
cient heroes who went with Jason on board 
the ship Argo to Colchis, about 89 years before 
tJie taking of Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes 
of this expedition arose from the following 
circumstance : — Athamas, king of Thebes, 
had mai-ried Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, 
whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by 
whom he had two children, Piiryxus and Hel- 
le. As JNepiiele was subject to certain fits of 
madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a 
second time Ino, by whom he had soon after 
two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the 
childreii of iVephele were to succeed to their 
father by right of birth, Ino conceived an im- 
mortal hatred against them, and she caused the 
city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by 
poisoning all the grain which had been sown 
in the earth, l^pon this the oracle was consult- 
ed ; and as it had been corrupted by means of 
Ino, the answer was, that INephele's children 
should ():> immolated to the gods. Phryxus 
was apprized of this, and jje innnadiately em- 
beirked w ith his sister Helle, and fled to the 



AR 

court of iEetes, king of Colchis, one of his near 
relations. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryx- 
us arrived safe at Colchis,and was received with 
kindness by the king. The poets have embel- 
lished the flight of Phryxus, by supposing that 
he and Helle fled through the air on a ram 
which had a golden fleece and wings, and was 
endowed with the faculties of speech. This 
ram, as they say, was the offspring of Nep- 
tune's amours, under the form of a ram, with 
the nymph Theophane. As they were going 
lo be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, 
and instantly disappeared in the air. On their 
way Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of 
the sea which from her w^as called the Helles- 
pont, When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sa- 
crificed the ram to Jupiter, or, according to 
others, to Mars, to w hom he also dedicated the 
golden fleece. He soon after married Chal- 
ciope the daughter of iEetes ; but his father- 
in-law envied him the possession of the golden 
fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered 
him. Some time after this event, when Jason 
the son of iEson, demanded of his uncle Pelias 
the crown which he usurped, [Vid. Pelias, Ja- 
son, iEson.] Pelias said that he would restore 
it to him, provided he avenged the death of 
their common relation Phryxus, whom vEetes 
had basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, w^ho 
was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious 
soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and 
embarked with all the young princes of Greece 
in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island 
of Lemnos, where they remained two yearsi 
and raised a new race of men from the Lenv 
nian women who had murdured their hus- 
bands. [Hrf. Hypsipyle.] After they had left 
LemnoS; tliey visited Samothrace, where they 
oflfered sacrifices to the gods, and thence pas- 
sed to Troas and to Cyzicum. Here they met 
with a favourable reception from Cyzicus the 
king of the country. The night after their de- 
parture, they were driven back by a storm 
again on the coast of Cyzicum, and the inhabi- 
tants, supposing them to be their enemies the 
J*elasgi, furiously attacked them. In this noc- 
turnal engagement the slaughter was great, 
and Cyzicus was killed by the hajid of Jason, 
who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly 
committed, buried him in a magnificent man- 
ner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of 
the gods, to whom he built a temple on mount 
Dyndymus. From Cyzicum they visited Be- 
brycia, otherw ise called Bithynia, where Pol- 
lux accepted the challenge of Amycus king of 
the country, in the combat of the cestus, and 
slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia 
by a storm, to Salmydessa, on the -coast of 
Thrace, where they delivered Phineus, king of 
the place, from the persecution of the harpies. 
Phineus directed their course through the Cya- 
nean rock or the Symplegades, [Vid. Cyaneae.] 
and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They 
visited the country of the Mariandinians,where 
Lycus reigned, and lost two of their compa- 
nions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot. After 
they had left this coast, they were driven upon 
the island of Arecia, where they found the chil- 
dren of Phryxus, whom ^Eetes their grandfa- 
tiier had sent to Greece to take possession of 
their fathers kingdom. From this island they 
at last arrived safe in iEa, the capital of Col- 
ciiis. Jason explainedthecausesof hi? voyage 



AR 



AR 

disasters, at last came in sight of the promontC' 
lyofMelea, in the Peloponnesus, where Ja- 
son was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, 
and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The 
impracticability of such a voyage is well known. 
iVpollonius Rhodius gives another account 
equally improbable. He says that they sailed 
from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the 
Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by 
entering another mouth of the river. After 
they had continued their voyage for some 
leagues, the waters decreased, and they were 
obliged to carry the ship Argo across the coun- 
try to the Adriatic, upwards bf 150 miles. Here 
they met with Absyztus, who had pursued the 
same measures, and conveyed his ships in like 
manner over the land. Absyrtus w^as immedi- 
ately put to death ; and soon after the beam of 
Dodona [Firf. Argo.] gave an oracle, that Jason 
should never return home if he was not previ- 
ously purified of the murder. Upon this they 
sailed to the island of JEdi,\vhere Circe, who wa.? 
the sister of ^etes, expiated him without know- 
ing who he w^as. There is a third tradition, 
which maintains, that they returned to Colchis 
asecond time, and visited many places of Asia. 
This famous expedition has been celebrated ia 
the ancient ages of the world ; it has employed 
the pen of many w^riters, and among the histo- 
rians, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus« 
and Justin ; and among the poets, Onamacri- 
tus, more generally called Orpheus, ApoUo- 
nius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, 
have extensively given an account of its most 
remarkable particulars. The number of the 
Argonauts is not exactly known. ApoUodorus 
and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetes 
admits the number of 50, but ApoUodorus men- 
tions only 45. The following list is drawn 
from the various authors who have made men- 
tion of the Argonautic expedition. Jason, son 
of iEson, as is well known, was the chief of the 
rest. His companions were Acastus son of- 
Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus, Admetus son of 
Pheres, ^sculapius son of Apollo, ^S^talides 
son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son 
of Mars, Amphiaraus son of (Ecleus, Amphi- 
daraCis, son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hypera- 
sius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus, and another 
of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of 
the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Arme- 
nus, x\3calaphus son of Mars, Asterion son of 
Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas sou 
of Sol, Atalanta, daughter of Schceneus disgui- 
sed in a man's dress, Autelycus son of Mercury, 
Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Ca- 
lais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor 
son of Jupiter, Ceneusson of Elatus, Cepheus 
son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius, and Iphitus, sons of 
Eurytbus, Coronus, Deucalion sou of Minos, 
Echion son of Mercury and Antianira, Ergy- 
nus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Nep- 
tune and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son 
of Cisteus, Eurydamas and Eurythion sons of 
Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Her- 
cules son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, laU 
menus son ofMars,Idman son of Abajs, lolaui: 
son of Iphiclus, Iphiciusson of Thestius, Iphi- 
clus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lyn- 
ceus, son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, 
Laertes, son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus 



\o j^etes ; but the conditions on which he was 

to recover the golden fleece, were so hard, that 

the Argonauts must have perished in the at- 
tempt, had not Medea, the king's daughter, 

fallen in love with their leader. She had a 

conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths 

of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea 

pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts from 

her father's hard conditions, if Jason married 

her, and carried her with him to Greece. He 

was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet 

and horns, and which vomited clouds of tire 

and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made 

of adamant stone, and to plough a field of two 

acres of ground never before cultivated. Af- 
ter this he wae to sow^ in the plain the teeth of 

a dragon, from which an armed multitude were 

to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. 

This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dra- 
gon, which was at the bottom of the tree, on 

which the golden fleece was suspended. All 

these labours wei'e to be performed in one day ; 

and Medea's assistance, whose knowledge of 

herbs, magic, and potions, w^as unparalleled, 

easily extricated Jason from all danger, to the 

astonishment and terror of his companions, and 

of uEetes, and the people of Colchis, who had 

assembled to be spectators of this wonderful 

action. He tamed the bulls with ease, plough- 
ed the field, sowed the dragon's teeth, and 

when the armed men sprang from the earth, 

he threw a stone in the midst of them, and 

they immediately turned their weapons one 

against the other, till they all perished. After 

this he went to the dragon, and by means of 

enchanted herbs, and a draught w-hich Medea' 

bad given him, he lulled the monster to sleep, 

and obtained the golden fleece, and immedi- 
ately set sail with Medea. He was soon pur- 
sued by Absyrtus, the king's son, who came 
up to them, and was seized and murdered by 
Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of 
Absyrtus were strewed in the way through 
which ^etes was to pass, that his farther pur- 
suit might be stopped. After the murder of 
Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Maeotis, 
and by pursuing their course towards the left, 
according to the foolish account of poets who 
were ignorant of geography, they came to the 
island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here 
Circe informed Jason, that the cause of all his 
calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, 
of which she refused to expiate him. Soon af- 
ter, they entered the Mediterranean by the 
columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of 
Charybdis and Scylla, where they must have 
perished, had not Tethys, the mistress of Pe- 
leus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. 
They were preserved from the Sirens by the 
eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the isl- 
and of the Phasacians, where they met the ene- 
my's fleet, which had continued their pursuit 
by a difterent course. It was therefore resolv- 
ed, that Medea should be restored, if she had 
not been actually married to Jason ; but the 
wife of Alcinous, the king of the country, be- 
ing appointed umpire between the Colchians 
and Argonauts, had the marriage privately 
consummated by night, and declared that the 
claims of ^etis to Medea were now void. 
From Phaeacia the Argonauts came to the bay 

of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a i son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager, 
«torm upon the coast of Africa , and after many | son of (Enen?, Menoeti^B i^^n of Actor, Mop- 



AR 

^usson of Araphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, 
IVeleus tlie brotlier of Peleus, Nestor son of 
Neleus, Oileusthe father of Ajax, Orpheus son 
of CEager, Palemon son of ^tolius, Peleus and 
Telamon sons ofiEacuSjPericlimenes son of Ne- 
leus, Peueleus son of Hipahnus, Philoctetes son 
of Pcean, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphe- 
mus son of Elates, Pceas son of Thaumacus, 
Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, 
Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus one of the 
Lapithae, Talaus, Tiphus, son of Aginus, Sta- 
philusson of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphi- 
tus, Theseus son of Mgens, with his friend Pi- 
rithous. Among these iEsculapius was physi- 
cian, and Typhis was pilot. 

Aroos, {sing, neut. ^ jirgi, masc. plur.) 
an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponne- 
sus, about two miles from the sea,on the bay cal- 
led Argolicus stilus^ Juno was the chief deity of 
the place. The kingdom of Argos was found- 
ed by Inachus 1856 years before the christian 
era, and after it had flourished for about 550 
years it was united to the crown of Mycenae. 
Argos was built according to Euripides, Jp/tig. 
in Aulid. v. 152, 534, by seven cyclops who 
came from Syria. These cyclops were not 
Vulcan's workmen. The nine first kings of 
Argos were called Inachides, in honour of the 
founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoro- 
neus, Apis, Argus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, 
Stelenus and Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind 
reception to Danaus, who drove him from his 
kingdom in return for his hospitality. The de- 
scendants of Danaus were called Belides. Aga- 
memnon was king of Argos during the Trojan 
war ; and 80 years after the Heraclidse seized 
the Peloponnesus, and deposed the monarchs. 
The inhabitants of Argos were called Argi'ci 
and Argolici ; and this name has been often 
applied to all the Greeks, without distinction. 
Plin. 7, c. 56. — Paus. 2, c. 15, ^c. — Horat. 1, 
od. l.—JElian. V. H. 9, c. 15.— Strab. 8.— 
.Mela, 1, c. 13, fcc. 1. 2, e. 3.— F/cg. JEn. 1, v. 

40, &c. A town of Thessaly, called Pelas- 

gicon by the Pelasgians. Lucan. 6, v. 355. 

Another in Epirus called Amphilochium. 

} Argus, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 

years. A son of Arestor, whence he is often 

called Arislorides. He married Ismene, the 
daugiiter of the Asopus. As he had an hun- 
dred eyes, of which only two were asleep at 
one time, Juno set him to watch lo, whom Ju- 
piter had changed into a heifer; but Mercury, 
by order of Jupiter, slew him by lulling all his 
eyes asleep with ihe sound of his lyre. Juno 
put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the pea- 
cock, a bird sacred to her divinity. Moschus. 
Idyl— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 12 and V<i.—Propert. 
1, v. 585, &c. el. S.—Jipollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 2, c. 1. 

A son of Agenor. Hygin. fab. 145. A 

son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. Id. 

14. A son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first 

child which the father of the gods had by a 
mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne 

the daughter of Strj'mon. Id. 145. A son 

olPyras and Callirhoe. Id. 145. A son of 

Phryxus, Id. 3. A son of Pol) bus. Id. 14. 

One of Action's dogs. Jipollod. A 

dog of Ulysses, who knew his master after an 
absence of 20 years. Homer. Od. 17, v. 3U0. 

AuGYLLiC, an ancient name of Ca;re, in 
j:truria. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 652, 1.8, v. 478. 

Arcynnis, a name of Venus v/hich she 



AR 

received from Argynnus, a favourite youth oi 
Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephi- 
sus. Propert. 3, el. v. 52. 

Arg VRA, a nymph greatly beloved by a shep- 
herd called Selimnus. She was changed into 
a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the 
same name, whose waters make lovers forget 
the object of their affections. Vid. Selimnus. 

Paus. 7, c. 23. A city of Troas.— — Also 

the native place of Diodorus Siculus, in Sicily. 

Argyraspides, a Macedonian legion which 
received this name from their silver helmets. 
Cart. 4, c. 13. 

Argyre, an island beyond the mouth of the 
river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela, 3, c. 7. 

Argvripa, a town of Apulia, built by Dio- 
medes alter the Trojan war, and called by Po- 
lybius Agripana. Only ruins remain to show 
where it once stood, though the place still pre- 
serves the name of Arpi. Virg. \^n. 11, v. 
246. 

Aria, a country of Asia, situate at the east 

of Pai'thia. Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 2, c. 7. The 

wife of Paitus Cecinna, of Padua, a PtOman se- 
nator who was accused of conspiracy against 
Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. She 
accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed 
herself, and presented the sword to her hus- 
band, who followed her example. Plin. 7. 

Ariaune, daughter of Minos 2d, king of 
Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus, 
who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devour- 
ed by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of 
thread, by which he extricated himself from 
the ditficult windings of his confinement. Af- 
ter he had conquered the Minotaur, he carri- 
ed her away according to t'le promise he had 
made, and married her ; but when he arrived 
at the island of Naxos he forsook her, though 
she was already pregnant, and repaid his love 
with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne 
was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by 
Theseus, that she hung herself, according to 
some; but Plutarch says, that she lived many 
yeai's after, and had some children by Onarus, 
the priest of Bacchus. According to some wri- 
ters, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had for- 
saken her, and he gave her a crown of seven 
stars, which, after her death, was made a con- 
stellation. The Argives showed Ariadne's tomb, 
and when one of their tenijiles was repaired, 
her ashes were found in an eartlien urn. Ho- 
mer, Od. 11, v. 320, says, that Diana detained 
Ariadne at Naxos. Pint, in Tkcs. — Ovid. Met. 
8, fab. 2. Heroid. 10. De Art. Am. 2, Fast. 3, v^ 
462.— Ca^u/7. de Knpt. Pel ^ Tltct. ep. 61.— 
Hygin. fab. 14, 43, 210.— Apollo d. 3, c. 1. 

kv.iffxs, an officer who succeeded to the 
commandoftiie surviving army after the death 
of Cyrus the younger, afterthe battle of Cunaxa 
He made peace with AKaxerxes. Xenoph. 

Ariani and Arieni, a people of Asia. Dionys. 
Perieg. 714. 

Ariantas, a king of Scylhia, Mho yeaily 
ordered every one of his subjects to present 
him with an arrow. Herodol. 4, c. 81. 

Ani.^MNFs, a king of Cappadocia, son of 
Ariurathes 3d. 

Ariakathes, a king of Cappadocia, who 
joined Daiius Ochus in his expedition against 

Egypt, where he acquired much glory. His 

nepiiew, the 2d of that name,defendcd his king- 
dom against Perdiccasr the general of Ale.xan« 



AR 

•der, but lie was defeated and hung 6n a cross, 

in the 81st year of his age, 321 B. C. His 

son. Ariaratlies the 3d, escaped the massacre 
which'attended his father and his followers ; 
and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered 
Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Ma- 
cedonian general. He was succeeded by his son 

Ariamnes. Ariarathes the 4th, succeeded 

his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice, 
daughter of Antiochus Theos. He died after 
a reign of twenty-eight years, B. C. 220, and 
was succeeded by his son Ai'iarathes the 5th, a 
prince who married Antiochia, the daughter of 
king Antiocluis, whom he assisted against the 
Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Ariara- 
thes saved his kingdom from invasion by pay- 
ing the Romans a large sum of money remit- 



ted at the instance of the king of Pergamus. 

His son, the 6th of that name, called Philo- 

pater, from his piety, succeeded him 166 B. C. 
An alliance with the Romans shielded him 
against the false claims that were laid to his 
crown by one of the favourites of Demetrius, 
king of Syria. He was maintained on his throne 
by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome 
against Aristonicus, the usurper of Pergamus : 
but he was killed in the war B. C. 130, leaving 
six children, five of whom were murdered by 

his surviving wife Laodice. The only one 

who escaped, Ariarathes 7th, was proclaimed 
king, and soon after married Laodice, the sister 
of Mitiiridates Eupator, by whom he had two 
sons. He was murdered by an illegitimate bro- 
ther, upon which his widow Laodice gave her- 
self and kingdom to Nicomedes, king of Bithy- 
nia. Mithridates made war against the new 
king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The 
youngking,who was the 8th of the name of Ari- 
arathes, made war against the tyrannical Mith- 
ridates,by whom he was assassinated in the pre- 
sence of both armies, and the murderer's son, a 
cliild eight years old, was placed on the vacant 
throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made 
the late monarch's brother, Ariarathes 9th, 
king ; but Mithridates expelled him, and restor- 
ed his own son. The exiled prince died of a bro- 
ken heart ; and JVicomedes of Bithynia, dread- 
ing the power of the tyrant, interested the Ro- 
mans in the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters 
wished to make the country free ; but the Cap- 
|)adocians demanded a king, and received Ari- 
obarzanes, B. C. 9 1. On the death of Ariobar- 
zanes, his brother ascended the throne, under 
the name of Ariarathes 10th ; but his title was 
disputed by Sisenna,the eldest son of Glaphyra, 
by Archelaus, priest of Comana, M. Antony, 
wlio was umpire between the contending par- 
ties,decided in favour ofSisenna; but Ariarathes 
recovered it for a while, though he was soon 
after obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, 
the second son of Glaph^Ta, B. C. 36. Diod. 
18.— Justin. 13 and 29.—Strab. 12. 

Aribb/eus, a general mentioned bv Polyaen- 
7, c. 29. 

Aricia, an Athenian princess, niece to JEge- 
us, whom Hippolytus married after he had 
been raised from the dead by iEsculapius. He 
built a city in Italy, which he called by her 
uame. He had a son by her called Virbius. 
(Md. Met. 15, V, 544.— Virg. JEn. 7,. v. 762, 

&c. A very ancient town of Italy, wow Ric- 

cia, built by Hippolytus, £on of Theseus, after 
he had been raised from the dead bv .'E=cwla- 



AR 

plus, and transported into Italy by IMana. le 
a grove, in the neighbourhood of Aricia, The- 
seus built a temple to Diana, where he estab- 
lished the same rites as were in the temple of 
that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this 
temple, called Rex, was always a fugitive, and 
the murderer of his predecessor, and went al- 
ways armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever 
attempts might be made upon his life by one 
who wished to be his successor. The Arician 
forest, frequently called nemoren^'s, or nemora- 
lis sylva, was veiy celebrated, and no horses, 
would ever enter it, because Hippoljlus had 
been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite 
nymph; and invisible protectress of Numa, ge-^ 
nerally resided in this famous grove, which was 
situated on the Appian way, beyond mount 
Albanus. Ond. Met. 15. Fast. 3, v. 263.— 
Lucaii. 6, v. 74. — Virg. Mn. 7, v. 761, &c. 
Aricina, a surname of Diana, from her 

temple near Aricia. [Vid. Aricia.] The 

mother of Octavius. Cic. 3. Pkil. c. 6. 

Arid^ps, a companion of Cyrus the young- 
er. After the death of his friend, he reconciled 
himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the 

surviving Greeks in their return. Diod. 

An illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the 
death of Alexander, was made king of Mace- 
donia, till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alex- 
ander, brought into the world a legitimate male 
successor. Aridasus had not the free enjoy- 
ment of his senses ; and therefore Perdiccas, 
one of Alexander's generals, declared himself 
his protector, and even married his sister, to 
strengthen their connexion. He was seven 
years in possession of the sovereign power, 
and was put to death, v;ith his wife Eurydice, 
by Olympias. Justin. 9, c. 8. — Diod. 

Arienis, daughter of Alyattes, married 
Astyages king of Media. Herodot. 1, c. 74. 

Arig^um, a town of India, which Alex- 
ander found burnt, and without inhabitants. 
Arrian. 4. 

Arii, a savage people of India. Of Ara- 
bia. Plin. 6. Of Scythia. Herodot. 

Of Germany. Tadt. 



Arima, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where 
Typhosus was overwhelmed under the ground. 
Homer. II. 2. 

Arimarius, a god of Persia and Media. 

Arimaspi, a people conquered by Alexan- 
der the Great. Curt. 7, c. 3. — Mela, 2, c. L 

Arimaspias, a river of Scytliia, with golden 
sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but 
one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and 
waged continual war against the griffins, mon- 
strous animals that collected the gold of the 
river. Plin. 7, c. 2. — Herodot. 3 and 4. — 
Strab. 1 and 13. 

Arima STHJE, a people near the Euxine sea.. 
Orpheus, jargon. 

Arimazes, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, 
who treated Alexander with much insolence, 
and even asked, whetlier he could fly, to aspire 
to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered, 
and was exposed on a cross with his friend!} 
and relations. Curt. 7, c. 11. 

Arimi, a nation of Syria. S/rab. 

Arimikum, (now Rimijii) an ancient city 
of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders oi 
Gaul, on the Adriatic, founded by a colony oi 
Urabrians. It was the cause of Caesar's civii 
vrar?^ livron.. 1. v. 281 — /'^'-v 3. r I5 



AR 

ARiMiNtJS, a vlvier of Italy, rising in the Ap- 
pennine mountains. Ptin. 3, c. 15. 

Arimph^i, a people of Scytnia, near the 
Riphsean mountains, who lived chiefly upon 
berries in the woods, and Avere remarkable 
for their innocence and mildness. Plin. 6, c. 7. 
Arimcs, a king of Mysia. Varro. 
Ariobarzanes, a man made king of Cap- 
padocia by the Romans, after the troubles; 
which the false Ariarathes had raised, had sub- 
sided. Mithridates drove him from his king- 
dom, but the Romans restored him. He fol- 
lov,-3d the interest of Porapey, and fought at 
Pharsalia against J. Cajsar. He and his king- 
dom were preserved by means of Cicero. Cic. 
5, ad Attic, ep. 29.— Horat. ep. 6^ v. 38.— 

Flor. 3, c. 5. A satrap of Phrygia, who, 

after the death of Mithridates, invaded the 
kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for twenty-six 
years. He was succeeded by the son of Mith- 
ridates. Dioil. 17.— — A general of Darius, 
who defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 
foot against Alexander. After a bloody en- 
counter with the Macedonians, he was killed 
as he attempted to seize the city of Persepolis. 
Diod. n.—Curt 4 and 5. A Mede of ele- 
gant stature, and great prudence, whom Tibe- 
rius appointed to settle the troubles of Arme- 
nia. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4 A mountain be- 
tween Parthia and the country of the Massa- 

getae. A satrap, who revolted from the 

Persian king. 

Ariomandes, son of Gobryas, was gene- 
ral of Athens against the Persians. Plat, in 
Cim. 

Aricmarpus, a son of Darius, in the army 
of Xerxes when 
Herodot. 7, c. 78. 

Ariomedks, a pilot of Xerxes. 

Arion, a famous lyric poet and musician, 
son of Cyclos, of Methymna, in the island of 
Lesbos. He went into' Italy with Periander, 
tyrant of Corinth, Vviiere he obtained immense 
riches by his profession. Some time after he 
wished to revisit his country ; and the sailors 
of the ship in v»'hich he embarked, resolved to 
murder him, to obtain the riches Avhich lie 
was caiTying to Lesbos. Arion seeing them 
inflexible in their resolutions, begged that he 
might be permitted to play some melodious 
ftine; and as soon as he had finished it, he 
threw himself into the sea. A number of 
dolphins had been attracted round the ship by 
the sweetness of his music ; and it is said, 
iiiht One of them carried him safe on his back 
to Tainarus, wiience ho hastened to the court 
of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to be 
erucified at their reiurn. Hy8;in. fab. 194. — 
Jlerodiit. 1, c. 23 and 24.— JFMan. de jXat. 
£n. 13, c. Ab.—Ual. 11. Propert. 2, cl. 26, 

V. 17. — Pint, in Symp. A horse, sprung 

from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she 
travelled over the world in quest of her 
daughter Proseqiine, had taken the figure of a 
mai'e, to avoid the importuning addresses of 
INeptune. The god changed himself also 
into a horse, nnd from their union arose a 
daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, 
which had the power of speech, the feet on 
the right side like those of a man, and the 
rest of the body like a horse. Arion was 
brought up by {he Nereides, who often har- 
nessed him to his father'.s chariot, whick he 



he went against Greece. 



All 

drew over the sea with uncommon swilltnes^, 
Nej)tune gave him to Copreus, who presented 
him to Hercules. Adrastus, king of Argos, 
received him as a present from Hercules, and 
with this wonderful animal he won the prize 
at the Nemsean games. Arion, therefore, is 
often called the horse of Adrastus. Paus. 8, 
c. 25.— Propert. 2, el. 34, v. 37.—ApoUod. 3, 
c. 6. 

Ariovistus, a king of Germany, wha 
professed himself a friend of Rome. When 
Caisar was in Gaul, Ario\istus marched 
aeain-st him, and was conquered with the loss 
of 80,000 men. Cces. 1. Belt. Gaul.— Tacit.A 
Hist. 
Aris, a river of Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 31. 
Arisba, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an 

earthquake. Plin. 5, c. 31. A colony of 

the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the 
Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. 

Virg. mi. 9, V. 264.— f/omer. //. 7. The 

name of Priam's first wife, divorced that the 
raojiarch might marry Hecuba. 

Arist-'enetus, a writer whose epistles 
have been beautifully edited by Abresch. 
Zwollffi, 1749. 

Arist.«u.M5 a city of Thrace at the foot of 
mount Haemus. Plin. 4, c. 11. 

AristjEus, son of Apollo and the nympli 
Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and 
brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nec- 
tar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting 
procured him the surname of Nomus and 
Agreus. After he had travelled over the 
greatest part of the \vorld, Aristaeus came to 
settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe, 
the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a 
son called Actreon. He fell in love with Eu 
rydice, the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her 
in the fields. She was stun^ by a serpent that 
lay in the grass, and died, for which the gods 
destroyed all the bees of Aristaeus. In this 
calamity he applied to his mother, who direc- 
ted him to seize the sea-god Proteus, "and 
consult him how he might repair the losses he 
had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease 
the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of 
four bulls and four heifers : and as soon as he 
had done it, and left them in the air, swarms 
of bees immediately sprang from the rotten 
carcasses, and restored Aristaeus to his for- 
mer prosperity. Some authors say, that Aris- 
ifeus had the cai'e of Bacchus when young, 
and that he was initiated in the m}'steries of 
this god. Aristteus went to live on mount 
Hcemus, where he died. He was, after death, 
worshipped as a demi-god. Arista?us is said 
to have learned from the nymphs the cultiva- 
tion of olives, and the management of bees, 
6ic. which he afterwards communicated to 
the rest of mankind. Virg. G. 4, v. 317. — 
Diod. 4.— Justin. 13, c. 7.— Ovid. Fast. 1, 
V. 363.— C'tr. ^e A^af. D. 3, c. \8.—Pm(s. 
10, c. n.—Hi/gin. fab. 161, 180, 247.— Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 4. — iicrodol. 4, c. 4, kc. — Polycen. 1, c. 
24. A general who commanded the Corin- 
thian forces at the siege of Potidaja. He was 
taken by the Athenians, and put to death. 

ARisTAGuft.\s, a writer who composed an 
history of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 12. A son- 
in-law of Histi^us, tjTant of Miletus, who re- 
volted from Dai'ius, and incited the Athenians 
against ifersia. and burnt Sardi«. This so (t%' 



AR 

.Asperated the king, that every evening before 
supper he ordered his servants to remind him 
of punishing Aristagoras. He was killed in a 
battle against the Persians, B. C. 499. Hero- 
dot. 5, c. 30, &c. 1. 7, c. 8.—PoiT/(£n. 1, c. 

14. A man of Cyzicus. Another of 

Cumae. Herodot.4. 

Aristander, a celebrated soothsayer, great- 
ly esteemed by Alexander. Plui. in Alex. — 

Plin. 17, c. 25. An Athenian, who wrote 

on agriculture. 

Aristasdros, a statuarv of Sparta. Pans. 
3, c. 18. 

Aristarchk, a matron of Ephesus, who 
by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul 
with the Phocaeaiis, and was made priestess. 
Strab. 4. 

Aristarchus, a celebrated grammarian of 
Saraos, disciple of Aristophanes. He lived 
the greatest part of his life at Alexandria, and 
Ptolemy Philometor intrusted him with the 
education of his sons. He was famous for 
his critical powers, and he revised the poems 
of Homer with such severity, that ever after 
all severe ciitics Vvcre called Aristarcki. He 
wrote above 800 commentaries on different 
authors, much esteemed in his age. In his 
old age he became dropsical, upon which he 
starved himself, and died in his 72d year, B. 
C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus 
and Aristagoras, both famous for their stupi- 
dity. Horat. de Art. poet. v. 499.— OriV. 3, 
ex Pont. ep. 9, v. 24. — Cic. ad Fam. 3, ep. 
U. ad Attic. 1, ep. 14.— Quintil. 10, c. 1. 

A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, about 

454 years B. C. He composed 70 tragedies, 
of which two only were rewarded with the 
prize. One of them, called Achilles, was 
translated into Latin verse by Ennius. Siii- 

das. A physician to queen Berenice, the 

widow of Antiochus. Polyoen. 8. An ora- 
tor of Ambracia. An astronomer of Sa- 

mos, who first supposed that the earth turned 
round its axis, and revolved round the sun. 
This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as 
he was accused of disturbing tiie peace of 
the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun 
was nineteen times further distant from the 
earth than the moon, and that the moon was 
66 semi-diameters of our globe, and little 
more than one third, and the diameter of the 
sun six or seven times more than that of the 
earth. The age in which he flourished is not 
precisely known. His treatise on the large- 
ness and tiie distance of the sun and moon is 
extant, of which the best edition is that of Ox- 
ford, 8vo. 1688. 

ARisTAz.tNEs, a noble Persian in favour 
with Artaxerxes Ochus. Diod. 16. 

Aristeas, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as 
fables report, appeared seven years after his 
death to his countrymen, and 540 years after 
to the people of Metaponttmi in Italy, and 
commanded them to raise to liim a statue near 
the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic po- 
em on the Arimaspi in tliree books, and some 
of his verses are (pioted by Longinus. Hero- 
dot. 4, c. V.i.—Strab. 14.— Max. Tyr. 22. 
A physician of Rhodes, A geometri- 
cian, intimate with Euclid. A poet, son of 

Demochares, in tlie age of Croesus. 

Arister^e, an isrand on the roa ;f of Prlo- 
ponnesus. Paus. 2, c . :^,4. 



AR 

AristSus, a man of Argos, who excited 
king Pyrrhus to take up arms against his coun- 
trymen, the Argives. Polycen. 8, c. 68. 

Aristhf.nes, a shepherd who found Ms' 
culapius, when he had been exposed in the 
woods by his mother Coronis. 

Aristhus, an historian of Arcadia. Diof 
nys. Hal. 1. 

Aristieus, a river of Paeonia. Polyczn.A, 
c. 12. 

Aristides, a celebrated Athenian, son of 
Lysimachus, whose great temperance and vir- 
tue procured him the surname of Just, He 
was rival to Themistocles, by whose influence 
he was banished for ten years, B. C. 484 ; but 
before six years of his exile had elapsed, he 
was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the 
battle of Salamis,and was appointed chief com- 
mander with Pausanias against Mardonius, 
who was defeated at Platasa. He died so poor, 
that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed 
at the public charge, and his two daughters, on 
account of their father's virtues, received a 
dowry from the public treasury when they 
were come to marriageable years. Poverty, 
however, seemed hereditary in the family of 
Aristides, for the grandson was seen in the 
public streets, getting his livelihood by explain- 
ing dreams. The Athenians became more vu*- 
tuous in imitating their great leader; and 
from the ^ense of his good qualities, at the 
representation of one of the tragedies of 
iEschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence 
concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the 
audience were all at once turned from the 
actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, 
it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusa- 
tion, mentioned the injuries his opponent 
had done to Aristides ; '' mention the wrongs 
you have received," replied the equitable 
Athenian, " I sit here as judge, and the law- 
suit is yours, and not mine." C. JVep. ^^ Plut. 

in Vita. An historian of Miletus, fonder of 

stories and of anecdotes, than of truth. He 
wrote an histoiy of Italy, of which the 40th vo- 
lume has been quoted by Pint, in Parall. 

An Athlete, who obtained a prize at the Olym- 
pian, ISemean, and Pythian games. Pans 6, 

c. 16. A painter of Thebes in Boiotia, in 

the age of Alexander the Great, for one of 
whose pieces Attains offered 6000 sesterces. 

Plin. 7 and 35. A Greek orator who wrote 

50 orations, besides other tracts. When Smyr- 
na was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote 
so pathetic a letter to M. Aurelius, that the 
emperor ordered the city immediately to be 
rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence raised 
to the orator. His works consist of hymns in 
prose in honour of the gods, funeral orations, 
apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best 
edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vohunes 4to . 
Oxon. 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo. 

3 vols, of Canterusapud P. Steph. 1604. A 

man of Locris, who died by the bite of a wea- 

zcl. JEliun. V. H. 14. A philosopher of 

Mysia, intimate with M. Antoninus. An 

Athenian, mIio wrote treatises on animals, 
trees, and agriculture. 

ARisTii.i.rs, a philosopher of the Alexan- 
drian school, who about oOO years B. C. at- 
tempted with Timochai-is to determine the 
place of the ditt'erent stars in the heavens, and 
to trace ihe course of the planets. 



AR 

Aristio, a sophist of Athens, who, by the 
support of Archelaus, the general of Mithri- 
dates, seized the covernment of his country, 
and made himself absolute. He poisoned him- 
self when defeated by Sylla. Liv. SI, 82. 

Akistippus, the elder, a philosopher of 
Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of 
the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the flatter- 
ers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished 
himself for his epicurean voluptuousness, in 
support of which he wrote a book, as likewise 
an history of Libya. When travelling in the 
deserts of Africa, he ordered his servants to 
throw away the money they carried, as too 
burdensome. On another occasion, discover- 
ing thatthe ship in which he sailed belonged to 
pirates, he designedly threw his property into 
the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it 
than his life. Many of his sayings and max- 
ims are recorded by Diogenes, in his life. Ho- 

rat. 2. Sal. 3, v. l(5o. His grandson of the 

same name, called the younger, was a warm de- 
fender of his opinions, and supported that the 
principles of all things were pain and pleasure. 
He flourished about 363 years B. C. A ty- 
rant of Argos, whose life was one continued 
series of apprehension. He was killed by a Cre- 
tan in a battle against Aratus, B. C. 242. Di- 
og. A man who wrote an history of Arca- 
dia. Diog. 2. 

M. Aristius, a tribune of the soldiers in 
Caesar's arniy. Ccuar. Bell. Gall. 7, c. 42. 

Another.- Vid. Fuscus. A satirist, 

who wrote a poem called Cyclops. 
Aristo. Vid. Ariston. 
AnisTOEULA, a name given to Diana by 
Themistocles. 

Aristobulus, a name common to some of 
the high priests and kings of Judaea, he. Jo- 
seph. A brother of Epicurus. One of 

Alexander's attendants, who wrote the king's 

life, replete with adulation and untruth. A 

philosopher of Judasa, B. C. 150. 

Aristoclea, a beautiful woman, seen naked 
by Strato, as she was offering a sacrifice. She 
was passionately loved by Callislhenes, and 
was equally admired by Strato. The two ri- 
vals so furiously contended for her hand, that 
slie died during their quarrel, upon which Stra- 
to killed himself, and CaJlisthenes was never 
seen after. Pint, in Amat. 

Aristoci.es, a peripatetic philosopher of 
Mcssenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on phi 
losophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The 
14th book of this treatise is quoted, &.c. He 
also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books 

on morals. A grammarian of Rhodes. 

A stoic of Lampsacus. An historian. Strab. 

4. A musician. Allien, he. A prince 

of Tegaea, he. Polycen. This name is com- 
mon to many Greeks, of whom few or no par- 
ticulars are recorded. 

Aristoclides, a tyrant of Orchomenus, 
who, because he could not win the affection of 
Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon 
which all Arcadia took up arras and destroyed 
the murderer. ♦ 

AuisTocRATEs, a Itiug of Arcadia, put to 
death by his subjects for offering violence to 
the priestess of Diana, Pans. 8, c. 5. His 
grandson of the same name, was stoned to 
Aleath for taking bribes, during the second 
Mosscnian war, and being the cause of the 



AR 

defeat of his Messenian allies, B. C. 682. Id, 

ibid.- A Rhodian. A man who endea- 

voured to destroy the democratical power at 

Athens. An Athenian general sent to th« 

assistance of Corcyra with 25 gallies. Died. 

15. An Athenian who was punished with 

death for flying from the field of battle. A 

Greek historian, son of Hipparchus, PliU. in 
Lye. 

Aristocreon, the writer of a book on ge- 
ography. 

Aristocritus, wrote a treatise concerning 
Miletus. 

Aristodeme, a daughter of Priam. 
Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, was 
one of the Heraclidas. He, with his brothers 
Teraenus and Cbrespontes, invaded Pelopon- 
nesus, conquered it, and divided the country • 
among themselves, 1104 years before the 
christian era. He married Argia, by whom 
he had the twins Procles and Eurysthenes. 
He was killed by a thunderbolt at INaupactum, 
though some say that he died at Delphi in Pho- 
cis. Pans. 2, c. 18, 1. 3, c. 1 and IQ.—Herodot. 

7, c. 204, 1. 8, c. 131. A king of Messenia, 

who maintained a famous war against Sparta. . 
After some losses, he recovered his strengthi 
and so effectually defeated the enemy's forces, 
that they were obliged to prostitute their wo- 
men to re-people their country. The offspring 
of this prostitution were called PartheniEe, and 
30 years after their birth they left Sparta and 
seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus put his 
daughter to death for the good of his country i 
being afterwards persecuted in a dream by her 
manes, he killed himself, after a reign of six 
years and some months, in which he had ob- 
tained much military gloiy, B. C. 724. His 
death was lamented by his countrymen, who 
did not appoint him a successor, but only in- 
vested Damis,one of his friends, with absolute 
power to continue the war, which was at last 
terminated after much bloodshed, and many 

losses on both sides. Pans, in Messen. A 

tyrant of Cumas. A philosopher of ^Egina. 

An Alexandrian who wrote some trea- 
tises, &.C. A Spartan who taught the chil- 
dren of Pausanias. A man who was precep- 
tor to the children of Pompey. A tyrant of 

Arcadia. A Carian who wrote an history of 

painting. A philosopher of Nysa, B. C. 68. 

Aristogenes, a physician of Cnidos, who 
obtained great reputation by the cure of De- 
metrius Gonatas, king of iMacedonia. A 

Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine. 

Aristogiton and Haemodius, two cele- 
brated friends of Athens, who, by their joint 
efforts, delivered their countiy frc!a the tyran- 
ny of the Pisistratidae, B. C. 510. They recei- 
ved immortal honours from the Athenians, and 
had statues raised to their memory. These 
statues wei-e carried away by Xerxes when he 
took Athens. The conspiracy of Aristogiton 
was so secretly planned, and so wisely cai'ried 
into execution, that it is said a courtezan bit 
her tongue off not to betray the trust reposed 
in her. Pans. 1, c. 29. — Herodot. 5, c. 55. — 

Plut. de 10, Oral. An Athenian orator, sur- 

named Cajiis, for his impudence. He wrote 
orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hy- 

perides and Thrasyllus. A statuary. Pans. 

Aristolaus, a painter. Plin. 35, c. 11. 
AmsTOMACHE, the wife of Dionysius of 




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Syi-acuse. 
Dion. 



Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 20. 
A poetess. P!ut. Symp. 



-The wife of 
— A daugh- 
ter of Priam, who married Critolaus. Paus. 
10, c. 26. 

Aristomachus, an Athenian who wrote 
concerning the preparation of wine. Pliii. 14, 

c. 9. A man so excessively fond of bees, that 

he devoted 58 years of his life in raising 

swarms of them. Plin. 11, c. 9. The son 

of Cleodaeus, and grandson of Hylliis, whose 
three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aris- 
todemus, called Heraclida?, conquered Pelo- 
ponnesus. Pans. 2, c. 7, 1. 3, c. 15. — Herodot. 
6, 7 and 8.' ■ -A man who laid aside his sove- 
reign power at Argos, at the persuasion of 
Aratus. Pam. 2, c. 8. 

Aristomedes, a Thessalian general in the 
interest of Darius 3d. Curi. 3, c. 9. 

Aristomenes, a commander of the fleet of 
Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the 
Macedonians. Curt. 4, c. 1. ^A famous ge- 
neral of Messenia, who encouraged his coun- 
trymen to shake off the Lacedaemonian yoke, 
under which they had laboured for above 30 
years. He once defended the vu'tue of some 
Spartan women;Whom his soldiers had attempt- 
ed ; and when he was taken prisoner and car- 
ried to Sparta, the women whom he had pro- 
tected interested themselves so warmly in his 
cause that they procured his liberty. He re- 
fused to assume the title of king, but was satis- 
fied with that of commander. He acquired 
the surname of Just, from his equity, to which 
he joined the true valour, sagacity, and perse- 
verance of a general. He often entered Spar- 
ta without being known, and was so dexterous 
in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedsemonians, 
who had taken him captive, that he twice es- 
caped from them. As he attempted to do it a 
third time, he was unfortunately killed, and 
his body being opened, his heart was found all 
covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C. 
and it is said that he left dramatical pieces be- 
hind him. — Diod. 15. — Paus. in Messen. 

A Spartan sent to the assistance of Dionysius. 
Polycen. 2. 

Ariston, the son of Agasicles, king of Spar- 
ta. Being unable to raise children by two 
wives, he married another famous for her beau- 
ty, by whom he had, after seven months, a 
son, Demaratus, whom he had the imprudence 

to call not his own. Herodot. 6, c. 61, &c. 

A general of JEtolia. A sculptor. A Co- 
rinthian who assisted the Syracusans against 

the Athenians. An officer in Alexander's 

army. A tyrant of Methymna, who being 

ignorant that Chios had surrendered to the 
Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and 

was taken and put to death. Curt. 4, c. 9. 

A philosopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the 
stoic, and founder of a sect which continued 
but a little while. He supported that the na- 
ture of the divinity is unintelligible. It is said 
that he died by the heat of the sun, which fell 
too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old 
age he was much given to sensuality. Diog. 

A lawyer in Trajan's reign, whose eulo- 

gium has been written by Pliny, 22 epist. lib. 1. 

A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, 

who WTote concerning the course of the Nile. 

Strab. A wrestler of Argos, under whom 

Plato performed some exercises. A musi- 
cian of Athens. A tragic poet. A peri- 

\5 



AR 

patetic of Cos. A native of Pella, in the 
age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of 
the Jews. 

Aristoxaut^, the naval dock of Pellene. 
Paus. 2. 

AftisTONicus, son of Eumenes, by a con- 
cubine of Ephesus, 126 B. C, invaded Asia and 
the kingdom of P.ergamus, which Attains had 
left by his will to the Roman people. He was 
conquered by the consul Perpenna, and strang- 
led in prison. Justin. 36, c. 4, — Flor. 2, c. 
20. A musician of Olynthus. A gram- 
marian of Alexandria, who wrote a commen- 
tary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise 
on the Musaeum established at Alexandria by 
the Ptolemies. 

Aristonides, a noble statuary. Plin. 34, 
c. 14. 

Aristonus, a captain of Alexander's ca- 
valry. Curt. 9, c. 5. 

Aristonymus, a comic poet under PhilS- 
delphus, keeper of the libraiy of Alexandria. 
He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th 
year. Mhen. One of Alexander's musi- 
cians. Plut. in Alex. 

Aristophanes, a celebrated comic poet 
of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote 
54 comedies, of which only eleven are come 
down to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, 
Demosthenes, and Euripides, B. C. 434, and 
lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. 
The wit and excellence of his comedies are well 
known *, but they abound sometimes too much 
with obscenity, and his attack upon the vene- 
i*able character of Socrates has been always 
censured, and with justice. As a reward of his 
mental gi'eatness, the poet received a crawn of 
olive, in a public assembly ; but if he deserved, 
praise, he merited blame for his licentiousness, 
which spared not even the gods, and was so of- 
fensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made 
a law at Athens, which forbade the comic wri- 
ters from mimicking or representing on the 
stage any living character by name. Ai'isto- 
phanes has been called the prince of ancient 
comedy, as Menander of the new. The play 
called JVubes is pointedly against Socrates, and 
the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and his 
precepts placed in a most ludicrous point of 
view, by the introduction of one of his pupils 
in the characters of the piece. It is said that 
St. Chrysostom used to keep the comedies of 
Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of 
the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch, 
has made a comparison between the princes 
of the new and old comedy, which abounds 
witli many anecdotes concerniHg these original 
characters. The best editions of the works of 
Aristophanes are, Kuster's, fol. Amst. 1710, 
and the 12rao. L. Bat. 1670, and that of Bnmck. 
4 vols. 8vo. Argent. 1783, which would still be 
more perfect, did it contain the valuable scho- 
lia. Quintil. 10, c. l.—Paterc. 1, c. 16.— Ho- 
rat. 1. Sat. 4, v. 1. A grammarian of By- 
zantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria 
under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a trea- 
tise on the ballots of Attica. Biog. in Plat, et 

Epic.—Athen. 9. A Greek historian of Boe- 

otia, quoted by Plut. de Herod. Mtdig. A 

writer on agi-iculture. 

Aristophilides, a king ofTarentum in the 
reign of Darins son ot' Hystaspes, Hero- 
dot. 3. 



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AristopmO!?, a painter in the age of So- 
crates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades 
softly reclining on the bosom of the courtezan 
^^enlea, and all the people of Athens ran in 
crowds to be spectators of the masterly piece. 
He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the 
arm of Venus. Pint, in Alc.—Athm. 13.— 

Flin. 35; c. 11. A comic poet in the age of 

Alexander, many of whose fragments are col- 
lected in Athenffius. 

Akistor, the father of Argus, the hundred- 
eyed keeper of lo. 

Aristorides, the patronymic of Argus. 
Ovid. Met.% v. 624. 

Aristoteleia, festivals in honour of Aris- 
totle, becau.'=;e he obtained the restitution of 
his country from Alexander. 

Aristoteles, a famous philosopher, son of 
the physician Nicomachus by Festiada, born 
at Stagira. After his father's death he went to 
Athens, to hear Plato s lectures, where he 
soon signalized him'^elf by the brightness of 
his geiiius. He had been of an inactive and 
dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he 
applied himself with uncommon diligence, and 
after he had spent 20 years in hearing the in- 
structions of Plato, he opened a school for 
himself, for which he was accused of ingrati- 
tude and illiberality by his ancient master. 
He uas moderate in his meals ; he slept little, 
and alwa}-s had one arm out of his couch with 
a bullet in it, which by falling into a brazen 
bason underneath, early awakened him. He 
was, according to some^ ten years preceptor to 
Alexander, wiio received his instructions with 
much pleasure and deference, and always res- 
pected him. According to Plutarch, the im- 
provement that Alexander made under Aris- 
totle, was of more service to him than all the 
splendour and power which he received from 
Pliilip. Almost all his writings, which are 
composed on a variety of subjects, are extant : 
he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, 
and Ihey were bought by one of the Ptolemies, 
and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. 
Diogenes Laertes has given us a very exten- 
sive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a de- 
formed countenance, but his genius was a suf- 
licient compensation for all his personal de- 
lects. He has been called by Plato the philo- 
sopher of truth ; and Cicero compliments him 
uith the title of a man of eloquence, univer- 
sal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of in- 
vention, and fecundity of thought. The writ- 
ings of Aristotle have been compared with 
ll;ose of" P'.ato ; but the one are the effusions 
of a lively and Irultful imagination, whilst 
the philosoplicr of Stagira studied nature more 
than art, and hud recourse to simplicity of ex- 
pres.sion more than ornament. He neither 
vvorship?ied i^r cared for the divinity, con- 
cerning which his opinions were ever various 
and dif^onant ; and the more he disregarded 
llje inythology of the ancients, the greater 
was tiic (.redit he acquh'ed over his less philo- 
sophical 5»r«decessors. He was so authorita- 
ti\c \u his opinions, that, as Bacon observes, 
he wished to establish the same dominion over 
Kicn's nnnds, iis his pujtil over nations. Alex- 
ander, it is said, wi.shtd and encouraged Jiis 
Jf.anu'd tutor to write the history of animals , 
ajj'J the more efl'ectually to as-iisl him, he sup- 
plied him with StXJ talents, and iii his Asiatic 



AR 

expedition employed above a thousand men ttr 
collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or 
hawking, which w^ere carefully transmitted to 
the philosopher. Aristotle's logic has long 
reigned in the schools, and been regarded as 
the perfect model of all imitation. As he ex- 
pired, the philosopher is said to have uttered 
the following sentiment : Fctde himcmundum 
intravi, a.Jixius vixi, pertubaius egredior, causa 
cansarum miserere ntei. The loitter whick 
Philip wrote to Aristotle, has been preserv- 
ed, and is in these words : " I inform you I 
have a son ; I thank the gods, not so much for 
making me a father, as forgiving me a son in 
an age when he can have Aristotle for his in- 
structor. I hope you will make him a succes- 
sor w^orthy of me, and a king worthy of Ma- 
cedonia." Aristotle wished to make his wife 
Pvthias a deity, and to pay her the same w^or- 
sh'ip as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63d 
year of his age, B. C. 322. His ti'eatises have 
been published separately ; but the best edi- 
tion of the w^orks collectively, is that of Du- 
val, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1629. Tyrrwhitt's edi- 
tion of the Poetica, Oxon.4to. 94, is a valua- 
ble acquisition to literature. He had a son 
whom he called ISicomachus, by the courte- 
zan Herj)yllis. Some have accused him of be- 
in? accessary to the death of Alexander, and 
satd that he drowned himself in the Euripus, 
because he could not find out the cause of its 
flux and reflux. There are however different 
reports about the manner of his death, and 
some believe that he died at Athens of a cho- 
lic, two years after Alexander's death. The 
people of Stagira instituted festivals in his ho- 
nour, because he had rendered important ser- 
vices to their city. Diog. in vita. — Pint, in 
Alex, and de Alex. fori. he. — Cic. Acad, 
Qmest. 4, de Oral. 3, de Finib. 5-. — Qulntil. 1* 
2, 5, \Q).—JElian. V. H. 4.— Justin. 12.— Jus- 
tin. Marlijr. — August, de Civ. Dei, 8. — PHn. 
2, 4, 5, hi^.—Athm.—Val. Max. 5, c. 6, &c. 

There were besides seven of the same 

name, A magistrate of Atliens. A com- 
mentator on Homers Iliad. An orator of 

Sicily, who answered the paneg}'ric of Isocra- 

tes. A friend of ^schines. A man of 

C} rene who wrote on poetry. A scliool- 

master mentioned in Plato's life, written 

by Aristoxenu.s, Aa obscure grammarian, 

Diog. de Arislot. 

Aristotimus, a tyrant of Elisy 271 yeai-s B. 
C. Pans. 5, c. 5. 

Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician, dis- 
ciple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentura. He 
wrote 4§3 different treatises on phiio-sophy, 
history, kc. and was disappointed in his ex- 
pectations of succeeding in the school oi Aris- 
totle, for wliich he always spoke with ingrati- 
tude of his learned master. Of all his work.5 
nothing remains but three books upon music, 

the most ancient on that subject extant. A 

philosopher of Cyrene. Allien. ^A physi- 
cian whose ^^ritings are quoted by Galen. 

A poet of Selinus. A Pythagorean philoso- 
pher. 

Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamis.wlio 
wrote an account of Alexander's expedition. 
Strab. 14. — Arrian. 7. 

Aristvlh.s, an obscure poet. Aristopfr 
An astronomer of Alexandrin, 293 B. C 

Arivs. a rlicr of Gaul, and of Asia, The 



AR 

mliabitants in the neighbourhood are called 

j^rii. A celebrated writer, the origin of 

the Ai-ian controversy, that denied the eternal 
divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. 
Thou.frh he was greatly persecuted for his 
opinions, he gained the favour of the empe- 
ror Coustautine, and triumphed over his pow- 
erful autasonist Athanasius. He died the ve- 
ry nMht he was going to enter the church of 
Confft-ntinople in triumph. Pressed by na- 
ture, he went aside to ease himself; but his 
bowels gushed out, and he expired on the spot, 
A. D. 335. Alfianas. 

Akme.ves, a son of Nabis, led in triumph 
at Rome. Liv. 34, c. 1. 

Armhsia., a large country of Asia, divided 
into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Ar- 
menia, called also Major, has JMedia on the 
east, iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on 
the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bound- 
ed by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, 
Cilicia, and the Euphrates. The Armenians 
were a long time under the dominion of the 
Medes and Persians, till they were conquered, 
xvith the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his 
successors. The Romans made it one of their 
provinces, and, under some of the emperors, 
the Armenians had the privilege of choosing 
^eir own kings, but they were afterwards re- 
duced. The country received its name from 
Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and 
of Thessalian origin. They bon-owed the 
names and attributes of their deities from the 
Persians. They paid great adoration to Venus 
Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people ahva^'s 
prostituted their daughters in honour of tiiis 
goddess. Armenia Major is now called Tur- 
comania, and Minor Aladulia. Herodot. 1, c. 
194, L 5, c. 49.— Curt. 4, c. 12, 1. 5, e. 1.— 
Strab. 1 and IL — Mela, 3, c. 5 and 8. — Plin. C, 
c, 4, ^c.^ — Lucan. 2. 

Armestarius, a Caesar in Dioclesian's 
reign. 

Akmillatus, one of Domitian's favour- 
ites. Jur. 4, V. 53. 

Armilcstkium, a festival at Rome on the 
19th of October. When the sacrilices were 
offered, all the people appeared under arms. 
The festival has often been confounded with 
that of the Salii, tiiough easily distinguished: 
because the latter was observed tlie 2d of 
March, and on the celebration of the Armilus- 
trium they always played on a flute, arid the 
8alii plaved upon the trumpet. It was insti- 
tuted A. U. C. 543. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3.— 
Liv. 27, c. 37. 

Armisius, a warlike general of the Ger- 
mans, who supported a bloody war against 
Rome for some time, and was at last conquer- 
ed by Germanicus in two great battles. He 
was poisoned hy one of his friends, A. D. 19, in 
the 37th year of his age. Dio. 66 — Tacit. 
Ann. 1, kc. 

ARMORiciK, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous 
for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant dis- 
position of the inhabitants called Armorici. 
Armorica extended between the rivei-s Liger 
and Sequana, and comjjrehended those rich 
and populous provinces now called Britany 
and Normandy. Cas. Bell. G. 

Arne, a ciry of Lycia, called afterwards 

Xanthus. A town of Umbria in Italy. 

A daughter of Mo\mf who gave her napit to 



AR 

two towns, one in Thessaly, the other in 
Bo3otia. Neptune changed himself uito a bull 
to enjoy her company. Strab. 1 and 2. — Paus. 
9, c. 40'.— OnV7. Met. 6, fab. 4. 

Akni, a people of Italy, destroyed by Her- 
cules. 

Arxiensis, a tribe in Rome, Liv. 6. 

Arnobius, a philosopher in Dioclesian's 
reign, who became a convert to Christianity. 
He applied for ordination, but was refused by 
the bishops till he gave them a proof of hissin- 
cerit}'. Upon this he wrote his celebrated 
treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity of 
irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. 
Opinions are various concerning the purity of 
his style, though all agree in praise of his ex- 
tensive erudition. The book that he wrote 
de Rheforica Insiiiatioae is not extant. The 
best edition of his treatise Advtrsus Gentts is 
the 4to. printed L. Bat. 1651. 

Arxus, a river of Etruria, rising on the Ap- 
pennine mountains, and falling into the Medi- 
terranean. Liv. 22. c. 2. 

Aroa, atown of Achaia. Pans. 7. 

Aroma, a to -.vn of Caria. of Cappadocia. 

Arpani, a people of Italy. . 

Arpi, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes 
after the Trojan war. Justin.'20, c. 1. — Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 28. 

ArpI.vum, a town of the Volsci, famous for 
giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words 
Arpince CharlcE arc someiimes applied to Cice- 
ro's works. Mart. 10, ep. 19.— Jwr. S, v. 237. 
— Cic. Rull. 3. A town of Magna Griecia. 

Arr.?;i, a people of Thrace. Piln. 

Arrhae-^us, the king of a nation in the 
neighbourhood of Macedonia, vrho greatly dis- 
tressed Archelaus. Aristol. 5. Polit. c. lu. 

Arria. Vid. Aria. 

Arria Galla, a beautiful, but immodest 
woman in the reign of the emperors. T^acit. 
15. c. 59. 

Arrivals, a philosopher of Nicomedia, 
priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disciple of 
Epictetus, called a second Xenophon from the 
elegance and sweetness of his diction, and dis- 
tinguished for his acquaintance with military 
and political life. He wrote seven books on 
Alexanders expedition, the periplus of the 
Euxine and Red sea, four books on the disser- 
tations of Epictetus, besides an account of the 
Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He ilonr- 
is,li£d about the HOtli yeer of Christ, and was 
rewarded with the consulship and government 
of Cartpadocia, by M. Antpninus, The best 
edition of Arrian's Expedito Alexandri. is the 
fol. Gi'onovii. L. Bat. 1704, and the 8vo. a Ra- 
phelio, 2 vols. 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo. 

Amst. 1683. A Greek historian. An 

Athenian who wrote a treatise on hunting, and 

the manner of keeping dogs A poet who 

wrote an epic i)oem in twenty-four books on 
Alexander ; also another poem on Attalus, 
king of Pergamus, He likewise translated 
Virgil's Georgics into Greek verse. 

Arrius, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptu- 
ous feast Horat. describes, 2 Sai. 3, v. 8'x 

Aper, a Roman general who murdered the 
emperor, kc. 

Arbius and Arius, a philosopher of Alex- 
andria, who so ingratiated himself with Atigus- 
Itus, after the battle of Actium, that tiie con- 
1 queror declaied (he people of Alexandria owed 



AR 

the preservation of their city to three causes ; 
because Alexander was their founder, because 
of the beauty of the situation, and because Ar- 
rlus was a native of the place. Plut. in Anton. 

AnRUNTius, a Romaii consul. A famous 

geographer, who upon being accused of adul- 
tery and treason; under Tiberius, opened his 
veins. Tacit. Ann. 6 

Arsabes, a satrap of Armenia. Of Per- 
sia. Poiycen. 

Arsaces, a man of obscure origin, who, up- 
on seeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, in- 
vaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of 
the province called Andragoras, and laid the 
foundations of an empire, 250 B. C. He ad- 
ded the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly- 
acquired possessions, and spent his time in es- 
tablishing his pow er, and regtilating the laws. 
After death he was made a god of his nation, 
and all his successors were called, in honour 
of his name, ArsacidtE. Justin. 41, c. 5 and 6. — 

Strab. Hand 12. Hissonandsuccessorbore 

the same name. He carried war against Anti- 
ochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the 
field with 1000,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He 
afterwards made peace with Antiochus, and 

died B. C. 217. Id. 41, c. 5. The third king of 

Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidae, bore the 
same name, and was also called Priapatius. He 
reigned twelve years, and left tw^o sons, Mithri- 
dates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as 
being the elder, and at his death he left his 
kingdom to his brother, though he had many 
children ; observing, that a monarch ought to 
have in view-, not the dignity of his family, but 
the prosperity of his subjects. Justin. 31, c. 5. 

AkingofPontus and Armenia, in alliance 

with the Romans. He fought long with suc- 
cess against the Persians, till he was deceived 
by the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, W'ho 
put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him 
of life. Marcellin. ^The eldest son of Arta- 



banus, appointed over Armenia by his father, 
after the death of king Artaxias. Tacit. Hist. 
6. A servant of Themistocles. 

Arsacid^, a name given to some of the 
monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces.the 
founder of the empire. Their power subsisted 
till the 229th year of the christian era, w'hen 
they were conquered by Artaxerxes king of 
Persia. Justin. 41. 

Arsahijenes, a satrap of Persia, at the battle 
of the Granicus. 

Arsametes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
Tacit. Ann. 15. 

Arsamosata, a town of Armenia Major, 
70 miles from the Euphrates. Tacit Ann. 15. 

Arsanes, the son of Ochus, and father of 
Codomanus. 

Arsanias, a river of Armenia, which, ac- 
cording to some, flow s into the Tigris, and af- 
terwards into (he Euphrates. Plin. 5, c. 24. 

Arsena, a marsh of Armenia Major, whose 
fishes are all of the same sort. Sirab. 

Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, whom 
the euinich Bagoas raised to the throne of Per- 
fia, and destroyed with his children, after a 
reign of three years. Diod. 17. 

Aksta, a wood of Etruria, famous for a bat- 
tle between the Romans and (he Veienles. 

Plut. in Pop!. A small river between Illy 

ricuni and Istria, falling into the Adriatic. 

A river of Italy, llowhig tiirough Campania. 



AR 

Arsid.s;us, a son of Datames, fee. 

Arsinoe, a daughter of Leucippus and Phi- 
lodice, was mother of iEsculapius by Apollo, 
according to some authors. She received di- 
vine honours after death at Sparta. Apollod. 

S.—Paus. 2, c. 26, 1. 3, c. 12. A daughter of 

Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alcmajon, 
Apollod. S) c. 7. A fountain of Peloponne- 
sus. Pans. Messen. The sister and wife of 

Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after^eath 
under the name of Venus Zephp-itis. Dino- 
chares began to build her a temple with load- 
stones, in which there stood a statue of Arsi- 
noe suspended in the air by the power of the 
magnet ; but the death of the architect pre- 
vented its being perfected. Plin. 34, c. 14. 

A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married 
Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her 
husband's death, Ceraunus, her own brother, 
married her, and ascended the throne of Mace- 
donia. He previously murdered Lysimachus 
and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, 
in their mother's arms. Arsinoe was some 
time after banished to Samothrace. Justin. 
17, c. 1, &,c. A younger daughter of Ptole- 
my Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony dis- 
patched her to gain the good graces of her sis- 
ter. Hirt. Alex. 4. — Appian. The wife of 

Magas king of Cyrene, who committed adul- 
tery with her son-in-law. Justin. 26, c. 3. 

A daughter of Lysimachus. Pans. A town 

of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mceris, on 
the western shore of the Nile, where the inha- 
bitants paid the highest veneration to the cro- 
codiles. They nourished them in a splendid 
manner, and embalmed them after death, and 
buried them in the subterraneous cells of the 

labyrinth. Strab. A tow^n of Cilicia 

of ^olia of Syria of Cyprus of Ly- 

cia, tc. 

Arsites, a satrap of Paphlagonia. 
Artabanus, son of Hystaspes, was bro- 
ther to Darius the first. He dissuaded his ne^ 
phew Xerxes from making war against the 
Greeks, and at his return he assassinated him 
with the hopes of ascending the throne. Da- 
rius, the son of Xerxes, was murdered in a simi- 
lar manner ; and Artaxerxes, his brother, 
would have shared the same fate, had not he 
discovered the snares of the assassin, and pun- 
ished him with death. Diod. 11. — Justin. 3, c. 
1, kc.—TIerodot. 4, c. 38, 1. 7, c. 10, k.c A 



king of Parthia after the death of his nephew 
Phraates 2d. He undertook a w ar against a 
nation of Scythia, in which he perished. His 
son Mithridates succeeded him, and merited the 

appellation of Great. Justin. 42, c. 2. A king 

of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the 
expulsion of Vonones,w hom Tiberius had made 
king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence 
he w-as driven away by one of the generals of 
Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, 
which Tiridates usurped ; and some time after, 
he was restored again to his ancient power, and 

died A. D. 48. Tacit. Ann. 5, &.c. A king 

of Parthia, very inimical to the interest of Ves- 
pasian. Another king ofParthia, who made 

w ar against the emperor Caracalla,who had at- 
tempted his life on pretence of courting his 
daughter. He was murdered, and the power 
of Parthia abolished, and the crow n translated 
to tlie Persian monarchs. Dio. — Hcrodian. 
Artabazanes or Af.tamenes, the eld- 



tf 



AR 

est son of Darius, when a private person. He 
attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, 
in preference to Xerxes. Justin. 

Artabazus, a son of Pharnaces, general in 
the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece 
upon the ill success of Mardonius. Hcrodot. 7, 

8 and 9. A general who made war against 

Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was after- 
wards reconciled to his prince, and became 
the familiar friend of Darius 3d. After the 
murder of this prince, he surrendered himself 
up with his sons to Alexander, who treated 
him with much humanity and confidence. 
Curt. 5, c. 9 and 12, 1. 6, c. 5, 1. 7, c. 3 and 5, 

1. 8, c. 1. An officer of Artaxerxes against 

Datames. Diod. 15. 

Artabri and ARXABRiTiE, a people of Lusi- 
tania, who received their name from Arta- 
brum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, 
now called Finisterre. Sil. 3, v. 362. 

ArtaCjEas, an officer in the army of Xer- 
xes, the tallest of all the troops, the king ex- 
cepted. 

Aetac^na, a city of Asia, near Aria. 

Artace, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. 
It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There 
was in its neighbourhood a fountain cal- 
led Artacia. Herodot. 4, c. 14. — Procop. de 
Bell. Pers. 1, c. 25.— Slrab. 13.— F/m. 5,c. 32. 

■ A city of Phrygia. A fortified place 

of Bithynia. 

Artacene, a country of Assyria near Ar- 
bela, where Alexander conquered Darius. 
Strab. 16. 

Artacia, a fountain in the country of the 
La3strygones. Tibul. 4, el. 1, v. 60. 

Art^i, a name by which the Persians 
were called among liieir neighbours. Hero- 
dot. 7, c. 61. 

Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia. 
Strab. 

Artagerses, a general in the army of Ar- 
taxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. Plut. 
in Art ax. 

Artanes, a king of the southern parts of 

Armenia. Strab. 11. A river of Thrace 

flowing into tiie Ister. Herodot. 4, c. 49. 

A river of Colchis. 

Artaphernes, a general whom Darius sent 
into Greece with Datis. He was conquered 
at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. Vid. 
Datis. C. JVep. in Milt. — Herodot. 

Artatus, a river of Illyria. Liv. 43, c. 
19. r-y 

Artavasdes, a son of Tygranes, king of 
Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and 
shone as an elegant orator and faithful histo- 
rian. He lived in alliance with the Romans, 
but Crassus was defeated partly on account 
of his delay. He betrayed M. Antony in his 
expedition against Parthia, for which Anto- 
ny reduced his kingdom, and carried him to 
Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the 
conqueror led in golden chains. He was 

some time after murdered. Slrab. 11. The 

crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to 
a person of the same name, who was expelled. 

• Augustus had also raised to tlie throne 

of Armenia, a person of the same name. Ta- 
cit. An. 2. 

Artaxa and Artaxias, a general of An- 
tiochus the Great, who erected the province 
of Armenia into a kingdom, by his re- 



AR 

liance on the friendship of the Romans. King 
Tigi'anes was one of his successors. Strab. 11. 

Art AX ATA, ( orum ) now Ardesh, a 
strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the 
capital of the empire, where the kings gene- 
rally resided. It is said that Annibal built it 
for Artaxias, the king of the country. It was 
burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, 
who called it JVeronea, in honour of Nero. 
Strab. 11. 

Artaxerxes 1st, succeeded to the king- 
dom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He de- 
stroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerx« 
es, and attempted to destroy the royal fam- 
ily to raise himself to the throne. He made 
war against the Bactrians, and re-conquered 
Egypt, that had I'evolted, with the assistance 
of the Athenians, and was remarkable for his 
equity and moderation. One of his hands was 
longer than the other, whence he has been 
called Macrochir or Longimanus. He reign- 
ed 39 years, and died B. C. 425. C. JVep. in 

Reg. — Plut. in Artax. The second of 

that name, king of Persia, v/as surnamed 
Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory. 
He*vas son of Darius the second, by Parvsa- 
tis the daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, ajid 
Osathres. His name was Arsaces, which he 
changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended 
the tlr.'orie. His brother Cyrus was of such 
an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to 
make himself king, in opposition to Artaxerx- 
es. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and 
when he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, 
she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and 
influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed 
over Lydla and the sea-coasts, assembled a 
large army under various pretences, and at last 
marched against his brother at the head of 
100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He 
was opposed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, 
and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in 
which Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. 
It has been reported, that Cyrus was killed by 
Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of tiie hon- 
our, that he put to death two men for saying 
that they had killed him. The Greeks, who 
had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though 
at the distance of above 600 leagues from their 
country, made their way through the territo- 
ries of the enemy ; and nothing is more fa- 
mous in the Grecian history, than the retreat 
of the ten thousand. After he was delivered 
from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes 
stirred up a war among the Greeks against 
Sparta, and exerted all his influence to weak- 
en the power of the Greeks. He married two 
of his own daughters, called Atossa and Ames- 
tris, and named his eldest son Darius to be 
successor. Darius however consi)ired against 
his father, and was put to death ', and Ochus, 
one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerx- 
es, made his way to the throne, by causing 
his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to 
be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes 
died of a broken heart, in consequence of 
his son's unnatural behaviour, in the 94th 
year of his age, after a reign of 46 years- 
B. C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 
350 concubines, and only four legitimate sons. 
Plut in Vila.. — C. A>p. in Reg. — Justin. 10, 
c. 1, kc.--Diod. 13, &c. ^The 3d, sur- 



'1^ 



AR 

named OcIub, snccgeded his father Artaxerx- 
es 2-\, and estabUrilied himseii on his throne 
by inoi-dering about 80 of his nearest rela- 
tions. He j)uni'=iied with death one of his of- 
ficers who conspired against him, and recov- 
ered Esv\>t: which had revolted, destroyed 
SidoiT, aY»d ravaged all Syria. He made war 
against the Cadusii, and i;reatly rewarded a 
private man called Codoniauusfor his uncom- 
mon valour. B-it his behaviour in Egypt, and 
Lis crtiolty towards the inhabitants, olfended 
his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his phy- 
sician to poison him, B. C. 337, and after- 
wards gave his flesli to be devoured by cats, 
and made handles for swords with his bones. 
Codomanus on account of his virtues was soon 
after made king by the people; and that he 
might seem to possess as much dignity as 
the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under 
the naxTie of Darius thsi third. Juslin. 10, 
c. 3.— Died. n.--'i:/iVm V.]I.6,c. 8. 

Artaxerxes or Artaxares l.st, a com- 
mon soldier of Persia, who killed Arta- 
banus, A. D. 228, and erected Persia again 
into a kingdom, which had been extinct since 
tbo death of Darius. Beverus the Roman 
emneror conquered him, and obliged him to 
remain within his kingdom. Herodmn. 5. 

One of his successors, son of Sapor, bcre 

bis name, and reigned eleven years, during 
which he distinguished himself by his cruelties. 

AuTAXiAS, a son of Artavasdes, king of 
Armenia, was proclaimed king by his father's 
troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he 
was defeated; and became so odious that the 
Romans, at the req test of the Armenians, rais- 
ed Tigranes to the tliione. Another, son 

©f Polemon. whose original name was Zeno. 
After the "expulsion of Venones from Arme- 
nia; he was made king by Germanicus. Ta- 

%-if. <), dnn. c. 31. A general of Antiochus. 

Vid. Artaxa. 

Aktayctes, a Persian appointed gover- 
nor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a 
I TOSS by the Athenians for his cruelties. He- 
rod. 7 and 9. 

Artavnta, a Persian lady, whom Xerxes 
gave in marriage to his son Darius. She was 
one of the mistresses of her father-in-law. 
iicrodol. 9, c. 103, k-c. 

Aktayntes, a Persian appointed over a 
fleet in Greece by Xerxes. Htrodot. 8, c. 13, 
1. 9, e. i07. 

Aktembares, a celebrated Mede in the 
»-ei,gn of Cyrus the Great. Htrodot. 1 and 9. 

ARTEMiDfiRUs, a native of Ephesus, who 
wrote an histoiy and description of tiie earth, 
in eleven books. He flourished about 104 

years B. C. A physician in the age of 

Adrian. A man in tlie reign of Antoninus. 



who wrote a learned work on the interpreta- 
tion of dreams, still extant ; the best edition 
of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to. 1604, 
to whieh is H.\\\\ft\^(\ jhJimelis oneirocrilica. 



A mHU of Cnidus, son to the historian Theo- 
jjompns. He had a school at Rome, and he 
wjvjte a book on illustrious men, not extant. 
As he was a friend of J, Cajsar, he wrote 
down an account of the cons{)iracy which 
was formed against him. He gave it to the 
dictator from among the crowd as he was go- 
ing to the senale, but J. Caisar jmt it Avith 1 
•llier|)apcr3 wiych he held in his Jiaatl, think- 1 



AR 

iug it to be of no material consequence. Pint., 
ill C(ss. 

ARTiMis, the Greek name of Diana. Her 
festivals, called Artemisia, were celebrated in 
several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi, 
where they offered to the goddess a mullet, 
which, as was supposed, bore some affinity to 
the goddess of hunting, because it is said to 
hunt and kill the sea hare. There was a so- 
lemnity of tiie same name at Syracuse; it 
lasted tiiree days, which were spent in ban- 
quetting and diversions. Alhen. 7. 

Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of Ha- 
licarnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus and 
the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerx- 
es in his expedition against Gi-eece with a 
Heet, and her valour was so great that the 
monarch observed that all his men fought like 
women, and all his women like me-n. The 
Atlicnians were so ashamed of lighting against 
a woman, that they offered a reward of !0,OtK) 
drachms for her head. It is said that she 
was fond of a youth of Abydos, called Darda- 
nus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put 
out his eyes while he was asleep, and after- 
wards leaped down the promontory of Leucas. 
flerodot. 7, c. 99, 1. 8, c. 68, &ic. — Justin. 2, 

c. 12. There was also another queen of 

Caria of that name, often confounded with the 
daughter of Lygdamis. She was daughter of 
Hecalomnus king of Caria, or Halicarnassus, 
and was married to her own brother, Mauso- 
lus, famous for his personal beauty. She was 
so fond of her husband, that at his deaih she 
drank in her liquor his ashes after his body 
had been burned, and erected to his memory 
a monument, which tor its grandeur and mag- 
nificence, was called one of the seven won- 
ders of the world. This monument she called 
Mausoleum, a name which has been given 
from that time to all monuments of unusual 
splendour. She invited all the literary men 
of her age, and proposed rewards to him who 
composed the best elegiac panegyric upon 
her husband. The prize was adjudged to 
Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the 
death of her husband, that she died through 
grief two years after. VUruv. — Sirab, 14. — - 
Plin 25, c. 7, 1. 36, c. 5. 

Arte.misia. Fid. Ai-temis. 

Artemisium, a promontory of Euboja, 
where Diana had a temple. The neighbour- 
ing part of the sea bore the same name. The 
fleet of Xerxes had a skirmish there with the 

Grecian .ships. Htrodot. 7, c. 175, !kc. 

A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple 
sacred to Artemis, whence the name. 

Artemita, a city at the east of Selcucia. 

An island opposite the mouth of the 

Achelous. Strab. 

Artemon, an historian of Pergamus. A 

native of Clazomena;, who was with Pericles 
at the siege of Samos, where it is said he in- 
vented the battering ram, the ttsludo, and 

other equally valuable military engines. A 

man who wrote a treatise on collecting books. 

A native of Magnesia, who wrote the 

history of illustrious women. A physician 

of Clazomenee. -A painter. A Syrian 

whose features resembled, in the strongest 
manner, those of Antiochus. The qneen, af- 
ter the king's murder, made use of Arternon 
to represejU her husband in a lingering slato, 



AR 

tliat, by his seeralng to die a natural death, she 
might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked 
purpose. Vid. Antiochus. 

Artimpasa, a name of Venus among the 
Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 59. 

Artobarzanes, a son of Darius, who en- 
deavoured to ascend the throne in preference 
to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 2 and 3. 

Artochmes, a general of Xerxes, who mar- 
ried one of the daughters of Darius. Herodot. 
7, c. 73. 

Artona, a town of the Latins, taken by the 
iEqui. Liv. 2, c. 43. 

Artontes, a son of Mardonius. Pans, in 
Bozotic. 

Artonius, a physician of Augustus, who, 
on the night previous to the battle of PhilippI, 
saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to as- 
sure Augustus of victory, Val. Max. 1, c. 7. 
Artoxares, an eunuch of Paphlagonia, in 
the reign of Artaxerxes 1st, cruelly put to 
death by Parysalis. 

Arturius, an obscure fellow raised to hon- 
ours and wealtji by his flatteries, fee, Juv.d, 
V. 29. 

Artynes, a king of Media, 
Artvijia, a lake of Asia Minor. 
Artystona, a daughter of Darius. Herodot. 
8, c. SS. 

Aru^, a people of Hyrcania, where Alex- 
ander kindly i-eceived the chief officers of Da- 
rius. Curl. 6, c. 4. 

Arvales, a name given to twelve priests 
who celebratedthe festivals called Ambarvalia. 
According to some, they were descended from 
the twelve sous of Acca Laurentia, who suck- 
led Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of 
corn, and a white fillet. Varro. de L. L. 4. — 
Vid. Ambarvalia. 

Arueris, a god of the Egyptians, son of 
Isis and Osiris. According to some accounts, 
Osiris and Isis were married together in their 
mother's womb, and Isis whs pregnant of Ai'U- 
eris before she was born. 

Arverni, a powerful people of Gaul, now 
Aavergne, near the Ligeris, who took up arms 
against J, Ciesar. They were conquered with 
great slaughter. They pretended to be des- 
cended from the Trojans as well as the Ro- 
mans, des. Bell. Gat. l.—Strab. 14. 

Arviragus, a king of Britain. Juv. 4, v. 
127. 

Arvisium and Arvisus, a promontory of 
Chios, famous for its wine. Virg. Ed. 6, 

L. Aruxculeius Costa, an olBcer sent by 
J. Caisar against the Gauls, by whom he was 
killed. CisJ!. Bell. Gall. 

Akbxs, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of 

Marius. Lumn. 1, v. 586. A soldier wlio 

slew Camilla, and was killed by a dan of 

Diana. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 759. A brother 

of Tarqiiin ihe Proud. He married Tullia, 



AS 

ritss of Bacchus, for which the god InebriateCi 
liim to such a degree that he offered violenc«» 
to his daughter Meduilina, who murdered hini 
wlien she found that he acted so dishonourably 

to her virtue. Piut. in Parall. A man 

who wrote an account of the Punic wai-s in the 
style of Sallust, in the reign of Augustus. Ta- 
cit. Arm. 1. — Senec. ep. 14. Another Latin 

writer. Senec. de Bene/. 6. ^^Paterculus, a 

man who gave jEmylius Censoriuus, tyrant oi 
^Egesta, a brazen horse to torment criminals. 
The tyrant made the first experiment upon 
the body of the donor. Pint, in Parall. 
Stella, a poet descended of a consular family 
in the age of Domitian. 

Arupincs, a maritime town of Istria. Ti- 
bull4,e\. 1, V. 110. 
Aruspex. Vid. Haruspex. 
Arxata, a town of Armenia, near the 
Araxes. Strab. 11. 

Arvandes, a Persian appointed governor of 
Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death be- 
cause he imitated Darius in whatever he did, 
and wished to make himself immortal. Hero- 
dot. 4, c. 166. 

Arybas, a native of Sidon, whose daugh- 
ter was carried away by pirates. Homer. Od. 

15, v. 425, A king oi the Molossi, who 

reigned ten years. 

ARYPTiEUs, a prince of the Molossi, ^vho 
privately encouraged the Greeks against Ma-. 
cedonia, and afterwai'ds erabi-aced the pasty 
of the ^Macedonians. 

AsANDER, a man who separated, by a wall, 
Chersonesus Taurica from the continent. 
Strab. 7. 

AsBEST^E and AsBYSx.f:, a people of Libya 
above Cyreae, where the temple of Amnion is 
built. Jupiter is sometimes called on that ac- 
count Asbysiius. HcrodoL 4, c. 170. — Piol. 4, 
c. 3. 

AsBoLUS (black hair) one of Actseon's dogs. 
Olid. Met. 3. 

AscALAPuus, a son of Mars and Asty- 
oche, who was amongthe Argonauts, and went 
to the Trojan war at the head of the Orcho- 
menians, with his brother lalmenus. He was 
killed by Deiphobus. Homer. It. 2, v. 13, 1. 9, 

V. 82, 1, 13, V, 518, A son of Acheron hy 

Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to 



who murdered him to espouse Tarquin, who 

had assassinated his wife. A son of Tarquin 

the Proud, who, in the battle that was fought 
between the pa. tizansof his father and the Ro- 
mans, attacked Hratus the Roman consul, 
wiio wounded him and tia-ew him down from 

his horse. Liv. 2, c. 0. A son of Porsena 

king cf E'rtuia, sent oy his father to take 
Aricia, Liv. 2 c. !«*. 

Aruntius- n Koinan who ridiculed the 



watch over Proseipine in the Elysian field? 
When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her 
daughter's freedom and return upon earth, 
provided she had eaten nothing in the king- 
dom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that 5he 
liad eaten some pomegranates from a tree ; 
upon which Proserpine was ordered by Jupi- 
ter to remain six months with Pluto, and the 
rest of the year with her mother. Proserpine 
was so displeased with Ascalaphus, that she 
sprinkled water on his head, and immediately 
turned him into an owl. Apollod. 1, c. 5, 1. 2-, 
c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 8. 

AscALow, a town of Syria, near the Mr- 
diteiranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem, 
still in being. It was anciently famous for its 
onions. Jo3e})h. de Bell. Jud.3,c.2. — Theo- 
phrast. H.Pl.7, c. 4. 

AscANiA, an island of the iEgeau sea. 

A city of Troas, built by Ascaiiiiis. 

AscAifius, son of ^Enea^ by Creusa, wa«v 
saved from the flames of Troy by his father, 
whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy, 



AS 

He was afienvards called lulus. H6 behavetJ 
with great valour in the war which his father 
carried on against the Latins, and succeeded 
iEneas in the kingdom of Latinus, and built 
Alba, to which he transferred the seat of his 
empire from Lavinium. The descendants of 
Ascanius reigned in Alba for above 420 years, 
iinder 14 kings, till the age of Numitor. As- 
canius reigned 38 years ; "30 at Lavinium, and 
eight at Alba ; and was succeeded by Sylvius 
Posthumus, son of ^^neas by Lavinia. lulus, 
the son of Ascanius, disputed the crown with 
him ; but the Latins gave it in favour of Syl- 
vius, as he was desceuded from the family of 
Latinus, and lulus was invested with the office 
of high-priest, which remained along while in 
bis family. Liv. 1, c. 3.— Virg. JEn. 1, &c. 

According to Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15, &c. 

the son of .^neas by Lavinia was also called 

Ascanius. A river of Bithynia. Virg. G. 

8, V. 270. 

Ascii, a nation of India, in whose country 
©bjects at noon have no shadow. Plin 2, 

AscLEPiA, festivals in honour of Asclepius, 
•r iEsculapius, celebrated all over Greece, 
when prizes for poetical and musical compo- 
sitions were honourably distributed. At Epi- 
daurus they were called by a different name. 

AscLEPiADEs, a rhetorician in the age of 
Eumenes, who wrote an historical account of 

Alexander. Arriun. A disciple of Plato. 

A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very 

intimate with Menedemus. The two friends 
lived together, and that they might not be 
separated when they married, Asclepiades 
married the daughter, and Menedemus, 
though much the younger, the mother. 
When the wife of Asclepiades was dead, Mene- 
demus gave his wife to his friend, and married 
another. He was blind in his old age, and 

died in Eretria. Plut. A physician of 

Bithynia, B. C. 90, who acquired great repu- 
tation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect 
in physic. He relied so much on his skill, 
that he laid a wager he should never be sick ; 
and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very ad- 
vanced age. Nothing of his medical treatises 

is now extant. An Egyptian, who wrote 

hymns on the gods of his country, and also a 
treatise on the coincidence of all religions 



jL 



A3 



A native of Alexandria, who gave an history 

of the Athenian archons. The writer of a 

treatise on Demetrius Phalereus. A disci- 
ple of Isocrates, who wrote six books on those 
events which had been the subject of tragedies. 

A physician in the age of Pompey. A 

"tragic poet. Another physician of Bithy- 
nia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and 
was a great favourite of the emperor's court. 

Asci.EPiODouus, a painter in the age of 
Apelles, 12 of whose pictures of the gods 
were sold for 300 minae each, to an African 

prince. Plin. 35. A soldier who conspired 

against Alexander with Hermolaus. Curl. 8, 

C.6. 

. Asci.EPiODoTus, a general of Mithridates. 

Asclepius. Vid. ^sculapius. 

AscLETARioN, a matlicmatician in the age 
of Domitian, who said that he should be torn 
by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put 
to death, and his body carefully secured; but 
as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a 
sudden storm arose which put out the ilames,. 



and tTie dogs came and tore to pieces the raa=' 
thenfiatician's body, Sutton, in Domit. 15. 
AscLus, a town of Italy. Ital. 8, 
AscoLiA, a festival in honour of Bacchus, 
celebrated about December, by the Athenian 
husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat 
to the god, because that animal is a great ene- 
my to the vine. They made a bottle with the 
skin of the victim, which they filled with oil 
and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He 
who could stand upon it first was victorious, 
and received the bottle as a reward. This was 
called Jtffxww:*^*!' 7rx^:ira »!!» tov c«Ty.tv otKh^M, leaping 
upon the bottle, whence the name of the festi- 
val is derived. It was also introduced in Italy, 
where the people besmeared their faces with 
the dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. 
They always hanged some small images of the 
god on the tallest trees in their vineyards, and 
these images they called Oscilla. Virg. G. 2, 
V. 384.— Po//ux. 9, c. 7. 

AscoNius Labeo, a preceptor of Nero. 

Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and 

Livy. Another of the same family in the age 

of Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, 
and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides 
some historical treatises, annotations on Cice- 
ro's orations. 

AscRA, a town of Boeotia, built, according 
to some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at 
the foot of mount Helicon. Hesiod was born 
there, whence he is often called the Jiscreun 
poet, and Avhatever poem treats on agricultu- 
ral subjects AscrcRum Carmen. The town re- 
ceived its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother 
of ffioclus by Neptune — Strab. 9. — Paus. 9, c. 
19.— Pat ere. 1. 

AscuLuM, now Ascoli, a town of Picenum, 
famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by Curius 

and Fabricius. Flor. 3, c. IS. Another in 

Apuli, near the Aufidus. 

AsDRUBAL, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of 
Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Nu- 
midian war, and was appointed chief general 
on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight 
years presided with much prudence and valour 
over Spain, which submitted to his arms with 
cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of 
new Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop 
his progress towards the east, the Romans, in 
a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass 
the Iberus, which was faithfully observed by 
the general. He was killed in the midst of his 
soldiers, B. C. 220, by a slave whose master he 
had murdered. The slave was caught, and 
put to deatii in the greatest torments, which 
he bore with patience, and even ridiculed. 
Some say that he was killed in hunting. Ital. 
1, v. 165. — Appian. Iberic. — Polyb. 2. — Liv. 

21, c. 2, &c. A son of Hamilcar, who came 

from Spain with a lai-ge reinforcement for his 
brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and en- 
tered Italy ; but some of his letters to Annibal 
having fallen into the hands of the Romans, the 
consuls M. Livius Sallnator and Claudius Ne- 
ro, attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus, 
and defeated him, B. C. 207. He was killed 
in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his 
fate, and 5400 were taken prisoners ; about 
8000 Romans were killed. The head of As- 
drubal was cut off, and some days after thrown 
into the camp of Annibal, who, in the moment 
that he was in the greatest expectations for a 



#* 



AS 

jjtbmisftd supply, exclaimed at the sight, "In 
losing Asdmbal, I lose all my happiness, and 
Carthage all her hopes." Asdmbal had be- 
fore made an attempt to penetrate into Italy 
by sea, but had been defeated by the governor 
of Sardinia. Liu. 21, 2S, 27, ikc.—Pol-/b.— 

Horat. 4, od. 4. 'A Caithaginian general, 

eurnamed Calvus, appointed gov^ernor of Sar- 
dinia, and taken prisoner by the Romans. 

Liv. Another, son of Gisgon, appointed 

general of the Carthaginian'forces in Spain, in 
the time of the great Annibal. He made head 
against the Romans in Africa, with the assist- 
ance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeat- 
ed by Scipio. He died B. C. 206. Liv. 

Another, who advised his countrymen to make 
peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for 

laughing in tiie Carthaginian senate. Liv. 

A grandson of Masinissa, nmrdered in the se- 
nate-house by the Carthaginians. Another, 

whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, 
though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last 
Punic war. Wh'en all was lost, he fled to the 
enemy, and begged his life. Scipio showed 
him to tiie CailhaginiaTis, upon which his wife, 
with a thousand imprecations, threw hersell 
and her two children into the flames of the 
temple of ^^sculapius, Avhich she, and others, 
had set on lire. He was not of the same family 
a,s Hannibal. Liv. 51. A Carthaginian ge- 
neral conquered by L. Cajcilius Metellus in Si- 
cily, in a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. 
These animals were led in triumph all over 
Italy by tlie conquerors. 

AsEi-Lio (Sempronius), an historian and 
military tribune, who wrote an account of the 
actions in which he was present. Dionys. Hal. 

Asia, one of the three parts of the ancient 
world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, 
the Euxine, Jigean, and Mediterranean seas. 
The iS'ile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It 
receives its name from Asia, the daughter of 
Oceanus. This part of the globe has given 
birth to many of the greatest monarchies of 
the universe, and to the ancient inhabitants of 
Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and 
sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds 
witii all the necessaries as well as luxuries of 
life. Asia was divided into many different em- 
pires, provinces, and states, of which the most 
cons()icuous were the Assyrian and Persian 
monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy, accord- 
ing to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and accord- 
ing to Justin, 1300 years, down to the year of 
the world 43S0. The empire of Persia exist- 
ed 228 years, till the death of Darius the 3d, 
whom Alexander the Great conquered. The 
empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, accord- 
ing to Eusebius, or less, according to others, 
till the reign of Astyages, who was conquered 
by Cyrus the Great, who transferred the pow- 
er of the Medes, and founded the Persian mo- 
narchy. It was in Asia that the military va- 
lour of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat 
of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously 
dis])layed. It is in that part of the world tiiat 
we are to look for the more visilde progress of 
luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and 
dissipation. Asia was generally divided into 
Major and Minor. Asia Major was tiie most 
extensive, and comprehended all the eastern 
parts; and Asia Minor was a large country in 
-the form of a peniusula, whose boundaiies may 
16 



AS 

be known by drawing a line from the bay of 

Issus, in a nortiiern directio?i, to the eastern 
part of the Euxine Sea. Asia IVIinor has beeu 
subject to many revolutions. It was tributary 
to the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, 
and was a long time in the ])ower of the Ly- 
dians, Medes, kc. The western parts of Asia 
Minor were the receptacle of all the ancient 
emigrations from Greece, and it was totally 
peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans 
generally and indiscriminately called Asia 
Minor by the name of Asia. Strab. — Mda. — 

Justin. — Plin. — Tacit, he. One of the O- 

ceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her 
name to one of the three quarters of the an- 
cient globe. Jpollod. 1, c. 2. One of the 

Nereides. Hy^in. A mountain of Laco- 

nia. Fans. 3, c. 24. 

Asia Palus, a lake in Mysia. Virs. JEn. 7, 
V. 701. 

Asiatic us, a Gaul, in the age of Vitellius. 

Tacit, Hist. 2. The surname of one of the 

Scipios, and others, for their conquests or 
campaigns in Asia. 

AsiLAS, an augur, who assisted ^neas a- 

gainst Turnus. A Trojan officer. Vtrg. JEn, 

y, 10, he. 

AsiNARiA, a festival in Sicily, in comme- 
moration of the victory obtained over Demos- 
thenes and JNicias, at the river Asinarius. 

AsiNAKius, a river of Sicily where tiie 
Athenian generals, Dehiosthenes and Nicias, 
were taken prisoners. 

AsiNE, one of the Sporades. An island 

of the Adriatic. -Three towns of Pelopon- 
nesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, 
and Messenia. 

AsiNEs, a river of Sicily. 

AsiNius Gai,lus, son of Asinius Pollio the 
orator, married Vipsania after she had been 
divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave 
rise to a secret enmity between the emperor 
and Asinius, who starved himself to death, 
either voluntarily, or by order of his ini{)erial 
enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He 
wrote a comparison between his father and 
Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority 
to the former. Tacit. 1 and 5. Ann. — Dio. 

58. — Flin. 7, ep. 4. Marcellus, grandson of 

Asinius Pollio, w^as accused of some misde- 
meanors, but acquitted, &c. Tacit. 14. Jinn. 
Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and his- 
torian, intimate with Augustus. He triumph- 
ed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account 
of the warsof Caisarand Pompey,in 17 books, 
besides poems. He refused to answer some 
verses against him by Augustus, " because," 
said he, '-you have the power to proscribe 
me, should my answer prove offensive." He 
died in the 80th year of his age, A. D. 4. He 
was consul with Cn. Domitius Calvinus, A. U 
C. 714, It is to him that the fourth of Virgil's 
Kucollcs is inscribed, (^uiniil. — Suelon. in 
Cois. 30 and 55.— D/o. 27, 49, 55.— 5e?jec. de 
Tranq. Ani. S,^ cp. 100.— Plin. 7, c. 30.— TociY. 
6. — Paterc. 2. — Pint in Cas. A comman- 
der of Mauritania, under the first empe- 
rors, &.C. .Tacit. Hist. 2. An historian 

in the age of Pompey. Another in the 

third century. Quadratus, a man who pub- 
lished the history of Parthia, Greece, and 
Rome. 

Asius, a son of Dyinas, brother of Hecuba* 



AS 

He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was 
kliled by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 2, v. 342,. 1. 

12, V. 95, 1 13, V.384. A poet of Samos, 

who wrote about the genealogy of ancient he- 
roes and lieroines. Fans. 7, c. 14. A son 

of Irnbracus, who accompanied ^Eneas into 
Jtaly. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 123. 
Asms Campus, a place near the Caystcr. 
AsNAUS, a mountain of Macedonia, near 
which the river Aous Hows. Liv. 32, c. 6. 

AsopHis, a small country of Peloponnesus, 
near the Asopus. 

AsopiA, the ancient name of Sicyon. Pans. 
2,c. 1. 

AsopiAD£S, a patronymic of .^acns, son of 
^gina, the daughter of Asopus. Ovid. Mel. 
7, V. 484. 

Asopis, the daughter of the Asopus. A 

daughter of Thespius, mother of Mentor. 
Apoilod. 2, c. 7. 

Asopus- a river of Thessaly, falling into the 
bay of Malia, at the north of Thermopylae. 

Strab. d. A river of Boeotia, rising near 

Plataea, and flowing into the Euripus, after 
it has separated the coimtry of the The- 

buns and Plataeans. Paus. 9, c. 4. A river 

of Asia, flowing into the Lycusnear Laodicea. 
—r, — A river of Peloponnesus, passing by Si- 
cyon. Another of Macedonia, flowing near 

Heraclea. Slruh. he. A river of Phoenicia. 

A son of Neptune, wiio gave his name to 

a river of Peloponnesirs. Three of his daugh- 
ters are particularly celebrated, ^Egina, Saia- 
mis, and Ismene. Jlj/vllod. 1, c. 9, I. 3, c. 12. 
—Paus. 2, c. 12. ' 

Asp'-, a tov,ai of Parthia, now Ispahan, the 
capital of the Persian empire. 

AspA5iiT£iREs, a favourite eunuch of Xerx- 
es, who cot)=pired with Artabanus, to destroy 
the king a^id the royal family, &c. Ctcsias. 

AsPARAGiuM, a tov/n near Dyrrhachium. 
Cons. Bell. Civ, 3, c. 30. 

AsPASiA, a daughter of Hermotimus of 
Phocffia, famous for her personal charms and 
elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mis- 
tress to Cyrus, and afterwards to bis brother 
Artaxerxes, from Mhorn she jjassed to Dai'ius. 
She was called MillQ, VennilHpn, on account 
of the beauty of her complexion. JElian. V. 
11. 12, c. 1. — Plui in Jlrlax. — —Another wo- 
man, daughter of Axiqchus, born at Miletus. 
She came to Athens, where she taught elo- 
quence, and Socrates was proud to be among 
her scholai's. She so captivated Perjcles, by 
her mental and personal accomplishments, 
that he became her pupil, and at last took 
her for his mistress and wife. He was so fond 
.of her, thai he made wur against Samos at her 
instigation. The behaviour of Pericles to- 
wards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of 
the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and 
lai:civiousness into tliestpite. She howeyer pos- 
sessed the merit of superior excellence in mind 
as well as person, and her instructions helped 
to form the greatest and most eloquent ora- 
tors of Greece. Some have confounded the 
mi. tress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter 
pf Hermotimus. Pint in Ptrid. — QiiintU. 11. 

The Avife of Xenophon was also called 

Aspasia, if we follow the improper interpreta- 
tion given by some to Cic. de Inv. 1, c. 31. 

AsPASius, a peripatetic philosopher in the 
2d century, whose commentaries on different 



AS 

subjects were highly valued. A sophist, 

who wrote a panegyric on Adrian. 

AsPASTEs, a satrap of Carmania, suspec- 
ted of infidelity to his trust while Alexaudei? 
was in the east. Curt. 9, c. 20, 

AsPATHiNEs, one of the seven noblemen 
of Persia, who conspired against the usurper 

Smerdis. Herodot. 3, c. 70, kc. A son of 

Prexaspes. Id. 7. 

AsPENDUs, a town of Pamphylia, at the 
moutli of the river Eurymedon. Cic. in Ver. 
1, c. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to 
Venus. 

AsPHALTiTEs, a lake. Vid. Mare Mor- 
tuum. 

Aspis, a satrap of Chaoriia, who revolted 
from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Data- 

mes. Cor. JVep. in Daf. A city and 

mountain of Africa. One of the Cyclades. 

A city of Macedonia. 

A^PLEDON, a son of Neptune by the 
nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city 
of BcEOtia, whose inhabitants went to the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 2, v. 18, — Paus. 9, c. 38. 

AspoRENUs, a mountain of Asia Minor 
near Pergamus, where the mother of the 
gods was wor.^hipped, and called Asporcna. 
Strab. 13. 

AssA, a town near mount Athos. 

AssABiNus, the Jupiter of the Arabians. 

AssARAcus, a Trojan prince, son of Tros 
by Calliriioe. He was father to Capys, the 
father of Anchises. The Trojans were fre- 
quently called the descendants of Assaracus. 
Gens Jlssaraci.-f-Homer. II. 20. — Virg. JEn. 

1. Two friends of ^neas in the Rutulian 

war. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 124. 

Ast-ERiNi, a people of Sicily. 

AssoRus, a town of Sicily, between Enija 
and Argyrium. 

Assos, atownof Lyciaon the sea coast. 

AssvRiA, a large country of Asia, whose 
boundaries have been different in its flourish- 
ing times. At first it was bounded by the Ly- 
cus and Caprus : but the name of Assyria, 
more generally speaking, is applied to all that 
territory which lies between Media, Mesopo- 
tamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian 
empire is the most ancient in the world. It was 
founded by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 2059, ac- 
cording to some authors, and lasted til) the 
reign of Sardanapalus, the 81st sovereign 
since Ninus, B. C. 820. According to Euse- 
bius, it flourished for 1240 years; according to 
Justin, 1300 years; but Herodotus says that 
its duration was not above 5 or 600 years. 
Among the ditterentmonarchs of the Assyrian 
empire, Semiramis greatly distinguished her- 
self, and extended the boundaries of her do- 
minions as far as .Ethiopia and Libya. In 
ancient authors, the Assyrians are often call- 
ed Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The 
Assyi'iaiis assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
and sent him Memnon with an army. The 
king of Assyria generally styled himself king 
ot kings, as a demonstration of his power 
and greatness. The country is now called 
Curdistan. Vid. Syria. Strab. 16. — Herodot. 
1 and 2.— Justin. I.— PI In. 6, c. 13 and 2Q. 
—PtoL 1, c. 2.-^Diod. 2.— Mela, 1, c. 2. 
AsTA, a city in Spain, 

AsTAccEKi, a people of India; near th^ In-' 
du9, Strab. 15. 



AS 

AsTAGUS, a town of Bithynia, built by As- 
tacus, son of Neptune and Olbia, or rather by 
a colony of Megara and Athens. Lysima- 
chus destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants 
to the town of IVicomedia, which was then 
lately built. Pans. 5, c. 12. — ^rrian. — Sirab. 
17. A city of Acarnania. Plin. 5. 

AsTAPA, a town of Hispania Bastica. Liv. 
38, c. 20. 

AsTAPCS, a river of .Ethiopia, falling into 
the Nile. 

AsTARTE, a powerful divinity of Syria, 
the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She 
had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, 
which was served by 300 priests, who were 
always employed in offering sacrifices. She 
was represented in medals with a long habit, 
and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left 
arm. She had one hand stretched forward, 
and held in the other a crooked staff in the 
form of a cross. Lucian de Deu Syria. — Cic. 
de JSat. D. 3, c. 23. 

Aster, a dexterous archer of Amphipo- 
lis, who offered his service to Philip king of 
Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired 
into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, 
who pressed it with a siege. The arrow, on 
which was written, " aimed at Philip's right 
eye,'" struck the king's eye, and put it out ; 
and Philip, to return the pleasantry, threw 
back the same arrow, with these words, " If 
Philip takes the town. Aster shall be hanged." 
The conqueror kept his word. Lucian de 
Hist. Scrib. 

Ast£ria, a daughter of Ceus, one of the 
Titans, by Phoabe, daughter of Ccelus and 
Terra. She married Perses, son of Crius, by 
whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She 
enjoyed for a long time the favours of' Jupi- 
ter, under the form of an eagle ; but falling 
under his displeasure, she was changed into a 
quail, called Ortyx by the Greeks ; whence 
the name of Ortygia, given to that island in 
the Archipelago, wher^ she retired. Ovid. 
Met. 6, fab. 4.—Hygin. fab. bQ.—Apollod. 1, 
e. 2, k.c. A town of Greece, whose inha- 
bitants went to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, 

V. 782. One of the daughters of Dauaus, 

who married Chaetus, son of ^gyptus. Apol- 
lod. 2. One of the daughters of Atlas, mo- 
ther of (Enomaus, king of Pisa. Hygin. fab. 
250. A mistress of Gyges, to whom Ho- 
race wrote three odes, to comfort her during 
her lover's absence. 

AsT£RioN and Asterius, a river of Pelo- 
ponnesus, Avhich flowed through the coun- 
try of Argolis. This river had three daugh- 
ters, £ubcea, Prosymna, and Acraea, who nur- 
sed the goddess .Juno. Pans. 2, c. 17. A 

son of Cometes, who was one of the Argo- 
nauts. .^pollon. 1. A statuary, son of 

iEschylus. Pans. A son of Minos 2d, 

king of Crete, by Pasiphae, He was killed by 
Theseus, though he was thought the strongest 
ef hiaage. Apollodorus supposes him to be 
the same as the famous Minotaur. Accord- 
ing to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, 
one of the descendants of ^olus, and they 
say that he was surnamod Jupiter, because he 
had carried away Europa, by Whom he had 
Minos the 1st. Diod. 4.-^.^pollod. 3.—Pan.s. 

2, c. 31. A son of NeleU5 and Chloris. 

£_poll9d. 1. c. V2. 



AS 

AsTERODiA, the wife of Endymion. Pans, 
3, c. 1. 

Asterope and Asteropea, one of the Ple- 
iades, who were beloved by the gods and 
most illustrious heroes, and made constella- 
tions after death. A daughter of Pelias, 

king of lolchos, who assisted her sisters to kill 
her father, whom Medea promised to restore 
to life. Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the 

time of Pausanias. 8; c. 11. A daughter 

of Deion by Diomede. Jipollod. 1. The 

wife ef ^Esacus. Id. 3. 

AsTEROPJEus, a king of Paeonia, son of Pe- 
legon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan Avar, 
and was killed after a brave resistance, by 
Achilles. Homer. II. 17, kc. 

AsteriTsius, a mountain at the south of 
Crete. A town of Arabia Felix. 

AsTiNoME, the wife of Hipponous. 

Astiochus, a general of LacedsBmon, who 
conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and 
took Phocaea and Cumae, B. C. 411. 

AsTRyEA, a daughter of Astraeus, king of 
Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, 
Saturn's brother, by Aurora. Some make 
her daughter of .Tupiter and Themis, and 
others consider her the same as Rheai wife of 
Saturn. She was called Juslice. of which 
virtue she was the goddess. She lived upoa 
the earth, as the poets mention, during the 
golden age, which is often called the age of 
Astrea; but the wickedness and impiety of 
mankind drove her to heaven in the brazea 
and iron ages, and she was placed among the 
constellations of the zodiac, under the name 
of Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, with 
a stern, but majestic countenance, holding a 
pair of scales in one hand, and a sword in the 
other. Senec. in Octav. — Ovid. Met. 1, r. 
149.— ^raf. 1, PluEtwm. v. 9S.^Hesiod.— 
T/ieog. 

Astrjeus, one of the Titans who made war 

against Jupiter. A river of Macedonia, 

near Thermae, ^lian. V. H. 15, c. 1. 

AsTU, a Greek word which signifies aVy, 
generally applied by way of distinction, to 
Athens, which was the most capital city of 
Greece. The word urbs is applied with the 
same meaning of superiority to Rome, and 
«>><> to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, as 
also to Troy. 

AsTuR, an Etrurian, who assisted ^neas 

ainst Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 180. 

AsTURA, a small river and village of La- 
tium, where Antony's soldiers cut off Cicero's 
head. 

AsTUREs, a people of Hispania Tarraco- 
nensis, who spend all their lives in digging for 
mines of ore. Lucan. 4, v. 298. — Ital. 1, v. 
2:31. 

AsTYAGF., a daughter of Hypseus, who 
married Periphas, by whom she had some 
children, among whom was Antion, the fa- 
ther of Ixion. 

AsTYAGEs, son of Cyaxarcs, was the last 
king of Media. He was father to Mandane, 
whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an 
ignoble person of Persia, because he was 
told by a dream that his daughter's soa 
would dispossess him of his crown. From 
surii a marriage he hoped that none but mean 
and ignorant children could be raised; but he 
wa<^ di<?»ppointed, and though he had eind- 



J« 



AS 

sed his daugliter's son by the effects of a se- 
cond dream, he was deprived of his crown by 
his grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Asty- 
agi's was very cruel and oppressive; and 
Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he 
had v.antonly murdered, encouraged Man- 
dane's son, w'ho was called Cyrus, to take up 
arms against his grandfather, and he conquer- 
ed him and took him prisoner, 559 B. C. 
Xenophon, in his Cyroptt'dia, relates a differ- 
ent story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages 
lived in the most undisturbed friendship to- 
gether. Jvslin. 1, C.4, fcc. — Herodot. 1, c. 74, 
75j &,c. A grammarian who wrote a com- 
mentary on Caliimachus. A man changed 

into a stone by Medusa's head. Ovid. Met. 
6, fab. 6. 

AsTYALus, a Trojan, killed by Neoptole- 
mus. Homer. II. 6. 

AsTYANAX. a son of Hector and Andro- 
mache. He was very young when tlie Greeks 
besieged Troy; and when tl)e city was taken- 
his mother saved him in her arms from the 
flames. UlysseS; w^ho was afraid lest the young 
prince should inherit the virtues of his father. 
and one day avenge the ruin of his country 
upon the Greeks, seized him, and tiirevv him 
down from the walls of Troy. According to 
Euripides, he was killed by Menelaus; and 
Seneca says, that Pyrrhus the son of Achilles 
put him to death. Hector had given him the 
name of Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who 
hoped he might prove as great as his father, 
called him Astvanax, or the bulwark of the 
city. Homer. II. 6, v. 400, 1. 22, v. 5<X).— FJrg. 
JF.n.% V. 457, 1.3: \\A^9.—0vid. Met. 13, v. 

415._ An Arcadian, who had a statue in the 

temple of Jupiter, on mount Lyceus. Pans. 

8, c. 38. A son of Hercules. Jipollod. 2, c. 

7. A writer in the age of Gallienus. 

AsTvcRATiA, a daughiev of --^^olus. Ho- 
mer. 11. A daughter of Amphion and Ni- 

obe. 

AsTYDAMAS, an Athenian, pupil to Iso- 
cratos. He wrote 240 tragedies, of which 

only 15 obtained the poetical prize. A 

Milesian, three times victorious at Olympia. 
He was famous for his strength, as well as for 
hh voracious appetite. He was once invited 
to a feast by king Ariobarzanes, and he eat 
what had been prepared for nine persons. 
Alhea. 10.— —Two tragic writers bore the 
same name, one of w horn was disciple to So- 
crates. A comic poet of Athens, 

AsTVDAMiA, or AsTVAOAMiA, daughter of 
Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in Bceotia, 



married Acastus, son of Pelias, who was king 
of lolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus, 
son of ^"^acus, \\\\o had visited her husband's 
court; and because he refused to gratify her 
pR.ssion, she accused him of attempting her 
virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife's ac- 
cusation ; but as he w ould not violate the lav.s 
of hospitably, by jjuni-shing his guest with in- 
stant death, he waited for a favouraljle oppor- 
fc.mity, a»d ilissembled his resentment. At 
last they went in ahanting party to mountPe- 
lion, where Peleus was tied to a tree, by order 
of Aca.'^tufi, that he might be devoured by wild 
be.ists. Jupiter was moved at the innocence 
nf Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. 



AT 

throned, and punished with death the cruel 
and false Astydamia. She is called by some 
Hippolyte, and by others Cretheis. Jipollod. 

3, c. VS.—Pindar. Mm. 4. -A daughter of 

Orraenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom 
she had Tlepolemus. ' Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 50. 

AsTVLus, one of the centaurs, who had the 
knowledge of futurity. He advised his bro- 
thers not to make war against the Lapithae.. 

Ovid. Met. 12, v. 338. A man of Crotona, 

who was victorious three successive times at 
the Olympic games. Paus. 

AsTYMi'-DiTsA, aw^oman whom OEdipus mar- 
ried after be had divorced Jocasta. 

AsTVNOME, the daughter of Chryses the 
priest of Apollo, sometimes called Chryseis. 
She fell to the share of Achilles, at the division 

of tlie spoils of Lyrnessas.- A daughter of 

Amphion, of Talaus. Hygin. 

AsTYNous, a Trojan prince. Homer. II. 5j 
V. 144. 

AsTYocHE and Astyochia, a daughter of 
Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus, and 
lalmenus, w4io were at the Trojan war. Ho- 
mer. II. 2, V. 20. A daughter of Phylas 

king of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepo- 

lemns, by Hercules. Hygin. fab. 97, 162.- 

A daughter of Laomedon, by Strymo. Jipol- 
lod. 3. A daughter of Amphion and TS'iobe. 

Id. 3, c. 4. A daughter of the Simoi&, 

who married Ericbthonius. Id. 3, c. 12.—— 
The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon. 
Hygiti. 

AsTVPAL.^A, one of the Cyclades, between 
Cos and Carpathos, called after Astypala;a, the 
dar.ghter of Phcenix, and mother of Ancaeus, 
by Neptune. Paus. 7, c. 4. — Strab. 14. 

AsTVPHiLus, a soothsayer, well skilled in 
the knowledge of futurity. Plut. in Cim. 

AsTYKuN, a town built by the Argonauts, oq 
llie coast of lilyricum. Sirah 

AsvcHis, a king of Egypt, who succeeded 
Mycerinus, and made a law', that whoever 
borrowed money, must deposit his father's 
body in the hands of his creditors, as a pledge 
of his promise of payment. He built a mag- 
nificent pyramid. Herodot. 2, c. 136. 

AsYLAS, a friend of ^]neas, skilled in au- 
guries. Virg. «Kn. 9, v. 571, 1. 10, v. 175. 

AsYLLUs, a gladiator. Juv. 6, v. 266. 

Atabulls, a wind w^hich was frequent in 
Apulia. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 78. 

Atabvris, a mountain in Rhodes, where 
Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamed 
Atabyris. Strab. 14. 

Atack, a town of Gaul, whence the adjec- 
tive Atacinus. 



Atalakta, a daughter of Schceneus king 
of Scyros. According to some, she was the 
daughter of Jasus or Jasius, by Ciymene; but 
others say that Menalion was her father. Tbi* 
uncertainty of not rightly knowing the name 
of^ her father has led the mythologists into er- 
ror, and some have maintained that there were 
two persons of that name, tliough their sup- 
position is groundless. Atalanta wa.s born in 
Arcadia, and, according to Ovid, she deter- 
mined to live in perpetual celibacy ; but her 
beauty gained her many admirers, and to free 
herselfirom their importunities, she proposed 
to run a race with them. They were to run 



When Peleus was sot at liberty, he marched' without arms, and she was to carry a dart in 
with an army ugaijist Acastus, whom he de- 1 her hand. Her lovers were to stoit first, and 



AT 

whoever arrived at the goal before her, would 
be made her husband ; but all those whom she 
overtook, were to be killed by the dart 
with A\ hich she had armed herself. As she 
was almost invincible in running, many of her 
suitors perished in tlie attempt, till Hippomenes 
the son of Macareus proposed himself as her 
admirer. Venus had presented him with three 
golden apples from the garden of the Hesperi- 
des, or. according to others, from an orchard 
in Cyprus ; and as soon as he had started in 
the course, he artfully threw down the apples, 
at some distance one from the other. While 
Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to ga- 
ther the apples, Hippomenes hastened on his 
course, arrived first at the goal, and obtained 
Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, 
in the impatience of consummating their nup- 
tials, entered the temple of Cybele ; and the 
goddess was so offended at their impiety, and 
at the profanation joi her house, that she 
changed them into two lions. Apollodorussays, 
that Atalanta's father was desirous of raising 
male issue, and that therefore she was exposed 
to wild beasts as soon as born. She was, how- 
ever, suckled by a she-bear- and preserved by 
shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunt- 
ing, and resolved to live in celibacy. She kill- 
ed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus, who at- 
tempted her virtue. She was present at the 
hunting of the Calydonian boar, which she 
first wounded, and she received the head as a 
present from Meleager, who was enamoured 
of her. She was also at the games instituted 
in honour ofPelias, where she conquered Pe- 
leus ; and when her father, to whom she had 
been restored, wished her to marry, she con- 
sented to give hei'self to him who could over- 
come her in running, as has been said above. 
She had a son called Parthenopasus, by Hip- 
pomenes. Hyginus says, that that son was the 
fruit of her love with Meleager: and Apollo- 
donis says, she had him by Milaniom, or, ac- 
cording to others, by the god Mars. [ Vid. Me- 
leager.] JpoUod. 1. c. 8, 1. 3, c.9, kc. — Pans. 
1. c. 36, 45, i^c.—Hysin. fab. 99. 174, 185, 2^0. 
—JElian. V. H. 13.— Diod. 4.— Ovid. Met. ?, 

fob. 4, 1. 10, fab. 11. — Euripid. inFh(Eniv. 

An island near Eubcea and Locris. Pans. 

Atarantes, a people of Africa, ten days' 
journey from the Garamantes. There was in 
their country a hill of salt with a fountain of 
sweet water upon it. Herodot. 4, c. 184. 

Atarbecius, a town in one of the islands 
of the Delta, where Venus had a temple. 

Atargatis, a divinity among the Syrians, 
represtmted as a Siren. She is considered by 
some, the same as Venus, honoured by the As- 
syrians under the name of Astarte. Sirab. 16. 

Atarnea, a part of My^ia, opposite Lesbos, 
with a smalltown in the neighbourhood of the 
same name. Paiis. 4, c. 35. 

Atas and Athas, a youth of wonderful ve- 
locity, who is said to have run 75 miles be- 
tween noon and the evening. Martial. 4, ep. 
l9.~P/m.7. 

Atax, now Ju.de. a river of Gaul Narbo- 
oensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and 
falling into the Mediten-anean Sea. Mela, 2. 

Ate, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of 
Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition 
in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter drag- 
ged her away by the hab*, and banished her for 



AT 

ever from heaven, and sent her to direil om- 
earth, where she incited naankind to wicked- 
ness, and sowed commotions among them, 
Homer. 11. 19. She is the same as the Discord 
of the Latins. 

Atella, a town of Campania, famous foF 
a splendid amphitheatre, where interlude* 
were first exhibited, and thence called Atella- 
nae Fabulce. Juv. 6. 

Atenomarus, a chieftain of Gaul, wh» 
made war against the Romans. Plxtt. in 
Parall. 

Athamanes, an ancient people of Epirus, 
who existed long before the Trojan war, and 
still preserved their name and customs in the 
age of Alexander. There was a fountain in 
their territories, whose waters, about the last 
quai-ter of the moon, were so sulphureous that 
they could set wood on fire. Ovid. Met. 15, 
V. SU.—Sirab. I.—Plin. 2, c. 103.— A/e/a, 2, 
c. 3. 

Athamas, a king of Thebes, in Bceotia, 
was son of ^olus. He married Themisto, 
whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demo- 
tice, and by her he had Phryxus and Helle, 
Some time after, on pretence that Nephele was 
subject to fits of madness, he married Ino, the 
daughter of Cadmus,by v.homhe had two sons, 
Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became jealous 
of the children of JNephele ; because they were 
to ascend their fatlier's throne in preference 
to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy 
them ; but they escaped from her fury to Col- 
chis, on a golden ram. [ Vid. Phryxus and Ar- 
gonautae.] According to the Greek scholiast of 
Lycophron, v. 22. Ino attempted to -destroy 
the corn of the country ; and as if it were the 
consequence of divine vengeance, the sooth- 
sayer, at her instigation, told Athamas, that be- 
fore the earth would yield her usual increase, 
he must sacrifice one of the children of IN'e- 
phele to the gods. The credulous father led 
Phryxus to the altai-, where he was saved by 
IN'ephele. The prosperity of Ino was displeas- 
ing to Juno, and more particularly because sh^ 
was descended from Venus. The goddess there- 
fore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the 
house of Athamas, who becEune infiamed with 
such sudden fury, that he took Ino to be a lion- 
ess, and her two children to be whelps. In this 
fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her, 
and killed him against a wall ; upon wiiich luo 
fled Vv ith Melicerta, and with him in her armS; 
she threw herself into the sea, from a higis 
rock, and was changed into a sea deity. Af- 
ter this, Athamas recovered the use of his 
senses ; and as he was without children, he 
adopted Coronus and Aliai-tus, the sons of 
Thersander his nephew. Hj/gin.ia.h. 1,2.6, 
I^Q.—Apvllod. 1, c. 7 and 9. jlh-irf. Met. 4.' v. 

467, fee. fast. 6, v. 4Q9.-—P-axis. 9, c. 34. A 

servant of Atticus. Cic. ad Anic. 12, ep. 10. 

A stage dancer. Id. Pis. 36. A tragic 

poet. Id. Pis. iZO. One of the Greeks, con- 
cealed in the wooden horse at the siege of 
Troy. Virg. Ma. 2, v. 263. 

Athamantiades, a patronymic of Meli- 
certa, Phryxus, orHelle, children of Alhamaa. 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 319. Fast. 4, v. 14)3. 

Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria, rr- 
lebrated for his sufferings, and the determined 
opposition he maintained against Arius and hi:* 
doctrine. Hio writiogs, which were numef 



AT 

<»us, aryl some of Avhich have perished, coh- 
tain a defence of the mysteiy of the Trinity,, 
the divinity of the Word and of the Holy 
Crhost, and' an apology to Constantine. Tlie 
creed which bears his name, is supposed by 
some not to be his composition. Athanasius 
died 2d xMay, 373 A. D after filling the archi- 
e])iscopal chair 47 years, and leading alter- 
nately a life of exile and of triumph. The 
latest edition of his works is that of the Bene- 
dictines, 3 vols. fol. Paris, 1698. 

Athanis, a man who wrote an account of 
Sicily. Alheii. 3. 

Atheas, a king of Scythia, who implored 
the assistance of Philip of Macedonia against 
the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had 
furnished him with an army. Jmtin. 9,. 
c. 2. 

Athkna, the name of Minerva among the 
Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before 
Cecrops had introduced the worship of the 
goddess into Greece. Paus. 1, c. 2. 

Athen-«, a celebrated city of Attica, found- 
ed about 1556 years before the christian era, 
by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was 
called Cecropia from its founder, and after- 
wards AlhencB in honour of Minerva, who had 
©btained the right of giving it a name in pre- 
ference to Ne})tnne. [Ffc?. Minerva.] It was 
_^ governed by 17 Icings, in the following order : 
♦—after a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was suc- 
ceeded by Cranaas, who began to reign 1506 
B.C. Amphictyon, 1497; Erichthonius, 1487; 
Pandion, 1437 ; Erichtheus, 1397 ; Cecrops 
2d, 1347; Pandion 2d, 1307; vEgeus, 1283; 
Theseus, 1235 ; Menestheus, 1205 ; Demo- 
phoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; 
Thymoetes, 113G; Melanthus, 1128; and Co- 
drus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of 21 
years. The history of the twelve first of these 
naonarcbs is mostly fabulous. After the death 
of Codrus the monarchical power was abolish- 
ed, and the state was governed by 13 perpe- 
tual, and, 317 years after, by 7 decennial, and 
lastly, B. C. 684, after an anarchy of 3 years, 
by annual magistrates, called archons. \^Vid. 
Archontes.] Under this democracy, the Athe- 
nians signalized themselves by their valour in 
ihe field, their munificence, and the cultiva- 
tion of the fine arts. They were deemed so 
powerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when 
he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms 
against Athens, wl'.ich he took and burnt. 
Their military character was chiefly disjtlayed 
in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Pla- 
iy,a, and of Mycale. After these immortal vic- 
rories, they rose in consequence and dignity, 
and they demanded the superiority* in the af- 
fairs of Greece. The town was rebuilt and 
^'mbellishrd by Themistocles, and a new and 
magiiiiicent harbour erected. Their success 
macietliern arrogant, and they raised conten- 
tions among the neighbouring states, that they 
niigiit aggrandize themselves by their fall. 
The luxuiy and intemperance, which had been 
long excluded from the city by the salutary- 
laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, 
r.reeped by degrees among all ranks of people, 
and soon after all Greece united to destroy 
that city, which claimed a sovereign power 
oyer all the rest, 'ihe Pcloponncsian war, 
though at first a private quarrel, was soon fo- 
mented into sn universal war; and the arms 



AT 

of all the states of Peloponnesus [Vid. Pelo- 
ponnesiacum Bellum] were directed against 
Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortune and 
bloodshed, was totally ruined, the 24th April, 
404 years before the christian era, by Lysan- 
der. After tliis, the Athenians were oppressed 
by 30 tyrants, and for a while laboured under 
the weight of their own calamities. They re-= 
covered something of their usual spirit in the 
age of Philip, and boldly opposed his ambitious 
view^s; but their short-lived efforts were not 
of great service to the interests of Greece, and 
they fell into the hands of the Romans, B. C. 
86. The Athenians have been admired in all 
ages, for their love of liberty, and for the great 
men that were born among them; but favour 
there was attended with danger; and there 
are very few instances in the histoiy of Athens, 
that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of 
the people did not persecute and disturb the 
peace of the man w^ho had fought their bat- 
tles, and exposed his life in the defence of his 
country. Perhaps not one single city in the 
world can boast in such a short space of time, 
of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, 
equally celebrated for their humanity, their 
learning, and their military abilities. The 
Romans, in the more polished ages of their 
republic, sent their youths to finish their edu- 
cation at Athens, and respected the learning, 
while they despised the military character of 
the inhabitants. The reputation the Athenian 
schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato, 
w^as maintained by their degenerate and less 
learned successors; and they flourished with 
diminished lustre, till an edict of the emperor 
Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consul- 
ship, the philosophical meetings" of the aca- 
demy. It has been said by Plutarch, that the 
good men whom Athens produced, were the 
most just and equitable in the world ; but that 
its bad citizens could not be surpassed in any 
age or country, for their impiety, perfidious- 
ness, or cruelties. Their criminals were al- 
ways put to death by drinking the juice of 
hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens 
in a more peculiar manner, called it Astu, one 
of the eyes of Greece, the learned city, tlie 
school 01 the world, the common patroness of 
Greece. The Athenians thought themselves 
the most ancient nation of Greece, and suppo- 
sed themselves the original inhabitants or At- 
tica, for Avhich reason they were called xjxoyjroni 
produced from the same earth which they in- 
habited yt^'^ivi; sons of the earth, and tet%5.»; grass- 
hoppers. They sometimes wore golden gras;*- 
hoppers in their hair as badges of honour, to 
distinguish them from other people of later 
origin and less noble extraction, because those 
insects ai'e supposed to be sprung from the 
ground. The number of men able to bear 
arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was 
computed at 20,000, and there appeared no 
considerable augmentation in the more civili- 
zed age of Pericles ; but in the time of De- 
metrius Phalereus there were found 21,<X)0 
citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 .slaves. 
Among the numerous temples and ))ublic edi- 
fices, none was more celebrated than that of 
Minerva, which, after being burnt by the Per- 
sians, was rebuilt by Pericles, witli the finest 
j njarble, and .still exists a venerable monument 
I of tlie hero's patriotfem? and of the abilities df 



AT 

the architect. Cic. ad Attic, in Verr. he. — 
Thucyd. l,hc.—Juslin.2,k,c.—Diod. 13, &c.— 
^lian. V. H. — Plin. 7, c. 56. — Xenoph. Memo- 
rah. — Plut. in vitis, he. — Strab. 9, fcc. — Paus. 
1, he. — Val. Max. — Liv. 31, he. — C. J\ep. in 
Milt. hc.—Polyb.—P'atercul. 

Athen.^u., festivals celebrated at Athens in 
honour of Minerva. One of them was called 
Panatheniza, and the other Chalcea; for an 
account of which, see those words. 

AthenjEum, a place at Athens, sacred to 
Minerva, where tiie poets, philosophers, and 
rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated 
their compositions. It was public to aH the 
professors of the liberal arts. The same thing 
was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made a 
public building for the same laudable pur- 
poses. A promontory of Italy. A forti- 
fied place between iEtolia and Macedonia. 
Liv. 38, c. 1, 1. 39, c. 25. 

Athen^us, a Greek cosmographer. A 

peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the time 

of Augustus. Strab. A Spartan sent by 

his countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace 
during the Peloponnesian war. A gramma- 
rian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant 
and raiscellaneoas work, called Dtipnosophis- 
t(B, replete with veiy curious and interesting 
remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the 
ancients,and likewise valuable for the scattered 
pieces of ancient poetry it preserves. The 
work consists of 15 books, of which the two 
first, part of the third, and almost the whole of 
the last, are lost. Athenoeus wijote, besides 
(his, an history of Syria, and other works now 
lost. He died A. D. 194. The best edition of 
his works is that of Causaubon, fol. 2 vols. Lugd. 
1612, by far superior to the editions of 1595 
and 1657. A historian, who wrote an ac- 
count of Semiramis. Diod. ■ ■ A brother of 
kingEumenes 2d, famous for his paternal af- 
fection. A Roman general, in the age of 

Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a 

book on military engines. A physician of 

Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who made heat, 
cold, wet, dry, and air, the elements, instead 
pf the four commonly receivecj^ 

Athenagoras, a Greek in the time of 
Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the go- 
vernment of Chios, he. Curt. 8, c. 5. A 

writer on agriculture, Varro. A chris- 
tian philosopher, in the age of Aurelius, who 
wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an 
apology for the christians, still extant. He 
died A. D. 177. The bfest edition of his works 

is that of Dechair, 8vo. Oxon. 1706. The 

lomance of Theagenes and Charis is falsely 
ascribed to him. 

Athenais, a Sibyl of Erythrsea, in the age 
of Alexander. Strab.— — A daughter of the 
philosopher Leontius. 

Athenion, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 

B. C. A general of the Sicilian slaves.- 

A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston. 

Athenocles, a general, &.c. Polycen. 6. 
A turner of Mitylene. Plin. 34. 

Athenodorus, a philosopher of Tarsus, 
Intimate with Augustus. The emperor often 
profited by his lessons, and was advised by him 
always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek 
alphabet, before he gave way to the impulse 
of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82d year, 
much Iftmented by his countrymen. Sutt. 



AT 

A poet who wrote comedy, tragedy, and 

elegy, in the age of Alexander. Plut. in Alex. 

A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, 

in the age of Augustus. He was intimate with 
Strabo. Strab. 14. A philosopher, disci- 
ple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal libraiy 

at Pergaraus. A marble sculptor. A 

man assassinated at Bactra for making himself 
absolute. 

Atheos, a surname of Diagoras and Tueo- 
dorus, because they denied the existence of a 
deity. Cic. de JVat. D. 1, c. 1. 

Athesis, now Adige, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic sea. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 680. 

Athos, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles 
in circumference, projecting into the iEgeaa 
sea like a promontory. It is so high that it 
overshadows the island of Leranos, though 
at the distance of 87 miles ; or, accord- 
ing to modern calculation, only eight leagues. 
When Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a 
trench of a mile and a half in length at the 
foot of the mountain, into which he brought 
the sea-water, and conveyed his iieet over 
it, so that two ships could pass one ai-other^ 
thus desirous either to avoid the danger of 
sailing round the promontory, or to show 

his vanity and the extent of his power. A 

sculptor, called Denocrates, ottered Alexan- 
der to cut mount Athos, and to make with it 
a statue of the king holding a town in his left 
hand, and in the right a spacious basin, to re- 
ceive all the waters which llowed from it. 
Alexander greatl/ admired the plan, but ob- 
jected to the place ; and he observed, (hat the 
neighbouring countiy wa^ not sufficiently fruit- 
ful to produce corn an^J provisions for the in- 
habitants which were to dwell in the city, in 
the hand of the statue. Athos is now called 
Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, said to 
contain some ancient and valuable manur 
scripts. Htrodot. 6, c. 44, I. 7, c. 21, he. — Lu- 
can. 2, v. 672. — JElimi. de Anim. 13, c. 20, ^c. 
— Plin. 4, c. 10. — JEschin. contra Ctcsiph. 

Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Strab. 

Athvmbr.\, a city of Caria, afterwards call- 
ed Nyssa. Strab. 14, 

Atia, a city of Campania. A law enact- 
ed A. U. C, 690, by T. Atlus Labienus, the tri- 
bune of the people. -It abolished the Corne- 
lian law, and put in full force the Lex Domitia, 
by transferring the right of electing priests 

from the college of priests to the peoj)le, 

The mother of Augustus. Vid. Aceia. 

Atilia lex gave the pretor, and a major- 
ity of the tribunes, power of appointing guar- 
dians to those minors who were not previously 
provided for by their parents. It was enacted 
about A, U. C. 560. — -Another A. U. C. 445, 
which gave the people power of electing 26 
tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. Liv. 
9, c. 30, 

Atilius, afreedman, who exhibited combats 
of gladiators at Fidence. The amphithealre, 
which contained the spectators, fell during the 
exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were 
killed or mutilated. Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 62. 

Axilla, the mother. of the poet Lucan 
She was accused of conspiracy by her son, 
who expected to clear himself of the charge.. 
Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 56, 

AnxA; an ancient town of the Volsci, gi^t 



AT 

•f the first that began hostilities against iEneas. 
Vira- JEn. 7, v. *^0. 
AiiNAs, a friend of Turnus, &,c. Virg. JEn. 

11, V. 869. , , , 

Atinia lex, was enacted by the tiubune 
Athiius. It gave a tribune of the people the 
privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting 
in the senate. 

Atlantes, a people of Africa in the neigh- 
bourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chietly on 
the fruits of the earth, and were said not to 
have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. 
They daily cursed the sun at his rising and at 
his setting, because his excessive heat scorched 
and tormented them. Htrodot. 

Atlantiades, a patronymic of Mercury, as 
grandson of Atlas. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 639. 

Atlantides, a people of Africa, near 
mount Atlas. They boasted of being in pos- 
session of the country in which all the gods of 
antiquity received their birtli. Uranus was 
their first king, whom, on account of his know- 
ledge of astronomy, they enrolled in the num- 
ber of their gods. Diod. 3. The daughters 

of Atlas, seven in number, Maia, Electra. Tay- 
ceta, Asterope, Merope, Alcyone, and Celceno. 
They married some of the gods, and most il- 
lustrious heroes, and their children were found- 
ers of many nations and cities. The Atlantides 
were called nymphs; and even goddesses, on 
account of their great intelligence and know- 
ledge. The name of Hesperides was aiso giv- 
en tnem, on account of their mother He.speris. 
They were made constellations after death. 
Vid. Pleiades. 

Atlantis, a celebrated island mentioned 
by the ancients. Its situation is unknown, and 
even its existence doubted by some writers. 

Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Japetus 
and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was 
brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Me- 
ncetius. His mother's name, according to 
Aoollodorus, was Asia. He married Pleione, 
daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according 
lo others, by whom he had seven daughters, 
called Atlantides, (Vid. Mantides.) He 
■was king of Mauritania, and master of a thou- 
sand (locks of every kind, as also of beautiful 
pardons, abounding in every species of fruit, 
which he had intrusted to tlie care of a dragon. 
Perseus, after the conquest of the Gorgons, 
passf^d by the palace of Atlas, and demanded 
fiosoitali'ty. The king, wiio was informed by 
an oracle of Tliemislhat he sliould be dethron- 
ed by one of the descendants of Jupiter, re- 
fused to receive him, and even offered him vio- 
lence. Perseus, who was unequal in strength; 
showed him Medusa's head, and Atlas was in- 
stantly changed into a large mountain. This 
mountain, which runs across the deserts of 
Africa, east and west, is so high that the an- 
cients hava Imagined that the heavens rested 
pn it.s top, and tliat Atlas supported the world 
fcu his shoulders. Hyginussays, that Atlas as- 
sisted the giants in their wars against the gods, 
for which Juj)iler compelled him to bear the 
Leavens on his shoulders. The fable that At- 
las su[)ported tlie heavens on his back, arises 
from his fondness for astronomy, and his often 
frequeiitiiig elevated places and mountains, 
whence iie might observe the heavenly bodies. 
The daughters of Atlas were carried away by 
Busiris king of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercu- 



AT 

les, who received as a reward from the father 
the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial 
globe. This knowledge Hercules communica- 
ted to the Greeks ; whence the fable has fur- 
ther said, that he eased for some time the la- 
bours of Atlas, by taking upon his shoulders the 
weight of the heavens. According to some au- 
thors, there were two otlier persons of that 
name, a king of Italy, father of Electra, and a 
king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother of 
Mercury. Virg. JEn. 4. v. 481, 1. 8, v. 186.— 
Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 17. — Diod. 3. — Lucan. 9, 
V. 667, &c.— Fa/. Flacc. 5.—Hygin. 83; 125, 
155, 157, 192. — Aratm in Jislron. — Apollod. 1. 
— Hesiod. Tlieog. v. 508, he. A river flow- 
ing from mount Haemus into the Ister. Hero- 
dot. 4, c. 49. 

Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus, Avho was one 
of the wives of Cambyses, Smerdis, and after- 
wards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. 
She was cured of a dangerous cancer by De- 
mocedes. She is supposed by some to be the 
Vasliti of scripture. Herodol. 3, c. 68, &-c. 

Atraces, a people of j^titolia, who received 
their name from Atrax, son of iEtolia. Their 
country was called Atracia. 

Atramvttium, a town of Mysia. 

Atrapes, an officer of Alexander, who at 
the general division of the provinces, received 
Media. Diod. 18. 

Atrax, a son of ^Etolus, or, according to 
others, of the river Peaeas. He was king of 
Thessaly, and built a town which he called 
Atrax or Ati'acia. This town became so fa- 
mous, that the word ^tracius\ia.s been applied 
to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He w^as father 
to Hippodamia, who mariied Pirithous, and 
who He must not confound with the wife of 
Pelops, who bore the same name. Propert. 1, 
el. 8, V. 25.— Slat. 1, Theh. v. 106.— Ovid. Met 

12, V. 209. A city of Thessaly, whence the 

epithet of Atracius. A river of iEtolia, 

which falls into the Ionian sea. 

Atrebat.'e, a people of Britain, who were 
in possession of the modern counties of Berks, 
Oxford, kc. 

Atrebates, now Artois, a people of Gaul, 
who, together with the JServii, opposed J. 
Caesar with 15,000 men. They were conquer- 
ed, and Comius, a friend of the general, was 
set over them as king. They were reinstated 
in their former liberty and independence, on 
account of the services of Comius. Coe.s. Bell. 
Gall. 2, he. 

Atreni, a people of Armenia. 

Atreus, son of Pelops bv Hippodamia, 
daughter of (Enomaus king oi Pisa, was king 
of Mycenae, and brother to Pittheus, Trcezen, 
Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus 
was an illegitimate son, and at the same time 
a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved 
to remove him. She persuaded her .sons Thy- 
estes and Atreus to murder him ; but their 
refusal exasperated her more, and she execut- 
ed it herself. This murder was grievous to 
Pelops ; he suspected his two sons, who lied 
away from liis presence. Atreus retired \o 
the .court of Eurysthenes king of Argos, his 
, nephew, and upon his death he succeeded him 
on the throne. He married, as some report, 
iErope, his [)redecessor's daughter, by whom 
he hadPlisthenes, Menelaus,and Agamemnon. 
Others affirm, that ^rope was the wife »f 



AT 

Piisthenes, by whom he had AgamemBon and 
Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of Atreus, 
because that prince took care of their educa- 
tion, and brought them up as his own. {Vid. 
Flisihenes.) Thyestes had followed his bro- 
ther to Argos, where he lived with him, and 
debauched his wife, by whom he had two, or, 
according to some, three children. This in- 
cestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thy- 
estes was banished from his court. He was 
however soon after recalled by his brother, 
who determined cruelly to revenge the vio- 
lence offered to his bed. To effect this purpose, 
he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast, 
where Thyestes was served up with the flesh 
of the children he had had by his sister-in-law 
the queen. After the repast was finished, the 
arms and heads of the murdered children were 
produced to convince Thyestes of what he had 
feasted upon. This action appeared so cruel 
and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk 
back in its course at the bloody sight. Thy- 
estes immediately fled to the court of Thes- 
protus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravish- 
ed his own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred 
to jVIinei'va, without knowing who she was. 
This incest he committed intentionally, as some 
report, to revenge himself on his brother At- 
reus, according to the words of the oracle, 
w hich promised him satisfaction for the cruel- 
ties he had suffered, only from the hand of. a 
son who should be born of himself and his own 
daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom 
she called ^gisthus, and soon after she married 
Atreus, who had lost his wife. Atreus adopted 
.^gisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes, 
wiio had been seized at Delphi, and imprison- 
ed. Thyestes knew his son, and made himself 
know^n to him; he made him espouse his cause, 
and instead of becoming his father's murderer, 
he rather avenged his wrongs, and returned to 
Atreus, whom he assassinated. Vid. Thyestes, 
^rEgisthiis, Ptlopca, J)s:amemnon, and Mene- 
laus.— Hysin. fab. 83, 86, 87, 88, and 258.— 
Euripid. in Orest. in Ip/iig. Taur. — Plut. in 
ParalL—Paus. 9, c. 40.—/Jpollod. 3, c. 10.— 
Seiiec. in Atr. 

Atridje, a patronymic given by Homer to 
Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the sons 
of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of 
Hesiod; Lactantius, Dictys of Crete, &c. who 
inain*§}in Ihat these princes were not the sons 
of Atpens, but of Plisthenes, and that they 
were brought up in the house and under the 
eye of their grandfather. Vid. Plisthenes. 

Atronius, a friend of Turnus, killed by the 
Trojans. Virg. ^n. 10. 

Atbopatia, a part of Media. Slrab. 

Atropos, one of the Parcee, daughters of 
Nox and Erebus. According to the deriva- 
tion of her name (xnonrei7:Mmuto) she is in- 
exorable, and inflexible, and her duly among 
the three sisters is to cut the thread of life, 
without any regard to sex, age, or quality. 
She was represented by the ancients in a 
black veil, with a pair of scissoi*s in her hand. 
Pld. Parcse. 

T. Q. Atta, a writer of merit in the Au- 
gustan age, who seems to have received this 
name from some deformity in his legs or feet. 
His compositions, dramatical as well as satiri- 
cal, were held in universal admiration, though 
Horace thinks of thera with indiffei-ence. Ilo- 
ra/.2, ep. 1, v 79. 17 



AT 

Attalia, a city of Faraphylia, built by king 
Attalus. Strab. ' 

Attalicus. Vid. Attalus 3d. 

Attalus 1st, king of Pergamus, succeeded 
Euraenes 1st. He defeated the Gauls wh© 
had invaded his dominions, extended his con- 
quests to mount Taurus, and obtained the as- 
sistance of the Romans against Autiochus. The 
Athenians rewarded his merit with great ho- 
nours. He died at Pergamus after a reign of 
44 years, B. C. 197. Liv. 26, 27, 28, &c.— Po- 

lyb. 5.— Strab. 13. The 2d of that name, 

was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brotlier 
Eumenes the 2d, and at his return was ap- 
pointed guai-dian to his nephew Attalus the 
3d, Avho w as then an infant. Prusias made suc- 
cessful war against him, and seized his capital ;. 
but the conquest Avas stopped by the interfe- 
rence of the Romans, who restored Attalus to 
his throne. Attalus, who has received the 
name of Philadelphus, from his fraternal love, 
was a munificent patron of learning, and the 
founder of several cities. He was poisoned by 
his nephew in the 82d year of his age, B. C. 
138. He had governed'the nation with great 
prudence and moderation for 20 years. Strab. 

13.— PoJyb. 5. The 3d, succeeded to the 

kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Atta- 
lus the 2d, and made himself odious by his 
cmelty to his relations, and his wanton exer- 
cise of power. He was son to Eumenes 2d, and 
surnamed Philopator. He left the cares of 
government to cultivate his garden, and to 
make experiments on the melting of metals. 
He lived in great amity with the Romans ; and 
as he died without issue by his wife Berenice, 
he left in his will the words P. R. meorum hoe- 
res eslo, which the Romans interpreted as 
themselves, and therefore took possession of 
his kingdom, B. C. 133, and made of it a Ro- 
man province, which they governed by a pro- 
consul. From this circumstance, whatever 
was a valuable acquisition, or an ample fortune, 
was always called by the epithet Attalicus. 
Attalus, as well as his predecessors, made 
themselves celebrated for the valuable libra- 
ries which they collected at Pergamus, and for 
the patronage which merit and virtue always 
found at their court. Liv. 24, &,c. Plin. 7. 

8, 33, kc— Justin. 39.— Moral. 1, od. 1. 1 

An officer in Alexanders array. Curt. 4, c. 

13. Another very inimical to Alexander. 

He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alex- 
ander was accused of the murder. Curt. 6. c. 

9, 1. 8, c. 1. A philosopher, preceptor to 

Seneca. Senec. ep. 108. An astronomej* 

of Rhodes. 

Attarras, an officer who seized those that 
had conspired with Dymnus against Alexan- 
der. Curt. 6. 

Atteius Capito, a consul in the age of Au- 
gustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal 
laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of 
a senator. Vid. Ateius. 

Attes, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was 
born impotent. He introduced the worship of 
Cybele among the Lydians,and became a great 
favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous 
of his success, and .sent a wild boar to lay waste 
the country, and destroy Attes. Pans. 7, c. 17. 

Attiiis, a daughter of Cranaus the 2d, king 
! of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, ac' 
cording to Apollod. 3, c M, 



AY 

Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at 
tlie south of Boeotia, west of the ^Egean sea, 
north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Me- 
gara. It received its name from Atthis the 
daughter of Cranaus. It was originally called 
Ionia, from the lonians, who settled there ; 
and also Acte, wliich signifies sliorCi and Ce- 
cropia, from Cecrops, the first of its kings. 
The most famous of its cities is called Athens, 
whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of 
Ailici. Attica was famous for its gold and sil- 
ver mines, which constituted the best part of 
tlie public revenues. The face of the country 
•was partly level and partly mountainous, divi- 
ded into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, iEantis, 
Antiochjs, Attalis, /Egeis, Erechtheis, Adrian- 
is, Hippothoontis. Cecropis, Leontis, ^neis, 
Ptolemais. and Pandionis; whose inhabitants 
M'ere numbered in the 116th olympiad, at 
31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, wilhin 174 
villages, some of which were considerable 
towns, Vid. Athenae. 

Atticus, oneofGalba's servants, who en- 
tered his palace with a bloody sword, and de- 
clared he had killed Otho. Tacit. Hist. 1 



(T. Pomponius) a celebrated Roman knight to 
whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, 
which contained the general history of the age. 
They are now extant, and divided into 17 
books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atti- 
€us retired to Athens, where he so endeared 
himself to the citizens, that after his departure, 
they erected statues to him in commemoration 
of his munificence and liberality. He was such 
a perfect master of the Greek writers, and 
spoke their language so fluently, that he was 
sarnamed Jitticus., and as a proof of his learn- 
ing, he favoured the world with some of his 
compositions. He behaved in such a disinter- 
ested manner, that he offended neither of the 
inimical parties at Rome, and both were equal- 
ly anxious of courting his approbation. He li- 
ved in the greatest intimacy with tlie illustrious 
men of his age, as he was such a lover of truth, 
tliathe not only abstained from falsehood even 
in a joke, but treated with the greatest con- 
tempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is 
gaid that he refused to take aliments when un- 
able to get the better of a fever, and died in his 
77th year, B. C. 32, after bearing the amiable 
character of peace-maker among his friends. 
Corndius jYcpos, one of his intimate friends, 
has written a minute account of his life. Cic 

ad Atlic, k.c. Hcrodes, an Athenian in the 

age of the Antonines, descended from Miltia- 
des. and celebrated for his munificence. His 
son of the same name, was honoured with the 
consulship, and he generously erected an aque- 
duct at TroaS: of Avhich he had been made go- 
vernor by the emperor Adrian, and raised in 
other parts of the empire several i)ublic 
buildings as useful as they were magnificent. — 
Fkiloslrat. in vit. 2, p. 548,— .5. Gdl. nod. 
Jilt. A consul in the age of INero, k.c. Ta- 
cit. Jinn. 15 

Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns, a 
nation in the southern parts of Scythia, who in- 
vaded the Ivonian empire in the reign of Val- 
rnliuian, with an army of 500,000 men, and 
laid waste the provinces. He took the town of 
Aquileia, and marched against Roi;io ; but his 
retreat and peace \v(;re purchased with a large 
sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attii;i; 



AT 

who boasted in the appellation of the scourge 
of God, died A. D. 45^, of an uncommon effu- 
sion of blood the first night of his nuptials. He 
had expressed his wish to extend his conquests 
over the whole world ; and he often feasted his 
bai'barity by dragging captive kings in his train. 
Jornand. de Reb. Get. 

Attilius, a Roman consul in the first 
Punic war. Vid. Regulus. Calatinus, a Ro- 
man consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet 

Marcus, a poet who translated the Elec- 

tra of Sophocles into Latin verse, and wrote 
comedies whose unintelligible language procu- 
red him the appellation oiFcrreus. Regu- 
lus, a Roman censor w ho built a temple to the 

goddess of concord. Liv. 23, c. 23, &-c. 

The name of Attilius was common among the 
Romans, and many of the public magistrates 
are called Attilii ; their life however is not fa- 
mous for any illustrious event. 

Attinas, an officer set over Bactriana by 
Alexander. Curt. 8. 

Attius Pelignus, an oflScer of Caesar. 

C(zs. Bell. Civ. 1. Tullias, the general of 

the V'olsci, to w hom Coriolanus fled when ba- 
nished from Rome. Liv. Varus seized 

Auxinum in Pompey's name, whence he was 
expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which 
he alienated from J. Caesar. Cas, 1, Bell. 

Civ. A poet. Vid. Accius. The family 

of the Attii was descended from Atys, one of 
the companions of ^neas, according to the 
opinion which Virgil has adopted. Mn. 5, v. 
568. 

AtPrus, a river of Gaul, now^ the AdowTf 
which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean moun- 
tains into the bay of Biscay. Lucan. 1, v. 420. 

ATYADiE, the descendants of Atys the Ly- 
dian. 

Atvs, an ancient king ofLydia, who sent 
away his son Tyrrhenus, with a colony of Ly- 
dians, who settled in Italy. Herodot. 1, c. 7. 

A son of Croesus king of Lydia. He was 

forbidden the use of all weapons by his father, 
who had dreamt that he had been killed. 
Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his fa- 
ther to permit him to go to hunt a wild boar, 
which laid waste the country of Mysia, and he 
was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom 
Croesus had appointed guardian over his son, 
and thus the apprehensions of the monarch 
were realized. Herodot. 1, c. 34, &f^'^ — Vid. 

Adrastus. A Trojan, who came ib Italy 

with J£.ne.BSi and is supposed to be the proge- 
nitor of the family of the Attii at Rome. Virg, 

JEn. 5, V. 568. A youth to whom Ismene 

the daughter of ffidipus was promised in mar- 
riage. He was killed by Tydeus before his 

nuptials. 57a/. Tlitb. 8, v. 598. A son of 

Limniace, the daughter of the river Ganges, 
who assisted Cepheus in preventing the mar- 
riage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus 
with a burning log of wood. Ovid. Md. 5, v. 

47. A celebrated shepherd of Phrygia, of 

whom the mother of the gods, generally called 
Cybele, became enamoured. She intrusted 
him with the are of her temple, and made 
him promise he always would live in celibacy. 
He violated his vow by an amour with the 
nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess made 
him so insane and delirious, that lie castrated 
himself with' a sharp stone. This was after- 
wardcjii^entionally niade by his sacerdotal sucf 



AV 

lessors in the service of Cybelej to prevent 
their breaking their vows of perpetual chasti- 
ty. This account is the most general and most 
approved. Others say, that the goddess be- 
came fond of Atys, because he had introduced 
her festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, 
and that she herself mutilated him. Pausanias 
relates, in Achaia, c. 17, that Atys was the son of 
tiie daughter of the Sangar, who became preg- 
nant by putting the bow of an almond tree in her 
bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions, once 
had an amorous dream, and some of the impu- 
rity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon 
after produced a monster of an human form, 
with the characteristics of the two sexes. 
This monster was called Adgistis, and was 
deprived by the gods of those parts which 
distinguish the male sex. From the mutilated 
parts which were thrown upon the ground, 
rose an almond tree, one of whose branches a 
nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in 
her bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as 
soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but pre- 
served by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis 
saw him in the wood, and was captivated with 
his beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate 
his nuptials with the daughter of the king of 
Pessinus, Agdistis, who was jealous of his ri- 
val, inspired by his enchantments the king and 
his future son-in-law with such an uncommon 
fury, that they both attacked and mutilated 
one another in the struggle. Ovid, says, Met. 
10, fab. 2, &c. that Cybele changed Atys 
into a pine-tree as he was going to lay vio- 
lent hands upon himself, and, ever after, that 
tree was sacred to the mother of the gods. 
After his death, Atys received divine honours, 
and temples were raised to his memory, par- 
ticularly at Dymae. Catull. de My. S^ JBerec. 
—Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 3, Fast. 4, v. 223, 

&c. — Lucian. in Ded Syria. Sylvus, son 

of Albius Sylvius, was king of Alba. Liv. 1, 
e. 3. 

AvARicusi, a strong and fortified town of 
Gaul, now called Bourges the capital of Ber- 
ry. C<BS. Bell. Gall. 7. 

AvELLA, a town of Campania, abounding 
in nuts, whence nuts have been called .^vel- 
lincR. Sil. 3 , v. 45, &c.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 740. 

AvENTiNus, a son of Hercules, by Rhea, 
wiio assisted Turnus against ^Eneas, and dis- 
tinguished himself by his valour. Virg. Mn. 

7, v. 657. A king of Alba, buried upon 

janount Aventine, Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 51. • 

One of the seven hills on which pail of the 
city of Rome was built. It was 13,300 feet 
in circumference, and was given to the peo- 
ple to build houses upon, by king Ancus Mar- 
tius. It was not reckoned within the precincts 
of the city till the reign of the emperor Clau- 
dius, because the soothsayers looked upon it 
as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been 
buried there, whose blood had been criminally 
shed. The word is derived, according to 
.some, ah avibus, because birds were fond of 
the place. Others suppose that it receives its 
name because Aventinus, one of the Alban 
kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, 
Diana, Bona Den, Hercules, and the goddess 
of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent tem- 
ples built upon it. Varro de L. L. 4. — Virg. 
JEn. 8, V. 235.— Liv. 1, c. 33. 

AvKnNus or Avlknaj a lake of Campa- 



AU 

nia, near Baiae, whose waters w^ere so un- 
wholesome and putrid, that no birds were 
seen on its banks ; hence its original name 
was !*ev©', avibus carens. The ancients made 
it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. 
Its circumference was five stadia, and its 
depth could not be ascertained. The waters 
of the Avernus were indispensably necessaiy 
in all enchantments and magical processes. 
It may be observed, that all lakes whose stag- 
nated waters were putrid and oiFensive to the 
smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. 
Virg. JEn. 4, v. 5.— 12, &c. 1. 6, v. 201, 
&c. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Slrab. — 5. — Diod. 4. — 
.Bristol, de Adm. 

AvESTA, a book composed by Zoroaster. 

AuFEiA AQUA, Called afterwards Marcia, 
was the sweetest and most wholesome water 
in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the 
city by Ancus Martius. 

AuFiDENA, now Alfidena, a city of the 
Peligni in Italy, whose inhabitants, called Au- 
Jidenates, were among the Sabines. Liv. 10, 
c. 12. 

AuriDiA LEX, was enacted by the tribune 
Aufidius Lurco, A. U. C. 692. It ordained, 
that if any candidate in canvassing for aa 
office, promised money to the tribunes, and 
failed in the performance, he should be excus- 
ed ; but if he actually paid it, he should be 
compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces. 

Aufidius, an eiFeminate person of Chios. 

Juv. 9, V. 25. Bassus, a famous historian 

in the age of Quintilian, who wrote an ac- 
count of Germany, and of the civil wars. 
A Roman senator, famous for his blindness 

and abilities. Cic. Tusc. 5. Lurco, a maa 

who enriched himself by fattening peacocks, 
and selling them for meat. Plin. 10.—— 
Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made a 
pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. 1 Sat, 
5, V. 34. 

AuFiDUS, a river of Apulia falling into the 
Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto. It was' 
on its banks that the Romans were defeated 
by Hannibal at Cannas. The spot is still 
shown by the inhabitants, and bears the name 
of the field of blood. Horat. 3, od. 30, 1. 4/ 
od. 9.— Virg. Mn. 11, v. 405. 

AuGA and Auge and Augea, daughter of 
Aleus king of Tegea, by Neeei-a, was ravished 
by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom 
she exposed in the woods to conceal her 
amours from her father. The child was pre- 
served, and called Telephus. Aleus was in- 
formed of his daughter's shame, and gave her 
to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius 
refused to perform the cruel office, and gave 
Auga to Teuthras, king of Mysia, who, be- 
ing without issue, adopted her as his daugh- 
ter. Some time after, the dominions of Teu- 
thras were invaded by an enemy, and the 
king promised his crown and daughter to hin» 
who could deliver him from the impending 
calamity. Telephus, who had been directed 
by the oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, 
if he wished to find his parents, offered his 
services to the king, and they were accepted. 
As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in 
consequence of the victory he had obtained, 
Auge rushed from him with secret horror, 
and the gods sent a serpent to sepai'ate theni. 
Auge implored the aid of Herculei, wh» 



AU 

ftiade Iier son known to her, and she return- 
ed with him to Tegea. Paiisanias says 
that Auo^e was confined in a coiFer with lier 
infant so^n, and thrown into the sea, where, af- 
ter being preserved and protected by Miner- 
va, she was found by king Tcuthras. ."Ipol- 
lod. 2 and 2.-~Paus. 8, c. 4.—Hygin. fab. 99 
and 100. 

AuGARus, an Arabian, who, for his good 
oifices, obtained tlie favour of Pompey, whom 

he vilely deceived. Dio. A king of Os- 

roerie, whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he 
had given him solemn i»romises of friendship 
and support. Dio. 78. 

AuG£iE, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c, 21. 
Another of Locris. 

AuGiAS and Augkas, son of Eleus, or 
Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and after- 
wards ascended tlie throne of Elis. He had 
an immense number of oxen and goats, and 
the stables in which they were kept had never 
been cleaned, so that the task seemed an im- 
possibility to any man. Hercules undertook 
it on promise of receiving as a reward, the 
tenth part of the herds of Augias, or some- 
thing equivalent. The hero changed the 
course of the river Alpheus, or, according to 
others, of the Peneus, which immediately 
carried away the dung and tilth from the sta- 
bles. Augias refused the promised recom- 
pense, on pretence that Hercules had made 
use of artifice, and had not experienced any 
labour or trouble, and he further drove his 
own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because 
he supported the claims of the hero. The 
refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules 
conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and 
gave the crown to Phyleus. Pausanias says. 
5, c, 2 and 3, that Hercules spared the life of 
Augias for the sake of his son, and that Phy- 
leus went to settle in Dulichium; and that at 
the death of Augias, his other son, Agas- 
theues, succeeded to the throne. Augias re- 
ceived, after his death, the honours which 
wave generally paid to a hero. Augias has 
been called the son of Sol, because^ Elius sig- 
nifies the sun. The proverb of jiugtan sta- 
ble is now applied to an impossibility. Hi/gin. 
fab. 14, 30, 157.— P/in. 17, c. 9.—Slrub. 8.— 
ApoUuil. 2. 

AuciL^,, a peojde of Africa, who supposed 
tliat there were no gods except the manes 
of the dead, of whom thev sought oracles. 
Mda, 1. 

AuGiBus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 39, 
c. 2. 

AuGUKKs, certain oflUcers at Rome who 
foretold future evects, whence their name, ah 
avium garritn. They were first created by Ro- 
mulus, to the number of three. Servius Tul- 
liiis added a fourtii, and the tribunes of the 
people A. U. C. 454, increased the nuniber to 
nuie ; and Sylla added >i\ more during his dic- 
tatorship. They had a particular college, and 
the chief amongst them was called magisttr 
collcgii. Their cifice was honourable; and if 
any one of them was convicted of any crime, 
he could not Ije dejMived of his privileges ; 
an indulgence granted to no other sacerdo- 
liil body at Rome. The uugur generally sat 
on a high towei to make his observations. His 
fare was turned towards the east, and he had 
the north to hb left, and the south at his right. 



AU 

With a crooked s,taffhe divided the face of tho^ 
heavens into four different }>arts, and after- 
wards sacrificed to the gods, covering his head 
with his vestment. Thei-e were generally five 
things from which the augurs drew omens: 
the first consisted in obser\ing the phaenomena 
of Uie heavens, such as thunder, lightning, co- 
mets, fee. The second kind of omen was 
drawn from the chirping or flying of birds. 
The third was from the sacred chickens, whose" 
eagerness or indifference in eating the bread 
which was thrown to them, was looked upon 
as lucky or nnlucky. The fourth was froni 
quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing 
in some unaccustomed place. The fiith was- 
from different casualties, w'hich were called 
Dira; such as spilling salt upon a table, or win© 
upon one's clothes, hearing strange noises, 
stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolfe, hare, 
fox, or pregnant bitch. From such supersti- 
tious notions did the Romans draw their pro- 
phecies ; the sight of birds on the left hand 
was always deemed a lucky object, and the 
words sinister and lavus, though generally 
supposed to be terms of ill luck, were always 
used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. Cic. 
de Div. — Liv. 1, fee. — Dionys. Hal. — Ovid. 
Fast. 

Augusta, a name given to seventy cities 
in the Roman provinces in honour of Augustus 

Ctesar. London, as capital of the countiy - 

of the Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trino- 
bantina. Messalina, famous for her debau- 
cheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the em- 
peror Claudius. Jav. 6, v. 118. 

AuGusTALiA, a festival at Rome, in com- 
memoration of the day on which Augustus re- 
turned to Rome, after he had established peace 
over the different parts of the empire. 

AuGusTiNus, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, 
distinguished himself by his writings, as well as 
by the austerity of his life. In his works, which 
are numerous, he displayed the powers of a 
great genius, and an extensive acquaintance 
with the philosophy of Plato. He died in the 
7<3tli year of his age, A. D. 430. The best 
edition of his works is that of the Benedict- fol. 
Ant. 1700 to 1703. 12 vols. 

AcGusTODUNUM, uow AutiiTi, a town of 
Gaul, the capital of the ancient uEdui. 

AuGusTULUs, the last Roman emperor of 
the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Odoacer^ 
king of the Heruli. 

Augustus Octavianus C;esar, second em- 
peror of Rome, was son of Octavius, a sena- 
tor, and Accia, daughter of Julius, and sister 
to Julius Ca;sar. He was adopted by his un- 
cle Caesar, and inherited the greatest part of 
his fortune. He lost his father at the age of 
four ; and though only eighteen when his 
uncle was murdered, he hastened to RoraCj 
where he ingratiated himself with the senate 
iurd people, and received the honoui-s of the 
coiisulship two years after, as the reward of his 
hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexpe- 
rience were ridiculed by his enemies, who 
branded him with the aj)pellation of hoy, yet 
lie i*ose in consequence by his prudence and 
valour, and made war against his opponents^ 
on pretence of avenging Uie death of his mur- 
dered uncle. But when he jierceived that by 
making him fight against Antony, the senate 
wished to debilitate both antagonists; he chan- 



AU 

ged his ^iews, and uniting himself with lii< 
cnemyj soon formed the second triumvirate, in 
which his cruel proscriptions shed the inno- 
cent blood of 300 senators and 2(30 knights, and 
did not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. 
By the divisions which were made among the 
triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the 
more important provinces of the west, and 
banished, as if it were, his colleagues, Lepidus 
and Antony, to more distant tenitories. But 
as long as the murderers of Caesar were alive, 
the reigning tyrants had reasons for appre- 
hension, and therefore the forces of the tri- 
umvirate were directed against the partisans 
of Brutus and the senate. The battle was de- 
cided at Philippi. where it is said that the va- 
lour and conduct of Antony alone preserved 
the combined so-mies, and effected the defeat 
of the republican forces. The head of the un- 
fortunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in 
insolent revenge thrown at the feet of Caesar's 
statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus re- 
warded his soldiers with the lands of those that 
had been proscribed ; but among the sufferers 
were many who had never injured the con- 
queror of Philippi, especially Virgil, whose 
modest application procured the restitution of 
his property. The friendship which subsisted 
between Augustus and Antony was broken as 
soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, 
and the aspiring heir of Ceesar was easily in- 
duced to take up arms by the little jealousies 
and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, how- 
ever, retarded hostilities ; the two rivals were 
reconciled; their united forces were success- 
fully directed against the younger Pompey; 
and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony 
agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of Augus- 
tus. But as this step was political, and not 
dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and 
Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and 
company of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augus- 
tus was incensed, and immediately took up 
arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and 
perhaps more eagerly to remove a man w^hose 
power and existence kept him in continual 
alarms, and made him dependent. Both par- 
ties met at Actium, B. C. 31, to decide the 
fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all 
the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. 
Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60 ships, 
and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, 
who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror 
soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alexan- 
dria, and honoured, with a magniticent funeral, 
tlie unfortunate Roman, and the celebrated 
queen, whom the fear of being led in the vic- 
tor's triumph at Rome had driven to commit 
suicide. After he had established peace all 
over the world, Augustas shut up the gates of 
the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was 
feorn. It is said he twice resolved to lay down 
the supreme [)ower, immediately after the 
victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards 
on account of his ill health ; but his friend Me- 
csenas dissuaded him, and observed, that he 
would leave it to Ijc the prey of t!ie most poAv- 
erful, and expose himself to ingratitude and to 
danger. H« died at Nola, in the 76th year of 
his age, A. D. 14, after he had held the so- 
vereign power during 44 years. Augustus 
was an active emperor, and consulted the 
good of the Romans tn-lth th? mostanxions 



AV 

care. He visited all the provinces except 
Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate pru- 
dence and experience gave rise to many salu- 
tary laws ; but it may be said, that he finished 
w ilh a good grace, what he began with cruelty. 
While making himself absolute, he took care 
to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty ; 
and if under the character and office of perpe- 
tual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was 
invested with all the power of sovereignty, he 
guarded against offending the jealous Romans, 
by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to 
read the letters he found after Porapey's de- 
feat, arose more from fear than honour, and 
he dreaded the discovery of names which 
would have perhaps united to sacrifice his am- 
bition. His good qualities, and many virtues 
he perhaps never possessed, have been trans- 
mitted to posterity by the pen of adulation or 
gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and 
Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscu- 
rity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress 
the remembrance of his uncle's violent fate, 
he aspired after a new title; and the submis- 
sive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving 
him the honourable appellation of Augustus, 
He has been accused of licentiousness and 
adultery, by his biographer; but the goodness 
of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, 
which in some instances he possessed, made 
some amends for his natural foibles. He was- 
ambitious of being thought handsome; and as 
he was publicly reported to be the son of Apol- 
lo, according to his mother's declaration, he 
wished his flatterers to represent him with 
the figiu'e and attributes of that god. Like 
Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he affected 
to have it thought that they possessed some 
divine irradiation ; and was well pleased, if, 
when he fixed his looks upon any body, they 
held down their eyes as if oveixome by the 
glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguish- 
ed himself by his learning; he Avas a perfect 
master of the Greek language, and wrote some 
tragedies, besides .memoirs of his life, and 
other works, all now lost. He was married 
three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to 
Livia ; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial 
connexions, and his only daughter, Julia, by 
Scribonia, disgraced herself and her father by 
the debauchery and licentiousness of her man- 
ners. He recommended, at his death, hiv 
adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He 
left his fortune partly to Tiberius, and to Drxis- 
sus, and made donations to the army and Ro- 
man people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem af. 
the desire of Augustus, whom he represented 
under the amiable and perfect character of 
i^neas. Siieton. in vita. — Horat. — Virgil. — 

Pans. — Tacit . Patcrcu!. Dio . Ccuis. — 

Oii(J. The namv3 of Jiiigusius was ailer- 

wards given to the successoi^ of Octavianus in 
the Roman empire as a personal, and the 
name of Caisar, as a family, distinction. In a 
more distant period of the empire, the title of 
Augustus was given ouly to the emperor, while 
tiiat ofCa;sar was bestowed on the second per- 
son in the state, who was considered as pre- 
sumjitive heir. 

AviDiF.Nvs. a rich and sordid man whom 
Horat. styles happy, 2 Ser. 2, v. 55. 

Avinius Cassius, a man saluted empe- 
ror, A. D. 175. He reigned only three mouth*. 



AU 

and was assassinated by a centurion. He was 
called a second Catiline, from his excessive 
love of bloodshed. Diod. 

RuFus Fkstus Avienus, a poet in the 
age of Theodosius, who translated the phe- 
nomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into Iambic 
verses. The best edition of what remains of 
him, is that of Cannegetier, 8vo. 1731. 

AviTus, a governor of JBritain under Nero. 

Tacit. An. 14. Alcinus, a christian poet; 

who wrote a poem in 6 books on original sin, 
&c. 

Avium, a city between Tyre and Sidon. 
Slrah. 16. 

AuLERcij a people of Gaul, between the 
Seine and the Loire. 

AuLESTEs, a king of the Etrurians when 

JEneas came into Italy. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 290. 

AuLETKs, a general who assisted ^Eneas in 

Italy, with 100 ships. Virg JEn. 10, v. 207. 

The surname of one of the Ptoleraean 

kings, father to Cleopatra. 

AuLis, a daughter of Ogyges. Paws. Exotic. 

A town of Boeotia near Chalcis on the 

sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired 
against Troy. They were detained there by 
contrary winds, by the anger of Diana, whose 
favourite stag hadbeen killed by Agamemnon. 
To appease the resentment of the goddess, 
Agamemnon was obliged to sacrifice his own 
daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana 
spared by substituting a ram. Virg. JEn. 4, 

V. 426.— On'rf. Met. 12, v. 9, he. Homer. 11. 

2, V. 303. 

AuLON, a mountain of Calabria, opposite 
Tarentiim, famous for its wine, which, ac- 
cording to Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 18, is superior to 
that of Falernum. Martial. 13, ep. 125. — 

Strab. 6. A place of Messenia. Paas. 

AuLONius, a surname of ^sculapius. 
AuLus, a preenomen, common among the 

Romans. Gellius. Vid. Gellius. 

Auras, an European river, flowing into 
the Ister from mount Heemus. Herudot. 4, 
0.49. 

AuRELiA LEX, was enacted A, U. C. 653, 
by the pretor L. Aurelius Cotta, to invest the 
Senatorial! and Equestrian orders, and the 
Tribuni ^Erarii, with judicial power. Ano- 
ther, A. U. C. 678. It abrogated a clause of 
the Lex Cornelia, and permitted the tribunes 
to hold other olfices after the expiration of the 
tiibuneship. 

AuRELiA, a town of Hispania Btetica. 

Tiie mother of J. Caisar. Suet, in Cas. '74. 

A fish woman. Juv. 4, v. 98. 

AuREMANus, emperor of Rome after 
Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even cruel 
in the execution of the laws, and punished his 
soldiers with unusual severity. He rendered 
himself famous for his military character; and 
his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated 
queen of Palmyra, gained him gieat honours. 
He beautified Rome, was charitable to the 
poor, and the author of many salutary laws. 
He was iiaturally brave ; and in all the battles 
he fought, it is said, he killed no less than 800 
jnen witli his own hand. In his triumph he 
exhil)ilcd to the Romans, people of 15 differ- 
ent nations, all of whidi he had conquered. 
He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. 
After a glorious reign of six years, as he 
mardicd against the nortlieru barbarians, he 



AU 

was assassinated near Byzantium, A. D. 275, 
29th January, by his soldiers, whom Mnes- 
theus had incited to rebellion against their 
emperor. This Mnestheus had been threaten- 
ed with death, for some ill behaviour to the 
emperor, and therefore he meditated hi» 
death. The soldiers, however, soon repented 
of their ingratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, 
and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild 

beasts. A physician of the fourth centuiy. 

Aurelius, emperor of Rome. Vid Anto- 
ninus Bassianus. A painter in the age of 

Augustus. Plin. 35. Victor, an historian 

in the age of Julian, two of whose compositions 
are extant, an account of illustrious men, and 
a biography of all the Caesars to Julian. The 
best editions of Aurelius are the 4to. of Artu- 
zenius, Amst. 1733, and the 8vo. of Pitiscus, 

Utr. 1696. Antoninus, an emperor. Vid. 

Antoninus. 

AuREOLus, a general who assumed the pur- 
ple in the age of Gallienus. 

AuRiNiA, a prophetess held in great vene- 
ration by the Germans. Tacit. Gei^n. 8. 

Aurora, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion 
and Thia or Thea, or, according to others, of 
Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son of 
Crius, and brother to Perses, was her father) 
hence her surname of Pallantias. She mar- 
ried Astraeus, by whom she had the winds, the 
stars, &.C. Her amours with Tithonus and 
Cephalus are also famous; by the former, she 
had Memnon and .^mathion, and Phajton by 
the latter. [Vid. Cephalus and Tithonus.] 
She had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she 
carried to the island of Delos, where he was 
killed by Diana's arrows. Aurora is generally 
represented by the poets drawn in a rose- 
coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy 
fingers the gates of the east, pouring the dew 
upon the earth, and making the flowers grow. 
Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, 
and she is covered with a veil. JXox and Som- 
nus fly before her, and the constellations of 
heaven disappear at her approach. She al- 
ways sets out before the sun, and is the fore- 
runner of his rising. The Greeks call her 
Eos. Homer. II. 8, Od. 10. Hymn, in Vener. — 
Olid. Met. 3, 9, 15.— Mpollod. 1, 3.— Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 535 — Varro. de L. L. 5, he. — He- 
siod. Theog. — Hygin. pref. fab. 

Aukunce, an ancient town of Latium, built 
by An son, the son of Ulysses by Calypso. 
Virg. ^n. 7, v. 727, &c 

AuscmSiE, a people of Libya. Herodot.A, 
c. 17L 

Ausci, a people of Gaul. 

AusER, AusEKis, and Anser, a river of 
Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls 
into the Tyrrhene sea. 

AusEs, a people of Mrica, whose virgins 
yearly fight with sticks in honour of Minerva. 
She who behaves with the greatest valour re- 
ceives unusual honour, Lc. Herodot. 4, c. 180, 

AusoN, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from 
whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are de- 
scended. 

AusoNiA, one of the ancient names of 
Italy, which it received from Auson the son of 
Ulysses. If Virgil makes iEneas speak of 
Ausonia, it is by anticipation. Virg. JEn. 3, 
V. 171. 

Decim, Magnus Ausoyiws, a poet, born 



AU 

at Bourdeaux in Gaul, in the 4th century, pre- 
septor to Gratian, »on of the emperor Valen- 
tinian, and made consul by the means of his 
pupil. His compositions have been long ad- 
mired. The thanks he returned the emperor 
Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which 
were too often hurried for publication, and 
consequently not perfect. He wrote the con- 
sular fasti of Rome, an useful performance, 
now lost. His style is occasionally obscene, 
and he has attempted upon the words of Vir- 
gil, what revolts every thing against his indeli- 
cacy. The best edition is that of ToUius, 8vo. 
L.Bat. 1671} or that of Jaubert, with a French 
ti'anslation, 4 vols. 12mo. Paris, 17C9. 

Auspices, a sacerdotal order at Rome, near- 
ly the same as the augurs. Vid. Augures. 

AusTER, one of the winds blowing from the 
south, whose breath was pernicious to llowers 
as well as to health. He was parent of rain. 
Virg. Ed. 2, v. 58. Vid. Venti. 

AusTESiox, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. 
His son Theras led a colony into an island, 
which, from him, was called Thera. Heredot. 
4. — Pans. 

AuTOBULUs, a painter. Plin. 35. 

Autochthones, the original inhabitants of 
a country who are the first possessors of it, 
and who never have mingled with other na- 
tions. The Athenians called themselves Au- 
tochthones, and boasted that they were as old 
as the country which they inhabited. Pans. 

I, c. 14. — Tacit, de Germ. — Cic. dt Oral. 3, 
c. 83. 

AuTocLES, an Athenian, sent by his coun- 
trymen with a fleet to the assistance of Alex- 
ander of Pheras. 

AuTocRATEs, au historiao mentioned by 
Athen. 9 and 11. 

AuTOLOLiE, a people of Mauritania, de- 
scended from the Gsetuli. They excelled all 
their neighbours in running. Lucan. 4, v. 
677. 

AuToLYcus, a son of Mercuiy by Chione, 
a daughter of Daedalion. He was one of the 
Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been 
greatly celebrated. ' He stole the flocks of his 
neighbours, and mingled them with his own, 
after he had changed their marks. He did the 
same to Sisyphus son of tEoIus ; but Sisyphus 
was as crafty as Autolycus, and he knew his 
own oxen by a markwhich he had made under 
their feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the 
artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediately form- 
ed an intimacy with him, and even permitted 
him freely to enjoy the company of his daugh- 
ter Anticlea, who became pregnant of Ulys- 
ses, and was soon after married to Laertes. 
Vid. Sisyphus, Laertes. Hygin. fab. 200, kc. 
Grid. Met. 1, fab. Q.—Jipollod. I.— Homer. Od. 

14. A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. Hy- 

gin. fab. 14. 

Automate, one of the Cyclades, called 

also Hera. Plin. 2, c. 37. A daughter of 

Danaus. 

AuTOMEDON, a son of Dioreus, who went 
to the Trojan war with ten ships. He was the 
charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he 
served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. Homer. 

II. 9, IG, k.c.— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 477. 
AuTOMEDiJsA, a daughter of Alcathous, 

killed by Tydens. ^polled. 2. 
AuTOME.NES, one pf the lleraclidae, king 



AZ 

of Corinth. At his death, B. C. 779, annual 
magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at 
Corinth, and their power continued 90 years, 
till Cypselus, and his son Periander made 
themselves absolute. 

AuTOMoLi, a nation of .Ethiopia. Hero- 
dot. 2. 

AuTONoE, a daughter of Cadmus, who 
married Aristaeus, by whom she had Actaeon, 
often called Autoneius heros. The death of 
her son [Vid. Actaeon] was so painful to her, 
that she retired from Bceotia to Megara, where 
she soon after died. Paus. 1, c. 44. — Hygin. 

fab. 179.— Oi'ifZ. Met. 3, v. 720. One of 

the Danaides. Jipollod. 2. One of the Ne- 
reides. Hesiod. Theog. A female servant 

of Penelope. Homer. Od. 18. 

AuTOPHKADATEs, a satrap of Lydia, who 
revolted from Artaxerxes. Diod. 

AuTURA, the Eurcy a river of Gaul which 
falls into the Seine. 

AuxEsiA and DAMiA,two virgins who came 
from Crete to Trcezene, where the inhabitants 
stoned them to death in a sedition. The E))i- 
daurians raised them statues by order of the 
oracle, when their country was become bar- 
ren. They were held in great veneration at 
Trcezene. Herodot. 5, c. 82. — Paus. 2, c. 30. 

AxEKUs, the ancient name of the Euxine 
sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which 
was highly applicable to the manners of the 
ancient inhabitants of the coast. Ovid. 4. 
Trist. 4, V. 56. 

AxiocHus, a philosopher, to whom Plato 
dedicated a treatise concerning death. 

AxioN, brotlier of Alphesibosa, murdered 
Alcmaeon, her sister's husband, because he 
wished to recover from her a golden necklace. 
Vid. Alcmajon and Alphesiboea. 

AxioTEA, a woman who regularly went in 
a man's dress to hear the lectures of Plato. 

AxioTHEA, the wife of Nicocles, king of 
Cyprus. Polyam. 8. 

Axis, a town of Umbria. Prop. 4. 

Axius, a river of Macedonia. Herodot 7, 
c. 123. 

AxoNA, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls 
into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitan(8 
of the neighbourhood are called Axones. 

AxuR and Anxur, a surname of Jupiter, 
who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly, He 
was represented as a beardless youth. 

Axus, a town about the middle of Crete. 
Apollod. 

AzAN, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to 

Cybele. A son of Areas, king of Arcadia, 

by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his 
father's kingdom with his brothers Aphidas 
and Elatus, and called his share Azania. 
There was in Azaniaa fountain called Clilorl- 
us, whose w^aters gave a dislike for wine to 
those who drank them. Vitruv. 8, c. 3. — Ovid. 
Met. 15, V. 322.— Pans. 8, c. 4. 

AziRis, a place of Libya, smTOunded on 
both sides by delightful hills covered with 
trees, and watered by a river where Battus 
built a town. Herodot. 4, c. 157. 

AzoNAx, a man who taught Zoroaster the 
art of magic. Plin. 30. 

AzoRus, one of the Argonauts. 

AzoTus, now jlshdod, a large town of Syria, 
on the borders of the .Mediterranean. Joseph. 
Jlnt. Jud. 15. 



BA 

BABILIUS, ^ Roman, who, by tUe help ol 
a certain herb, is said to have parsed in 
six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. 
Plin. pram. 19. 

Baeilus, an astrologer in Nero's age, who 
told the emperor to avert the danger which 
seemed to hang upon his head, from the ap- 
pearance of an hoiry comet, by putting all the 
leading men of Rome to death. His advice 
was faithfully followed. Sneto7i. inJVer. c. 36. 

Babylon, a son of Belus, who, as some sup- 
pose, founded a city which bears his name 



A celebrated city, tlie capital of the Assyrian 
empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 
100 brazen gates ; aud its walls, which were 
cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged 
»nd embellished by the activity of Semiramis; 
measured 480 stadia in circumference, 60 cu- 
bits in thickness, and 200 in height. It v,as 
taken by Cyrus, B. C. 638, after he had drain- 
ed the waters of the Euphrates into a new 
channel, and marched his troops by night into 
the town, through the dried bed ; and it is said 
that the fate of the extensive capital was uij- 
known to the inhabitants of the distant faub- 
urbs till late in the evening. Babylon became 
famous for the death of Alexander, and for 
the new empire which was afterwards esta- 
blished there under the Seleucidse. [Firf. Syria.] 
Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding 
ages, according to Pliny's observations, that 
in his lime it w^as but a desolate wilderness, 
and at present the place where it stood is un- 
known to travellers. The inhabitants were 
cai'Iy acquainted with astrology. FUn. 6, c. 
126. — Hcrodol. 1, 2, 3. — Justin. 1, k.c. — JDiod. 
2. — Xtnoph. Ci/rop. 7, kc. — Propert. 3, el. 11, 
V. 21— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 2.— Martial. 9, ep. 77. 

There is also a town of the same name 

near tlie Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt. 

Babylonia, a large province of Assyria, of 
which Babylon was the capital. The inhabi- 
tants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and after- 
wards became very powerful. — The surname 
of Seleucia, which rose from the ruins of Baby- 
lon, under the successors of Alexander. Plin. 
6, c. 26. 

Babykonii, the inhabitants of Babylon, 
famous for their knowledge of astrology, first 
divided the year into 12 months, and the zo- 
diac into 12 signs. 

Babyrsa, a fortified castle near Artaxata. 
Slrab. 11. 

Babytace, a city of Armenia, whose in- 
h.'ibitants despise gold. Piiii. 6, c. 27. 

Bacabasus, betrayed the snares of Arta- 
banus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. 
Jiistiji. 3, c. 1. 

Baccii^, the priestesses of Bacchus. Paus. 
2, c. 7. 

Bacchanalia? festivals in honour of Bac- 
chus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the 
Greeks. Vid. Dionysia. 

Bacchantes, priestesses of Bacchus, who 
are represented at the celebration of the or- 
gies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, witii 
a thyrsus and dishevelled hair. Their looks 
ai-c wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and 
clash diflVrent musical instruments together. 
They are also called Thyades and Menades. 
OriJ. Mil. G, V. b92.—Uorat. 3, od. 2o.— Pro- 
pert. 3, el. 21. — Lucan. 1, v. 074. 

Bacchi, a moiiuUiin of Thrace, near Phi- 
Itppi. ,/ippifin 



BA 

Bacchiad^, a Corinthian family descend- 
ed from Bacchia, daughter of Dionysius. In 
their nocturnal orgies, they, as some report, 
tore to pieces Actaeon, son of Melissus, which 
so enraged the father, that before the altar he 
entreated the Corinthians to revenge tlie death 
of his son, and immediately threw himself in- 
to the sea. Upon this the BacchiadiB were 
banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between 
Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 407. 
Slrab. 8. 

Bacchides, a general who betrayed the 
town of Sinope to Lucullus. Strab. 12. 

Bacchis or Balus, king of Corinth, suc- 
ceeded his father Prumnides. His successors 
were always called Bacdiide, in remembrance 
of the equity and moderation of his reign. 
The Bacchidse increased so much, that they 
chose one of their number to preside among 
them with regal authority, and it is said that 
the sovereign power continued in their hands 
near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this in- 
stitution by making himself absolute. Strab. 
S.—Paus. 2, c. 4.--Herodot. 5, c. 92.— Ovid. 
Met. 5, V. 407. 

Bacchium, a small island in the iEgean sea, 
opposite Smyrna. Plin. 5, c. 3. 

Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated 
gladiators of equal age and strengtli; whence 
the proverb to express equality, Bithus con- 
tra Bacchium. Sueton. in Aug. — Horat. 1, sat. 
7, v. 20. 

Bacchus, was son of Jupitei* and Semele, 
the daughter of Cadmus. After she had en- 
joyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was 
deceived, and perished by the artifice of 
Juno. This goddess, always jealous of her 
husband's amours, assumed the shape of Be- 
roe, Semele's nurse, and persuaded Semele 
that the lover whom she entertained was not 
Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove 
his divinity she ought to beg of him, if hs 
really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with 
the same majesty as he courted the embraces 
of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and wiien 
Jnpiter promised Iris mistress whatever she 
asked, Semele required him to visit her with 
all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unabl« 
to violate his oath, tmd Semele unwiliingto re- 
tract it ; therefore, as she was a mortal, and 
unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was 
consumed, and reduced to ashes. The child, 
of which she had been pregnant for seven 
months, was with difficulty saved from the 
flames; mid put in his father's thigh, where he 
remained the full time he naturally va as to 
have been in his mother's womb. From this 
circumstance Bacchus has been called Bima- 
ler. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of 
the Achelous, saved him from the flames. 
There are dillcrent traditions concerning the 
manner of his education. Ovid says, that af- 
ter his birth, he was brought up by his aunt 
Ino, and afterwards intrusted to the care of 
the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes, that 
Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the 
nym|)hs of IVysa; and ApoUonius says, that he 
Avas carried by Mercury to a nymph in the 
island of Eubcea, whence he was driven by the- 
power of Juno, who was the chief deity of th^ 
place. Some support, that Pvasus can boast 
of the place of his education, under the 
nymphs Philia; GoroniS; and Ciyda. Pausii 



BA 

nias relates a tradition which prevailed in the 
townof BrcLsifie in l^eloponiiesus; and accord- 
ingly mentions, that Cadmus, as soon as he 
heard of his daughter's amours, shut her up. 
with her child lately born, in a coffer, and ex- 
posed them oa the sea. The corter was car- 
ried safe by the waves to the coast of Brasiae ; 
but Semele was found dead aud the child 
alive. Semele was honoured with a raagaifi- 
cent funeral, and Bacchus properly educated. 
This diversity of opinions shows that there 
were many of the same name. Diodorus 
speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater num- 
ber ; but among them all, the son of Jupiter 
and Semele seems to have obtamed the merit 
of the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyp- 
tians, and his history is di'awn from the Egyp- 
tian traditions concerning that ancient king. 
Bacchus assisted the gods in their wai's against 
the giants, and was cut to pieces ; but the son 
of Semele was not then born: this tradition 
therefore is taken from the history of Osiris, 
who was killed by his brother Typhon, and the 
worship of Osiris has been introduced by Or- 
pheus into Greece, underthe name of Bacchus, 
in his youth he was taken asleep in the island 
of Naxos, aud carried away by some mariners, 
whom he changed into dolphins, except the 
pilot, who had expressed some concern at his 
misfortune. His expedition into the east is 
most celebrated. He marched at the head 
of an army composed of men, as well as of 
women, all inspired with divine fury, and 
armed with thyrsuses, cymbals, and other 
musical instruments. The leader was drawn 
in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was 
accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and all the 
satyrs. His conquests were easy and with- 
out bloodshed; the people easily submitted, 
and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god 
the hero who taug-ht them the use of the vine, 
the cultivation of the eai-th, and the manner 
of making honey. Amidst his benevolence 
to mankind, he was relentless in punishing 
all want of respect to his divinity ; and the 
punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, 
Lycurgus, kc. is well known. He has re- 
ceived the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyaeus, 
Evan, Thyonaeus, Psilas, i^c. which are most- 
ly derived from the places where he received 
adoration, or from the ceremonies obsei'ved 
in his festivals. As he was the god of vin- 
tage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is gene- 
rally represented crowned with vine and ivy 
leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure 
is that of an etieminate young man, to denote 
tlie joy which commonly prevail at feasts ; 
and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us 
that wine taken immoderately wiUeiiervate us, 
consume our health, render us loquacious and 
childish like old men, and unable to keep se- 
crets. The panther is sacred lo him, because 
he went in his expedition covered with the 
skin of that beast. The magpye is also his fa- 
vourite bird, because in triumphs people were 
permitted to speak witii baldness and liberty. 
Bacchus is sometimes represented like an in- 
fant, holding a thyrsus and cluster of grapes, 
with a horn. He often appears naked, and ri- 
ding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the Eirms 
of vSile.nus, who was his foster-father. He also 
sitii upon a celestial globe, bespangled with 
stars, and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris 



BA 

of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally 
called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were 
introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus 
and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries 
which arose from the celebration of these fes- 
tivals are will known. IVid. Dionysia.] The 
amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He 
married Ariadne, after she had been forsaken 
by Theseus in the island of Naxes; and by 
her he had many children, among whom were 
Ceranus, Thoas, (Enopion, Tauropolis, &,c. 
According to some, he was the father of Hy- 
menaeus, whom tbe Athenians made the god 
of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed pigs to 
him, before the doors of their houses. The fir- 
tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, the ivy, and 
the vine, were sacred to him ; and the goat 
was generally sacrificed to him on account of 
the great propensity of that animal to destroy 
the vine. According to Pliny, he was the first 
who ever wore a crown. His beauty is com- 
pared to that of Apollo, and, like him"i he is re- 
presented with fine hair loosely flowing dowa 
his shoulders, and he is said to possess eternal 
youth. Sometimes he has hornS; either be- 
cause he taught the cultivation of the earth 
with oxen, or because Jupiter, his father, ap- 
peared to him in the deserts of Libya under 
the shape of a ram, and supplied his thirsty- 
army with water. Bacchus went down to hell 
to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly 
made a goddess, under the name of Thyone. 
The three persons of the name of Bacchus, 
which Diodorus mentions, are, the one who 
conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the 
bearded Bacchus ; a son of Jupiter and Pro- 
serpine, who was represented with horns ; and 
the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bac- 
chus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero 
are, a son of Proserpine ; a son of Nisus, who 
built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in 
the Indies ; a son of Jupiter and the moon ; and 
a son of Thyone and Nisus. Cic. de JYat. D. 
2 and 3.—Pam. 2, c. 22, 37, 1. 3, c. 24, 1. 5, c. 
19, Uc.—Herodot. 1, c. 150, 1. 2, c. 42, 48, 49, 
Plut. in hid. Sf Osir.—Diod. 1, 3, kc— Or- 
pheus in Dioni/s. — Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 4, 
6ic. — Ovid. Met. 3, fab, 3, he. Amor. 3, 1. 3, 
Fast. 3, V. Ilo.—Hygln. fab. 155, 167, kc— 
Plin. 7, c. 56, 1. 8, c. 2, 1. 36, c. 5.— Homer. IL 
6. — Lad. de fals. Rel. 1, c. 22. — Virg. G.2, 
<^c. — Euripid in Bacch. — Lucian. de Sacrif. 
de Baccho. in dial. Deor — Appian. in Cyfieg. 
— PliiLostrai. 1, Icon. c. 50. — Senec. in Ctior. 
(Edip.— Martial. 8, ep. 26, 1. 14, ep. 107. 

Bacchylidjes, a lyric poet of Cos, nephevif 
to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the 
praises of Hiero. Some of his vei*ses have 
been preserved. Marcel. 

Bacenis, a wood in Germany. CoiS. Bell. 
Gall. 6, c. 10, 

Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Bojotia. Cic. 

1, de Div. C.34. A king of Corinth, called 

also Bacchis. Vid. Bacchis. An athlete of 

Trcezene. Paus. 6. 

Bactra (ormny) now Balk, the capital of 
Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. F/rg. 
G. 2, V. ISS.—Strab. 2. 

Bactri and Bactriani, the inhabitants of 
Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and 
were always under arms. They ga.e to their 
dogs those who died tlirougii old age, or dis- 
ease, and suffered slaves and strangeri to take 



BA 

ivhalever liberties they pleased with their 
wives. They were conquered by Alexander 
the Great. Curt. 4, c. 6, &c. Plin. 6, c. 23.— 
Flut. in vitios. ad infel. siiff. — Herodot. 1 and 3. 

Bactriana, a country of Asia, fruitful as 
well as extensive. It formed once part of the 
Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which 
it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient 
king of this country, who taught his subjects 
the art of magic and astrology. Diod. 2. — 
Justin. 1, c. 1. 

Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the bor- 
ders of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactri- 
ana receives its name. Lucan. 3, v. 267. 

Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which 
falls into the Save above Sirmium. 

Badaca, a town of Media. Diod. 19. 

Badia, a town of Spain, Val. Max. 3, c. 7. 

Badius, a Campanian, who challenged T. 
Q. Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he 
was killed. Liv. 35, c. 18. 

Baduhennte, a place in the country of the 
Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. Tacit. 
4. Mn. c. 73. 

B^BiA LEX was enacted for the election of 
4 pretors every other year. Liv. 40. Ano- 
ther law by M. Baebius a tribune of the peo- 
ple, which forbade the division of the lands, 
whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by 
the possessors, and to be divided among the 
people. Appian 1. 

M. B^Bius, a Roman, in whose consulship 
the tomb of Numa was discovered. Plut. in 

Num. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1. Lucius, a Roman 

pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians, 
fled to Marseilles, where he died three days 
after. Liv. 37, c. 57. 

B.^Tis, a river of Spain, from which a part 
of the country has received the name of Bati- 
ca. It was formerly called Tartessus, and now 
bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool 
produced there was so good that Boetica was 
an epithet of merit, applied to garments. Mar- 
tial. 12, ep. 100. 

Bteton, a Greek historian in the age of Al- 
exander. 

Bagistame, a delightful country of Media. 
Diod. 17. 

Bagistanes, a friend of Bessus, whom he 
abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curl. 
6, c. 13. 

Bacoas and Bagosas, an Egyptian eunuch 
in the court of Artaxerxes Ocliius, so power- 
ful that nothing could be done without his 
consent. He led some troops against the 
Jews, and profaned their temple. He poisoned 
Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife 
handles with his bones, because he had killed 
the god Apis. He placed on the throne Ar- 
ses, the youngest of the slaughtered prince's 
children, and afterwards put him to death. 
He was at last killed, B. C. 335, by Darius, 
whom, alter raising to the crown, he had at- 
tempted to poison. Diod. 16 and 17. Ano- 
ther, greatly esteemed by Alexander. He was 
the cause that one of the satraps was put to 
death by the most excruciating torments. Curt. 

10, c. 1. — Plut. in Alex. The name of Ba- 

goas occurs very frequently in the Persian his- 
tory ; and it seems tliat most of the eunuchs 
ot flic monarchs of Per.sia were generally 
knoAVi. by tliat appellation. 

Bagodares, a iriend of Bessus, whom he 



BA 

abandoned when he attempted the life of D'a- 
rius. Diod 17. 

Bagophanes, a governor of Babylon, who 
when Alexander approached the city, strew- 
ed all the streets and burned incense on 
the altars, &,c. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Afri- 
ca near Utica, where Regulus killed a ser- 
pent 120 feet long. Plin. 8, c. 14. 

Bai^e, a city of Campania near the sea, 
founded by Baius, one of the companions of 
Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situa- 
tion and baths, where many of the Romaa 
senators had country iiousea. Its ancient gran- 
deur, however, has now disappeared, and 
Baiae, with its magnificent villas, has yielded 
to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict 
and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be 
found. Martial. 14, ep. 81, — Horat. \, ep. 1. 
—Strab. 5. 

Bala, a surname of Alexander king of Sy- 
ria. Justin. 35, c. 1, 

Balacrus, an officer in Alexander's ar- 
my, who took Miletus. Curt. 4, c. 13.——— 
Another officer, who commanded some auxil- 
iaries. Id. 4, c. 5. 

BALANAGRiE, a towH of Cyrenc. Paus. 
2, c. 26. 

Balanea, a town between Syria and PhcB- 
nicia. Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Balanus, a prince of Gaol, who assisted 
the Romans in theu' Macedonian war, A. U. 
C. 581.— Lit;. 44, c. 14. 

Balari, a people of Sardinia, Liv. 41, 
c. 6. 

C. Balbillus, a learned and benevolent 
man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote 
the histoiy, under JNero. Tacit. Ann. 13, 
c. 22, 

Balbinus, an admirer of Agna, mention- 
ed Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 40. A Roman, 

who, after governing provinces with credit and 
honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized 
tlie purple. He was some time after murder- 
ed by his soldiers, A. D. 238. 

Balbus, a mountain of Africa, famous 
for tlie retreat of Masinissa, after he had 
fought a battle against Syphax. 

L. Balbus, a lawyer, k.c. one among the 

pupils of Scaivola. A man killed by the 

assassins of the triumvirs. 

Baleares, three islands in the Mediter- 
ranean, modernly called Majorca, Minorca, 
and Yvica, on the coast of Spain. The word 
is derived from Cct^^n. to throw, because the 
inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, 
besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, 
that the mothers never gave their children 
breakfast before they had struck with an arrow 
a certain mark in a tree. When a woman was 
married, she was not admitted to her husband's 
bed before she had received the embraces of 
all her relations. The inhabitants were na- 
turally of a lascivious propensity, and in their 
wars they required nothing but females and 
wine, and often changed i'our men for one 
woman. 67r«6. 14. — Flor. 3, c. 8. — Diod. 5. 

Balktus, a son of Hippo, who first found- 
ed Corinth. Palercul. 1, c. 3. 

Balius, a horse of Achilles. Homer. Ih 
16, v. 146. 

Bahsta, a mountain of Liguria. Liv 
40, c. 41. 



BA 

Ballosoti, a people of European Sarmatia. 
Tlacc. 6, V. 160. 

BalnejE, (baths) were very numerous at 
Rome, private as well as public. In the an- 
cient times simplicity was observed, but in 
the ?L%e of the emperors they became expen- 
sive ; they were used after walking, exercise, 
or labour, and were deemed more necessary 
tham luxurious. Under the emperors it be- 
came so fashionable to bathe, that without 
this the meanest of the people seemed to be 
deprived of one of the necessaries of life. 
There were certain hours of the day appointed 
for bathing, and a small piece of money ad- 
mitted the poorest as well as the most opu- 
lent. In the baths there were separate apart- 
ments for the people to dress and to undress : 
afid, after they had bathed, they commonly 
covered themselves, the hair was plucked 
out of the skin, and the body rubbed over 
with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render 
it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors 
generally built baths, and all endeavoured to 
eclipse each other in the magnificence of the 
building. It is said, that Dioclesian employed 
40;000 of his soldiers in building his baths ; 
and when they were finished, he destroyed 
all the workmen. Alexander Severus first 
permitted the people to use them in the night, 
aiid he liimself of;en bathed with the common 
people. For some time both sexes bathed 
pr-jmiscuously and without shame, and the 
edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a 
while in abolishing that indecent custom 
•which gradually destroyed the morals of the 
people. They generally read in bathing, and 
we find many compositions written in the 
midst of this luxurious enjoyment. 

Balventius, a centurion of great valour 
in Ciesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Cces. 
Bell. Gall. 5, c. 35. 

Balyras, a river of Peloponnesus. Pans. 4, 
C.33. 

Bamuru.5;, a people of Libya. Hal. 3, v. 
303. 

Bantia, now 5/. Maria de Vanse, a town 
of Apulia, whence BatUinns. Horat. 3, od. 4. 
V. 15. 

L. Bantius, a gallant youth of Nola, whom 
JVnnibal found, after the battle of Cannag, al- 
most dead amongst the heap of slain. He w as 
sent back home with great humanity, upon 
which he resolved to betray his country to so 
generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman 
general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who 
continued firm and faithful to the interest of 
Rome. Liv. 35, c. 15. 

Baphv'rus, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44. 
e. 6. 

Bapt.'E, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess 
of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. 
Her festivals were celebrated in the night, and 
so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of 
the priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto 
herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The 
name is derived from ^-rru^ to wash, because 
the priests bathed themselves in the most ef- 
feminate manner. Juv. 2, y. 91. A come- 
dy of Eupolis, in which men are introduced 
dancing on the stage, with all the indecent ges- 
tures 01 common prostitutes. 

Bar;ei, a people of Colchis and Iberia, who 
burnt the bodies of their friends who died bV 



BA 

disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such 
as fell in war. ^^lian. de Aniin 10, c. 22. 

Barathrum, a deep and obscure gulf at 
Athens, where criminals were thrown.— ^The 
word is applied to the infernal regions by Val. 
Flacc. 2, V. 86 and 192. 

Barbari, a name originally applied to those 
who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and 
difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally 
called all nations, except their own, by the des- 
picable name of barbarians. 

Barbaria, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44y 
c. 31 A name given to Phrygia and Troy. 
Horat. 1, ep. 2, v. 7. 

Bakbatus, the surname of a Roman family. 
Suet. CI. 21. 

Barbosthenes, a mountain of Peloponne- 
sus, 10 miles from Sparta. Liv. 35, c. 27. 

Barbythace, a city of Persia. Plin. 6, 
c. 27. 

Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. Plut. in 
Cat. 

Barc.ci, or BARciTiE, a warlike nation of 
Africa, near Carthage. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 43. 

Barce, the nurse of Sichaeus. Virg. JEn. 

4, V. 632. A large country of Africa. =■ 

Also a city aboutnine miles fromthesea, found- 
ed by the brothei-s of Archesilaus king of Cy- 
rene, 515 years before the christian era. Stra- 
bo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais) 
but this arises because most of the inhabitants 
retired to Ptolemais,which was on the sea-coast, 
to enrich themselves by commerce. Strab. 17. 

— Ptol.4, C.4. A small village of Bactriana, 

where the people who had been taken pri- 
soners by Darius in Africa, were confined. 
Herodot. 4, c. 204. A city of Media, Jus- 
tin. 1, c. 7. 

Barcha, the surname of a noble family at 
Carthage, of which Annibal and Hamilcar were 
descended. By means of their bribes and in- 
fluence, they excited a great faction, which is 
celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the 
name of the Barchinian faction, and at last 
raised themselves to power, and to the inde- 
pendent disposal of all the offices of trust or 
emolument in the state. Liv 21, c.2 and 9. 

Bard.?;i, a people of Ulyricum, concerned 
in the factions of Marius. Plut. in Mario. 

Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order among 
the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes, 
and published their fame in their verses, or on 
musical instruments. They were so esteemed 
and respected by the people, that, at their 
sight, two armies who were engaged in battle 
laid down their arms, and submitted to their 
orders. They censured, as well as commend- 
ed, the behaviour of the people. Lucan. 1, v. 
447.— Strab. 4.—Marrell. 15, c. 24. 

Bardvllis, an Illyrian prince, whose 
daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. 
Plut. in Pyrrh. 

Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his 
tutor Egnatius, a stoic philosopher. Juv. 3, v. 
116. 

Bares, a naval officer of Persia, who wished 
to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Ama- 
sis. Herodo't. 4, c. 203. 

Bargusii, a people of Spain, at the east of 
the Iberus. Liv. 21, c. 19. 

Bargyli.*:, a town of Caria. 

Barise, a prostitute whom Horace accuses 
of perjury, 2, od. 8. 



BA 

Barisses, one of the seven conspirators 
again t the usurper Sraerdis. Cttsia^. 

Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, 
now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine 
fish. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 97. 

Barsuus, a town of Macedonia, near He- 
raclea. Strab. 7. 

Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as 
proud of his beauty. Horat. 1, Sat. 6, v. 30. 

Barsine and Barsene, a daughter of Da- 
rius, who married Alexander, by whom she 
had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered 
her and her child to be put to death. Justin- 
13, c. 2, 1. 15, c. 2.—Arrian. 

Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from 
Alexander, inc. Curt. 8, c. 13. 

Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary to 
iV'inus. Diod. 2. 

Basilea, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
"Who was mother of all the gods. Diod. 3. 



An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its 

amber. Diod. 5. An island in the Euxine 

sea. Plin. 4, c. 13, 

BasilidjE, European Sarmatians, descended 
from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, 2, c. 1. 

Basilides, the father of Herodotus, who, 
with others, attempted to destroy Strattes, ty- 
rant of Chios. Herodot. 8, c, 132, A fami- 
ly who held an oligarchical power at Erythrae. 

Slraf). 14. A priest of mount Carmel, who 

foretold many momentous events to Vespasian, 
when he offered sacrifices. Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 
87. — Sutton, in Vesp. 7. 

Basilipotamos, the ancient name of the 
Eurotas. Strab. 6. 

Basilis, an historian who wrote concern- 
ing India. Mhen. A city of Arcadia, built 

by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. Pans. 
8, c. 29, 

B.isiLius, a river of Mesopotamia falling 

into the Euphrates. Strab. A celebrated 

bishop of Africa, very animated against the 
Arians, Avhose tenets and doctrines he refuted 
with warmth, but great ability. He was elo- 
quent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all 
those qualities which constitute the persuasive 
orator, and the elegant writer. Erasmus has 
placed him in the number of the greatest ora- 
tors of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, 
A. D. 379. The latest edition of his works is 
that of the Benedictines, fol. Paris, 1721, 

Basilus, a general who assisted Antony. 

Lucan. 4, v. 41G. An insignificant lawyer. 

Jiw. 7, v. 146. A pretor who plundered the 

provinces. Id. 10, v. 222, 

Bass^, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo 
had a temple. Fans. 8, c. 30 and 41. 

Bassania, a town of Macedonia, near II- 
lyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. 

Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, from 
the dress or long robe, called Bussuris, whicli 
his priests wore. Horat. 1, od. 18. 

Bassariues, a name given to the votaries 
of Bacchus, and to At'-ave by Persius, which 
seems derived from Bassara, a town of Libya 
sacred to the god, or from a particular dress 
worn by his priestesses, and so called by the 
Thracians. Persius 1, v. 101. 

Bassus Aufidius, an historian in the 
age of Augustus, wiio Avrote on the Germanic 
war. Quintil. 10, c. 1. Cicsius, a lyric po- 
et in Nero's age, to whom Persius addressed 
liis 6th Satii-e. Some of his verses are extant. 



BA 

Julius, an orator in the reigH of Augas- 

tus^some of whose orations have been preserv- 
ed by Seneca. A man spoken of by Ho- 
race 1, od. 36, V. 14, and described as fond of 
wine and women. 

Bastarn^ and Bastern.'e, a people of 
European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden 
storm as they pursued the Thracians. Liv. 40, 
V. 58.— Ovid. Prist % v, \%8.— Strab. 7. 

Bastia, the wife of Metellus. Liv. ep. 89. 

Bata, a sea-port of Asia, on the Euxine, 
opposite Sinope. Strab. 6, 

Batavi, a people of Germany, who in- 
habited that part of -the continent known un- 
der the modern name of Holland, and called 
by the ancients 2)a/at'orur/i in^u/a, Liv. 4, c. 
15. — Lucan. l,v. 431. 

Bathos, a river near the Alpheus. Pans. 8, 
c. 29. 

Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Magne- 
sia. Paus. 3, c. 19. 

Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Saraos, 
greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and 

by Anacreon. Horat. ep, 14, v. 9. Me- 

csenas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, 

of the same name. Juv. 6, v. 63. The 

poet who claimed as his own Virgil's distich, 
JVocte pluit totd, &,c. bore also the same name. 
A fountain of Arcadia. Pa^is. 8, c. 31. 

Lent. Batiatus, a man of Campania, who 
kept a house full of gladiators, who rebelled 
against him. Plut. in Cras. 

Batia, a naiad who married (Ebalus. Apol- 

lod. 3, c. 10. A daughter of Teucer, wh» 

married Dardanus. Id. 

Batina and Bantina. Vid. Bantia. 

Batis, an eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, 
upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged 
round the city tied by the heels to Alexander's 
chariot. Curt. 4, c. 6, 

Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome, 
from king Philip. Liv. 31, c. 28, 

Baton, of Sinope, wrote commentaries on 
the Persian aftairs. Strab. 12. A chario- 
teer of Amphiaraus. Paus. 5, c. 17. 

Batrachomyomachia, a poem, describing 
the Jight between frogs and mice, written by 
Homer, which has been printed sometimes 
separately from the Iliad and Odyssey. The 
best edition of it is Maittau-e's, 8vo, London, 
1721. 

Battiades, a patronymic of Callimachus, 
from his father Battus, Ovid, in Ibin. v. 53. 

A name given to the people of Cyrene 

from king Battus, Hal. 3, v. 253, 

Battis, a girl celebrated by Philetas the 
elegiac poet. Ovid. Prist. 1, el. 5. 

Battus 1st, a Lacedaemonian Avho built 
the town of Cyrene, B. C. 630, with a colo- 
ny from the island of Thera. He was son of 
Polymnestus and Phronime. and reigned in 
the town he had founded- and after death re- 
ceived divine honours. The difficulty with 
which he spoke first procured him the nam* 
of Battus. Htrodol. 4, c. 1.55, &,c. — Paus. 
10, c. 15. The 2d of that name was grand- 
son to Battus 1st, by Ai'cesilaus. He suc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, 
and was surnamed Felix, and died 544 B. C. 

Herodot. 4, c. 159, Lc. A shepherd of Py- 

los, who promised Mercury that he would not 
discover his having stolen the flocks of Adrae- 
tus, which Apollo teoded. He violated his 



BE 

promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. 
Ovid. Met. 2, V. 702.— A general of Corinth 
against Athens. Thucyd. 4, c. 43.— —A buf- 
foon of Caesar's. Plut. Symp. 6. 

Batulum, a town of Campania, whose in- 
habitants assisted Turnus against ^^neas. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 739. 

Batulus, a surname of Demosthenes, 
from his effeminacy when young Plut. in 
Demost. 

Batvllus, a celebratv^d dancer in Domi- 
tian's reign. Juv. 6, v. 63. 

Baubo, a woman who received Ceres when 
she sought her daughter all over the world, 
and gave her some water to quench her thii'st. 
Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 7. 

Baucis, an old woman of Phrygia, who 
with her husband Philemon, lived in a small 
cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter 
and Merc iry travelled in disguise over Asia. 
The gods came to the cottage, where they re- 
ceived the best things it afforded ; and Jupiter 
was so pleased with their hospitality, that he 
metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnifi- 
cent temple, of which Baucis and her husband 
were made priests. After they had lived hap- 
py to an extreme old age, they died both at the 
same hour, according to their request to Jupi- 
ter, that one might not have the sorrow of 
following the other to the grave. Their bodies 
were changed into trees before the doors of the 
temple. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 631, iic. 

Bavids and M^vius, two stupid and ma- 
levolent poets in the age of Augustus, who at- 
tacked the superior talents of tlie contempo- 
rary writers, Virg. Eel. 3. 

Bauli, a small town of Latium, near Baiae. 
Ital. 12, V. 155. 

Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus, &.c. 

Bazaria, a country of Asia. Curt. 8, c. 1. 

Bebius, a famous informer iii Vespasian's 
reign. Juv. 1, v. 35. Vid. Basbius. 

Bebriacum, now Caneto, a village between 
Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius over- 
came Otho. Jav. 2, V. \0Q— Tacit. 3, Hist. 1, 
c. 15. 

Berbrvce, a daughter of Danaus, who is 
said to have spared her husband. Most au- 
thors, however, attribute that character of hu- 
manity to Hypermnestra. Vid. Danaides. 

Berbrvces and Bebrycii, a nation of 
Asia, near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and ac- 
cording to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. 
They were expert in the battle of the cestus. 
The Argonauts touched on their coast in their 
expedition to Colchis. Apollod. 1. — Strab. 7 
and 12. 

Bebrycia, an ancient natme of Bithynia, 
from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Sirah. 
13.— Virg. .En. 5, V. 373. 

Belemina, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, 
c. 21. 

Belenus, a divinity of the Gauls, the same 
as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of 
the Egyptians. 

Belephantes, a Chaldean, who, from 
his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander 
that his entering Babylon would be attended 
with fatal consequences to him. Diod. 17. 

Belesis, a priestAjf Babylon, who told Ar- 
baces governor of Media, that he should reign 
one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His 
prophecy was verified, aud he was rewarded by 



BE 

the new king with the government of Babylon, 
B. C. 826. Diod. 2.* 

Belg^, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, 
separated from the Celtae by the rivers Matro- 
na and Sequana. Their country, according to 
Strabo, extended from the Rhine to tlie river 
modernly called the Loire. Cces. de Bell. 
Gall 1 and 2. 

Belgica, one of the four provinces of Gaul 
near the Rhine. 

Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica. 
The word is often used to express the whole 
country. Cces. Bell. Gall. 5, c. 24. 

Belgius, a general of Gaul, who destroyed 
an army of Macedonians. Justin. 23, c. 2. — 
Polyb. 2. 

Belides, a surname given to the daughters 
of Belus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 463. 

Belides, a name applied to Palemedes, as 
descejided from Belus. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 82. 

Belisa.'.ia, the name of Minerva among 
the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cms. 
Bell. Gall. 6. 

Belisarius, a celebrated general, who, in 
a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the 
reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople, 
renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and 
triumphs, which had rendered the first Ro-. 
mans so distinguished in the time of tiieir re- 
public. He died, after alife of military glory, 
and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 56otli 
3'ear of the christian era. The story of his 
begging charity, with date obolum Belisario is 
said to be a fabrication of modern times. 

Belistida, a woman who obtained a prize 
at Olympia. Pans. 5, c. 8. 

BelitjE, a nation of Asia. Curt. 4, c. 12. 

Bellerophon, son of Glaucus, king of 
Ephyre,by Eurymede, was at first called Hip- 
ponous. The murder of his brother, whom 
somecall Alcimenus or Beller, procured him 
the name of Bellerophon, oy niurderer of Bel- 
ler. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to 
the court of Proetus king of Argos. As he 
was of a handsome appearance, the king's wife, 
called Antaea or Stenobcea, fell in love with 
him ; and as he slighted her passion, slie accu- 
sed him before her husband of attempts upoa 
her virtue. Prcetus, unwilling to violate the 
laAVS of hospitality, by punishing Bellerophon, 
sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates 
king of Lycia, and gave him a letter, in \i'hich 
he begged the king to punish with deatn a 
man who had so dishonourably treated his 
daughter. From that circumstance, all let- 
ters which are of an unfavourable tendency to 
the bearer, have been called letters of Bellero- 
phon. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent 
Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster cal- 
led Chimsera, in which dangerous expedition 
he hoped, and was even assured, he must pe- 
rish. [Firf. Chimaera.] But the providence of 
Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of 
the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the 
monster, and returned victorious. After this 
Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes 
of seeing him destroyed ; but he obtained ano- 
ther victory, and conquered afterwards the 
Amazons, by the king's order. At liis return 
from this third expedition, he was attacked hf 
a party sent against him by Jobates ; but he 
destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the 
king that inn©ceuce is always protected by the 



BE 

g©d«. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to 
destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter 
in marriage, and made him his successor on 
the throne of Lycia, as he was without male is- 
sue. Some authors have supported, that he 
attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pe- 
gasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect, which 
stung the horse, and threw down the rider, 
who wandered upon the earth in the greatest 
melancholy and dejection till the day of his 
death, one generation before the Trojan war. 
Bellerophon had two sons, Isandev, who was 
killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hip- 
polochus, who succeeded to the throne after 
his death, besides one daughter called Kippo- 
damia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter. The 
wife of Bellerophon is calledPhilonoeby Apol- 
lodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Hanier. 
IL 6, V. 156, hc.—Juv. 10.— Apollod. 2, c. 3, 1. 

3, c. l.—Hygin. fab. 157 and 243. P. A. 2, c. 
18.— Hesiod. Theog. v. 326^— Horat. 4, od. 11, 
▼. 26.— Pau« 9, C.31, 

Bellerus and Beller, a brother of Hippo- 
Bous. Vid. Bellerophon. 

Bellienus, a Roman, whose house was set 
©n flames at Ccesar's funeral. Cic. 2, P/dl. 
G. 36. 

Bellona, the goddess of war, daughter to 
Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks 
Enyo, and often confounded vAth. Minerva. 
She was anciently called Duelliona, and was 
the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his 
daughter, or his wife. She prepared the cha- 
riot of Mars, when he was going to war ; and 
she appeared in battles armed with a whip, to 
animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, 
and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid 
great adoration to her; but she was held in 
the gi-eatest veneration by the Cappadocians, 
and chiefly at Co man a, where she had above 
3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near 
the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators gave 
audience to foreign ambassadors, and to gene- 
rals returned from war. At the gate was a 
small column, caMed the column of wai', again-st 
wlijch they threw a spear whenever war was 
declared against an enemy. The priests of 
this goddess consecrated themselves by great 
incisions in their body, and particularly in 
the thigh, of which they received the blood in 
their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. 
In their w ild enthusiasm they often predicted 
bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or 
the besieging of towns. Jiiv. 4, v. 124. — Var- 
ro de L. L. 5. — Hesiod. Theog. v. 270. — Pans. 

4, c 30.— Firg. JEn. 8, v. 703.— Sto/. Thtb. 2, 
V. 718, 1. 7, V. HS.—Ital. 5, v. 221, 

Bellonarii, the priests of Bellona. 

Bellovaci, a i)eople of Gaul conquered by 
J. Caesar. They inhabited the modern Beau- 
vais in the isle of France. Cces. Bdl. 2, c. 4. 

Beu.ovesus, a king of the Celta?, who, in 
the reign of Tarquin Priscus was sent at the 
head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambiga- 
tus. Liv. 5, c. 34. 

Belon, a general of Alexander's. Curt. 6, 

c. 11. A city and river of Hispania Bajtica. 

airah. 3, 

Belus, one of the most ancient kings of 
Babj'lon, about 1800 years before the age of 
Semiramis, was made a god after dci'th, and 
worshii)pcd with much ceremony by the As- 
syrians uiid Babylonians, He was supposed to 



BE 

be the sou of the Osiris of the Egyptians, The 
temple of Belus was the most ancient and most 
magnificent in the world. It was originally 
the tower of Babel, which was converted into 
a temple-. It had lofty towers, and it was en- 
riched by all the succeeding monarchs till the 
age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate ex- 
pedition against Greece, plundered and demo- 
lished it. Among the riches it contained, were 
many statues of massy gold, one of which was 
40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was 
a magnificent bed, where the priests daily con- 
ducted a woman, who, as they said, was ho- 
noured with the company of the god. Joseph. 
Ant. Jud. 10.— Herodot. 1, c. 181^ i^c.—Strab. 

16. — Arrian. 7. — Diod. 1, &,c, A king of 

Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father 

of Agenor. Another son of Phoenix the son 

of Agenor, who reigned in Phoenicia. A ri- 
ver of Syria, where glass was first invented, 
Plin. 5, c. 19. 

Benacus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Gar- 
da, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. 
Virg. G. 2, V. 160. JEn. 10, v. 205. 

Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis. 
Liv. 38, c. 41. 

Bendis, a name of Diana among the Thra- 
cians and their northern neighbours. Strab. 
9. Her festivals, called Bendidia, were in- 
troduced into Thrace from Athens. 

Beneventum, a town of the Hirpini, built 
by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its ori- 
ginal name was Maleventum, changed into the 
more auspicious word of Beneventum, when 
the Romans had a colony there. It abounds 
in remains of ancient sculpture above any 
other town in Italy. Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune^ 
the nurse of Eumolpus. Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

Bepolitanus, a youth whose life was saved 
by the delay of the executioner, who wished 
not to stain the youth's fine clothes with blood. 
Pint, de Virt. Mul. 

Berbic/e, a nation who destroyed their re- 
lations when arrived at a certain age, ^^lian. 
V. II. 4, c. 1. 

BER.BA, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the 
sea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called 
Aleppo. 

Berecynthia, a surname of Cybele, from 
mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she 
was particularly worshipped. She has been 
celebrated in a poem by Catullus. Diod. 6.—^ 
Stat. Theb. 4, v. 182.— Virg. JEn. 9, v, 82. 

Berenice and Beronice, a woman famous 
for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus by Lagus. JElian. V. H. 14, c. 43.-^ 
Theocrit. — Paus. 1, c. 7.— .— A daughter of 
Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of 
Syria, after he had divorced Laodice, his for- 
mer wife. After the death of Philadel])hus, La- 
odice was recalled, and mindful of the ti-eat- 
mcnt she had received, she poisoned her hus- 
band, placed her son on the vacant throne, and 
murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, 

where she had fled, B. C. 248. A daughter 

of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped her father's 
throne for some time, strangled her husband 
Seleucus, and married Archelaus a priest of 
Bellona. Her father regained his power, and 

put her to death, B. C. 55. The wife of Mi- 

thridates, who, when conquered by Lucullus, 
ordered all his wives to destrov themselves, for 



BE 

fear the conqueror should offer violence to 
them. She accordingly drank poison, but this 
not operating soon enough, she was strangled 

by an eunuch. The mother of -Agrippa, 

who shines in the history of the Jews, as daugh- 
ter-in-law of Herod the Great. A daughter 

of Agrippa, who mai-ried her uncle Herod; 
and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She 
was accused by Juvenal of committing incest 
with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she 
was passionately loved by Titus, who would 
have made her empress but for fear of the peo- 
ple. A wife of king Attalus. Another.. 

daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who 
married her own brother Evergetes, whom she 
loved with much tenderness. When he went 
on a dangerous expedition, she vowed all the 
hair of her head to the goddess Venus, if he 
returned. Some time after his victorious re- 
turn, the locks which were in the temple of 
Venus disappeared ; and Conon, an astrono- 
mer, to make his court to the queen, publicly 
reported that Jupiter had carried them away, 
and had made them a constellation. She was 
put to death by her son, B. C. 221. CcduU. 67. 

^Hygin. P. Jl. 2, c. 24.— Justin. 26, c. 3. 

This name is common to many of the queens 
and princesses in the Ptolemean family in 

Egypt. A city of Libya. Strab. — Mela., 3. 

c. 8. Two towns of Arabia. Strab. 16. 

One in Egypt, on the Pted sea, where the ships 
from India generally landed their cargoes. 

Plin. 6, c. 23. Another near the Syrtes, 

Sic. Id. 17. 

Berenicis, a part of Africa, near the town 
of Berenice. Lucan. 9, v. 523. 

Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons of 
Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he at- 
tempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed 
with stones from heaven. Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Bergistani, a people of Spain, at the east 
ef the Iberus. Liv. 34, c. 16. 

Beris and Baris, a river of Cappadocia. 
A mountain of Anmenia. 

Bermius, a mountain of Macedonia. He- 
rodot. 8, c. 138. 

Beroe, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to 
Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she 
persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to 
Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of 

a god. Olid. Met. 3, v. 278. The wife of 

Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at 
the instigation of Juno, when she advised the 
Trojan women to bum the fleet of iEneas in 

Sicily. Virg. o¥m. 5, v. 620. One of the 

Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virg. G. 
4, V. 341. 

BtRffiA, a town of Thessaly. Cic. Pis. 36. 

Bkronice, Vid. Berenice. 

Berosus, a native of Babylon, priest to Be- 
lus. He passed into Greece, and remained a 
long time at Athens. He composed an history 
of Chaldea, and signalized himself by his as- 
tronomical predictions, and was rewarded for 
his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at 
Athens. The age in which he lived is not pre- 
cisely known, though some fix it in the reign 
of Alexander, or 268 years B. C. Some frag- 
ments of his Chalda'an history are preserved by 
Josephus, contra Jlpjj tan. ^ in Antiq. Jud. 105. 
The book that is now extant under his name, 
and speaks of kings that n^ver elicited, is a 
sapposititioMs fabrication 



BI 

Berrhca, a town of Macedonia. Thueyd. 
1, c. 61. 

Berytus, now Berut, an ancient town of 
Phoenicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
famous in the age of Justinian for the study of 
law. Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Strab. 8. 

BESiDiiE, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. 

Besippo, a town of Hispania Bsstica, where 
Mela was born. Mela, 2, c. 6. 

Bessi, a people of Thrace, on the left side 
of the Strvmon, who lived upon rapine. Ovid, 
Trist 4, ei. 1, v. 67.— Herodot. 7, c. 111. 

Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who, after 
the battle of Arbela, seized Darius, his sove- 
reign, and put him to death. After this mur- 
der, he assumed the title of king, and was some- 
time after brought before Alexander, who gave 
him to Oxatres, the brother of Darius. The 
prince ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, 
and his body to be exposed on across, and shot 
at by the soldiers. Justin. 12, c. 5. — Curt. 6 

and 7. A parricide who discovered the 

murder he had committed, upon destroying a 
nest of swallows, which, as he observed, re- 
proached him of his crime. Plut. 

L. Bestia, a seditious Roman, who conspi- 
red with Catiline against his country. Cic. 2, 
in Phil. 

Betis, a river in Spain. Vid. Baetis. A 

governor of Gaza, who bravely defended him- 
self against Alexander, for which he was treat- 
ed with cruelty by the conqueror. 

Betdria, a country in Spain. 

BiA, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apollod. 

I, c. 2. 

BiANOR, a son of Tiberius and Manto the 
daughter of Tiresias, who received the sur- 
name of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He 
built a town which he called Mantua, after his 
mother's name. His tomb was seen in the 
age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and 

Andes. Virg. Ed. 9, v. 60. A Trojan chief 

killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11, v. 92. 

A centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid. Met. 

12, V. 342. 

Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was 
king of Argos, and brother to the famous 
soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with 
Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos ; but 
the father refused to give his daughter in mar- 
riage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. 
Melampus, at his brother's request, went to 
seize the oxen, and was caught in the fact. 
He, however, one year after received his li- 
berty from Iphiclus, who presented him with 
his oxen as a reward for his great services. 
Bias received the oxen from his brother, and 
obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in 
marriage. Homer. Od. 11. — Pans. 2, c 6 and 

IS, 1. 4, c. 34.— Apollod. 1, c. 9. A Grecian 

prince, who went to the Trojan war. Homer 

II. 4, V. 13 and 20. A river of Peloponnesus. 

Pans. 4, c. 34. One of the seven wise men 

of Greece, son to Teutamidas, born at Priene, 
which he long saved from ruin. He nourished 
B. C. 566, and died in the arms of his grand- 
son, who begged a favour of him for one of 
his friends. — JDioi;, i. — Plut. in Sytnp. — Fal. 
Max. 7, c. 2i\.—Paus. 10, c. 24. 

BiBACULUs, (M. Furius) a Latin poot, In 
the age of Cicero. He composed annuls in 
Umbic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit 



and humour, and other poems now lost. tJo- 

ral.2,Sat.5,y. 41. — (^uintil. 10. A praetor. 

&c. Val. Max. 1, c 1. 

BiELiA and Billia, a Roman lady famous 
for her chastity. She married Duillius. 

BiBLEis, a woman who became enamoured 
of lier brother Caunus, and was changed into 
a fountain near Miletus. Ovid. Mtt. 9, v. 662. 
BiBLiNA, a country of Thrace. 
BiBT.us, a city of Phoenicia. Curt. 4:. 
BiBRACTE, a large town of the Edui in 
Gaul, where Ciesar often wintered. C(ts. Bell. 
G. 7, c. 55, kc. 

BiBULus, a son of M. Calpurnius Bibulus 
by Portia, Cato's daughter. He was Cssar's 
colleague in the consulship, but of no conse- 
quence in the state, according to this distich 
mentioned by Suelon. in Jul. c. 20. 

jYon Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed CcBsare fac- 
tum est : 

JVum Bibulo fieri consule nil memini. — One 
of the friends of Horace bore that name. 1 
Sat. 10, V. 86. 

Bices, a marsh near the Palus Moeotis. 
Flacc. 6, V. 63. 

BicoN, a Greek who assassinated Atheno- 
dorus, because he made himself master of a 
colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. 
Cxirt 9, c. 7. 
BicoRNiGER, a surname of Bacchus, 
BicoRNis, the name of Alexander among 
the Arabians. 

BiFORiMis, (two forms,) a surname of Bac- 
chus and .Janus. Bacchus received it because 
he ciianged himself into an old woman to fly 
from the persecution of .luno, or perhaps be- 
cause he ^^as represented sometimes as a 
young, and sometimes as an old man. 

BiFRONS, a surname of Janus, because he 
was represented with two faces among the Ro- 
mans, as acquainted with the past and future. 
Virs;. JEn. 7, v. 180. 

BiLBii.is, a town of Celtiberia, where Mar- 
tial was born. Mart. 1, ep. 50. A river of 

Spain. Justin. 44, c. 3. 

BiM-VTER, a surname of Bacchus, which sig- 
nifies that he had two mothers, because when 
he was taken from his mother's womb, he was 
placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. Ovid. 
Met. '4, V. 12. 

BiNCiuM, a tow-n of Germany. Tacit. Hid. 
4, c. 70. 

BioN, a philosopher tmd sophist of Borys- 
fhenes in Scythia, who rendered himself fa- 
mous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and 
philosophy. He made every body the object 
of his satire, and rendered his compositions 
distinguished for clearness of expression, for 
faccliousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 

241 B. C. Diog. in vita. A Greek poet of 

Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant 
style. Moschus his friend and disciple, men- 
tions in an elegiac poem that he died by poison 
about 300 years B. C. His Idyllia are writ- 
ten with elegance and simplicity, purity and 
ease, and they abound with correct images, 
such as the view of the country may inspire. 
There are many good editions of this poet's 
works, generally ])ririted with those of Mos- 
chus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo. 
Oxon. 1748. A soldier in Alexander's ar- 
my, Uc. CuH. 4, c. 13. A native of Pro- 

pontis in the age of Pherecydcs.— — A man of 



BL 

Syracuse, who wrote on rhetoric.'-?»--A native 
of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first 
fouud out that there were certain parts of the 
earth where there were six months of perpe- 
tual light and darkness alternattily. A man 

of Soli, who composed an iiistory of -Ethiopia. 

Another who wrote nine books on ihe- 

toric, which he called by the names of the 
muses, and hence Bionei sermones mentioned 
by Ho rat. 2, ep. 2, v. oO.— i/iog. 4. 

BiRRHUS. l^id. Ccelius. 

BisALxa:, a people of Scythia, or, according 
to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. TUeix* 
country is called Bisaltia. Lio. 45, c. 29.— 
Plin. 4, c. 10. 

BisALTES, a man of Abydos, &.c. Herodot. 
6, c. 26. 

BisALTis, a patronymic of Theophane, by 
whom iSeplune, under tiie form of a ram, had 
the golden ram. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 117. — hygin^ 
fab. 188. 

BisANTHE, a town on the Hellespont. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 137. 

BisTON, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built 
Bisionia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are 
often called Bistones. Herodot. 7, c. 110.-^ 
Flin. 4, c. 14. — Lucan. 7, v. 569. 

BisToNis, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera. 
Herodot. 7, c. 109. 

BiTHUs. Vid. Bacchius. 

BiTHY.^, a certain race of women in Scy- 
thia, whose eyes, as P^//ii/ reports,!. 7, c. 2, kill- 
ed those who gazed jpon tliem for some time. 

BiTHVNiA, a country of Asia Minor, for- 
merly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the 
Euxiue on the north, on tlie south by Pbrygia 
and Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and 
the east by Paphlagonia. Ihe country was 
first invaded by the Tmacians, under Biiuynus 
the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of 
Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom. 
67ra6. 12. — Herodot. 7, c. 75. — Mela, 1 and 
2. According to Faiis. 8, c. 9, the inhabitants 
were descended from M^jritinea in Pelopon- 
nesus. 

BiTiAS, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hie- 
ra, brought up ;a a wood sacred to Jupiter. 
He followed tne fortune of /Eneas, and, with 
his brother, w as killed by the Rutuli in Italy. 

t^irg. JEn. 9, v. 6/2, iHLc. One of Dido's 

lovers, present when ^Eneas and the Trojans 
were introduced to the queen. Virg. *f£n. Ij 
V. 742. 

BxTON. Vid. Cleobis. 

BiTuiTus, a king of the Allobroges, con- 
quered by a small number ol Romans, 6ic. 
Val. Max. 9, c. 6. — Flor. 3, c. 2. 

BiTu.NTUM, a town of T>pain. Marl. 4, ep. 
55. 

BiTURiGES, a people of Gaul divided from 
the iiildui by the Ligeris. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 21. 

BiTURicuM, a town of Gaul, formerly the 
capital of the Belgie. Slrab. 4. 

BiziA, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to 
the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there, 

Bla;na, a fruitful country of Pontus, where 
the general of Mithrldates Eupator destroyed 
the forces of Nicomedes the Bithyniau. Sttab, 
12. 

Bl^sii, two Romans, who killed themselves 
because Tiberius de})rived them of the priest- 
hood. Tuci^. Jinn. 6, c. 40. 

JuN. BLiEsuSy a governor of Gaul, Tadt. 



B(E 

Blandenona, a place near Placentia. 
Cie. 2, ep. 15, ad Quin. 

Blandusia, a fountain on the borders of 
the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Ho- 
race's country seat. Herat. 3, Od. 13. 

Blastophcenices, a people of Lusitania. 
Sppian. 

BleMxMyes, a people of Africa, who, as is 
fabulouslv reported, had no heads, but had the 
eyes and mouth placed in the breast. jWe/a 
1, c. 4. 

Blenina, a town of Arcadia. Paiis. 8, c. 27. 

Blitius Catulinus, was banished into 
the .^gean sea after Piso's conspiracy, 6tc. 
Tacit. 15, Jinn. c. 71. 

Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarus 
kept his treasures in Blthynia. Strab. 12. 

Boadicea. Vid. Boudicea. 

Bo^ and Boea, a town of Laconia. Paus. 
3, c. 21. 

BoAGRius, a river of Locris. Strab. 9. 

BocALiAS, a river in the island of Salamis. 

BocfAR, a king of Mauritania. Juv. 4, v. 
90, applies the word in a general sense to any 
native of Africa. 

Bocc BORIS, a wise king and legislator of 
Egypt. THod. 1. 

BoccHus, a king of Getulia, in alliance 
with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugur- 
tha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. Sallmt. 
Jug. — Paterc. 2, c. 12. 

BoDUAGNATUs, a leader of the Nervii, 
"when Cgesar made war against them. Ccts 
Bell. G. 2, v. 23. 

BodOni, a people of Britain who surrender- 
ed to Claudius Cassar. Dio. Cass. 60. 

BoEA. Vid. Boae. 

BffiBE, a town of Thessaly. Ovid. Met. 7, 
feb. 5. A lake of Crete. Strab. 9. 

BcEBEis, a lake of Thessaly near mount 
Ossa. Lucan. 7, v. 176. 

BcEBiA LEX was enacted to elect four pre- 
tors every year. Another to ensure pro- 
prietors in the possession of their lands. 

Another, A. U. C. 751, against using bribes at 
elections. 

BoEDROMiA, an Athenian festival institu- 
ted in commemoration of the assistance which 
the people of Athens received in the reign of 
Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when 
their country was invaded by Eumolpus son 
of Neptune. The word is derived »7roTo-j'i:i)- 
S(Ofiitv, coming to help. Plutarch in Thes. men- 
tions it as in commemoration of the victory 
which Theseus obtained over the Amazons in 
a month called at Athens Boedromion. 

BoEOTARCHiE, the ehief magistrates in Bceo- 
tia. Liv 42, c. 43. 

BoEOTiA, a country of Greece, bounded on 
the north by Phocis, soutli by Attica, east by 
Eubcea, and west by the bay of Corinth. It 
bas been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, 
Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms 
a part of Lividia. It was called Bceotia, from 
Bosotus son of Itonus; or according to others 
above, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led 
into the country, where he built Tiiebes. The 
inhabitants were'reckonedrude and illiterate, 
fonder of bodily strength than of mental ex- 
cellence; yet their country produced many 
illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hcsiod, Plu- 
tarch, 6lc. The mounlaiijs of Ba'olia, parti- 
cularly Helicon, were frequented by the 
19 



BO 

muses, to whom also many of their fountains 
and rivers were consecrated. Herodot.2. c, 
49, 1. 5, c 51.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. \0.—Paus. 9, 
c 1, kc.—C. jYep. 7, c. U.— Strab. 9.— Justin, 
3, c. 6, 1. 8, c. 4.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 244. Diod, 
l9.~Liv. 27, c. 30, kc. 

BoEOTus, a son of Itonus by Menalippa, 
Paus. 9, c. 1. 

B(EOROBisTAS, a man who made himself 
absolute among the Getse, by the strictness of 
his discipline. Strab. 7. 

BoETHius, a celebrated Roman, banished, 
and afterwards punished with death, on a sus- 
picion of a conspiracy, by Thedoric king of 
the Ostrogoths, A. D. '525. It was during his 
imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated po- 
etical treatise de consolalione philosophi(B ia 
five books. The best edition of his works is 
thatof Hagenau, 4to. 1491, or that of L. Bat, 
167 1, with tlie notis variorum. 

BoETus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who 
wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strab. 

14. A river of Spain, more properly called 

Bcetis. Vid. Boetis. 

BoEtJs, one of the Heraclidae. 

BoGEs and Boes, a Persian who destroyed 
himself and family when besieged by the AthC" 
nians. Herodot. 7, c, 107. — Paus. 8, c. 8. 

BoGUD, a king of Mauritania in the inter" 
est of Ceesar. Ccesar. Mex. 59, 

Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present at 
the battle of Actium. Strab 8. 

Bon, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migra- 
ted into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy 
on the banks of the Po. Cczs.Bell G. 1, c. 
28, i. 7, c. 17.— Si7. 4, v. 158. 

BojocALus, a general of the Germans ia 
the age of Tiberius, kc. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 55. 

BuLA, a town of the iEqui in Italy. Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 775. 

BoLANus. Vid. Bollanus. 

BoLBE, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thucydx 
1, c. 58. 

BoLBixiNUM, one of the mouths of the 
Nile, with a town of the same name. Nau- 
crautis was built near it. Herodot 1, c. 17. 

BoLGics, a general of Gaul, in an expedi- 
tion against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. 
Paus. 10, c. 19. 

BoLiNA, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected 
the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself in- 
to the sea to avoid his importunities. The god 
made her immortal. There is a city which. 
bears her name in Achaia. Pav^. 7, c. 23. 

BoLiNiEus, a river near Bolina. Paus. 7, 
c. 23. 

BoLissus, a town and island near Chios. 
Thucyd. 8, c. 24. 

BoLLAWus, a man whom Horace repre- 
sents, 1 Sat. 9, V. 11, as of the most irascible 
temper, and the most inimical to loquacity. 

Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed ft 
Roman ambassador. Liv. ep. 67. 

BoMiENSEs, a people near iEtolia. Thucyd, 
3, c. 96. 

BoMiLCAR, a Carthaginian general, son of 
Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy 
with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, 
where he had received all his dignity. Dioa. 

26. — Justin. 22, c. 7. An African, for some 

I time the instrument of all Jugrutlia's cruelties. 
I He conspired against Ju^jurtha, who put hiiu 
I to death. Salh^st, Jug, 



BO 

BoMoniCiK, youths that were whipt at the 
altar of Diana' Orthia, during the festivals of 
the goddess. He who bore the lash of the 
whip with the greatest patience, and without 
uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and 
received an hououi'able prize. Pans. 3, c. 16. 
-—Plul. in Lye. 

Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, 
Cybele, Khea, by the Greeks ; and by the La- 
tins, to Fauna, or Fuata. This goddess was so 
chaste, tliat no man but her htisband saw her 
after her marriage ; from which reason, her 
festivals were celebrated only in the night by 
the Roman matrons in the houses of the high- 
est otficers of the state, and all the statues of 
the men were carefully covered with a veil 
where the ceremonies were observed. In the 
latter ages of the republic, however, the sanc- 
tity of these mysteries was profaned by the 
intrusion of men, and by the introduction of 
iasciviousnesp and debauchery. Juv. 6, v. 313. 
^Proptrl. 4, el. 10, v. 2b.— Ovid dt Art. .3»i. 
3,v. 637. 

BoNoKiA, called alsoFelsina, a town on the 
borders of the Rhine. V'al. Max. 8, c. 1. — 
Ital. 8, v. 599. 

BoNosius, an officer of Probus, who as- 
sumed the imperial purple in Gaul. 

Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whose 
worship was first introduced by the peasants. 
He was represented holding a cup in his right 
hand, and in his left, ears of corn. Varro dt 
R. R. l.—Plin. 34, c. 8. 

Boosura, (bovis cauda) a town of Cy- 
prus, where ^'enus had an ancient temple. 
Slraf). 

BooTKs, a northern constellation near the 
Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arcto- 
phylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus, the 
father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds 
for inebriating them. Others maintain that it 
is Areas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. Ovid. 
Fast. 3, V. 40b.— Cic. de jYat. D. 2, c.42. 

BooTusand Bceotus, a son of iS'eptuue and 
Melanippe, exposed by his mother, but pre- 
served by shepherds. Ilygin. fab. 1S6. 

BoREA, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. 
Cic. 10, ad Jilt ep. 4. 

BoREADES, the descendants of Boreas, who 
long possessed the supreme power and the 
prie!<t!»ood in the island of the Hyperboreans. 
Diud. 1 and 2. 

Boreas, the name of the north wand blow 
ingfrom the Hyperborean mountains. Accord- 
ing to tlie poeis, he was son of Astra3us and 
Aurora, but others make him son of the Stry- 
mon. He was passionately fond of Hyacinthus. 
[Ft</. Hyaciiitlius] and carried away Orlthyia, 
"ivho refused to receive his addresses, and })y 
her he had Zetes and Calais, C]eoi)atra and 
Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and 
represented with wings and white hair. The 
Athenians dedicated allar.s to him, an to the 
it\'inds, wiion Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas 
changed himself into ahorse, to unite himself 
with the mares of Dardauus, by which he had 
twelve mares so swift that they ran, or rather 
flew over the sea, without scarce wetting their 
feet. Homtr. IL 20, v. 2'22.—IIesiod. Thcoi^. 
t. 'S19.—/ij>ullod. 3, c. Ib.—Herodol. 7, c. ISV. 
-^Ovid. Mel. 6, v. TOO. 

BoKKASMi, a festival at Athens in honour 
of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed; 



BR 

was related to them on account of his marrrsige 
with Orithyia, the daughter of one of tiieip 
kings. They attributed the overthrow of the 
enemy's fleet to the respect which he paid to 
his wife's native country. There were also sa- 
crifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour 
of Boreas. Pans. Jlltic 4'" .^rcad. 

BoREUs, a Persian, &c. Polycen. 7, c. 40, 

BoRGEs, a Persian svho burnt himself ra- 
ther than submit to the enemy, Lc. Polyan. 7, 

24. 

BoRNos, a place of Thrace. C. JVep. in 
Jilchib. c. 7. 

BoRsippA, a town of Babylonia, sacred to 
Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants eat bats. 
Strab. 16. 

BoRus, a son of Perieres, who married 
Polydora the daughter of Peleus. Apollod. 3, 
c. VS.— Homer. II. 16, v. 177. 

BoRvsTHENES, a large river of Scythia, fall- 
ing into the Euxine sea, now called the bnfe- 
j?er,and inferior to no other European river but 
the Danube, according to Herodotus^ 4, c. 45, 

&c. There was a city of the same name 

on the borders of the river, built by a colony 
of Milesians, 655 years before the christiam 
era. It was also called Olha Salvia. Mela, 2, 

c. 1 and 7. A horse with which the em- 

jieror Adrian used to hunt. At his death he 
was honoured with a raoiuunent. Diod. 

BospHoKUs and Buspurus, two narrow 
straits, situate at the confines of Europe and 
Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined 
the I^alus iMceoiis to the Euxine, now known 
by tlie name of the straits of Cafia ; and the 
other, which was called the Thracian Bospo- 
rus, and by the moderns the strait of Con- 
stantinople, made a communication between 
the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is six- 
teen miles long, and one and a half broad, 
and where narrowest olX) paces or 4 stadia, 
according to Herodotus. The word is deriv- 
ed from BoQ,=^:e@, boiis meatus, because, oa 
account of its narrowness, an ox could easily 
cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, anul 
dogs to bark from the opposite banks, and in 
a calm day persons could talk one to another. 
Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. 6, c. l.—Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 4, 
V. 4i).—Mda, 1, c. l.—Sirab. 12.—Her9dot. 4, 
G. 85. 

Boxer, a freedman of Claudius. SiuL 
Claud. 

BoTTiA, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace, 
The peot)le were called Botlitci. Plin. 4, c. 1. 
— Herodul. 7, c. 185, k.c. — Thucyd. 2, c. 99. 

BoTTi^is, a countrjr at the north of Ma- 
cedonia, on the bay of Therma. Herodot. 7, 
c. 123, &c. 

BouDicEA, a queen in Britain who rebel- 
led upon being insulted by the Romans. She 
[)oi3oned herself when conquered, A. D. 61. 
Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 31. 

BouiANu.M, an ancient colony of the Sam- 
niles, at the foot of the Apejjnines not far 
from Beueventum. Liv. 9, c. 28. 

BoviLL^, a town of Latium, neai- Rome. 
Of i/i.i'V/AY.3,v. 607. Another in Campania. 

Bkaoimanes, Indian })hiIosophers, who de- 
rive their name from Brahma, one of the 
three beings wtiom God, according to their 
theology, created, and with whose assistance 
be formed the world. They devoted themselves 
totally to the worshi]) of the gods, and were ac- 



BR 

customed from their youth to endure labours, 
andtolive with frugality and abstinence. They 
never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of 
wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they 
had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they 
were permitted to marry, and indulge them- 
selves in a more free and unbounded manner. 
According to modern authors, Brahraa is the 
parent of all mankind, and he produced as ma- 
ny worlds as there are parts in the body, which 
tiiey reckoned 14. They believ^ed that there 
were seven seas, of water, milk, curdS; butter, 
salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with itspar^ 
ticular paradise. Slrab. 15. — Diod. 17. 

Br.csia, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
tfiarme. Apollod. 3. c. 14, 

Branchiales, a surname of Apollo. 

Branchidjs, a people of Asia near the ri- 
ver Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. 
They were originally of Miletus, near the tem- 
ple of Branchus, but had been removed from 

thence by Xerxes. Strab. 11. — Curt. 7, c,5. 

The priests of Apollo Didymasus, who gave 
oracles in Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Branchyllides, a chief of the Boeotians. 
Paus. 9, c. 13. 

Branchus, a youth of Miletus, son of Smi- 
crus, beloved by Apollo, who gav^e him the 
power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didy- 
ine, which became inferiorto none of the Gre- 
cian oracles, except Delphi, and which ex- 
changed the name of Didymean for that of 
Branchidae. The temple, according to Strabo, 
was set on fire by Xerxes, who took possession 
of the riclies it contained, and transported the 
people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, 
which was afterwards destroyed by Alexan- 
der, Strab. 15. — Stat. Theb. 3, v. 479. — Lucian. 
de Domo. 

Brasi^e, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 24. 

Brasidas, a famous general of Lacedaemon, 
son of Tellus, who, after many great victories 
over Athens and other Grecian states, died of 
a wound at Araphipolis, which Cleon, the 
Athenian, had besieged, B, C. 442. A superb 
monument was raised to his memory. Paus. 

3, c. 24. — Thucyd. 4 and 5. — Diod. 5. A man 

of Cos. Theocrit. Id. 7. 

Brasideia, festivals at Lacedamon, in 
honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born 
Spartans were permitted To enter the lists, and 
such as were absent were lined. 

Bracilas, a man of Cos. Theocr. 7. 

Bkaure, a woman who assisted in the mur- 
der of Pittacus, king of the Edoni. Thucyd. 

4, c. 107. 

Brauron, a town of Attica, where Diana 
had a temple. The goddess had three festivals 
called Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth 
year by ten men who were called isjOToiot. They 
sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was 
usual to sing one of the books of Homer's Iliad. 
The most remarkable that attended were 
young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to 
Diana. They were about ten years of age, and 
not under five, and therefore their consecration 
was called W-otrtujit-, from ^tx-^, decern ; and some- 
times cts'Ts-jstv, as the virgins themselves bore the 
name of ^fxro* bears, from this circumstance. 
There was a bear in one of the villages of At- 
tica, so tame that lie ate with the inhabitants, 
and played harmlessly with them. This fami- 
liarity lasted loMg, till u youyg virgiq treated 



BR 

the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. 
The virgin's brother killed the bear, and the 
country was soon after visited by a pestilence. 
The oracle was consulted and the plague re- 
moved by consecrating virgins to the service 
of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, 
that no woman in Athens was ever married 
before a previous consecration to the goddess. 
The statue of Diana of Tauris,, which had been 
brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was pre- 
served in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carri- 
ed it away when he invaded Greece. Paus. 
8, c. 46.— Strab. 9. 

Brenni and Breuni, a people of Noricum. 
Horat. 4, od. 14. 

Brennus, a general of the Galli Senones, 
who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the 
river Ailia, and entered their city without op- 
position. The Romans fled into the capitol, 
and left the whole city in the possession of the 
enemy. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian 
rock in the night, and the capitol would have 
been taken had not the Romans been awaken- 
ed by the noise of geese which were before the 
doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. 
Caraillus, who was in banishment, marched to 
the relief of his country, and so totally defeat- 
ed the Gauls, that not one remained to carry 
the news of their destruction. Liv. 6, c. 36, 

kc. — Pint, in Camill. Another Gaul, who 

made an irruption into Greece with 150,000 
men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to 
plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He 
was destroyed, with all his troops, by the god^ 
or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of 
intoxication, B. C. 278, after being defeated by 
the Delphians. Paus. 10, c. 22 and 23. — Jus- 
tin. 24, c. 6, &,c. 

Brenthe, a ruined city of Arcadia. Poms, 
8, G. 38. 

Brescia, a city of Italy, which had gods 
peculiar to itself. 

Brettii, a people of Italy. Strab. 6. 

Briareus, a famous giant, son of Ccelu5 
and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, 
and was called by men ^Egeon, and only by 
the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and 
Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briar- 
eus ascended the heavens, and seated himself 
next to him, and so terrified the conspirators, 
by his fierce and threatening looks, that they 
desisted. He assisted the giants in the war 
against the gods, and was thrown undermount 
yEtna, according to some accounts, llesiod. 
Theog.v. 148. — JlpoUod. l,c. 1. — Homer. II. 1, 

V. 403.--FiVg. JEn. 6, v. 287, 1. 10, v. 565. 

A cyclop, mad6 judge between Apollo and 
Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus 
and promontory of Corinth. He gave the 
former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo, 
Paus. 2, c. 1. 

Brias, a town f)f Pisidia. 

Brioantes, a people in the northern parts 
of Britain. Juv. 14, v. 196.— Paus, 8, c. 43. 

Brigant/nus, a kke of Rhcetia between the 
Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town 
on its eastern bank is now Bregentz in the Tyrol, 
anciently called Brigantium. Plin. 9, c. 17. 

BRir.ESSus, a mountain of Attica. Thucyd. 
2, c. 23. 

Brimo, (terror) a name given to Proserpine 
and Hecate. Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 11. 

BKisi-ns, a woman of Lyruessus, cjsdled also 



BR 

Hippodamia. When her countiy was taken by 
the Greeks, and her husband Mines and bro- 
ther killed in the fight, she fell to the share of 
Achilles, in the division of the spoils. Aga- 
memnon took her away some time after from 
Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself 
from the field of battle. Briseis w^as very faith- 
ful to Achilles ; and when Agamemnon restor- 
ed her to him, he swore he had never otFended 
her chastity. Hamer. II. 1, 2, &c. — Ovid. He- 
roid. 3, de. Art. Am. 2 and 3. — Proptri. 2, el. 
8, 20 and 22.—Paus. 5, c. 24.-— Horat. 2, od. 4. 
Brises, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the 
priest Chrj'ses. His daughter Hippodamia 
was called Briseis from him. 

Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from his 
nurse Brisa, or his temple at Brisa, a promon- 
tory at Lesbos. Persius, 1, v. 76. 

Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. [Vid. 

Britannia.] A nation in Gallia Belgica. 

Plin. 4, c. 17. 

BiuTANNiA, an island in the northern ocean, 
the greatest in Europe, conquered by J. Caesar 
during his Gallic wars, B. C. 55, and first 
known to be an island by Agricola, who sail- 
ed round it. It was a Roman province from 
the time of its conquest till the 448th year of 
the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age 
of Caesar, used to paint their bodies, to render 
themselves more terrible in the eyes of their 
enemies. The name of Britain was unknown 
to the Romans before Caesar conquered it. 
Cks. Bell G. 4.~Diud. 5.— Paws.,1, c. 33.— 
Tacit, in Agi-ic. 10.— Plin. 34, c. 17. 

Britannicus, a son of Claudius Caesar by 
Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in 
preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and 
caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was 
buried in the night ; but it is said that a shower 
of rain washed away the w hite paint which the 
murderer had put over his face, so that it ap- 
peared quite black, and discovered the effects 
of poison. Tacit. Ann. — Sueton. in JVer. c. 33. 

Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of Crete, 
daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who de- 
voted herself to hunting, and became a great 
favourite of Diana. She was loved by Minos, 
who pursued her so closely, that, to avoid his 
importunities, she threw iiei-self into the sea. 

Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3j c. 14. A surname of 

Diana. 

Britomarus, a chief of the Galli Insubres, 
conquered by iEmilius. Flor. 2, c. 4. 

Briton£.s, the inhabitants of Britain. Juv. 
15, V. 124. 

Brixellum, a town in Italy near Mantua, 
where Otho slew himself when defeated. Ta- 
cit. Hid. 2, c. 32. 

Brixia, a town of Italy beyond the Po, 
at the north of Cremone, now Brescia. Jus- 
tin. 20, c. 5. 

Brizo, the goddess of dreams, worshipped 
in Del OS. 

Brocubelus, a governor of. Syria, who 
fled to Alexander, when Darius was muixlercd 
by Bossus. Curt. 5, c. 13. 

BnoMius, a surname of Bacchus, from 
»,i,u.ir, fnn'tere, alluding to the groans which 
Seuieio utiered when consumed by Jupiter's 

fire. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 11. A son of ^gyp- 

tus. Apo/lod.2,c.l. 

Bbomus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. Met. 
12; V. 469. 



BR 



Bronous, a river falling into the Ister. JFfe- 
rodot. 4, c. 49. 
Brontes, (thunder) one of the Cyclops. 

Virg. JEn. 8, v. 425. 

BRONTiifus, a Pythagorean philosopher. 
The father of Theano, the wife of Pytha- 
goras. Diog. 

Broteas and Ammon, two men famous for 
their skill in the cestus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 107. 
One of the Lapithae. 

Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, 
who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to 
which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, in 
lb. \. 617. 

Bructeri, a people of Germany, inhabit- 
ing the country at the east of Holland. Tadt. 
Ann. 1, c. 51. 

Brumalia, festivals celebrated at Rome 
in honour of Bacchus, about the month ot De- 
cember. They were first instituted by Ro- 
mulus. 

Brundusium, now Brundisi, a city of Ca- 
labria, on the Adriatic sea, where the Appiau 
road was terminated. It was founded by Di- 
omedes after the Trojan war, or according to 
Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. 
The Romans generally embarked at Brundu- 
sium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of 
the poet Pacuvius, and the death of Virgil, and 
likewise for its harbour, which is capacious, 
and sheltered by the land, and by a small island 
at the entrance, against the fuiy of the winds 
and waves. Little remains of the ancient city, 
and even its harbour has now been choked up 
by the negligence of the inhabitants. Justin. 
3, c. 4, 1. 12, c. 2.-^Slrab. b.—Cas. Bell. Civ. 
1, c. 24. — Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 1. 

Brutidius, a man dragged to prison in 
Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favouring 
Sejanus. Juv^ 10, v. 82. 

Brutii, a people in the farthest parts of 
Italy, who were originally shepherds of the 
Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of 
a settlement. They received the name of 
Brutii, from their stupidity and cowardice in 
submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in 
the second Punic w^ar. They were ever after 
held in the greatest disgrace, and employed iu 
every servile work. Justiii. 23, c. 9.—Slra(f. 
6.—Diod. 16. 

Brutulus, a Samnite, who killed himself, 
upon being delivered to the Romans for vio- 
lating a treaty. Liv. 8, c. 39. 

BuoTus, L. Junius, son of M. Junius and 
Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Pris- 
cus. The father, with his eldest son, were 
murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, 
una])le to revenge their death, pretended to 
be insane. The artifice saved his life ; he 
was called Bruins for his stupidity, which he 
however soon after showed to be feigned. 
VVhen Lucretia killed herself, B. C. 509, in 
consequence ofthe brutalhy of Tarquin, Brutus 
snatciied the daggerfrom (liewound-and swore 
upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred to the 
royal family. His example animated the Ro- 
mans, the Tarquins were proscribed by a de- 
cree ofthe senate, and the royal authority vest- 
ed in the hands of consuls chosen from patri- 
cian families. Brutus, in his consular office, 
made fhe people swear they never would again 
submit to kingly authority ; but the first who vi- 
ni;iu<| their oath were in bis own family. Ufa 



BR 

sons conspired with the Tuscan ambassador to 
restore the Tarquins ; and when discovered^ 
they were tried and condemned before their 
father, who himself attended at tlieir execution. 
Some time after, in a combat that was fought 
between tlie Romans and Tarquins, Brutus en- 
gaged with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack 
that they pierced one another at the same time. 
The dead body was brought to Rome, and re- 
ceived as in triumph ; a funeral oration -was 
spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed 
their grief by mourning a year for the father of 
the republic. Flor. 1, c. 9. — Liv. \. c. 56, 1. 2, 
e. 1, he. — Dionys. Hal. 4 and 5.— C. Ntp.inAl' 
tic. S.—Eutrop. de Tarq.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 8 IS. 

—-Pluf. in Brut. «^ C(es. Marcus Junius, 

father of Cassar's murderer, wrote three books 
on civil law. He followed the party of Marius, 
and was conquered by Porapey. After the 
death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by 
Porapey, to whom he surrendered, and by 
whose orders he was put to death. He had 
married Sen'ilia, Cato's sister, by whom he had 
a son and two daughters. Cic. de Orat. c. 55. 

— Plut.in Brut. His son of the same name, 

by Servilia, waslineally descendedfrom J. Bru- 
tus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. 
He seemed to inherit the republican principles 
ofhisgreatprogenitor,and in the civil wars join- 
ed himself to the side of Ponipey, though he 
was his father's murderer, only because he 
looked upon him as more just and patriotic in 
his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cac-sar 
not only spared the life of Brutus, but he made 
bim one of his most faithful friends. He how- 
ever forgot the favour because Cffisar aspired to 
tyranny. He conspired with many of the most 
illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, 
and stabbed him in Pompey's Basilica. The 
tumult which this miurder occasioned was great: 
the conspirators fled to the capitol, and by pro- 
claiming freedom and liberty to the populace, 
they re-established tranquillity in the city. An- 
tony, whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of 
his associates, refused to seize, gained ground 
in behalf of his friend Cffisar, and the murder- 
ers were soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus 
retired into Greece, where he gained himself 
many friends by his ai-ms, as well as by persua- 
sion, and he was soon after pursued thither by 
Antony, whom young Octavius accompanied. 
A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who 
commanded the right wing of the republican 
army, defeated the enemy ; but Cassius, who 
had the care of the left, was overpowered, and 
as he knew not the situation of his friend, and 
grew desperate, he ordered one of his freed- 
men to run him through. Brutus deeply de- 
plored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief, 
called him the last of the Romans, ra another 
battle, the wing which E^utus commanded ob- 
tauied a victory ; but tlie other was defeated, 
and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers 
of Antony. He however made his escape, and 
soon after fell upon his sword, B. C. 42. Anto- 
ny honoured him with a magnificent funeral. 
Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary tal- 
ents, than his valour in the held. When he was 
in the camp, the greatest part of his time was 
employed in reading and writing; and the day 
which preceded one of his most bloody battles, 
while the rest of his army was under continual 
appreliensions; Brutus calmly spent his boms 



BU 

till the evening, in writuig an epitome of Poly • 
bius. He was foiid of imitating the austere 
virtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of 
nations he imbibed those principles of freedom 
which were so eminently displayed in his poli- 
tical career. He was intimate with Cicero, tc» 
whom he would have communicated his con- 
spiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his 
great timidity. He severely reprimanded him 
in his letters for joining the side of Octavius, 
who meditated the ruiii of the republic. Plu- 
tarch mentions, that Cresar's ghost made its 
appearance to Brutus in his teni, and told hira 
that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus 
married Portia, the daughter of Cato, who kill- 
ed herself, by swallowing burning coals, when 
she heard the fate of her husband. C. JVep. in 
Attic. — Pattrc. 2, c. 48. — Piut. in Brut. he. — 

Cces. 1 — Flor 4. D. Jun. Aibinus, one of 

Ca3sars murderers, who, after the battle of 
Mutina, was deserted by thelegions,with\vhicii 
he wished to march against Antony. He was 
put to death by Antony's orders, though"' consul 

elect. Jun. one of the first tribunes of the 

people. Pint. One of Carbo's generals. 

Brvas, a general of the Argives against 
Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom he 

had ottered violence. Pans. 2, c. 20. A 

general in the army of Xerxes. Heiodot. 7, 
c. 72. 

Bry.\xis, a marble sculptor, who assisted iu 
making the mausoleum. Pans. \, c. 40. 

BR'iCE, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
Jpollod. 2, c. 1. 

Bryges, a people of Thrace, afterwards 
called Phiyges. Sirab. 7. 

Brygi, a people of Macedonia conquered 
by Mardonius. Herodot. 6, c. 45. 

Brysea, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 
20. 

BubacenE; a town of Asia. Curt. 5. 

BuBACES, an eunuch of Dai'ius, he. Curl. 
5, c. 11. 

BuBARxs, a Persian Avho married the daugh- 
ter of Amyntas, against whom he had beec 
sent with an army. Justin. 7, c. 13. 

BuBASTiA^s, one of the mouths of the 
Nile. 

BuBASTis, a city of Egypt, in the eastern 
parts of the Delta, whei-e cats were held in 
great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who 
is the chief deity of the place, is said to have 
transformed herself into a cat when the gods 
fled into Egypt. Herodot. 2, c. 59, 137 and 
154.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 690. 

BuBASus, a country of Caria, whence Bu- 
basides applied to the nati\-es. Ovid. Met. 9, 
V. 643, 

BuBON, an inland city of Lycia. Plin. 5, 
c. 27. 

BucEPiTALA, a city of India, near the Hy- 
daspes; built by Alexander, in hoi:our of his 
favourite horse Bucepiialus. Curi.i^. c.3. — 
Justin. 12, c. 8. — Diod. 17. 

Bucephalus, a liOt-,se of Alexander's, 
whose head resembled that of a bull, whence 
his name ("-«- xf,*a>w;f bovis caput.) Alexander 
was the only one who could mount on his l)ack, 
and he always knelt down to take up his mas- 
ter. He was present in an engagement in 
Asia, where he received a heavyVound, and 
hastened immediately or.tofthe battle, and 
dropped down dead us soon as he hud set down 



BU 

the king in a safe place. He was 30 years old 
when he died, and Alexander built a city 
which he cnlled after his name. Pint. iaMex. 
Curt. — Arrian. 5, c, 3. — Piin. 8, c. 42. 

Bucilianus, one of Cajsar's murderers. 
Cjc. ad AUic. 14. 

BucoT-icA, a sort of poem which treats of 
the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and 
occupations of the rural life, with simplicity 
and elegance. The tuost famous pastoral wri- 
ters of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, Theocri- 
lus; and Virgil. The invention of bucolics, or 
pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of 
Sicily. 

BucoLicuM, one of the mouths of the 
JJile, situate between the Sebennytican and 
Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, 
Phatniticum. Herodot. 2, c. 17. 

BucoLioN, a king of Aixadia, after Laias. 

Paus. 8, c. 5, A son ofLaoniedon and the 

nymph Calybe. A son of Hercules and 

Prazithea. He was also called Bucolus. 

A son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. Apollod. 
2 and 3. 

Bucolus, a son of Hercules and Marse. A 

son of Hippocoou. ApoUod. 2 and 3. 

Bunii, auatioji of Media. Herodot. 

BuBiNi, a people of Scythia. Id. 

BuDoRUM, a promontory of Salamis. Thu- 
cyd. 2, c. 94. 

BuLBi's, a Roman senator, remarkable for 
his meanness. Cic. in Ver. 

BuLi«, a town of Phocis, built by a colony 
from Doris near the sea, above the bay of 
Corinth. Pum. 10, c. 37. S. Spartan giv- 
en up to Xerxes, to atone for the ott'ence iiis 
countrymen had done for putting the king's 
messengers to death. Herodot. 7, c. TM, i>ic. 

BuLLATius, a friend of Horace, to whom 
the poet addressed 1 ep. 11, in consequence 
of his having travelled over part of Asia. 

Bdluis, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, 
south of Apolionia. Liv. 36, c. 7, 1. 44, c. 30. 

BuMELLus, a river of AJssyria. Curt, 4, 
C.9. 

BusTEA, a surname of Juno. 

BuiNus, a son of Mercury and Alcidaraea, 
who obtained the government of Corinth when 
iCetes w ent to Colchis. He built a temple to 
Juno. Paus. 2, c. 3 and 4. 

Bup.vi.us, a stutuary of Clazoraenae. Vid. 
Anthermus. 

BuPHAGus, a son of Japetus and Thomax 
killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempt- 
ed. A river of Arcadia bears his name. Pans. 
8, C.24. A surname of Hercules, given him 



on account of liis gluttony 

BuPHo>'TA, a festival in honour of Jupiter at 
Athens, where an ox \vas immolated. Paus. 
1, c. 24.—JEl'ian, V. H. 8, c. 3. 

BuPKAsiUM, a city, country, and river of 
Elis. Homtr. 

BuRA, a daughter of Jupiter, or accord- 
ing to others, of Ion and Helice, from whom 
Bura or Bnris, once a nourishing city in the 
bay of Corinth, received its name. This city 
was destroyed by the sea. Ovid. Mtt. 15, 
V. 293.— Paus. 7, c. 'l^.—Htrab. 1 and 8.— JDt- 
wl. 15. 

BuRAicus, an epithet applied to Hercules, 

from his temple near Bura, A river of 

Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 2.3. 

EuRRHUs Ai-iUNius, a chief ©f the prse- 



BY 

torian guards, but to death by Nero.— —A 
brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus. 

Bursa, the capital of Bithynia, supposed 
to have been called Prusa, from its founder, 
Prusias. Strab. 12. 

BuRsiA, a town of Babylonia. Justin. 12, 
c. 13. 

BusA, a woman of Apulia who entertained 
1000 Romans after the battle of Cannae. Val. 
Max. 4, c. 8. 

BusiE, a nation of Media. Herodot. 1. 
BusiRis, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune 
and Lybia, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all 
foreignei-s to Jupiter with the greatest cru- 
elty. ^V'hen Hercules visited Egypt, Busi- 
ris carried him to the altar bound hand and 
foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, 
and offei'ed the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, 
and the ministers of his cruelty on the altar. 
Many Egyptian princes have borne the same 
name. One of them built a town called Busi" 
ris, in the middle of the Delta, where Isis had 
a famous temple, Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 61. — 
Strab. n.—Ovid. Met. 9, v. lS2.—Heroid. 9, 
V. 69.— Plut. in Thcs.— Virg. G,3, \\5.—Jpol^ 
lod. 2, c. 5. 

BuTA, a town of Achaia. Diod. 20. 
BuTEO, a surname of M. Fabius. Liv. 30, 

c, 26. A Roman orator. Seneca. 

BuTEs, one of the descendants of Amycus, 
king of the Bebryces, very expert in the com- 
bat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where 
he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, 
by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste, 
on account of her beauty, was called Venus ; 
hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus. — 

Virg. JEn. 5, v. 372. One of the Argonauts, 

Apollod. 1, c. 9. A Trojan slain by Camilla. 

Virg. JFm. 11, V. 690. A son of Boreas who 

built INaxos. Diod. 5. -A son of Pandion 

and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and .Neptune. 
He married Chtlionia, daughter of Erechtheus. 

Apollod. 3, c. 14, he. An arm-bearer to 

Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apol- 
lo assumed his shape when he descended from 
heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes 
was killed by Turnus. Vir^. JEn. 9, v. 647, 1. 

12, V. 632. A governor of Darius, besieged 

by Conon the Athenian. 

BuTHROTUM, now Bulrinto, a sea-port town 
of Epinis opposite Corcyra, visited by .Apneas, 
in his wav to Italy from Troy. Virg. v9Sn. 3, 
V. 293.— P/m. 4, c. 1. 
BuTHiiuTus, a river in Italy near Locri. 
BuTHiREus, a noble statuaiy, disciple to 
Myron. Plin. 3<i, c. 8. 

BuTOA, an island in the Mediterranean, 
near Crete. Plin. 4, c, 12. 

BuTORiuES, an historian who wrote con- 
cerning tire pyramids. Plin. 36, c. 12. 

BuTos, a town of Egypt, where there was 
a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle 
of Latona. Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 63. 

BuTUNTUM, an iiiland town of Apulia. 
Plin. 3, c. 11. 
BuTus, a son of Pandion. 
Bu/YGEs, an Athenian who first ploughed 
with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave hita 
the Palladium with which Diomedes had in- 
trusted him, to be carried to Athens. Polycen. 
1, c. 5. 

Bybtesia and Bvbassia, a country of Ca- 
ria. Herodot. 1, c. 174. 



BY 

Syblia, a name of Venus. 

Byblii, a people of Syria. Jipollod. % e. 1. 

Byblis, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. 
She fell in love with her brother Caunus. and 
when he refused to gratify her passion, she 
destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus be- 
came enamoured of her, and fled from his 
country to avoid incest; and others report, 
that he fled from his sister's importunities, who 
sought him all over Lycia and Caria, and at 
last sat down all bathed in tears, and was 
changed into a fountain of the same name. 
Ovid, de Art. Am. I, v. 284. Met. 9, v. 451.— 

Hygin. fab. 243. — Paiis. 7, c. 5. A small 

island in the Mediterranean. 

Bybt.us, a town of Syria, not far from the 
sea, where Adonis had a temple. Strab. 16. 

Bylliones, a people of Illyricum, 

Byrkhus, a robber, famous for his dissipa- 
tion. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 69. 

Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, 
on which was tlie temple of iEsculapius. As- 
drubal's wife burnt it when the city was taken. 
When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the 
inhabitants as much land as could be encom- 
passed by a bull's hide. After the agreement, 
she cut the hide in small thongs, and enclosed 
a large piece of territory, on which she built 
a citadel which she called Byrsa, (Eut^-j., a 
hide.) Virg. ^n. 1, v. 371.— Strab. 17.— 
Justin. 18, c. 5. — Flor. 2, c. 15. — Liv. 34, c. 
62. 

Byziacium, a country of Africa. 

Byzantium, a town situate on the Thracian 
Eosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, 
under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before 
the christian era. Paterculus says it was 
founded by the Milesians, and by the Lace- 



BY 

daemoniahs according to Justin, and accord- 
ing to Ammianus by the Athenians. The 
pleasantness and convenience of its situation 
was observed by Constantine the Great, who 
made it the capital of the eastern Roman em- 
pire, A. D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis. 
A number of Greek writers, who have de- 
served or usurped the name of Byzantine his- 
torians, flourished at Bizantuim, after the seat 
of the empire had been translated thither 
from Rome. Their works, which more par- 
ticularly relate to the time in which they flour- 
ished; and are seldom read but by those who 
wish to form an acquaintance with the revolu- 
tions of the lower empire, were published in 
one large collection, in 36 vols, folio, 1648, &:c. 
at Paris, and recommended themselves by the 
notes and supplements of Du Fresne and Du 
Cange. They were likewise printed at Ve- 
nice 1729, in 28 vols, though perhaps this edi- 
tion is not so valuable as that of the French. 
Strab. 1. — Paterc. 2. c. 15. — C. JVep. in Pam. 
Mcib. 4^ Timoth. — Justin. 9, c. 1.— Tacit. 12, 
Ann. c. 62 and 63. — Mela, 2, c. 2. — Marcd. 
22, c. 8. 

Byzas, a son of Neptune, king of Thrace, 
from whom it is said Byzantium received its 
name. Diod. 4. 

Byzeres, a people of Pontus, between 
Cappadocia and Colchis. Dionys. Perieg. — 
Place. 5, V. 153. 

Byzes, a celebrated artist in the age of 
Astyages. Pans. 6, c. 10, 

Eyzia, a town in the possession of the 
kings of Thrace, hated by swallows on ac- 
count of the horrible crimes of Tereus. Plim 
4, c. 11. 



CA 

pAANTHUS, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. 
^^ He was ordered by his father to seek his 
sister Malia, wliom Apollo had carried away, 
and he burnt in revenge the ravisher's temple 
near the Isthiiius. He was killed for this im- 
piety by the god, and a monument raised to 
kis memory. Pans. 9, c. 10, 

Cabades, a king of Persia, &;c. 

Cabala, a place of Sicily where the Car- 
tliaginians were conquered by Dionysius. 
Diod. 15, 

Cabales, a people of Africa, Htrodct. 

Cabalii, a people of A.sia Minor. Id. 

Cabalinus, a clear fountain on mount He- 
Kcon, sacred to the muses, and called also 
Hipperrene, as raised from the ground by the 
foot of Pegasus. Pers. 

Cacallinum, a town of the ^dui, now 
Chalons, on the Saone. C<£s. 7, Bell. G. c. 
42, 

Cabarnos, a deity worshipped at Paros, 
His priests were called Cabarni. 

Cagassus, a town of Cappadocia. A 

village near Tarsus. 

Cabaj,uo, a town of Gaul, 



CA 

Cabika, a wife of Vulcah, by whom she 
had three sons. A town of Paphlagonia. 

Caeiri, certain deities held in the greatest 
veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, 
and Phrygia, but more particularly in the 
islands of Saraothrace and Imbros. The 
number of these deities is uncertain. Some 
say they were only two, Jupiter and Bar- 
chus ; others mention three, and some four- 
Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and 
Camillas. It is unknown where their worship 
was first established; yet Phoenicia seeme 
to be the place according to the authoritv of 
Sanchoniathon, and from thence it wa.s intro- 
duced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The fes- 
tivals or mysteries of the Cabiri, were celc 
brated with the greatest solemnity at Samo- 
thrace, where all the ancient heroes and 
princes were generally initiated, as their 
power seemed to be great in protecting per- 
sons Irom shipwreck and storms. The ob- 
scenities which prevailed in the celebration 
have obliged the authors of every country to 
[)ass over them in silence, and say that it wa«. 
I unlawful to reveal them. These deities ar^ 



CA 

•ftcn confounded with the Corybantes, Ana- 
c^s. Dioscuri, cic. and; according to Herodo- 
tus, Vulcan was their father. This author 
mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses com- 
mitted in entering their temple, and turning to 
ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were 
sup|)osed to preside over metals. Herodol. 2, 
e. dl.—Slrab. 10, kc.—Paus. 9, c. 22, Lc— 
Cic. fk Xat. D.\. 

Cabjria, a surname of Ceres. The fes- 
tivals of the CabirJ. Vid. Cabiri. 

Cabura, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where 
Juno bathed. P/in. 31, c.3. 

Caburus, a chief of the Helvii. C(zs. 

Caca, a goddess among the Romans, sister 
to Cacus, wiio is said to have discovered to 
Hercules where her brother had concealed his 
oxen. She presided over the excrements of 
the body. Tlie vestals offered sacrifices in her 
temple. Ladant. 1, c. 20. 

Cachalej, a river of Phocis. Paus. 10, 
c. 32. 

Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan 
and Medusa, lepresented as a three-headed 
mojister, and as vomiting Hames. He resided 
in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were 
covered with human bones. He plundered 
the neighbouring country ; and when Hercu- 
les returned from the conquest of Geryon, 
Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged 
them backwards into his cave to prevent dis- 
covery. Hercules departed without perceiv- 
ing the theft ; but his oxen having lowed, 
were answered by the cows in the cave of Ca- 
cus, and the hero became acquainted with the 
Joss he had sustained. He ran to the place, 
attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him 
In his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. 
Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servetor, 
in commemoration of this victory; and an an- 
nual festival was instituted by the inhabitants 
in honour of the hero, who had delivered 
them from such a public calamity. Ovid. 1, 
Fast. \\5ry].— Virg.Jl'M. 8, v. 194.- 
4, el. 10. — Jul'. 5, V. 125. — Li v. 1, c 
7iys. H(d. 1, €.9. 

Cacuthis, a river of India flowing into the 
irrian. Indie. 

Cacvparis, a river of Sicily. 

Cadi, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 12. 

Of Lydia. Propert. 4, e'l. 6, v. 7. 

Cadmea, a citadel of Thebes, built by 
Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes it- 
self, and the Thebans are often called Cadrae- 
•ans. Slat. Theb. 8, v. 6(Jl.— Pajw. 2, c. 5. 

CAPMi-.is, an ancient name of Boootla. 

Cadmus, son of Agenor king of Phojnicia, 
by Telephassa or A,j;riope, was ordered by 
his fati'.er to go in qjiest of his sister Europa, 
whom Jupiter had carried away, and lie Wixs 
never to return to Phcenicia if he did not 
bring her back. As his search proved fruit- 
less, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and 
was ordered to build a city where he should 
see a young heifer stop in the grass, and 
to call the countiy Bceotia. He found the 
Leifer according to the directions of the ora- 
cle ; and as he wished to thank the god by 
a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch 
water from a neighbouring grove. The wa- 
ters were sacredlo Mars, and guarded by a 
dragon, which devoured all tlie Phoenician's 
iMteudaiits. Cadmus, tired of theii- seeming 



-Propert. 
7. — Dio- 



Ganges. 



CA 

delay, went to the place, and saw tlie monster 
still feeding on their tlesh. He attacked the 
dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of 
Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon 
which armed men suddenly rose up from the 
ground. He threw a stone in the midst of 
them, and they instantly turned their arms 
one against the other, till all perished except 
five, who assisted him in building his city. 
Soon after he married Hermoine the daughter 
of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest 
cordiality, and by whom he had a son, Poly- 
dorus, ajid four daughters, Ino, Agave, Auto- 
noe, and Semele. Juno persecuted those 
children ; and their well-known misfortunes 
so distracted Cadmus and Hermoine, that 
they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief, 
and' infirm with age. They entreated the. 
gods to remove them from the misfortunes of 
life, and they were immediately changed into 
serpents. Some explain the dragon's fable, 
by 5upi)Osing that it was a king of the countcy 
whom Cadmus conquered by war ; and the 
armed men rising from the field, is no more 
than men armed with brass, according to the 
ambiguous signification of a Phoenician word. 
Cadmus was the first Avho introduced the use 
of letters into Greece ; but some maintain, 
that the alphabet which he brought from Phce- 
iiicia, was only different from that which is 
used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. 
This alphabet consisted only of lt3 letters, to 
which Palamedes afterwards added four, and 
Simonides of Melos the same number. The 
worship of many of the Egyptian and Phoeni- 
cian deities was also introduced by Cadmus, 
who is siippo!>ed to have come into Greece 
1493 years before the christian era, and to 
have died 61 years after. According to those 
who believe that Thebes was built at the 
sound of Amphion's lyre, Cadmus built only 
a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and 
laid the foundations of a city which was finish- 
ed by one of his successors. Ovid. Met. 3, 
fab. 1, 2, hii.—Herodot. 2, c.49, I. 4, c. 147.— 
Hygin. fab. 6, 7(5, 155, ^c. — Diod. 1, &.C. — 
Paus. 9, c. 5, Isic. — Htsiod. Theog. v. 937, &.c. 
A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated 



as an historian in the age of Croesus, and as the 
writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, 
in 4 books. He is called the ancient, in contra- 
distinction fronj another of the same name and 
place, son of Archelaus, who wrote an histoiy 
of Attica, in 16 books, and a treatise on love 
in. 14 books. Diod. 1. — Dio)tys. Hal. 2. — Cle^ 
ment. .'iUxund. 3.— Strab l.—Plin. 5, c. 29. 

A Roman executioner, mentioned Horat- 

1, Sat. 6, v. 39. 

Cadra , a hill of Asia Minor. Tacit. 

CadCceus, a rod entwined at one end by 
two serpents, in the form of two equal semi- 
circles. It was ihe attribute of Mercuiy and 
the emblem of power, and it had been given 
liim by Apollo in return for the lyre. Vari- 
ous iuterpretatiojis have been put upon the 
two sei-jjents round it. Some suppose them to 
be a symbol of Ju{)itor's amours with Rhea, 
when' these two deities transformed them- 
selves into snakes. Others say, that it origi- 
nates from Mercury's having appeased the 
fuiy of two serpents that were fighting, by 
touching them with his rod. Prudence is 
generally supposed to be represented by these 



two serpents, and the wings arc the symbol of 
diligence ; both necessary in the pursuit of bu- 
siness and commerce, which Mercury patro- 
nized. With it. Mercury conducted to the 
infernal regions the souls of the dead, and 
could lull to sleep and even raise to life a 
dead person. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 242. — Horat. \, 
od. 10. 

Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the east of 
the Garonne. Ccb*. 

Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea. 
Plut. 

Cadytis, a town of Syria. Herodot. 2, 
c. 159. 

Cma, an island of the JEgean sea among 
the Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, from 
Ceus the son of Titan. Ovid. 20, Heroid. — 
Virg. G. 1, V. 14. 

CvEciAs, a wind blowing from the north. 

CECILIA, the wife of Sylla. Plut in Syl. 

The mother of Lucullus. Id. in Luc. 

A daughter of Atticus. 

CiEciLiA Caia, or Tanaquil. Vid. Tana- 
quil. 

Cjscilia Lex, was proposed, A. U. C. 
693, by Caecil. Metellus Nepos, to remove 
taxes from all the Italian states, and to give 

them free exportation. Another called also 

Didia, A. U. C. 656, by the consul Q. Caecilius 
Metellus, and T. Didius. It required that no 
more than one single matter should be pro- 
posed to the people in one question, lest by 
one word they should give their assent to a 
whole bill, which might contain clauses wor- 
thy to be approved, and others unworthy. It 
required that every law, before it was pre- 
ferred, should be exposed to public view on 
three market-days. Another, enacted by Cae- 
cilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. 

Flin. 35, c. 17. Another, A. U. C. 701, to 

jrestore to the censors their original rights and 
privileges, which had been lessened by P. 

Clodius the tribune. Another called also 

Gabinia, A. U. C. 685, against usury. 

CiEciLiANus, a Latin writer before the age of 
Cicero. 

C^ciLii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
scended from Cascas, one of the companions 
of iEneas, or from Caeculus the son of Vul- 
can, who built Praeneste. This family gave 
birth to many illustrious generals and patriots. 

C^ciLius Claudius Isidorus, a man who 
left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 
3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 

600,000 pounds of silver. Plin. 33, c. 10. 

Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened 
a school at Rome, and is said to have first 
taught reading to Virgil and some other grow- 
ing poets. A Sicilian orator in the age of 

Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a 
comparison between DemosthenesandCicero, 
and an account of the orations of Demos- 
thenes. Metellus. Vid. Metellus. Sta- 
tins, a comic poet, deservedly commended 
by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator 
M. Mlic. calls him Malum Latinitatis aucto- 
rem. Above 30 of his comedies are mention- 
ed by ancient historians, among which are his 
Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusae, 
Fcenerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &lc. He 
was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168, 
B. C. and was bui'i«.'d on the Janiculum. Ho- 
•rat. 2, ep. 1. 

20 



CM 

C^ciNA Tuscus, a son of Nero's nurse, 
made governor of Egypt. Suet in Ner. 
A Roman who wrote some physical treatises, 

A citizen of Volaterrae, defended by 

Cicero. 

C^cuBUM, a town of Campania in Italy, 
near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excel" 
lence and plenty of its wines. Strab. 5.-*> 
Horat. 1, od. 20, 1. 2, od. 14, &,c. 

C^cuLUS, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as 
some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire 
fell into her bosom. He was called Coeculus, 
because his eyes were small. After a life spent 
in plundering and rapine, he built Praeneste ; 
but being unable to find inhabitants, he im- 
plored Vulcan to show whether he really was 
his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone 
among a multitude who were assembled to 
see some spectacle, and they were immedi- 
ately persuaded to become the subjects of Cas- 
culus. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 680, says, that he 
was found in fire by shepherds, and on that 
account called son of Vulcan, who is the god 
of fire. 

Q. C^Dicius, a consul, A. U. C. 498, 

— — Another, A. U. C. 465. A military 

tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted him- 
self to rescue the Roman army from the Car- 
thaginians, B. C. 254. He escaped with his 

life. A rich person, he. Virg. Mn. 9, v, 

362. A friend of Turnus. Virg. Mn. 10, 

V. 747. 

C^LiA Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 635, 
by Caelius, a tribune. It ordained that in ju- 
dicial proceedings before the people^in cases of 
treason, the votes should be given upon tablet* 
contrary to the exception of the Cassian law. 

CjELius, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He 
died very young. Cicero defended him whea 
he was accused by Clodius of being accessary 
to Catiline's conspiracy, and of having mur- 
dered some ambassadors from Alexandria, and 
carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the 
wife of Metellus. Oral, pro M. Ccel. — Quiw 

til. 10, c. 1. A man of Tarracina, found 

murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected 
of the murder, but acquitted. Val. Max. 8, 

c. 1. Aurelianus, a writer about 300 yeara 

after Christ, the best edition of whose works is 

thatof Almeloveen, Amist. 1722 and 1755. . 

L. Antipater, wrote anhistory ofRome, w^hich, 
M. Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian 
preferred to the histories of Sallust. Caelius 
flourished 120 years, B. C. Val Max. 1, c. 7. 

— Cic. 13, ad. Mic, ep. 8. Tubero, a mans 

who came to life after he had been carried ta 

the burning pile. Plin.T, c. 52. Vibien- 

us, a king of Etruria, who assisted Romulus. 

against the Cseninenses, he. Sabinus, a 

writer in the age of Vespasian, who compo- 
sed a treatise on the edicts of the curuleediles. 

One of the seven hills on which Roo?e was 

built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch aud 
rampart, and it was enclosed by wails by the 
succeeding kings. It received its name frcm 
Caelius, who assisted Romulus against the 
Sabines. 

CjEmaro, a Greek, who wrote an account 
of India. 

C/ENE, a small Island in the Sicilian sea. 

A toy, .'I Oil the ocast of Laconia, whence Jupi- 
ter is called Caeuius. PUn. 4, c. 6. — Ovid 
Mpt 9, T. lc<«. 



CM 

•€;eneus, one of the Argonauts. Jipollod. 

1^ c. 9. A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 

CA:NinES, a patronymic of Eetion, as de- 
scended from Ca^neus. Herodot. 5, c. 92. 

C.iKNiA, a town of Latium near Rome. 
The inhabitants, called Cmninenses, made war 
against the Romans when their virgins had 
been stolen away. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 135. — 
Properf. 4, el. 11, c. 9.-—Liv. 1, c. 9. 

Cj€Nis, a promontory of Italy, opposite to 
relorns in Sicily, a distance of about one mile 
and a half 

C.'EMs, a Thessalian woman, daughter of 
Elatus, who being forcibly ravished by Nep- 
tune, obtained frojii the god the power to 
change her sex, and to become invulnerable. 
She also changed her name, and was called 
Cccncus. In the wars of the Lapithic against 
the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, and was 
overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and 
changed into a bird. — Ovid. Met. 12, v. 172 
and 479. — Virg. Jl'.n. 6, v. 448, says, that she 
returned again to her pristine form. 

Q. Servimus CyEPro, a Roman consul,! 
A. U. C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He 
plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he 
was punished by divine vengeance, &.c. Jus- 
tin. 'i'2, c.'^ — Paterc.2,c. 12. A quaestor 

who opposed Saturninus. Cic. ad Her. 

Cjerxtvs, a town of Crete. Strab. A 

river. 

C/ERE, C^REs, anciently Agylla, now 
Cer-veteri, a city of Etruria, once the capital 
of the whole country. It was in being in the 
age of Strabo. Wlien ^Eneas came to Italy, 
Mezentius was king over the inhabitants cal- 
led Caretes, or Cccrites; but they banished 
their pnnce, and assisted the Trojans. The 
people of Casre received with all possible hos- 
pitality the Romans who fled with the fire of 
Vesta, when the city was besieged by the 
Gauls, and for this humanity they were made 
citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of 
voting ; whence Ccerites tabulcc was applied to 
those who had no suffrage, and Cierites cera 
appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virg. 
^n. Sand 10.— /ir. 1, c. 2.— 5/ra6.5. 
C.EKE51, a [)eople of Germany. Ccns. 
Cesar, a surname given to the Julian fami- 
ly at Rome, either because one of them kept 
an elephant, which bears the same name in the 
Punic tongue, or because one was born with a 
thick head of hair. This name, after it had 
been dignified in the person of Julius Caesar, 
and of his successors, av as given to the appa- 
rent heir of the empire, in the age of the Ro- 
man emperors. The twelve first Roman em- 
perors were distinguished by the surname of 
C'cesar. They reigned in the following order 
Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula 
• Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Ves- 
pasian, Tif us, and Domitian. In Domitian, or 
rather in Nero, the family of Julius Ceesar was 
extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, 
the appellation of Ccesar seemed inseparable 
from the insperial dignity, and therefore it 
was assumed by the sticcessors of the Julian 
family. Suetonius has written an account of 
these tv.rlve characteis, in an extensive and 

impartial jnanncr. C. .lulius Cajsar, the first 

emperor of Rome, was son of li. Cajsar and 
Aurelia the dang.hter of Cotta. He was des- 
t\f ndt'd; according to some accouiits.from Ju- 



CiE! 

Hu5 the son of iEneas. When he reached hh 
15th year he lost his father, and the year after 
he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla v,as 
aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to re- 
move him ; but Caesar understood his inten- 
tions, and to avoid discovery, changed every 
day his lodgings. He Avas received into Sylla's 
friendship some time after; and the dictator 
told those who solicited the advancement of 
young Caesar, that they were warm in the in- 
terest of a man who would prove, some day or 
other, the ruin of their country and of their 
liberty. When Caesar went to finish his stu- 
dies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was 
seized by pirates, who oSered him his liberty 
for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threat- 
ened to revenge their insults ; and he no soon- 
er was out of their power, than he armed a 
ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. 
His eloquence procured him friends, at Rome, 
and the generous manner in which he lived, 
equally served to promote his interest. He 
obtained the office of high priest at the death, 
of Metellus ; and after he had passed through 
the inferior employments of the state, he was 
appointed over Sj)ain, where he signalized 
himself by his valour and intrigues. At his 
return to Rome, he was made consul, and 
soon after he effected a reconciliation between 
Crassus and Pompey. He Avas appointed for 
the space of five yeai-s over the Gauls, by the 
interest of Pompey, to w-hom he had given 
his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he en- 
larged the boundaries of the Roman empire, 
by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was 
then unknown to the Roman people. He 
checked the Germans, and soon after had his 
government over Gaul prolonged to five other 
years, by means of his friends at Rome. The 
death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted 
state of the Roman senate, and the ambition 
of Caisar and Pompey, soon became the 
causes of a civil war. Neither of these ce- 
lebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and 
the smallest matters were sufficient ground 
for unsheathing the sword. Cccsar's petitions 
were received witii coldness or indifference 
by the Roman senate ; and by the influence 
of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip hira 
of his power. Antony, Avho opposed it as 
tribune, fled to Caesar's camp with the news ; 
and the ambitious general no sooner heard 
this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On 
pretence of avenging the violence which had 
been offered to the sacred office of tribune 
in the person of Antony, he crossed the Ru- 
bicon, which was the boundary of his pro- 
vince. The passage of the Rubicon was a de- 
claration of war, and C«sar entered Italy, 
sword in hand. Upon tliis, Pompey, witli 
all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and re- 
tired to Dyrrachium ; and Ca3sar, after he had 
subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, 
and provided himself with money from the 
j)ublic ti-easury. He went to Spain, where he 
conquered the partizans of Pompey, under 
Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at iiis 
return to Rome, was declared dictator, and 
soon after consul. When he left Rome, he 
went in que^'t of Pompey, observing that he 
was marcliiugagalnst a general without troojis, 
after having defeated troops without a ge- 
neral in Spain, la the phiias of Pharsalia, 



B. C. 48, the tivo hostile generals engaged. 
Pompey was con(juered, and fled into Egypt, 
where he was murdered. Csesar, after he 
had made a noble use of victory, pursued his 
adversary into Egypt, where he for sometime 
forgot his fame and character in the arms of 
Cleopatra, by whom he had a sosi. His dan- 
ger was great while at Alexandria ; but he 
extricated himself with wonderful success, and 
made Egypt tributary to his powder. After 
several conquests in Afi'ica, the defeat of Ca- 
to, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey's 
sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and trium- 
phed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexan- 
dria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was crea- 
ted perpetual dictator. But now his glory was 
at an end, his uncommon success created him 
enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, 
among whom was Brutus, his most intimate 
friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him 
in the senate-house on the ides of March. He 
died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of 
March, B. C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. 
Casca gave hirathe first bloAV, and immediately 
fee attempted to make some resistance; but 
when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, 
he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their 
feet, muiiling up his mantle, and exclaiming, 
Til quoque Brute ! Caesar migiit have escaped 
the sword of the conspirators, if he had listen- 
€;d to the advice of his wife, whose dreams, on 
the night previous to the day of his murder, 
Tv'ere alarming. He also received, as he went 
to the senate-house, a paper from Artemido- 
rus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to 
him ; but he neglected the reading of what 
might have saved his life. When he was in his 
first campaign in Spain, he was observed to 
gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed 
tears at the recollection that that hero had con- 
quered the world at an age in which he himself 
had done nothing. The learning of Caesar de- 
serves commendation, as well as his military 
diaracter. He reformed the calendar. He 
wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on 
the spot where he fought his battles; and the 
comj)osition has been admired for the elegance 
as well as the correctness of its style. This 
valuable book was nearly lost ; and when Cce- 
sar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he 
was obliged to swim from his ship, with his 
arms in one hand and his commentaries in the 
other. Besides tiie Gallic and Civil wai's, he 
wrote other pieces, which are now^ lost. The 
history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is at- 
tributed to him by some, and by others to Hir- 
tius. Caesar has been blamed for his debauch- 
eries and expenses ; and the first year he had 
a public office, his debts were rated at 830 ta- 
lents, which his friends discharged ; yet, in 
his public character, he must be reckoned one 
of the few heroes that rarely make their ap- 
pearance among mankind His qualities were 
such, that in every battle he could not be but 
conqueror, and in every republic, master; 
and to his sense of his superiority over the rest 
of the world, or to hie ambition, we are to 
attribute his saying, that he wished rather to 
be first in a little village, then second at 
Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces 
in one day, that he made use of these remark- 
able words, to express the celerity of his ope- 
*fations ; Vf,ni, i-kH, vici, ConBcious of the 



services of a man, who, in the inteivals of 
peace, beautified and enriched the capital of 
his country with public buildings, libraries, and 
porticos, the senate permitted the dictator to 
wear a laurel crown on his bald head ; and it 
is said, that, to reward his benevolence, they 
were going to give him the title or authority of 
king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, 
when he was murdered. In his private cha- 
racter, Csesar has been accused of seducing one 
of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being 
privy to Catiline's conspiracy ; and it was his 
fondness for dissipated pleasures which made 
his countrymen saj- that he was the husband of 
all the women at Rome, and the woman of 
all men. It is said that he conquered 300 na- 
tions, took 800 cities, and defeated thre« mil- 
lions of men, one of which fell in the field of 
battle. Plin. 7, c. 25, says that he could em- 
ploy at the same time, his ears to listen, his 
eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind 
to dictate. His death was preceded, as many 
authors mention, by uncommon prodigies ; and 
immediately after his death, a large comet 
made its appearance. The best editions of 
Caesar's commentaries, are the magnificent 
one by Dr. Clarke, fol. Lond. 1712; that of 
Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to. 
1727 ; that of Oudendorp, 2 volumes 4to. L. 
Bat. 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1635. Sueton. ^ Plut. in vita. — Dio — ^p- 
pian. — Orosius. — Diod. 16 and eel. 31 and 37. 
Virg. G. 1, V. 466.— Ovid Met. 15, v. 782.— 
Marcell. — Flor. 3 and 4. Lucius, W'as fa- 
ther to the dictator. He died suddenly, Avhen 

putting on his shoes. Octavianus. Vid. 

Augustus. Caius, a tragic poet and orator, 

commended by Cic. in Brut. His brother C, 
Lucius, was consul, and followed, as well as 
himself, the party of Sylla. They were both 

put to death by order of Marius. Lucius, 

an uncle of M. Antony, who followed the in- 
terest of Pompey, and was proscribed by Au- 
gustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero, 
the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was 

put to death by J. Ca?sar, in his youth. Two 

sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Caesars, 

Caius and Lucius. Vid. Agrippa. Augus- 

ta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on thp 
Iberus, and now called Saragossa. 

C^SAUEA, a city of Cappadocia, of Bi- 

thynia, of Mauritania, of Palestine. 

There are many small insignificant towns of 
that name, either built by the emperors, or 
called by their name, in compliment to them 

C.ESARioN, the son of J. Caesar, by queen 
Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed 
by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, 
Egypt, and Calosyria. He was j)ut to death 
five years after by Augustus. Sutf. in Aug.^ 
17, and C(es.52. 

C^SKNNius PiETUS, a general sent by Nero 
to Armenia, fcc. Tacit. 15, .^nn. 6 and 25. 

C^.SETios, a Roman who protected his 
children against Cajsar. Val. Max. 5, c, 7. 

Cj*:,sia, a surname of Minerva. A wood 

in Germany. 2V/ci7. 1, ^mi. c. 59. 

CiEsius, a Latin poet, whose talents were 

not of uncommon brilliancy. Catull. 14. 

A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of JNero 
Persius. 

CiEso, a sou of Q. Cincinnalus, who r^voltej^ 
to the Volsci. 



CA 

Cjesosia, a lascivious woman who married 
Caligula, and was murdered at the same time 
with her daughter Julia. Suet, in Calig. c. 59. 

C5:soNius, Maximus, was banished from 
Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship 
with Seneca, &c. Tacit. 15, y?n?i. c. 71. 

Cjetulum, a town of Spain. Strab. 2, 

Cagaco, a fountain of Laconia. Pans. 3, 
C.24. 

Caicinus, a river of Locris. Thucyd. 3, c. 
303. 

Caicus, a companion of iEneas. Virg. JF,n. 
1, V. 187, 1. 9, V. 35. A river of Mysia, fall- 
ing into the ^gean sea, opposite Lesbos. 
Yirg. G. 4, V. 370.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 243. 

Caieta, a town, promontory, and harbour 
of Campania, which received its name from 
Caieta, the nurse of iEneas, who was buried 
there. Vi7-g. JEn. 7, v. 1. 

Caius and Caia, a praenomen very com- 
mon at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural 
position, denoted the man's name, and when 
reversed 3 it implied Caia. Qidntil. 1, c. 7. 

Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. Vid. 
Agrippa. 

Q. Calaber, called also Smyrnreus, wrote 
a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation 
of Homer's Iliad, about the beginning of the 
third century. The best editions of this ele- 
gant and well written book, are, that of Rho- 
doman, 12mo. Hanover, 1604, with the notes 
of Dausqueius, and that of Pauw, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1734. 

Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna 
Grajcia. It has been called Messapia, Japygia, 
Salentini, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius 
was born there. The countiy was fertile, and 
produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and 
excellent honey. Virg. G. 3, v. 425. — Horat. 
1, od.31. Epod. 1, v. 27, !. 1, ep. 7, v. 14.— 
Strab. 6.— Mela, 2, c. 4.—Plin. 8, c. 48 

Calabrus, a river of Calabria. Pans. 6. 

Calagurritani, a people of Spain, who 
ate their wives and children, rather than yield 
to Pompey. Val. Max. 7, c. 6, 

Calais and Zethes. Vid. Zethes. 

Calagutis, a river of Spain. Flor. 3, c. 
22. 

Calamis, an excellent carver. Propert. 3, 
el. 9, v. 10. 

Calamisa, a place of Samos. Herodot. 9. 

Calabios, a town of Asia, near mount Li- 
banus. Plin. 5, c, 20. A town of Phoeni- 
cia. Another of Babylonia. 

Calamus, a son of the river Magander, who 
xvas tenderly attached to Carpo, he. Pans. 
9, c. 35. 

Calanus, a celebrated Indian philosopher, 
one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alex- 
ander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, 
in his 83 year, he ordered a pile to be raised, 
upon which he mounted, decked with flowers 
and frarlands, to the astonishment of the king 
and of the army. When the pile was fired, 
Alexander asked him whether he had any 
thing to say : " No," said he, " I shall meet 
you again in a very short time." Alexander 
died three months after in Babylon. Strab. 
15. — Cic de Div. 1, c. 23. — Arrian. ^ Plut. in 
Alex.—JElian. 2, c. 41, 1. 5, c Q.— VnL Max. 1, 
e.8. 

Calaon, a river of Asia, negir Colophon. 
Paus. 7, c. 3. 



CA 

Calaris, a city of Sardinia. Flor. 2, c. 6, 

Calathana, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
32, c. 13. 

Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. Paus, 
3, c. 26. 

Calathus, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, 

Calates, a town of Thrace near Tomus, 
on the Euxine sea. Strab. 7. — Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Calatia, a town of Campania, on the Ap- 
pian way. It was made a Roman colony ia 
the age of Julius Caesar. Sil. 8, v. 543. 

Calatia, a people of India, who eat the 
flesh of their parents. Herodot. 3, c. 38. 

Calavii, a people of Campania. Liv. 26, 
c. 27. 

Calavius, a magistrate of Capua, who res- 
cued some Roman senators from death, &ic. 
Liv. 23, c. 2 and 3. 

Calaurea and Calauria, an island near 
Trcezene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and 
afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the 
place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen 
there, who poisoned himself to flee from the 
persecutions of Antipater. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 
384.— Paus. 1, c. 3, kc.Strab. 8.— Mela, 2, 
c. 7. 

Calbis, a river of Caria. Mela, 1, c. 16. 

Calce, a city of Campania. Strab. 5. 

Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of 
Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, 
in the office of high priest; and he informed 
them that that city could not be taken with- 
out the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could 
not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacri- 
ficed to Diana, and that the plague could not be 
stopped in the Grecian army, before the res- 
toration of Chiycis to her father. He told 
them also that Troy could not be taken before 
ten years siege. He had received the power 
of divination from Apollo. Calchas was in- 
formed, that as soon as he found a man more 
skilled than himself in divination, he must pe- 
rish ; and this happened near Colophon, after 
the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how 
many figs were in the branches of a certain 
fig-tree ; and when Mopsus mentioned the ex- 
act number, Calchas died through grief. [ Vid. 
Mopsus.] Homer. II. 1, v. 69. — JEschyl. m 
Agam. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Paus. 1, c. 43. 

Calchedonia. Vid. Calchedon. ■ 

Calchinia, a daughter of Leucippus. She 
had a son by Neptune, who inherited his 
grandfather's kingdom of Sicyon. Paus. 2, c. 5. 

Caldus Cje-livs, a Roman wko killed him- 
self when detained by the Germans. Paterc. 
2, c. 120. 

Cale, (es) Cales, (ium,) and Calencm, 
now Calvi, a town of Campania. Horat. 4,od. 
12.— Juv. 1, v. 69.— Sil. 8, v. 413.— Virg. *5Cn. 
7, V. 728. 

Caledonia, a country at the north of Bri- 
tain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair 
and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to 
denounce a German extraction, according to 
Tacit, in vild Agric. It was so little known 
to the Romans, and its inhabitants so little ci- 
vilized, that they called it Britannia Barbara, 
and they never penetrated into the country 
either for curiosity or conquest. Martial. 10, 
ep. 44.— Sil. 3, v. 598. 

Calentum, a place of Spain, where it is 
said they made bricks so light that they swam 
on the surface of the water. Plin. 35, c. 14. 



falling into 



CA 

Calenus, a famous soothsayer of Etruria, 

In the age of Tarquin. Plin. 28, c. 2. A 

lieutenant of Cassar's army. After Caesar's 
murder, he concealed some that had been pro- 
acribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with 
great honom* to them. Plut. in Cces. 

Cales, Vid. Cale. A city of Bithynia on 

the Euxine. Arrian. 

Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by 
Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer. 11.16, v. 16. 

Cail£.tm, a people of Belgic Gaul, now 
Pays de Cauxy in Normandy. Cces. Bell. G. 
2; c. 4, Their town is called Caletum. 

Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax 
as he was going to set fire to the ship of 
Protesilaus. Homer. II. 15, v. 419. 

Calex, a river of Asia Minor, 
the Euxine sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 75 

Caliadne, the wife of Egyptus. ^ollod. 
% c. 1. 

Caliceni, a people of Macedonia. 

M. Calidius, an orator and pretorian who 
died in the civil wai's, Sic. Cces. Bell. Civ. 

1, c. 2. L. Julius, a man remarkable for 

his riches, the excellency of his character, his 
learning and poetical abilities. He was pro- 
scribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atti- 
cus. C. JVep. in Jitiic. 12. 

C. Caligula, the emperor, received this 
surname from his wearing in the camp, the 
Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He was 
son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grand- 
eon to Tiberius. During the first eight months 
of his reignr Rome expected universal prosper- 
ity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remit- 
ted, and profligates dismissed; but Caligula 
soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He 
built a temple to himself, and ordered his head 
to be placed on the images of the gods, while 
he wished to imitate the thunders and power 
of Jupiter. The statues of all great men were 
removed, as if Rome would sooner forget her 
virtues in their absence ; and the emperor ap- 
peared in public places in tiie most indecent 
manner, encouraged roguery, committed in- 
cest with his three sisters, and established pub- 
lic places of prostitution. He often amused 
himself with putting innocent people to death ; 
he attempted to famish Rome, by a monopoly 
of corn ; and as he was pleased with the great- 
est disasters which befell his subjects, he often 
wished the Romans had but one head, that he 
might have the gratification to strike it oflf. 
Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace 
with human victims, and a favourite horse was 
made high-priest and consul, and kept in mar- 
ble apaitments, and adorned with the most 
valuable trappings and pearls the Roman em- 
pire could furnish. Caligula built a bridge up- 
wards of three miles in the sea ; and would per- 
haps have shown himself more tyrannical, had 
not Chajreas, one of his servants, formed a con- 
spiracy against his life, with others equally 
tired with the cruelties and the insults that 
were offered with impunity to the persons and 
feelings of the Romans. In consequence of 
this, the tyrant was murdered Januaiy 24th, in 
his 29th year, after a reign of three years and 
ten months, A. D. 41. It has been said, that 
Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric ; but his 
love of learning is better understood from his 
attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and i 
of Virgil. Bio.-^Suelon. in vitA-^Tacif. 4nn. | 



CA 

Calipus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B 
C. 330. 

Calis, a man in Alexander's army, tortured 
for conspiring against the king. Curt. 6, c. 1 1. 

Call;5:scheru3, the father of Critias. Plut. 
in Mcih. 

Callaici, a people of Lusitania, now Gal- 
licia, at the north of Spain. Ovid. 6, Fast. v. 
461. 

Callas, a general of Alexander. Diod, 

17. Of Cassander against Polyperchon. /tt 

19. A river of Eubcea. 

Callatebus, a town of Caria. Herodot. 7, 
c. 32. 

Calle, atown of ancient Spain, now Opor- 
to, at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal. 

Calleteria, a town of Campania. 

Calleni, a people of Campania. 

Callia, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8. c. 27. 

Calliades, a magistrate of Athens when 
Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodot. 8, c. 51. 

Calllis, an Athenian appointed to make 
peace between Artaxerxes and his country. 
Diod. 12. A son of Temenus, who mur- 
dered his father with the assistance of his 

brothers, .^polled. 2, c. 6. A Greek poet, 

son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. 
He wassurnamed Schcenion, from his twisting 
ropes, (<rx:eiv©--,) through poverty. Mhen 10. 

A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote 

an account of the Sicilian wai's, and was well 
rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown 
him in a favourable view. Athen. 12. — Dionys. 
An Athenian greatly revered for his pa- 
triotism. Herodot. 6, c. 121. A soothsayer. 

An Athenian, commander of a fleet 

against Philip, whose ships he took, he. A 

rich Athenian; who liberated Cimon from pri- 
son, on condition of marrying his sister and 

wife Elpinice. C. Ntp. and Plut. in Cim. 

A historian, who wrote an explanation of the 
poems of AlcaeuS and Sapj)ho. 

Callibius, a general in the. war between 
Mantinea and Sparta. Xenoph. Hist. G. 

Callicerus, a Greek poet, some of whose 
epigi'ams are preserved in the Anthologia. 

Callichorus, a place of Phocis, where 
the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated, 

Calllicles, an Athenian, whose house was 
not searched on account of his recent mar- 
riage, when an inquiry was made after th^ 
money given by Harpalus, &,c. Plut. in Dc- 
mosth. A statuary of Megara. 

Callicolona, a place of Troy, near the 
Simois. 

Calucrates, an Athenian, who seized 
upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing 
upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. 
He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, af- 
ter reigning thirteen months. He is called 
Callipus, by some authors, C. JVep. in Dimi. 

An officer intrusted with the care of the 

treasures of Susa by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2 

An artist, who made, witli ivory, m\\s 

and other insects, so small that they could 
scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved 
some of Homer's verses upon a grain of millet. 

Plin. 7, c. 21-vE/wn. V. H. 1, c. 17. An 

Athenian, who by his perfidy constrained the 
Athenians to submit to Rome. Pous. 7, c. 10. 

A Syrian who wrote an account of Aurc- 

lian's life. A brave Athenian killed at liie 

battle of Platae. Htrodot. 9, c. 72. 



CA 

Callicrat;daSj a Spartan, who succeeded 
Lysfinder in the command of the fleet. He 
took Alethymna, and routed the Athenian fleet 
under Conon. He was defeated and killed 
near the Arginuia?, in a naval battle, B. C. 

406. Diod. 13. — Xenopli. Hisl. G. One of 

the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedaemo- 
nians to Darius, upon the rupture of their al- 
liance with Alexander. Cart. 3, c. 13. A 

Pythagorean writer. 

Callioius, a celebrated Roman orator, 
contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his 
abilities with commendation. Cic. in Brut. 
2'74.~-Paterc. 2, c. 36. 

Callidromus, a place near Thermopylae. 
Thucyd. 8, c. 6. 

Calligetus, a man of Megara, received in 
his banishment bv Pharnabazus. Thucyd. 8, 
c. 6. 

Callimachus, an historian and poet of 
Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil 
to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in 
the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school 
at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes 
among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged 
Callimachus to lash hira severely in a satirical 
poem, under the name of Ibis. (Fi«f. Apollo- 
nius.) The Ibis of Ovid is an imitation of this 
piece. He wrote a work in 120 books on fa- 
mous men, besides treatises on birds ; but of 
aJl his numerous compositions, only '31 epi- 
grams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, 
are extant; the best editions of which, are 
that of Ernestus, 2 vols. 8vo. L. 1761, and that 
of Vukanius, 12mo. Antwerp, 1584. Pro- 
pertius styled himself the Roman CaUhnachus. 
The precise time of his death, as well as of his 
birth, is unknown. Property 4, el. 1, v. 65. — 
Cic. Tu.'ic. 1, c. 84.~—Horat. 2, ep. 2, v. 109.— 
Quhdil. 10, c. 1. An Athenian general kill- 
ed in the battle of Marathon. His body was 
found in an erect posture, all covered with 

wounds. Phd. A Colophonian, who wrote 

tae lite of Homer. Plut. 

Callimedo.v, a partizan of Phocion, at 
Athens, condemned by the populace. 

Callimeles, a youth ordered to be killed 
and served up as meat by ApoUodorus of Cas- 
sandrea. PolycBn. 6, c. 7. 

Callinus, an orator, who is said to have 
first invented elegiac poetry, B. C. 776. Some 
of his verses are to be found in Stobajus. Aihtn. 
—Strab. 13. 

Caeliope, one of the muses, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over 
eloquence and heroic poetiy. She is said to 
be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Ho- 
race supposes her able to play on any musical 
instrument. She was represented with a 
trumpet in her right hand, and with books in 
the other, which signified that her ollice was 
to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, 
as Clio was emploved in celebrating them : and 
she held the three most famous epic poems of 
antiquity, and appeared generally crowned 
with laurels. She settled the dispute between 
Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis^ 
whose company these two goddesses wished 
botJi perpetually to enjoy. Htsiod. Thcog. — 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 3. — Moral, od. 

•"ae.mpatika, daughter of Diagoras, and 
wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in 
:nuf. £ clothes with her son Pisidoi'us, to the 



CA 

Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declar- 
ed victor, she discovered her sex through ex- 
cess of joy, and was arrested, as women wer«5 
not permitted to appear there on pain of death- 
The victory of her son obtained her release ; 
and a law was instantly made, which forbade 
any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pans. 
5, c. 6, 1. 6, c. 7. 

Caleiphon, a painter of Samos, famous for 

his historical pieces, Plin. 10, c. 26, A 

philosopher who made the summum bonum- 
consist in pleasure joined to the love of hon- 
esty. This system was opposed by Cicero. QacBst. 
Acad. 4, c. 131 and 139. de Offic. 3, c. 119. 

Caleiphron, a celebrated dancing master* 
who had Epaminondas among his pupils. C. 
JVep. in Epam. 

Callipidje, a people of Scythia. Htrodot. 
4, c. 17. 

Callipolis, a city of Thrace on the Hel-; 

lespont. SiL 14, v. 250. A town of Sicily 

near -Stna. A city of Calabria on the coast 

of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a 
bridge to the continent. It is now called GaU 
lipoli,aind contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade^ 
in oil and cotton, , 

Caeeipus or Calippus, an Athenian, dis- 
ciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &ic. Vid. 
Callicrates. C. JYep. in Dion. A Corin- 
thian, who wrote an history of Orchomeuos.* 

Pans, 6, c. 29. A philosopher. Diog. in: 

Zen. A general of the Athenians when the,| 

Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylie. Paus,^ 
1, c. 3. 

Caelipyges, a surname of Venus. 

Caleirhoe, a daughter of the Scamander,. 
who married Troas, by wliom she had Ilus, Ga- , 

nyraede, and Assaracus. A fountain of At-i 

tica where Callirhoe killed Iierself. Vid. Co-vJ 
resus. Pans. 7,c. 21. — Slal. 12. Theb. v. 629. 



-A daughter of Piras anc 



A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mo- 
ther of Echidna, Orthos, and Cerberus, by.^i 

Chrysaor. Hesiod. A daughter of Lycusj 

tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Diome^ 
des at his return from Troy. He abandonedl 
her, upon which she killed herself. - 
daughter of the Achelous, who married Alci 
mieor^. Vid. Alcmason. Pans. 8, c. 24.- 
A daiighter of Phocus the Bojotian, whose^^ 
beauty procured her many admirers. Her fa- 
ther behaved with such coldness to her lovers! 
that they murdered him. Callirhoe avengedi 
his death with the assistance of the Boeotians; 
Phd. Amat.JVarr.- 
Niobe. Hygin. fab. 145. 

Calliste, an island of the ^gean sea, call- 
ed afterwards Thera. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Pans. 3,« 

c. 1, Its chief town was founded 1150 yearsj 

before the christian era, by Theras. 

Caleistel\, a festival at Lesbos, during! 
which, all the women presented themselves : 
the temple of Juno, and the fairest was re- 
warded in a public manner. There Avas alsoj 
an institution of the same kind among tUel 
Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose] 
wife was honoured with the first prize. Thel 
Eleans had one also, in whicli the fairest manj 
received as a prize a complete suit of armour,! 
which he dedicated to Minerva. 

CaelistiijLnes, a Greek who wrote ani 
history of his own country in 10 books, begin- 
ning from the })eace between Artaxerxes and-i 
Greece, down to the plundering of the temple- 



CA 

»f Delphi by Philoraelus. Dlod. 14. — — x\ 
man who with others attempted to expel the 
garrison of Demetrius from Athens. Poly(zn. 
5, c. 17.- — A philosopher of Olynthus, inti- 
mate with Alexander, whom he accompanied 
in his oriental expedition in the capacity of a 
preceptor, and to whom he had been recom- 
mended by his friend and master Aristotle. 
lie refused to pay di\ine honours to the king, 
for which he was accused of conspiracy, mu- 
tilated, and exposed to wild beasts, di-agged 
about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poi- 
son which ended together his tortures and his 
life, B. C. 328. None of his compositions are 
extant. Curt. 8, c. 6. — Plut.inAlex.—Jlrri- 

an, 4. — Justin. 12, c. 6 and 7. A writer of 

Sybaris. A ffeedman of Lucullus. It is 

said that he gave poison to his master. Plut. 
in Lucull. 

Caixisto and Calisto, called also Helice, 
was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, 
and one of Diana's attendants. Jupiter saw 
her, and seduced her after he had assumed 
the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was dis- 
covered as she bathed with Diana ; and the 
fruit of her amour with Jupiter, called Areas, 
was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, 
who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto 
into a bear ; but the god, apprehensive of her 
being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a con- 
stellation of heaven, with her son Areas, under 
the name of the bear. Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 4, 
^c.—.^pollod.3,c.8.—Hi/gin. fab. 176 and 177. 
^ Paus. 8, c. 3. 

Callistonicus, a celebrated statuary at 
Thebes. Pans. 9, c. 3. 

Callistratus, an Athenian, appointed 
general with Timotheus and Chabris against 

Lacedaemon. Diod. 15. An orator of A- 

phidna in the time of Epaminondas, the most 

eloquent of his age. An Athenian orator, 

with whom Demosthenes made an intimate 
acquaintance after he had heard him plead. 

Xtnoph. A Greek historian praised by Di- 

onys. Hal. A comic poet, rival of Aristo- 

plianes. A statuary. PUn. 34, c. S. A 

secretary of Mithridates. Plut. in Luculli. 

A grammarian, who made the alphabet of 

the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some sup- 
pose that he wrote a treatise on courtezans. 

Calli.xj^na, a courtezan of Thessaly, whose 
company Alexander refused, though requested 
by his mother Olympias. This was attributed 
by the Atiienians to other causes than chas- 
tity, and therefore the prince's ambition was 
ridiculed. 

Callixe>'us, a general who perished by fa- 
mine. An Athenian, imprisoned for pass- 
ing .sentence of death upon some prisoners. 
Diod. 13. 

Calok, a3tatuar}^ Quinlil. 12, c. 10. — Plin. 
34, c. 8. 

Calor, now Calore, a river in Italy near 
Beneventura. Liv. 14, c. 14. 

Calpk, a lofty mountain in the most south- 
ern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla 
on the African coast. These two mountains 
were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is 
BOW called Gibraltar. 

Calphurnia, a daughter of L. Piso, who 
was Julius Ca3sai''s fourth wife. The night 
previous to her husbands murder, she dream- 
ed that the roof of her house UacKalltn, ao(i 



that he hatd been stabbed in her arms ; and on 
that account, she attempted, but in vain, to 
detain him at home. After Caesar's murder, she 
placed herself under the patronage of M. An- 
tony. Sucion.in Jul. 

Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman brib- 
ed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered 

his wives when asleep. Plin. 27, c. 2. 

Crassus, a patrician, who went with Regulus 
against the Massyli. He was seized by the 
enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their 
towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to 
Neptune. Bisaltia, the king's daughter, fell 
in love with him, and gave him an opportunity 
of escaping and conquering her father. Cal- 
phurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia de- 
stroyed herself. A man who conspired 

against the emperor Nerva. Galerianus, 

sonofPiso,putto death, &;c. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. II. 

Piso, condemned for us'ng seditious words 

against Tiberius. Tacil. Hist. 4, c. 21. A- 

nother famous for his abstinence. Val. Max, 

4, c. 3. Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily, 

in the age of Dioclesian, seven of whose eclogues 
are extant, and generally found with the works 
of the poets who have written on hunting. 
Though abounding in manybeautiful lines,they 
are however greatly inferior to the elegance 
and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is 

that of Kempher, 4to."L. Bat 1728. A maa 

surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B. C. 
130. 

Calpuenia or Calphurnia, a noble family 
at Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. 
It branched into the families of the Pisones 
Bibuli, Flammge, Casennini, Asprenates, SiC. 
PHji. in JVuni. 

Calpurnia and Calphurnia j.ex, was 
enacted A. U. C. 604, severely to punish such 
as were found guilty of using bribes, Sic. Cie. 

de Off. 2. A daughter of Marius, sacrificed 

to the gods by her father, who was advised to 
do it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the 

Cimbri. Plut. in ParuU. A woman who 

killed herself when she heard that her husband 
was murdered in the civil wars of Maiius. 

Paterc. 2, 26. The wife of J. Caesar. Vid. 

Calphurnia. A favourite of the emperor 

Claudius, he. Tacit. Ann. A w^omaa 

ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, 
he. Tacit. 

Calvia, a female minister of Nero's lust5. ^ 
Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 3. 

Calvina, a prostitute in Juvenal's age. 8, 
v. 133. 

Calvisius, a friend of Augustus. Pint, la 

Anton. An officer whose wife prostituted 

herself in his camp by night, he. Tacit. 1# 
Hist. c. 48. 

Calumnia and Impldektia, two deities wor- 
shipped at Athens. Calumny was ingeniously 
represented in a painting by Apelles. 

Calusidius, a soldier in the army of Ger- 
manicus. When this general wished to stal* 
liimself with his own sword, Calusidius.oflercd 
him his own, observing that it was sharper.- 
Tacit. l,An.c.'S5. 

Calusium, a town of Etruria. 

Calvas Corn. Licinias, a famous ora- 
^ tor. equally known for writing Iambics. As he 
j was both facetious and satirical, ho did not fail 
i to excite attention by his animad\ eraions upon 
j Ciosar and Porapey, and,, from hi;? eloquence.. 



CA 

to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. 
Cic. tp.— Moral. 1, Sat. 10, v. 19. 

Calvbe, a town of Thrace. Slrah. 17. 

, The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. 

Apollod. 3, c. 12. An old woman priestess 

in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. Virg. 
JEn. 7, V. 419. 

CAi.ycADNUs, a river of Cilicia. 

Calyce, a daughter of iEolus, son of He- 
lenus and Enarelta daughter of Deimachus. 
She had Endymion, king of Elis-, by Ethlius 
the son of Jupiter. Apollod. \, c. 7. — Paus. 5. 

c. 1. A Grecian gu'I, who fell in love with 

a youth called Evathl.is. As she was unable to 
gain the object of her love> she threw herself 
from a precipice. This tragical story was 
made into a song by Stesichorus, and was still 
extant in the age ofAthenceus, 14. A daugh- 
ter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hygin. 157 

Calydiam, a town on the Appian way. 

Calydna, an island in the Myrtoan sea. 
Some suppose it to be near Rhodes, others 
near Tenedos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 205. 

Calydon, a city of /Etolia, where (Eneus, 
the father oif Meleager, reigned. The Evenus 
flows through it, and it receives its name from 
Calydon the son of iEtolus. During the reign 
of (Eneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the 
country, on account of the neglect which had 
been sliown to her divinity by the king. All 
the princes of the age assembled to hunt this 
boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, 
under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the 
Calydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal 
with his own hand, and gave the head to Ata- 
lanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin 
of the boar was preserved, and was still seen 
in the age of Fausanias, in the temple of Mi- 
nerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by 
the Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried 
them away to Rome, because the people of 
Tegea had followed the party of Antony. 
These tusks were shown for a long time at 
Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, 
and the other was broken. ( Vid. Meleager and 
Atalanta.) Apollod. 1, c. 8. — Paus. 8, c. 45. — 
Strab. 8. — Homer. II. 9, v. 577. — Hygin. fab. 

174. — Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 4, kc. A son of 

JEtolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He 
gave his name to a town of Etolia. 

Calydonis, a name of Delanira, as living 
in Calydon. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 4. 

Calydonius, a surname of Bacchus. 

Calymne, an island near Lebynthos. Ovid. 
Art. Am. 2, V. 81. 

Cai.ynda, a town of Caria. Ptol. 5, c. 3. 

Calypso, one of the Oceanides, or one of 
the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was 
goddess of silence, and reigned in the island 
of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence 
IS doubted. When Ulysses was shipwrecked 
on her coasts, she received him with great 
hospitality, and offered him immortality if he 
would remain with her as a husband. The 
hero refused, and after seven years' delay, he 
was permitted to depart from the island by 
ortler of Mercury, the messenger of Jupiter. 
During his stay, Ulysses had tAvo sons by Ca- 
lypso, Nausithous ajid Nausinous. Calypso 
was inconsolable at the departure of Ulysses. 
Homer. Od. 7 and 15. — Hesiod. Theog. v. 360. 
— Ovid, dc Pont. 4, ep. 18. Amor. 2, el. 17. — 
Pfopert. 1, el. 15. 



CA 

Camalod^num, a Roman colony in Britain^ 
supposed Maiden, or Colchester. 

Camantium, a town of Asia Minor. 

Camarina, a town of Italy. A lake of 

Sicily, with a town of the same name, built B. 
C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, 
and rebuilt by,a certain Hipponous. The lake 
was drained contrary to the advice of Apollo, 
as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was 
the consequence ; but the lowness of the lake 
below the level of the sea prevents its being 
drained. The words Camarinam movere are 
become proverbial to express an unsuccessful 
and dangerous attempt. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 791. 
— Strah. 6. — Herodot. 7, c. 134. 

Cambaules, a general of some Gauls who 
invaded Greece. Paus. 10, c. 19. 

Cambes, a prince of Lydia, of such vora- 
cious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. 
^lian. 1, V.H.c. 27. 

Cambre, a place near Puteoli. Juv. 7, v. 154. 

Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia. Liv. 
42, c. 53. 

Cambyses, king of Persia, was son of Cy- 
rus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and 
was so offended at the superstition of the 
Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis, and 
plundered their temples. When he wished 
to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his 
army, a number of cats and dogs; and the 
Egyptians refusing, in an attempt to defend 
themselves, to kill animals which they reve- 
renced as divinities, became an easy prey to 
the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an 
army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Am- 
mon's temple, and resolved to attack the Car- 
thaginians and .^^thiopians. He killed his 
brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and 
flead alive a partial judge, whose skin he nail- 
ed on the judgment seat, and appointed his 
son to succeed him, telling him to remember 
where he sat. He died of a small wound he 
had given himself with his sword as he mount- 
ed on horseback ; and the Egj^ptians observed, 
that it was the same place on which he had 
wounded their god Apis, and that therefore 
he was visited by the hand of the gods. His 
death happened 521 years before Christ. He 
left no issue to succeed him, and his throne 
was usurped by the magi, and ascended by 
Darius soon after. Herodot. 2, 3, &lc. — Justin. 

1, c. 9. — Val. Max. 6, c. 3. A person of 

obscure origin, to whom king Astyages gave 
his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, 
who had been terrified by dreams which 
threatened the loss of his crown by the hand 
of his daughter's son, had taken this step in 
hopes that the children of so ignoble a bed 
would ever remain in obscurity. He was dis- 
appointed. Cyrus, Mandane's son, dethron- 
ed him when grown to manhood. Herodot. 1, 

c. 46, 107, &.C. — Justin. 1, c. 4. A river of 

Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into 
the Cyrus. Mela, 3, c. 5. 

Camelani, a people of Italy. 

Camelit^;, a people of Mesopotamia. 

Camera, a field of Calabria. Ovid. Fasl. 
3, V. 582. 

Camerinum, and Camertium, a town of 
Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabit- 
ants were called Camertes. Liv. 9, c. 36. 

Camerinus, a Latin poet, who wrote a 
poem oa the taking of Troy by Hercules 



CA 

Olid. 4, (X Pont. el. 16, v. IP. Some of 

the family of the Camerini were distinguished 
for their zeal as citizens, as well as for the'r 
abilities as scholai's, among w horn was Siilpi- 
cius, commissioned by the Roman senate to 
go to Athens, to collect the best of Solon's 
laws. Juv. 7, V. 90. 

Camericm, an ancient town ot Italy near 
Home, taken by Romulus. PluL in Rom. 

Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by 
^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 562. Vid. Came- 
rinum. 

Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was daughter 
of Metabus and Casmiila. She was educated 
in the woods, inured to the labours of hunt- 
ing, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her fa- 
ther devoted her, when young, to the service 
of Diana. When she was declared queen, she 
marched at the head of an army, and accompa- 
nied by three youthful females of equal cour- 
age as herself, to assist Turnus against ^neas, 
where she signalized herself by the numbers 
that perished by her hand. She was so swift 
that she could run, or rather fly over a field of 
corn without bending the blades, and make her 
way over the sea without wetting her feet. 
She died by a wound she had received from 
Ai-uns. Virg. JFm. 7, v. 803, 1. 11, v. 4«5. 

Camilii and Camilla, the priests instituted 
by Romulus for the service of the gods. 

Camillus, (L. Furius) a celebrated Ro- 
man, called a second Romulus, from his ser- 
vices to his country. He was banished by the 
people for distributing, contrary to his vow, 
the spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his 
exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under 
Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, 
the besieged Romans elected him dictator, and 
he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the 
relief of his country, which he delivered, after 
it had been for some time in the possession of 
the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his 
age, B. C. 365, after he had been five times 
dictator, once censor, three times interrex, 
twice a military tribune, and obtained four 
triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, 
Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded his coun- 
trjmeu from their intentions of leaving Rome 
to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, 
he rejected, with proper indignation, the of- 
fers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed into 
his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. 
Pint, in vita. — Lit. 5. — Flor. 1, c. 13. — Diod. 
14. — Vir. JEn. 6, v. 825. a name of Mer- 
cury. An intimate friend of Cicero. 

Camiro and Clytia, two daughters of 
Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were 
dead, they were left to the care of Venus; 
who, with the other goddesses, brought them 
up with tenderness, and asked Jupiter to grant 
them kind husbands, Jupiter, to punish upon 
them the crime of their father, w ho was ac- 
cessary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered 
the harpies to carry them away and deliver 
them to the furies. Paus. 10, c. 30. — Homer. 
Od. 20, v. 66. 



Camirus and Camir.4, a tOAvn of Rhodes, 
which received its name from Camirus, a son nours by Ceesar, for his military abilities 
of Hercules and Jole. Homtr. 11. 2, v. 163. | Bell. G'. 7, c. 57 



CA 

his murderer binorix, by making Llm drink 
in a cup, of which the fiquor was poiso)ied, 
on pretence of marrying him, according to 
the custom of their coimtry, Vviiich required 
that the bridegroom and his bride should drink 
out of the same vessel. She escaped by refu- 
sing to druik on pretence of illness. Polytjen. 8. 
Cam(es^, a name given to the muses from 
the sweetness and melodyof their songs a can- 
tu amceno, or, according to Varro, from car^ 
vien. Vairo de L. L. 5, c. 7. 

Campana lex, or Julian agrarian law, was 
enacted by J. Csesar, A. U. C. 691, to divide 
some lands among the people. 

Campania, a country of Italy, of which 
Capua was the capital, bounded by Latiura, 
Samnium. Picenura, and part of the Mediter- 
raiiean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful 
views, and for its fertility. Capua is often 
called Campana urbs. Strab. 5. — Cic. de Leg. 
Ag. c. 35— Justin. 20, c. 1, 1. 22, c. l.—Plin. 
3, c. 5.— Mela, 2, c.4.— Flor. 1, c. 16. 

Campe, kept the 100 handed monsters con- 
fined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because 
she refused to give them their liberty to come 
to his assistance against the Titans. Hesiod. 
Theog. 500.— ApoUod. 1, c. 2. 

CaMpaspe and Pancaste, a beautiful con- 
cubir.e of Alexander, whom the king gave to 
Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as 
he drew her picture in her naked charms. It 
is said that from this beauty the painter copied 
the thousand charms of his Venus Anadomenc. 
Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Campi Diomedis, a pidin situate in Apulia. 
Mart. 13. ep. 93. 

Campas, a town near PaJlene. Herodoi. T, 
c. 123. 

Campus Martius, a large plain at Rome, 
without the walls of the city, where the Ro- 
man youths performed their exercises, and 
learnt to wrestle, and box, to throw tlie discus, 
hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, 
&.C. The public assemblies were held there, 
and the officers of state chosen, and audience 
given to foreign ambassadors. It was adorned 
with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, 
and its pleasant situation made it veiy fre- 
quented. It was called Martius, because de- 
dicated to Mars. It was sometimes called 
Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber. It 
w^as given to the Roman people by a vestal 
virgin ; but they were deprived of it by Tar- 
quin the Proud, who made it a private field, 
and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was 
driven from Rome, the people recovered it, 
and threw away into the Tiber, the corn which 
had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any 
man to eat of the produce of that land. The 
sheaves which were thrown into the river stop- 
ped in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated 
collection of mud became firm ground, and 
formed an island, which was called the Holy 
Island, or the Island of iEscuiapius. Dead 
carcasses were generally burnt iu the Campus 
Martius. Strak 5.~Liv. 2, c. 5, 1. 6, c. 20. 
Camuloginus, a Gaul raised to great ho- 

C<£S. 



Camissakes, a governor of part of Cilicia 
father to Datames. C. JS'ep. in Dot. 

Camma, a woman of Galatia, who aveng- 
ed the death of her husband Sinotus upon 
^1 



Camulus, a surn;>me of Mars among the 
Sabines and Etrurians. 

Cana, a city and promontory of ,£oUa. 
M^h, J.o. 18. 



Canacb, a daughter of JEolus and Ena- 
I'etta, who became enamoured of her brother 
Marcareus, by whom she had a child, whom 
she exposed. The cries of the child discover- 
ed the mother's incest ; and iEokis sent his 
daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill her- 
self Macareus fled, and became a priest of 
Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was 
ravished by Neptune, by whom she had ma- 
ny children, among whom were Epopeus, 
Triops, and Alous. ApoUod. 1. — Hygin. fab. 
238 and 242.— Ovid. Heroid. 11. Trist. 2, v. 
384. 

Canache, one of Acteeon's dogs. 
Canachus, a statuary of Sicyon. Paus. 
6, c. 9. 

Can^, a city of Locris. Of jE.oUa. 

Canarii, a people near mount Atlas in 
Africa, who received this name because they 
fed in common w ith their dogs. The islands 
which they inhabited were called Fortunate 
by the ancients, and are now known by the 
•name of the Canaries. Plin. 5, c. 1. 

Canathus, a fountain of Nauplia, where 
Juno yearly washed herself to receive her in- 
fant purity. Paiis. 2, c. 38. 

Candace, a queen of -^Ethiopia, in the age 
of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that 
her successors always bore her name. She 
was blind of one eye. Plin. 6, c. 22. — Dio. 
B4.—Strab. 17. 

Candavia, a mountain of Epirus, which 
separates lUyria from Macedonia. Lucan. 6, 
V. 331. 

Gandaules, or Myrsilus, son of Myrsus, 
tvas the last of the HeraclidiB who sat on the 
throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked 
to Gyges, one of his ministers ; and the queen 
W as so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to 
murder her husband, 718 years before the 
christian era. After this murder, Gyges mar- 
ried the queen, and ascended the throne. 
Justin. 1, c. I.—Herodot. 1, c. 7, ikc.—Plul. 
Symph. 

Candeij a people of Arabia who fed on 
serpents. 

Candiope, a daughter of Oenopion, ravish- 
ed by her brother. 

Candyba, a town of Lycia. 
Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, 
daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king of 
the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her 
husband into a bird, she lamented him so much 
that she pined away, and was changed into a 
voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the 
inhabitants. Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 9. 

Canephoria, festivals at Athens in hon- 
our of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Di- 
ana, in which all marriageable women offered 
small baskets to the deity, and received the 
name of Cantphorae, whence statues represen- 
ting women in that attitude were called by 
the same appellation. Cic. in Verr. 4 

Canethum, a place of Eubcea. A moun- 
tain in Bceotia. 

Caniculares dies, certain days in the 
summer, in which the star Canis is said to in- 
fluence the season, and to make tiie days more 
tvanu during its appearance. Maniiius. 

Camdia, a certain woman of IS'eapolis, 
against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. 
i-ioral. epod. 
Canibjus; a tribctne who proposed a law 



CA 

to empower Porapey to go only with two lic^ 
tors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexand- 
rians. Plut. in Pomp. 

Caninefates, a people near Batavia^ 
where modern Holland now is situate. Tacit. 
Hist. 4, c. 15. 

C. Caninius Reeilus, a consul with J. 
Cffisar, after the death of Trebonius. He wae 
consul only for seven hours, because his prede-, 
cessor died the last day of the year, and he wa« 
chosen only for the remaining part of the day ; 
whence Cicero observed, that Rome was great- 
ly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had 
not slept during the whole time of his consul- 
ship. Oic. 7, ad Fam. ep. 33. — Plut. in Cces. 

Lucius, a lieutenant ot Cassar's army in 

Gaul. Ca^. Bell. G. 7, c. 83. Rufus, a 

friend of Pliny the younger. Plin. 1, ep. 3. 
Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero. 

Canistius, a Lacedaemonian courier, who 
ran 1200 stadia in one day. Plin. 7, c. 20. 

Canius, a poet of Gades, cotemporary witk 
Martial. ^ He was so naturally merry that 

he always laughed. Mart. 1, ep. 62. A 

Roman knight, who went to Sicily for his 
amusement, where he bought gardens well 
stocked with fish, which disappeared on the 
morrow. Cic. de offic. 14. 

CANNiE, a small village of Apulia near the 
Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Ro- 
man consuls, P. jSraylius and Terentius Var- 
ro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st 
of May, B. C. 216. The spot where this fa- 
mous battle was fought is now shown by the 
natives, and denominated the field of blood. 
Liv. 22. c. 4A.—Flor. 2, c. 6.— Plut. in Annib. 

Canopicum ostium, one of the mouths 
of the Nile, twelve miles from Alexandria. 
Paus. 5, c. 21. 

Canopus, a city of Egypt twelve miles 
from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of 
Serapis. It w as founded by the Spartans, and 
therefore called Amyclsea, and it received its 
name from Canopus, the pilot of the vessel of 
Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The 
inhabitants were dissolute in their manners.. 
•Virgil bestows upon it the epithet of Pellmu^ 
because Alexander, who was born at Pella^ 
built Alexandria in the neighbourhood. Ital. 
11, V. 433.— Mela, 1, c. 9.—Strab. 11.— Plin. 

5, c. 31.— Virg. G. 4, v. 287. The pilot of 

the ship Menelaus, who died in his youth on the 
coast of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. Mela^ 
2, c. 7. 

Cantabra, a river falling into the Indus. 
Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Cantabri, a ferocious and warlike people 
of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by 
whom they were conquered ; their country is 
now called Biscays. Liv. 3, v. 329. — H&rat. 
2, od. 6 and 11. 

Cantabrive lacus, a lake in Spain, 
where a thunderbolt fell, and in which twelve 
axes were found. iSuet. in Galb. 8. 

Cantharus, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. 
Pau^. 6, c. 17. A comic poet of Athens. 

Cakthus, a son of Abas, one of the Ai'go- 
nauts. 

Cantium, a country in the eastern parts ol 
Britain, noAv called Kent. Ccks. Bell. G. 6, 

Camuleia, one of the first vestals chosen 
by Nuraa. Plut. A law. Vid. Canuleiuf . 

C. Cakuleius, a tribune of the people oV 



CA 

Rome, A. U. C. 310, who made a law to ren- 
der it constitutional forttie patricians and ple- 
beians to intermarry. It ordained also, that 
one of the consuls should be yearly chosen 
from the plebeians. Liv. 4, c. 3, uc. — Flor. 1, 
c. 17. 

Canulia, a Roman virgin, who became 
pregnant by her brother, and. killed herself by 
©rder of her father. Flui. in Parall. 

Canlsiu3I, now Canosa, a town of Apulia, 
whither the Romans fled after the battle of 
Canna?., It was built by Diomedes, and its in- 
habitants have been called bilingues, because 
they retained the language of their founder, 
and likewise adopted that of their neighbours. 
Horace complained of the grittiness of their 
bread. The wools and the cloths of the place 
were in high estimation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 
ZO.—Melu, 2, c. 4.—JPlin. 8, c. 11. 

Canl'sius; a Greek historian under Ptolemy 
Auletes. Plut. 

Canutius Tiberimjs, a tribune of the 

people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked 

Antony when declared an enemy to the state. 

His satire cost him his life. Patercul. 2, c. 64. 

A Roman actor. PliU. in Brut. 

Capaneus, a noble Ai'give, sou of Hippo- 
nous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. 
He was so impious, that when he went to the 
Theban war, he declared that he would take 
Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such con- 
tempt provoked the god, who struck him dead 
with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt sepa- 
rately from the others, and his wife threw her- 
self on the burning pile to mingle her ashes 
with his. It is said that iEsculapius restored 
him to life. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 404.— Stat. Theb. 

S, kc. Hygin. fab. 68 and 70, — Euripid. 

t?i Phxzniss ^ Sufp.—'JEschyl. Sept^ ante 
Theb. 

Capella, an elegiac poet in the age of J. 

Cagsar. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 36. Mar- 

tianus, a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, who wrote a 
poem on the marriage of Mercury and philolo- 
gy; and in praise of the liberal arts. The best 
edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo. Bernae, 
1763. A gladiator. Jwr. 4, v. 155. 

Capena, a gate of Rome. Ovid. Fast. 5, v 
192. 

Capenas, a small river of Italy. Stat. Theb. 
13, v. 85. 

Capeni, a people of Etruria, in whose ter- 
ritory Feronia had a grove and a temple. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 697.— Lu". 5, 22, &c. 

Caper, a river of Asia Minor. 

Capetus, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 

years. Dionys. A suitor of Hippodaraia. 

Pans. 6, c, 21. 

Caphareus, a lofty mountain and promon- 
tory of Eubcea, where Nauplius, king of tlie 
countr}', to revenge the death of his son 
Palamedes> slain by Ulysses, set a burning 
torch in the darkness of night, which caused 
the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. 
Virg. JF.ti. 11, V. 260.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 481 
— Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 115. 

Caphy.«:, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
23. 

Capio, a Roman, famous for his friendship 
with Cato. Plut. de Patr. Am. 

Capito, the uncle of Paterculus, who join- 
ed Agi'ippa against Crassus, PateAul. 2, c. 
69.— — Font^iuS; a man scut by Antony to 



eA 

/ settle his disputes with Augustus. Horat. 1, 
I Sat. 5, v. 32. A man accused of extor- 
tion in Cilitia, and severely punished by the 

senate. Jar. 8, v. 93. An epic poet of 

Alexandria, who wrote on love. An histo- 
rian of Lycia, who wrote an account of Isau- 

ria in eight books. A poet who wrote oa 

illustrious men. 

Capitolini LUDi, games yearly celebrated 
at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved 
the capitol from the Gauls. 

Capitolikus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
his temple on mount Capitolinus. A sur- 
name of M. Manlius, whO; for his ambition, 
was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock 
which he had so nobly defended. A moun- 
tain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and 
Mons. Saturni. The capitol was built upon it. 

A man of lascivious morals, consul with 

Marcellus. Plut. in Marcell. Julius, an 

author in Dioclesian's reign, who wrote an ac- 
count of the life of Verus, Antoninus Pius, the 
Gordians, he. most of which are now lost. 

Capitolium, a celebrated temple and cita- 
del at Rome, on the Tarpeian rock, the plan 
of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It 
was begun by ServiusTullius, finished by Tar- 
quin Superbus, and consecrated by tlie consul 
Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins 
from Rome. It was built upon four acres of 
ground ; the front was adorned with three 
rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. 
The ascent to it from the ground was by au 
hundred steps. The magnificence and rich- 
ness of this temple are almost incredible. All 
the consuls successively made donations to 
the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon 
it at one time 2000 pounds w^eight of gold, 
Its thresholds were made of brass, and its 
roof was gold It was adorned with ves- 
sels and shields of solid silver, with gold- 
en chariots, &:c. It was burnt during the 
civil wars of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but 
died before the dedication, which was per- 
formed by Q. Catulus. It was again destroyed 
in the troubles under Vitellius ; and Vespasian, 
who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in 
ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again, 
for the lEist time, and made it more grand and 
magnificent than any of his predecessors, and 
spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When they 
first dug for the foundations, they foimd. a 
man's head called Tolius, sound and entire in 
the ground, and from thence drew an omen of 
the future greatness of the Roman empire. 
The hill was from that circumstance called 
Capitolium, a capite Toli. The consuls and 
magistrates offered sacrifices there, when they 
first entered upon then- offices, and the pro- 
cession in triumphs was always conducted to 
the capitol. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 136, 1. 8, v. 347 
— Tacit. 3. Hist. c. 12.— Plut. in Poplic— 
Liv. 1, 10, &.C. — Plin. 33, &c. — Sutton, in 
Aug. c. 40. 

Cappadocia, a countrj'^ of Asia Minor, be- 
tween the Halys, the Euphrates, and the 
Euxine. It receives its name from the river 
Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. 
The inhabitgjits were called Syrians and Leu- 
co-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a 
dull and submissive disposition, and addicted 
I to every vice, according to the ancients, who 
I wrote this virulent epigram against them : 



i; 



CA 

Vtpera CappadocemnocituramomordU; at ilia 

Gustuio periit sanguine Cappadods. 
When they were offered their freedom and 
independence by the Romans, they refused it, 
and betged of them a king, and they received 
Ariobarzanes. It was some time after govern- 
ed by a Roman proconsul. Though the an- 
cients have ridiculed this country for the un- 
fruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its 
inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the 
geogiapher Strabo, St. Basil, and Gregoi^ 
r^'azianzen, among other illustrious characters. 
The horses of this country were in general 
esteem, and with these they paid their tributes 
to the king of Persia, while under his power, 
for want of money. The kings of Cappadocia 
mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. Horat 

I, ep. 6, V. 39.— PZin. 6, c. ^.—Curt. 3 and 4.— 
Strab. 11 and \Q.—Htrodot. 1, c. 73, 1. 5, c. 49 
—Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 3, c. 8. 

Capradox, a river of Cappadocia. Plin. 
6,c. 3. 

Capbaria, now Cabrera, a mountain island 
on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. 
Plin. 3, c. 6. 

CAPREiE, now Capri, an island on the coast 
of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous 
for the residence and debaucheries of the em- 
eror Tiberius, during the seven last years of 
is life. The island, in which now several 
medals are dug up expressive of the licentious 
morals of the emperor, was about 40 miles in 
circumference, and surrounded by steep rocks. 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 709.— 5«e?. in Tib.— Stat. 
Sylv. 3, V. 5. 

Capre^ Palus, a place near Rome, where 
Romulus disappeared. Plat, in Rom. — Ovid. 
Fast. 2, v.49\. 

Capricornus, a sign of the Zodiac, in 
which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, 
supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amal- 
tha'a, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some 
maintain that it is Fan, who changed himself 
into a goat w hen frightened at the approach of 
Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is 
the winter solstice, or the longest night in the 
year. Manil. 2 and 4 — Horat. 2, od. 17, v. 19. 
—Hygin. fab. 19G. P. A. 2, c. 28. 

Caprificialis, a day sacred to Vulcan, on 
which the Athenians offered him money. Plin. 

II, c. 15. 

Caprima, a town of Caria. 

Capripedes, a surname of Pan, the Fauni 
and the Satyrs, from their having goats' feet. 

Caprius, a great infornier in Horace's age. 
Horat. 1, Sat.4,\\ 66. 

Caprotjna, a festival celebrated at Rome 
in July, in honour of Juno, at which women 
only officiated, (il^'^trf. Philotis.) Varro.de L. 
L. 5. 

Caprus, a harbour near momit Athos. 

Capsa, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast 
deserts full of snakes. Flor. 3, c, 1. — Sail. 
Bell. Jug. 

Capsaue, a town of Syria. Curt. 10. 

Capua, the chief city of Campania in Italy, 
supposed to have been founded by Capys, the 
father, or rather th6 companion of Anchises. 
This city wag very ancient, and so opulent that 
it even rivalled Rome, and was called allera 
Poma. The soldiers of Annibal, after the bat- 
tle of Cannae, were enervated by the pleasures 
and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in 



CA 

this voluptuous city and under a soft climate. 
Virg. mi. 10, V. 145.— Liv. 4, 7, 8, hc—Pa- 
terc. 1, c. 7, 1. 2, c. 44.— FZor. 1, c. 16.— Cic. m 
Philip. 12, c. 3. — Plut. in Ann. 

Capys, a Trojan who came with iEneas in- 
to Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of 
those who, against the advice of Thyracetes, 
wished to destroy the wooden horse, which 
proved the destruction of Troy, Virg. Mn, 
10, V. 145. A son of Assaracus by a daugh- 
ter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises 
by Themis. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33. « 

Capys Sylvius, a king of Alba, who reign- 
ed twenty-eight years. Dionys, Hal. Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 768. 

Car, a son of Phoroneus, king of Megara. 

Paus. 1, c. 39 and 40, A son of Manes, who 

married Callirhoe, daughter of the Mseander. 
Caria received its name from him. Herodot. 
1, c. 171. 

Cahabactra, a place in India. 

Carabis, a town of Spain, 

Caracalla. Vid. AntoninUs. 

Caracates, a people of Germany. 

Car-Vctacus, a king of the Britons, conquer- 
ed by an officer of Claudius Cassar, A. D. 47. 
Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 33 and 37. 

CARi?:, certain places between Susaand th©- 
Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp. 

Car.?^us, a surname of Jupiter in Bceotia, — 
in Caria. 

Caralis, (or es, ium), the chief city of Sar- 
dinia. Pans. 10, c. 17. 

C \RAMBis, now Kerempi, a promontory of 
Papiilagonia, Mela, 1, c. 19. 

Caranus, one of the Heraclidae, the first 
who laid the foundation of the Macedonian em- 
pire, B. C. 814, He took Edessa, and reigned 
twenty-eight years, which he spent in estab- 
lishing ?.nd strengthening the government of 
his newly founded kingdom. He was succeed- 
ed by Perdiccas. Justin. 7, c. 1. — Pat ere. I, 

c. 6. A general of Alexander. Curt. 7, 

An harbour of Phcenicia. 

Carausius, a tyrant of Britain for seven 
years, A. D. 293. 

Carbo, a Roman orator who killed himself 
because he could not curb the licentious man- 
ners of his countrymen. Cic. in Brut. 

Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embrac- 
ed the party of Marius, and after the death of 
Cinna succeeded to the government. He was 
killed in Spain, in his third consulship, by or- 
der of Pompey. Val. Max. 9, c. 13. — ^An 
orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the 
army when desirous of re-establishing the an- 
cient military discipline. Cic. in Brut. 

Carchedon, the Greek name of Carthage. 

Carcinus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in 
the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote on 

the rape of Proserpine, Diod. 5. Another 

of Athene. Another of Psaupactum. A 

man of Rhegium, who exposed his son Aga- 
thocles on account of some uncommon dreams 
during his wife's pregnancy. Agathocles was 

preserved. Diml. 19. An Athenian gene- 

al, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the time 
of Pericles. Id. 12. 

Carcinus, a constellation, the same as the 
Cancer, Lucan. 9, v. 536, 

Cardaces, a people of Asia Minor, Strab. 
15, 

Carba .ivut, a town of Argos, 



CA 

-Cardia, a town in the Thracian Chersone- 
aas. Plm.4. c. 11. 

Card Lc HI, a warlike nation of Media, along 
the boruers of the Tigris. Diod. 14. 

CareS; a nation which inhabited Caria, and 
thought themselv^es the original possessors of 
that country. They became so powerful that 
their countiry was not sufficiently extensive to 
contain them all, upon which they seized the 
neighbouring islands of the jEgean sea. These 
islands were conquered by Minosking of Crete. 
Pviieus son of Codrus, invaded their country, 
and slaughtered many of the inhabitants, in 
this calamity, the Carians. surrounded on eve- 
ry side by enemies, fortified themselves in the 
mountainous parts of the country, and, soon 
after, made themselves terrible by sea. They 
were anciently called Leleges. Herodot. 1, c. 
140 and lll.—Paus. 1, c. 40.— S/r«6. 13.— 
Curt. 6, c. 3.— Justin. 13, c. 4.— Virg. Mh. 8, 
V. 725. 

Caresa, an island of the iEgean sea, oppo- 
site Attica. 

Caresscs, a river of Troas. 
Carfinia, an immodest woman, mentioned 
Juv. 2, v. 69. 

Caria, now Aidindli, a country of Asia 
Minor, whose boundaries have been different 
in difterent ages. Generally speaking, it was 
at the south of Ionia, at the east and north of 
the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Ma- 
jor and Lycia. It has been called Phoenicia, 
because a Phcenician colony first settled there ; 
and afterwards it received the name of Caria, 
from Car, a king who first invented the augu- 
ries of birds. The chief town was called Hali- 
carnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. 

{Vid. Cares.) A port of Thrace, Mda, 2, 

C.2. 

Cartas, a town of Peloponnesus. A ge- 
neral, Fiti. Laches. 

C vRiATE, a town of Bactriana, where Alex- 
ander imprisoned Callisthenes. 

Carii.la, a town of the Piceni, destroyed 
by Annibal, for its great attachment to Rome. 
8il. ltd. 8. 

Carina a virgin of Caria, k.c. Polycen. 8. 
Carin.*, certain edifices at Rome, built ia 
the manner of ships, which were in the tem- 
ple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a 
street in which Pompey's house was built. 
Virg. JEn. 8, v. 3dJ.—Horat. 1, ep. 7. 

Carine, a town near tlie Caicus, in Asia Mi- 
nor, Herodot. 7, c. 42, 

Carinus, (M. Aurelius) a Roman who at- 
tempted to succeed iiis father Carus as empe- 
ror. He was famous for his debaucheries and 
cruelties. Dioclesian defeated him in Dalma- 
tia, and he was killed by a soldier whose wife 
he had debauched, A. D. 268. 

Car^isiacum, a town of ancient Gaul, now 
Cressy in Picardy. 

C.\ri5san(;.m, a place of Italy near which 
Milo was killed. Flin. 2, c. 66. 
Carjstum, a town of Liguria. 
Carma.ma, a country of Asia, between Per- 
sia and India. Arrian. — Fiia. 6, c. 23. 

CARiMANOR, a Cretan, who purified Apollo 
of slaughter. Pans. 2, c. 30. 

Carme, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and 
motlier of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was 
one of Diana's attendants. Pans. 2, c, 30. 
Car5I£lus; a god among tiic iahabitants ef 



CA 

mount Carmel, situate between Syria and Ju- 
daea. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 78. — Sutton. Vesp. 5. 

Carmenta and Carmentis, a prophetess 
of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom 
she came to Italy, and was received by king 
Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. 
Her name was Mcostrata, and she received that 
of Carmentis from the wildness of her looks, 
when giving oracles, as if carens mentis. She 
was the oracle of the people of Italy during 
her life, and after death she received divine 
honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the 
Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name 
of Themis. Ovid. Fast. 1, v, 467, 1. 6, v. 530. 

— Plut. in Rpmul — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 339. 

Liv. 5, c. 47. 

Carmentales, festivals at Rome in honour 
of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of Januarj"-, 
near the Porta Carmentalis, below the capitol. 
This goddess was entreated to render the Ro- 
man matrons prolific, and their labours easy. 
Lit*. 1, c. 7. 

Carmentalis Porta, one of the gates of 
Rome in the neighbourhood of the capitol. It 
was afterwards called Scderata, because the 
Fabii passed through it in going to that fatal 
expedition where they perished. Virs.Mn. 
8, V. 338. 

Carmidej, a Greek of an uncommon me- 
mory. Plin. 7, c. 24. 

Carna and Cardinea, a goddess at Rome 
who presided over hinges, as also over the en- 
trails and secret parts of the human body. She 
was originally a nymph called Grane, whom 
Janus ravished, and, for the injury, he gave 
her the power of presiding over the exterior of 
houses, and removing all noxious birds from 
the doors. The Romans offered her beans, 
bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simpli- 
city of their ancestors. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 101. &c. 
Carnasius, a village of Messenia in Pelo- 
ponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 33. 

Carneades, a philosopher of Cyrene iu 
Africa, founder of a sect called the third or 
new Academy. The Athenians sent him with 
Diogenes the stoic, and Critolaus the peripa- 
tetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B. C. 155. The 
Roman youth were extremely fond of the com- 
pany of these learned philosophers ; and when 
Carneades, in a speech, had given an accurate 
and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in 
another speech confuted all the arguments he 
had advanced, and apparently given no exist- 
ence to the virtue he had so much commended ; 
a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Gre- 
cian was come, who had so captivated by his 
words the rising generation, that tliey forgot 
their usual amusements, and ran mad after phi- 
losophy. When this j-eached the ears of Cato 
the censor, he gave immediate audience to the 
Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dis- 
missed them in haste, expressuig his aj)pre- 
hension of their corrupting the opinions of the 
Roman people, whose only profession, he 
sternly observed, was arms and wai-. Carnea- 
des denied that any thing could be perceived 
or understood in the world, and he was the 
irst who introduced an universal suspension of 
assent. He died in the 90th year of his age, B. 
C. 128. Cic. ud .ittic. 12, ep. 23. de Orat. 1 
and 2.~Plin. 7, c. 30.— Lactantius 5, c. 14.— 
Vul. Max. 8, c. 8. 
CxR^EiAj a festival observed in most of the 



CA 

•recian cities, but more particulai-ly at Sparta, 
avhere it was first instituted, about 675 B. C. in 
honour of Apollo surnamed Cameus. It lasted 
nine days, and was an imitation of the manner 
of living in camps among the ancients. 

Carnjon, a town of Laconia. A river 

•f Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 34. 

Carnu5, a prophet of Acarnania, from 
whom Apollo was called Cameus. Paus. 3, 
e. 13. 

Carnutes, a people of Celtic Gaul. Coes. 
Bell. G. 6, c. 4. 

Carpasia and Carpasium, a town of Cy- 
prus, 

Carpathus, an island in tha Mediterra- 
nean between Rhodes and Crete, now called 
Scapanto. It has given its name to a part of 
the neighbouring sea, thence called the Carpa- 
thian sea, between Rhodes and Crete. Car- 
pathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan 
soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circum- 
ference, and was sometimes called Teti'apoHs, 
from its four capital cities. Plin. 4, c. 12. — 
Herodot. 3, c. 46.--Diod. 5.—Slrab. 10. 

Carpia, an ancient name of Tai'cessus. 
Paus. 6, c. 19, 

Carpis, a river of Mysia. Herodot. 

Carpo, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one 
•f the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus 
the son of Meeander, w^hom she equally ad- 
mired. She was drowned in the Mseander, 
and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of 
fruit. Paus. 9, c. 33, 

Carpophora, a name of Ceres and Pro- 
serpine in Tegea. Paus. 8, c. 53. 

Carpophorus, an actor greatly esteemed by 
Domitian. Martial. — Juv. 6, v. 1S8. 

Carr^ and Carrh/e, a town of J^lesopota- 
mia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan. 1, 
V. 105.— Plin. 6, c. 14, 

Carrinates SecuiVbus, a poor but inge- 
nious rhetorician, v^fho came from Athens to 
Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, 
especially against tyrannical power, expose'd 
him to Caligula's resentment, who banished 
him. Juv. 7, v. 205. 

Carruca, a town of Spain. Hirl. Hisp. 
27, 

Carseoli, a town of the ^Equi, at the west 
of the lake Tucinus. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 683. 

Cartahas, a town of Spain. 

Carteia, a town at the extremity of Spain, 
near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the 
same as Calpe. 

Cartena, a town of Mauritania, now Tc- 
nez, on the shores of the Mediterranean. 

Carth^a, a town in the island of Cea, 
■whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met. 
*J, V. 368. 

Carthagi'nienses, the inhabitants of Car- 
thage, a rich and commercial nation. Vid. 
Carthago. 

Carthago, a celebrated city of Africa, the 
rival of Rome, and long the capital of the coun- 
try, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. 
The precise time of its foundation is unknown, 
yet most writers seem to agree that it was 
first built by Dido, about 869 years before the 
christian era, or, according to others, 72, or 93 
years before the foundation of Rome. This 
city and republic flourished for 737 years, ant' 



CfA 

it contained no less than 700,000 inhabitaMta, 
It maintained three famous wars against Rome, 
called the Punic wars, [Vid. Punicum Bel' 
lum\ in the third of which Carthage was to- 
tally destroyed by Scipio, the second Africa- 
nus, B. C, 147, and only 5000 persons were 
found within the walls. It was 23 miles in 
circumference, and when it was set on fire by 
the Romans, it burned incessantly during IT 
days. After the destruction of Carthage, Uti- 
ca became powerful, and the Romans thought 
themselves secure ; and as they had no rival to 
dispute with them in the field, they fell into 
indolence and inactivity. Caesar planted a 
small colony on tiie ruins of Carthage, Au- 
gustus sent there 3000 men ; and Adrian, af- 
ter the example of his imperial predecessors, 
rebuilt pai't of it, which he called Adrianopo- 
lis. Carthage was conquered from the Ro- 
mans by the arms of Genseric, A. D. 439 ; 
and it, was for more than a century the seat ot* 
the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the 
hands of the Saracens in the 7th century,. 
The Carthaginians were governed as a repub- 
lic, and had two persons yearly chosen among 
them with regal authority. They were very 
superstitious, and generally offered human 
victims to their gods; an unnatural cus- 
tom, which their allies wished them to abolish, 
but in vain. They bore the chai-acter of a 
faithless and treacherous people, and the pro- 
verb Punica fides is well known. Slrab 17.. 
— Firg. JEn. 1, kc.—Mela, 1, kc.—Plol. 4. — 
Justin.— Liv. 4, )k.c.—Paterc. 1 and 2.— Pint. 

in Annib. iic — Cic. Nova, ^ town built io 

Spain, on the coast of the Mediterranean, by 
Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was 
taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered 
himself after a heavy loss. It now bear* 
the name of Carlhagena. Polyb. 10. — Liv, 

26, c. 43, &!.c.—Sil. 15, v. 220, &.c. A. 

daughter of Hercules. 

Carthasis, a Scythian, &.c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 

Carthea, a town of Cos. Ovid Met. 7, 
fab. 9. 

Carvilzus, a king of Britain, who attack- 
ed Caesar's naval station by order of Cassive- 

launus, kc. Cces. Bell. G. 5, c. 22. Spu- 

rius, a Roman who made a large image of the 
breastplates taken from the Samnites, and 

placed it in the capitol. Plin. 34, c,7. The 

first Roman who divorced his wife during the 
space of above 600 years. This was for bar- 
renness, B. C. 231. Dionys. Hal. 2. — Val. 
Max. 2, c. 1. 

Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded 
Probus. He was a prudent and active gene- 
ral ; he conqueied the Sarmalians, and coji- 
tuiued the Persian war which his predecessor 
had commenced. He reigned two years, and 
died on the banks of the Tigris as he was go- 
ing in an expedition against Persia, A. D. 
283. He made his two sojis, Carinus and 
Numerianus, Caesars ; and as his many virtues 
had promised the Romans happiness, he was 

made a god after death. Eutrop. One of 

those who attempted to scale the rock Aor- 
nus, by order of Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 11. 

Carya, a town of Arcadia. A city of 

Laconia Paus. 3, c. 10. Here a festival 



was observed in honour of Diana Caryatls^ 
the time of its greatest glory was under Anni- It was then usual for virgins to meet at the 
bal and Amilcar. Daring the first Punic war,|[celebration, and join in a certain dance, said 



CA 

to Kaxre Been first instituted b^ t&stot and 
PoUax. When Greece was invaded by Xerx- 
es, the Laconians did not appear before the 
enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess, by 
not celebrating her festival. At that time the 
peasants assembled at the usual place, and 
sang pastorals called Bou ex» >^. from H9»e>.a,-, a 
neatherd. From this circumstance some sup- 
pose that bucolics originated. Stat. 4, Theb. 

Caryasda, a town and island on the coast 
of Caria, now Karacoion. 

Gary AT i:, a people of Arcadia, 

Carystius Antigonus, an historian, Stc. B. 
C. 248. 

Carystus, a maritime town on the south 
of Eubcea, still in existence, famous for its 
mai-ble. Stai. 2, Sylv. 2, v. 93.^Mariial. 9, 
ep. 76. 

Caryum, a place of Laconia, where Aris- 
tomenes preserved some virgins, kc. Faus. 

4, c. 16. 

Casca, one of Cassar's assassins, who gave 
iira the first blow. Plut. in Cces. 

Cascellius Aclus, a lawyer of great mer- 
it in the Augustan age. Horat. Jirt. Poet. 
371. 

CasilinuM; a town of Campania. When 
it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 
200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 
or 570 natives of Praeneste, who, when half 
their number had perished either by war or 
famine, surrendered to the conqueror. Liv. 
23, c. \9.—StTab. b.—Cic dt Inv. 2, c. 57.— 
JPlin. 3, c. 5. 

Casina and Casinum, a town of Campania. 
Sil. 4, V. 227. 

Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. 

< Another at the east of Pelusium, where 

Pompey's tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupi- 
ter, sumamed Camus, had a temple there. 

Lucan. 8. v. 258. Another in Syria, from 

Tvhose top the sun can be seen rising, 
though it be still the darkness of night at the 
kottom of the mountain. Plin. 5, c. 22. — 
Mela, 1 and 3. 

Gasmen^, a town built by the Syi-acusans 
in Sicily. Thucyd. 6, c 5. 

C ASM ILL A, the mother of Camilla. Virs. 
JEn. 11, V. 543. 

Casperia, wife of Rhoetus king of the 
Marrubii, committed adultery with her son- 
in-law. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. A town of 

the Sabines. F/rg-. ^n. 7, v. 714 

Casperula, a town of the Sabines. Sil. 

5, V. 416. 

CaspijE Port^, certain passes of Asia, 
which some place about Caucasus and the 
Caspian sea, and others between Persia and 
the Caspian sea, or near mouut Taurus, or 
Armenia, or Cilicia. Biod. 1. — Plin. », e. 27, 
i. 6, c. 13. 

Caspiaka, a countiy of Armenia. 

Caspii, a Scythian nation near the Cas- 
pian sea. Such as had lived beyond tlieir 70th 
year were starved to death. Their dogs were 
remarkable for their fierceness. Herodot. 3, 
4J. 92, &c. I. 7, c. 67, ^. — C. JS'tp. 14, c. 8. — 
ll.rtr. JEn. 6, v. 798. 

Caspium mare, or Hyrcanum, a large sea 
in the form of a lake, which has no commu- 
,»ication with other seas, and lies between tlie 
C3aspia» and Hyrcanian movmtaiiii5, ot t4ie 



CA 

north of Parthia, receiving in its capaciotS 
bed the tribute of several large rivers. An- 
cient authors assure us, that it produced enor- 
mous serpents and fishes, different in colour 
and kind from those of all other waters. The 
eastern parts are more particularly called the 
Hr/rcanian sea, and the western the Caspian^ 
It is now called the sea of Sala or Baku. The 
Caspian is about 680 miles long, aad in no part 
more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides 
in it, and on account of its numerous shoals it. 
19 navigable to vessels drawing only nine or 
ten feet water. It has strong currents, and, 
like inland seas, is liable to violent storms^ 
Some navigators examined it in 1708, by or- 
der of the Czar Peter, and after the labour o£ 
three years, a map of its extent was published.. 
Its waters ai-e described as brackish, and nofe 
impregnated with salt so much as the wide 
ocean. Herodot. 1, c. 202. kc. — Curt. 3, c. 2i 
1. 6, c. 4, 1. 7, c. 3. Sirab. U.—Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 3, 
c. 5 and 6. — Plin. 6, c. 13. — Dionys. Perieg. v . 50.r 

Caspius mons, a branch of mount Taurus, 
between Media and Armenia, at the east or 
the Euphrates. The Caspite portce are placed 
in the defiles of the mountains by some geo- 
graphers. 

Cassandane, the mother of Cambyses by 
Cyrus. Herodot. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 2. 

Cassasder, son of Antipater, made him- 
self master of Macedonia after his father's 
death, where he reigned for 18 years. He 
married Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander, 
to strengthen himself on his throne. Olym- 
pias, the mother of Alexander, wished to 
keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexan- 
der's young children ; and therefore she de- 
stroyed the relations of Cassander, who be- 
sieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her 
to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, 
and Barsena the mother of Hercules, both 
wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olym- 
pias with their children. Antigouus, who had 
been for some time upon friendly terms with. 
Cassander, declared war against him ; and 
Cassander, to make himself equal with his ad- 
versary, made a league with Lysimachus and 
Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory 
at Ipsus, B. C. 301. He died three years after 
this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater 
killed his mother, and for this unnatural mur- 
der he was put to death by his brother Alex- 
ander, who, to strengthen himself, invited De- 
metrius, the son of Antigonus, from Asia. De- 
metrius took advantage of the invitation, and 
put to death Alexander, and ascended the 
throne of Macedonia. Paus. 1, c. 25. — Diod.- 
19.— Justin. 12, 13, he. 

Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and He- 
cuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who 
promised to grant her whatever she might re- 
quire, if she would gratify his passion. She 
asked the power of knowing futurity ; and as 
soon as she had received it, she refused to per- 
form her promise, and slighted Apollo. The 
god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips 
with his tongue, and by this action ettected 
that no credit or reliance should ever be put 
upon her predictions, however true and faith- 
ful they might be. Some maintain timt she re- 
ceived the gift of prophecy with her brother 
Helenus, by being placed when young one 
night in the temple of Apollo, where ieipenti 



CA 

trere found wreathed ai-ound their bodies, and 
licking their ears, which circumstance gave 
them the knowledge of futurity. She was 
looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she 
was even conlined, and her predictions were 
disregarded. She was courted by many prin- 
ces during the Trojan war. When Troy u as 
taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Mi- 
nerva, where Ajas found her, and offered her 
Tiolence, with the greatest cruelty, at the foot 
of Minerva's statue. In the division of the 
spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was ena- 
moured of her, took her as his wife, and re- 
turned with her to Greece. She repeatedly 
foretold to him the sudden calamities that 
awaited his return ; but he gave no credit to 
ker, and was assassinated by his wife Clytem- 
Bestra. Cassandra shared his fate, and saw 
all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled. [Vid. 
Jigamemiion.l JEschyl. in Agam. — Homer. II. 
13, V. 363. Od. 4.—Hi/gm. fab. 111.— Virg. 
JEn. 2, V. 246, kc.—Q. C'alab. 13, v. 421.— 
Eurip. in Troad. — Pans. 1, c. 16, 1.3, c. 19. 

Cassandria, a town of the peninsula of 
Pallene in Macedonia, called also Potidosa. 
Fans. 5, c. 23. 

Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius Longi- 
nus, A. U. C. 649. By it no man condemned 
or deprived of military power was permitted 
to enter the senate house. Another enact- 
ed by C. Cassius, the prcEtor, to choose some of 
the plebeians to be admitted among the patri- 
cians. Another A. U. C. 616, to make the 

suffrages of the Roman people free and inde- 
pendent. It ordained that they should be re- 
ceived upon tablets. Cic in Lai. Another 

A. U. C. 267, to make a division of the terri- 
tories taken from the Hernici, half to the Ro- 
man people, and half to the Latins. Ano- 
ther enacted A. U. C. 596, to grant a consular 
power to P. Anicius and Octavius on the day 
they triumphed over Macedonia. Liv. 

Cassiodorus, a great statesman and writer 
in the 6th century. He died A. D. 662, at 

the age of 100. His works were edited by 

Chandler, 8vo. London, 1722. 

Cassiope and Cassiopea, married Ce- 
pheus, king of ^Ethiopia, by whom she had 
Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer 
than the Nereides ; upon which, Neptune, at 
the request of these despised nymphs, punish- 
ed the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge 
sea monster to ravage ^Ethiopia. The wrath 
of Neptune could be appeased only by expo- 
sing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly 
loved, to the fury of a sea monster ; and just as 
she was going to be devoured, Perseus deliver- 
ed her. [Vid. Andromeda.] Cassiope ^vas 
made a southern constellation, consisting of 
13 stars called Cassiop<r. Cic. de JVat. D. 2, c. 
^.—Apollod. 2, c. 4.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 738.— 
Hygin. fab. 64. — Propert. 1, el. 17, v. 3. — Ma- 

nilius, 1. A city of Epirus near Thes- 

protia. Another in the island of Corcyra. 

Plin. 4, c. 12. The wife of Epaphus. Stal. 

Sylv. 

CassiterVpes, islands in the western ocean, 
where tin was found, supposed to be the Scil- 
ly islands, the Land's end, and Lizard point, 
of the moderns. Plin. 6, c. 22. 

Cassivelaunus, a Briton invested with so- 
vereign authority when J. Ceesar made a des- 
cent upon Britain. Ca^t: D<Al. Q. 5, c. 19, &c. 



CA 

C. Cassius, a celebrated Roman, who made 
himself knowii by being hrst quaestor to Cras- 
sus in his expedition against Panhia, from 
which he extricated himself with uncommon 
address. He followed the interest of Pompey ; 
and when Caesar had obtained the victory in 
the plains of Pharsalia; Cassius w^as one of 
those who owed their life to the mercy ol the 
conqueror. He married Junia the sister of 
Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder 
the man to whom he was indebted for his life , 
on account of his oppressive ambition ; and 
before he stabbed Ceesar, he addressed himself 
to the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by 
the avarice of him he was going to assassinate. 
When the provinces were divitled among C^e- 
sar's murdej-ers, Cassius received Afiica ; and 
when his party had lost gi'ound at Rome, by 
the superior influence of Augustus and M. 
Antony, he retired to Philippi, \vith his friend 
Brutus and their adherents. In tlie battle 
that was fought there, the wing which Cassius 
commanded v/as defeated, and his camp was 
plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he 
suddenly gave up all hopes of recovering his 
losses, and concluded that Brutus was con- 
quered and ruined as well as himself. Fear- 
ful to fall into the enemys hands, he ordered 
one of his freed-men to run him through, and 
he perished by that very sword which had 
given wounds to Ceesar, His body was ho- 
noured with a magnificent funeral by his friend 
Brutus, who declared over him that he deser- 
ved to be called the last of the Romans. If he 
was brave, he was equally learned. Some of 
his letters are still extant among Cicero's epis- 
tles. He was a strict follower of the doctrine 
of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too 
violent, and many of the wrong steps which 
Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevail- 
ing advice of Cassius. He is allow ed by Pater- 
culus to have been a better commander than 
Brutus, though a less sincere friend. The day 
after Caesar's murder he dined at the house of 
Antony, who asked him whether he had then 
a dagger concealed in his bosom : yes, replied 
he, if you aspire to tyranny. Suelon. in C'cbs. 
^ Aug. — Plul. in Brut. ^ Cccs. — Paitrc. 2, 

c. 4fo. — Dio. 40. A Roman citizen, who 

condemned his son to death, on pretence of 
his raising commotions in the state. VaL 
Max. 5, c. 8. A tribune of the peo- 
ple, who made many laws tending to diminish 
the influence of the Roman nobility. He was 
competitor with Cicero for the consulship- 
One of Pompey's oflicei's who, during 



the civil wars, revolted to Caesar with 10 ships. 

A poet of Parma, of great genius. He 

was killed by Varus by order of Augustus, 
whom he had offended by his satirical wri- 
tings. His fragments of Orpheus were found, 
and edited some time after by the poet Statins. 

Horat. 1, sat. 10, v. 62. Spurius, a Roman. 

put to death en suspicion of his aspiring to ty- 
ranny, after he had been three times consul, 

B. C. 485. Diod. Ih— VaL Max. 6, c. 3. 

Brutus, a Roman, who betrayed his country 
to the Latins, and fled to the temple of Pallas, 
where his father confined him, and he was 

starved to death. Longinus, an oflicer of 

Ca3sar in Spain, much disliked. Cits. Alex, c 

48. A consul to whom Tiberius married 

Dnisilla, daughter of ^jicnnanicus. SueiojJ. ir 



CA 

Cal. c. 57. A lawyer whom Nero put to 

death because he bore the name of J. Cssar's 

murderer. Suet, in Mr. 37. ^L. Hemina, 

the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. 

He lived A. U. C. 608. Lucius, a Romari 

lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the 
law'has rendered the words Cassiani judices 
applicable to rigid judges. Cic. pro. Rose. c. 

30. Loriginus, a critic. Vid. Longinus. 

Lucius; a consul with C. Marius, slain with his 
army by the Gauls Senones. Appian. in Celt. 

^M. Sc&eva, a soldier of uncommon valour 

in Cajsars army. Vol. Max. 3, c. 2. An 

officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his 
soldiers, and murdered three months after. — 
Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who 

wrote on animals. Severus, an orator who 

wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and 
women. He died in exile, in his 2oth year. 
Vid. Severus. The family of the Cassii branch- 
ed into the surname of Longinus, Viscellinus, 
Brutus, &ic. 

Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. 
Pans. 10, c. 24. 

Castabala, a city of Cllicia, whose inhab- 
itants made war with their dogs. Plin. 8, c. 40. 

Castabus, a town of Chersonesus. 

Castalia, a town near Phocis. A daugh- 
ter of the Achelous, 

Castalius fons, or Castalia, a fountain 
of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. The 
waters of this fountain were cool and excellent, 
and they had the power of inspiring those that 
drank of them with the true fire of poetry. 
The muses have received the surname of Caa- 
talides from this fountain. Viro;. G. 3, v, 293. 
—Martial. 7, ep. 11, 1. 12, ep. 3r 

Castanea, ato.wn near the Peneus, v/hence 
the 7iuces Castanta received their name. Plin. 
4, c. 9. 

Castellum menapiorum, a (own of Belgium 

»n the Maese, now Kessel. Morinorum, 

now Mount Cassel, in Flanders. Cattorum, 

now Hesse Cassel. 
Casthenes, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium. 
Castiasira, a Thracian, mistress of Priam, 
and mother of Gorgythion. Homer. II. 8. 

Castor and Pollux, were twin brothers, 
sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of Tynda- 
iTis, king of Sparta. The manner of their 
birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was ena- 
mom-ed of Leda, changed himself into a beau- 
tiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose 
herself into an eagle. After this transforma- 
tion the goddess pursued the god with appa- 
i-ent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into 
the arms of Leda, who was bathing in the Eu- 
rotas. Jupiter took advantage of his situation, 
and nine months after, Leda, who was already 
pregnant, brought forth two eggs, from one of 
which came Pollux and Helena ; and from the 
other. Castor and Clylemnestra. The two 
former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the 
latter were believed to be the children of f yn- 
darus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth 
only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux 
sprung. Mercury, immediately after their 
birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, 
where they were educated ; and as soon as 
they had arrived to years of maturity, they 
embarked with Jason to go in quest of the gol- 
den fleece. In this expedition both behaved 
with superior courage : Pollux conquered and 

99 



CA 

slew Amycus, in the combat of thfe cestus, and 
was ever alter reckoned the god and patron of 
boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished 
himself in the management of horses. The 
brothers cleai-ed the Hellespont, and the neigh- 
bouring seas, from pirates, after their return 
trom Colchis, from which circumstance they 
have been always deemed the friends of naviga- 
tion. During the Argonautic expedition, in a 
violent storm, two flames of iire were seen to 
play round the heads of l^he sons of Leda, and 
immediately the tempest ceased and the sea 
was calmed. From this occurrence their pow- 
er to protect sailors has been more firmly cre- 
dited, and the two mentioned fires, which are 
very common in storms,have since been known 
by the name of Castor and Pollux ; and wiien 
they both appeared, it was a sign of fair wea- 
ther, but if only one was seen, it prognosticated 
storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was 
consequently solicited. Castor aird Pollux mad« 
Avar against the Athenians to recover their sis- 
ter Helen, whom Tneseus had carried away ; 
and from their clemency to the conquered, viiey 
acquired the surname of Anaces, or benefac- 
tors. They were initiated in the sacred myste- 
ries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of 
Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when 
Ly nceus and Lias w ere going to celebrate their 
marriage with Phcebe and 'ialaria, the daugh- 
ters of Leucippus, who w'as brother to Tynda- 
rus. Their behaviour after this invitation was 
cruel. They became enamoured of the two 
women whose nuptials they w ere to celebrate, 
and resolved to carry them away and marry 
them. This violent step provoked Lynceus 
and Idas ; a battle ensued, and Castor killed 
Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux re- 
venged the death of his brother by killing Idas ; 
and as he was immortal, and tenderly attached 
to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore 
him to life, or to be deprived himself of immor- 
tality. Jupiter permitted Castor to share the 
immortality of his brother; and consequently,, 
as long as the one was upon earth, so long wa? 
the other detained in the infernal regions, and 
they alternately lived and died every day ; or 
according to others, every six months. This 
act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by ma* 
king the two brothers constellations in heaven^ 
under the name oi Gemini, w^hich never appear 
together ; but u hen one rises the other sets- 
and so on alternately. Castor made Talaria 
mother of Anogon, and Phcebe had iVlnesileup 
by Pollux. They received divine honours aftej- 
death, and were generally coWi^d Dioscuri, son? 
of Jupiter. White lambs were more particu- 
larly offered on their altars, and the ancients 
were fond of swearing by the divinity of the 
Dioscuri, by the expressions oiJEdtpol, an<T. 
JEcastor. Among the ancients, and especially 
among the Romans, there prevailed many 
public reports, at different times, that Castor 
and Pollux had made their appearance to^heir 
armies ; and, mounted on white steeds, had 
marched at tlie head of their troops, and furi- 
ously attacked the enemy. Their surnames 
were many, and they w ere generally repre- 
sented mounted on two white horses, armed 
W'ith spears, and riding side by side, with tlieir 
head covered wiih a bonnet, on whose topj^lit 
tered a star. Ovid. Met. 6. v 109. iW. 5, 
v. 701. ./?m 3, el. 2; v. 54.— iy^m. fab. 77 ard 



€A 

!78. — HoiUcr. Hymn. i7iJov. puer. — t!.ujip, ift 
Helen.— Plat, in Thes.—Virg. ^n. 6, v. 121. 
— Manil. j^rg. 2. — Liv. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 6. — 
Justin. 20, c. S.— Floral. 2. Sat. 1, v. 21.--Flor. 
% c. 12.— Cic. de A'at. D. 2, c. 2.—Apollo7i. 1. 
-^Apollod. 1, c. 8, 9, 1. 2, c. 4, 1. 3, c. 11.— 
Pans. 3, c 24, 1. 4, c. 3 and 27. An ancient 

physician. A swift runner. A friend of 

iEneas.-vvho accompanied him into Italy. Virg. 
JEn. 10, V. 124. An orator of Rhodes, rela- 
ted to king Deiotarus. He wrote two book on 

Babylon, and one on'the Nile. A gladiator. 

Hor'at.l, ep. 18, v. 19. 

C ASTRA Alexandri, a place of Egypt 

about Pehisiura. Curl. A, c. 7. Cornelia, a 

maritime town of Africa, between Carthage 

and Utica. Mela, 1, c.7. Annibalis, atowu 

of the Brutii, now Roccella. Cyri, a coun- 
try of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when 

he marclied against Croesus. Curl. 3, c. 4. 

Julia, a town of Spain. Posthumiana, a 

place of Spain. Hirt. Hisp. 8. 

Castratius, a governor of Placentia du- 
ringthe civil wars of Marius. Val. Max. 6, c. 2. 

CastrUxM Novu3t. a place on the coast of 

Etruria. Liv. 36, c. 3. Truentinum, a town 

of Picenum. Cic. de Attic. 8, ep. 12. Inui, 

a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 775. 

Castijlo, a town of Spain, where Annibal 
married one of the natives. Plut. in Serl. — 
Liv. 24, c. 41.— Hal. S, v. 99 and 391. 

CatabAthmos, a great declivity near Cy- 
rene,fixedbySallust as the boundary of Africa, 
Sallust. Jvg. 17 and 10. — Plin. 5, c. 5. 
• CATADCPA,lhe name of the large cataracts 
of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ear 
of travellers for a short space of time, and to- 
tally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of 
the power of hearing. Cic. de Somn. Scip. 5. 

Catagogia, festi\als in honour of Venus, 
celebrated by the people of Erjx. Vid. Ana- 
gogia. 

Catamenteles> a king of the Sequani, 
In alliance with Rome, kc. C(es. Bell. G. 1, 
C.3. 

Cataxa, a town of Sicil}'', at the foot of 
mounts tna.founded by a colony from Chalcis, 
753 years before the christian era. Ceres had 
there a temple, in which none but women 
Were permitted to appear. It was large and 
opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the 
dreadful overthrows to which it has been sub- 
jected from its vicinity to /"Etna, which has 
discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream 
of lava 4 miles broad and 50 feet deep, advan- 
cing at the rate of 7 railcs in a day. Catana 
contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. Cic.ia 
Verr. 4, c. 53,1.5, c. M.—Diod. 11 and 14. 
Strah. 6.— Thucyd. 6, c. 3. 

Cataonia, a country above Cilicia, near 
Cappadocia. C. JVep. in Dal. 4. 

C3ataracta, a city of the Samnites. 

C^taractes, a river of Pamphylia, now 
Doaensoiii. 

Catenes, a Persian, by whose means Bes- 
isiis was seized. Curt. 7, c. 43. 

Cath.tea, a country of India. 

Cathari, certain gods of the Arcadians. 
An Indian nation,vvhere the wives accom- 
pany their husbands to the burning pile, and 
are burnt with them. Diod. 17. 

Catia, an immodest wonicw, mentioued 
Boral. Ij Sat. % v. 95r 



CA 

Catiena, a courtezan iu Juvenal's age. 
Juv. 3, V. 133. 

Catienus, an actor at Rome in Horace'* 
age, 2, S.at. 3, v. 61. 

L. Sergius CATiLisA, a celebrated Ro- 
msm descended of a noble family. When he. 
had squandered away his fortune by his de- 
baucheries and extravagance, and been refused 
the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruia 
of his country, and conspired withmany of the 
most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as 
himself, to extirpate the senate, plunder the 
treasury, and set Rome on fire. This conspi- 
racy was timely discovered by the consul Ci- 
cero, whom he had resolved to murder; and 
Catiline, after he had declared his intentions in 
the full senate, and attempted to vindicate him- 
self, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested^ 
retired to Gaul, where his partisans were as- 
sembling an army; while Cicero at Rome pu- 
nished the condemned conspirators. Petreius> 
the other consul's lieutenant, attacked Cati- 
line's ill-discjf)lined troops, and routed them. 
Catiline Avas killed in the engagement, bravely 
fighting, about the middle of December, B. C. 
63 His charac'*er has been deservedly brand- 
ed with the foulest infamy ; and to the violence 
he offered to a vestal, he added the more atro- 
cious murder of his own brother, for which he 
would have suft'ered death, had not friends and 
bribes prevailed over justice. It has been re- 
ported that Catiline and the other conspirators 
drank human blood, to make then- oaths more 
firm and inviolable. Sallust has written an ac- 
count of the conspiracy. Cic. in Catil. — Virg. 
JEn. 8, V. 668. 

Catilli, a people near the river Anio. SiL 
4, v. 225. 

Catilsus, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cic. Div. 5, 
c. 10. 

Catileus or Catilus, a son of Amphiarus,. 
who came to Italy with his brothers Coras 
and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and as- 
sisted Turnus against ^Eneas. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
672. Horat. 1, od. 18, v. 2. 

Cati'na, a town of Sicily, called also Cata- 
na. {Vid. Catana.] Another of Arcadia. 

M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of In- 
subria, Avho wrote a treatise in four books, on 
the nature of things, and the summum bonum, 
and an account of the doctrine and tenets of 
Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faith- 
ful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he 
has been ridiculed by Horat. 2, Sat. 4. — Qimi- 

lil. 10, c. 1. Vestinus, a military tribune in 

M. Antony's army. Cic. Div. c. 10, 23. 

Catizi, a people of the Pygmajans, sup- 
posed to have been driven from their countiy 
by cranes. Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Cato, a surname of the Porcian family^ 
rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a 
celebrated Roman, afterwards called Censo- 
rlus, from his having exercised the office of 
censor. He rose to all the honours of the state, 
and the first battle he ever saw was against 
Annibal, at the age of seventeen, where he. 
behaved with uncommon valour. Inhisqua^s- 
torship under Africanus against Carthage, 
and hJ3 expedition in Spain, against the Cel- 
tiberians, and in Greece, he dis})layed equal 
proofs of his courage and prudence. He wa» 
remarkable for his love of temperance; he 
never drank biit water, and ahvay;? salir- 



CA 

fied with whatever meats were laid upon his 
table by his sei-vants, whom he never reproved 
with an angry word. During his censorship, 
which he obtained, though he had made many 
declarations of his fiiture severity if ever in 
office, he behaved with the greatest rigour and 
impartiality, showed liiniself an enemy to all 
luxury and dissipation, and even accused his 
colleague of embezzling the public money. He 
is famous for the great opposition which he 
made against the introduction of the finei- arts 
of Greece into Italy, and his treatment of 
Carneades is well known. This prejudice 
arose from an apprehension that the learning 
and luxury of Athens would destroy the valour 
and simplicity of the Roman people ; and he 
often observed to his son, that the Romans 
would be certainly ruined whenever they be- 
gan to be infected with Greek. It appears, 
however, that he changed his opinion, and 
made himself remarkable for the knowledge 
of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. 
He himself educated his son, and instructed 
him in writing and grammar. He taught him 
dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured 
him to the labours of the field, and to bear 
cold and heat with the same indifference, and 
to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease 
and boldness. He was universally deemed so 
strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him 
one of the judges of hell. He repented only 
©f three things during his life ; to have gone 
by sea when be could go by land, to have 
passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret 
to his wife. A statue was raised to his me- 
mory, and he distinguished himself as much 
for his knowledge of agriculture as his political 
Kfe. In Cicero's age there were ioO orations 
©f his, besides letters, and a celebrated work 
called Origines, of which the first book gave 
a history of the Roman monarchy •, the second 
and third an account of the neighbouring cities 
of Italy ; the fourth a detail of the first, and 
the fifth of the second Punic war ; and in the 
others, the Roman history was brought down 
to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by 
Ser Galba. Some fragments of the Origines 
remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. 
Cato's treatise, De Re rudica, was edited by 
Anfon. Pompna, 8vo. Ant. Plant. 1590 ; but 
the best edition of Cato, &c. seems to be Ges- 
ners, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735. Cato died in an 
extreme old age, about 150 B. C. ; and Cicero, 
to show his respect for him, has introduced 
him in his treatise on old age, as the principal 
character. Plin. 7, c. 14. Plutarch &/■ C. JVepos 
have written an account of his life. Cic Acad. 
^ de Senect. &lc. Marcus, the son of the 



censor, married the daughter of P. iEmylius. 
He lost his sword in a battle, and though 
wounded and tired, he went to his friends, 
and, with their assistance, renewed the battle, 
and recovered his sword. Flut. in Cat.- 
A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato 
the censor. He had five horses killed under 

him in battles, Plut. in Cat. Valerius, a 

grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the 
time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many 
noble pupils, and wrote some poems. Ovid. 

3, Trist. 1, v. 436. Marcus, surnamed 

Uticensis, from his death at Utica, was great 



CA 

seemed to promise a gi'eat man ; and at thfe 
age of fourteen, he earnestly asked his pre- 
ceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla- 
He was austere in his morals, and a strict fol- 
lower of the tenets of the stoics ; he was care- 
less of his dress, often appeared barefooted in 
public, and never travelled but on foot. He 
was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever 
ottice he was employed, he always reformed 
its abuses, and restored the ancient regula- 
tions. When he was set over the troops in 
the capacity of a commander, his removal was 
universally lamented, and deemed almost a 
public loss by his affectionate soldiers. His 
fondness for candour was so great, that the 
veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his 
visits to his friends, he wished to give as little 
molestation as possible ; and the importuning 
civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him, 
when he was at his cou-rt, that he hastened 
away from his presence. He was very jealous 
of the safety and liberty of the republic, and 
watched carefully over the conduct of Pom= 
pey, whose power and influence were great. 
He often expressed his dislike to serve tho 
otfice of a tribune ; but when he saw a man of 
corrupted principles apply for it, he offered 
himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtain- 
ed the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Cati- 
line, he supported Cicero, and was the chief 
cause that the conspirators were capitally pun-r 
ished. When the provinces of Gaul were de- 
creed for five years to Caesar, Cato observed 
to the senators, that they had introduced a 
tyrant into the capitol. He was sent to Cy- 
prus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his 
enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the 
expedition would injure his reputation. But 
his prudence extricated him from every dan= 
^er. Ptolemy submitted, and after a success- 
ful campaign, Cato was received at Rome with 
the most distinguishing honours, which he, 
however, modestly declined. When the first 
triumvirate was formed between Caesar, Pora- 
pey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all 
his might, and with an independent spirit fore- 
told to the Roman people all the misfortunes 
which soon after followed. After repeated ap- 
plications he was made praetor, but he seemed 
rather to disgrace than support the dignity of 
that oflfice, by the meanness of his dress. He 
applied for the consulship, but could nevee 
obtain it. When Casar had passed the Rubi- 
con, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver 
the care of the republic into the hands of Pom- 
pey : and when his advice had been complied 
with, he foliowed him with his son to Dyrra- 
chium, where, after a small victory there, he 
was intrusted with the care of the ammunition, 
and 15 cohorts. After the battle of Phar- 
salia, Cato took the command of the Corcy- 
rean fleet ; and when he heard of Pompey's 
death, on the coast of Africa, he traversed the 
deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He 
refused to take the command of the army in 
Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards 
repented. When Scipio had been defeated, 
partly lor not paying regard to Cato's advice, 
Cato fortified himself in Utica, but, however, 
not with the intentions of 



supporting a siege. 
When Cn^sar apjjroached near the city, Cato 
grandson to the censor of the same name. The i disdained to fly, and rather than fall alive into 
early virtues that oppearod in liis childheod; jthe (;on<iueror','^ hands^ he ^tabbed himseif; ajf- 



CA 

ter he had read Plato's treatise on the immor' 
taiily oi the soul, B. C. 46, in the 59th year of 
his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman 
whose licentious conduct obliged him to di- 
vorce her. Afterwards he united himself to 
Martia, daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his 
friend, wished to raise chil,drenby Martia, and 
therefore obtained her from Cato. After the 
death of Hortenshis, Cato took her again. This 
conductwas ridiculed by the Romans, who ob- 
served that Martia had entered the house of 
Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed 
of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observ- 
ed that Cato always appeared in mourning, 
and never laid himself down at his meals since 
the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, 
contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if 
'depressed with the recollection that the sup- 
porters d( republican liberty were decaying. 
Plutarch has written an account of his life. 
Lucan. 1, v. 128, Lc.— Val. Max. 2, c. 10.— 
Horat. 3, od. 21.— P'irg. JEn. 6, v. 841, 1. 8, 
V. 670. — ^A son of Cato of Utica, who was 
killed in a battle, after he had acquired much 
honour. Plut. in Cat. Min. 

Catrea, a town of Crete. Pav^. 

Catretjs, a king of Crete, killed by his son 
at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diod. 5. 

Catta, a woman who had the gift of pro- 
phec3^ Suet, in Vitel. 14. 

Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. 
Tacit. Jinn. 13, v. 57. 

Catulianaj a surname of Minerva, from L. 
Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. 
Piin. 34, c. 8. 

Catullus, C. or Q. Valerius, a poet of 
Verona, whose compositions, elegant and 
simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant imagi- 
nation. He was acquainted with the most 
distinguished people of his age, and directed 
his satire against Caesar, whose only revenge 
was to invite the poet, and hospitcibly enter- 
tain him at his table. Catullus was the first 
Roman Avho imitated with success the Greek 
writers, and introduced their numbers among 
the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are 
occasionally disfigured with licentious expres- 
sions, the whole is written with great purity 
of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his 
age, B. C. 40. The best editions of his works, 
Avhich consist only of epigrams, are that of 
Vulpius, 4to. Patavii, 1737, and that of Bar- 
bou, 12mo. Paris, 1754. Martial. 1, ep. 62. — 

Ovid. Trisl. 2, v. 427. A man surnaraed 

Urbicarii:^, was a mimographer. Juv. 13, v. 
111. 

Q. LucTATius Catulus, went with 300 
ships during the first Punic war against the 
Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their 
thips under Hamilcar, near the jEgates. This 

celebrated victory put an end to the war. 

An orator distinguished also as a writer of epi- 
grams, and admired for the neatness, ele- 
gance, and polished style of his compositions. 
He i.^ supposed to be the same as the colleague 
of Marius, Avhen a consul the fourth time ; 
and lie shared with him the triumph over the 
Cin-bri. He was, by his colleague'.'j order, 
su located in a room filled with the smoke of 
burning coals. Lucan. 2, v. Vj4.—Plv.t. in 

Mario. A Roman sent by his countrymen 

to cany a present to the god of Delphi, from 
{he ^poils taken from Asdrrib?J . L'V. 27', 



GA 

Caturiges, a people of Gaul, now C/tor- 
ge5, near the source of the Durance. Cms. B. 
G. 1, c. 10.— Plin. 3, c. 20. 

Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhabited 
the present province of Cointat in Provence. 

Cavarillus, a commander of some troops 
of the iEdui in Caesar's army. Cats. Bell. G. 
7, c. 67. 

Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the Se- 
nones by Cassar, and banished by his subjects. 
C<w. Bell. G. 5, c. 54. 

Caucasus, a celebrated mountain between 
the Euxine and Caspian seas, which may be 
considered as the continuation of the ridge of 
mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It 
was inhabited anciently by various savage na- 
tions who lived upon the wild fruits of the 
earth. It was covered with snow in some 
parts, and in others it was variegated with 
fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabi- 
tants formerly were supposed to gather gold 
on the shores of their rivulets in sheep skins, 
but now they live without making use of mo- 
ney. Prometheus was tied on the top of Cau- 
casus by Jupiter, and continually devoured by 
vultures, according to ancient authors. The 
passes near this mountain, called CaucasicR 
porta, bear now the name of Derbent, and it 
is supposed that through them the Sarmatians, 
called Huns, made their way, when they in- 
vaded the provinces of Rome. Plin. 6, c. 11. 
—Strab. U.—Herodot. 4, c. 203, kc.—Virg. 
Eel. 6, G. 2, V. 440. ^7i. 4, v. 366.— Flac. 5, 
V. 155. 

Caucon, a son of Clinus,w^ho first introduc- 
ed the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. 
Paus. 4, c. 1. 

Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, ori- 
ginally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, 
according to some accounts. Some of thera 
made a settlement nearDymae in Elis. Hero- 
dot. 1, kc— Strab. 8, &c 

Caudi and Caudium, a town of the Sam- 
nites, near which, in a place called Cavdincs 
Furculoe, the Roman army under T. Veturius 
Calvinus and Sp. Posthumius was obliged to 
surrender to the Samnites, and pass under the 
yoke with the greatest disgrace. Liv. 9, c. 1, 
kc. — Lucan. 2, v. 138. 

Cavii, a people of Illyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. 

Caulonia, or Caulon, a tow n of Italy near 
the country of the Brutii, founded by a colony 
of Achaeans, and destroyed in the wars between 
Pyrrhus and the Romans. Pam. 6, c. 3. — 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 553. 

Caunius, a man raised to affluence from 
poverty by Artaxerxes. Plut. in Artax. 

Caunus, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He 
was passionately fond of, or,- according to 
others, he was tenderly beloved by his sister 
Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, 
he retired to Caria, where he built a city call- 
ed by his own name. \Vid. Byblis.] Ovid. 

Met.9.i'Ah. 11. A city of Caria, opposite 

Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The 
climate w^as considered as unwholesome, espe- 
cially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the 
cry of a j)erson who sold Caunian figs which 
were very famous, (qui Cauneas vlami tabat,) 
at Brundusium, as a bad omen (caveneeas) 
against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. 
Cic. de Div. 2. v'. 4. —Strab, H.—Harodot. h 
r. 176. 



CE 



CE 



Cauros, an island with a small town, for- 1 ticular frien|d of Cicero, with whom he cor 



merly called Andros, in the iEgean sea. Plin 
4, c. 12. 

Caurus, a wind blowing from the west. 
Virg. G. 3, V. 356. 

Caus, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
25. 

Ca? CI, or Chauci, a nation of Germany, 
now the people of Friesland and Groningen. 
jLucan. l,v.463. 

Cavcus, a river of Mysia. Vid. Caicus. 
Cayster, or Caystrus, now Kilcheck 
Meinder, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Ly- 
dia, and after a meandering course, falling 
Into the iEgean sea near Ephesus. Accordini,'' 
to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of 
this river were generally frequented by swans. 
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 253, 1. 5, v. S8Cy.—Mart. 1 
ep. 54. — Homer. II. 2, v. 461.— Virg. G. 1, v. 
384. 

Cea or Ceos, an island near Eubcea, called 
also Co. Vid. Co. 

CeAdes, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus 
was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer. 
IL2. 

Ceba, now Ceva, a town of modern Pied- 
mont, famous for cheese. Plin. 11, c. 42. 

Ceballinus, a man who gave information 
of the snares laid against Alexander. — Diod. 
n.—Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Cebarenses, a people of Gaul. Paus. 1, 
c. 36. 

Cebenna, mountains, now the Ccvennes, 
separating the Averni from the Helvii, ex- 
tending from the Garonne to the Rhone. 
Cces. B. G. 7, c. S.—Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Cebes, a Theban philosopher, one of the 
disciples of Socrates, B. C. 405. He attended 
his learned preceptor in his last moments, 
and distinguished himself by three dialogues 
that he wrote ; but more particularly by his 
tables, which contain a beautiful and afl'ecting 
picture of human life, delineated with accu- 
racy of judgment, and great splendour of sen- 
timent. Little is' known of the character of 
Cebes from histofy. Plato mentions him once, 
and Xenophon the same, but both in a man- 
ner which conveys most fully the goodness of 
his heart, and the purity of his morals. The 
best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, 
8vo. 1689 ; and Glasgow, 12mo. 1747. 

Cebren, the father of Asterope. .flpollod. 
3, c. 12. 

CEBRiiNiA, a country of Troas with a 
town of the same name, called after the river 
Cehrenus, which is in the neighbourhood. 
CEnone, the daughter of the Cebrenus, re- 
ceives the patronymic oi Cebrenis. Ovid. Met. 
11, V. 169.— Stat. 1, Sylv. 5, v. 21. 

Cebriones, one of tlie giants conquered by 
Venus. An illegitimate son of Priam, kill- 
ed with a stone by Patrochis. Homer. II. 

Cebrus, now Zcbris, a river falling in a 
southern direction into the Danube, and divi- 
ding Lower from Upper M(£sia. 

Cecidas, an ancient and dithyrambic poet. 
Cecimus, Vid. Cajcilius. 
Cecina, a river near Volaterra, in Etruria. 
Mela, 2, c. 4. 

A. Cecinna, a Roman knis^ht in the in- 
terest of Pompey, who use^ to breed up 
young swallows, and send theitj to carry news 
to his friends as messengers, lie was a par- 



responded. Some of his letters are still ex- 
tant in Cicero. Plirk. 10, c. 24. — Cic. 15 ep, 

66. Orat. 29. A scribe of Octavius Caesar, 

Cic. 16, ad Attic, ep. 8. A consular man 

suspected of conspiracy, and murdered by 
Titus, after an invitation to supper. Suet, in 
Tit. c. 6. 

Cecropia, the original name of Athens, ia 
honoar of Cecrops, its first founder. The an- 
cients often use this word for Attica, and the 
Athenians are often called Cecropidce. Virg. 
Ml. 6, V. 21.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 671. Fast. 2, 
V. 81.— Lucan. 3, v. 3u6.— Plin. 7, c. 56.— 
CatuU. 62, 79.—Jav. 6, v. 186. 

Cecropid^, an ancient name of the Athe- 
nians, more particularly applied to those who 
wers descended from Cecrops the founder of 
\thens. The honourable name of Cecropi- 
d:e was often conferred as a reward for some 
virtuous action in the field of battle. Virg. ^n. 
6, \r.2\.—0vid.l. Met.%l\. 

Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who 
led a colony to Attica-about 1556 years before 
the christian era, and reigned over part of the 
country, which was called from him Cecro[)ia, 
He softened and polished the rude and uncul- 
tivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew^ 
them from the country to inhabit twelve small 
villages which he had founded. He gave thena 
laws and regulations, and introduced among 
them the worship of those deities which were 
held in adoration in Egypt. He married the 
daughter of Actaeus a Grecian prince, and was 
deemed the first founder of Athens. He 
taught his subjects to cultivate the olive, and 
instructed them to look upon Minerva as the 
watchful patroness of their city. It is said 
that hQ was the first who raised an altar to Ju- 
piter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. 
After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating 
his newly formed kingdom, and in polishing 
the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leav- 
ing three daughters, Aglaurus, Herse, and Pan- 
drosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a na- 
tive of the country. Some time after, The- 
seus, one of his successors on the throne, form- 
ed the twelve villages which he had established , 
into one city, to which the name of Athens was 
given. [Vid. Athenae.] Some authors have 
described Cecrops as a monster, half a mati and 
half a serpent ; and this fable is explained by 
the recollection that he was master of two lan- 
guages, the Greek and Egyptian ; or that he 
iiad the command over two countries, Egypt 
and Greece. Others explain it by an allusion 
to the regulations which Cecrops made amongst 
the inhabitants concerning marriage and the 
union of the two sexes. Paus. 1, c. 5. — Strah. 
9. — Justin. 2, c. 6. — Herodot. 8, c. 44. — Apol- 
lod. 3, c. \4.—0vid. Met. 11,, v. o6l.—Hygin, 

fab. 166. The second of that name, was the 

seventh king of Athens, and the son and suc- 
cessor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa.. 
the sister of Duidalus, by whom he had Pan- 
dion. He reigned forty years, and died 1307, 
B. C. Jipollod. 3, c. Ib.—Pam. 1, c. 5. 

Cecyphal,«;, a place of Greece, where the 
Athenians defeated the fleet of the Pelopon- 
nesiaus. Thucyd. 1, c. 105. 

Cedreatis, the name of Diana among the 
Orchomenians, because her images were hung 
on lofty cedars. 



CE 

CbdoS, an Athenian genera!, kHled iu an 
■eagagement against the Spartans. Diod. 15. 
CedrusiIj an Indian nation. Curt. 9.c. 11. 
Ceglu.sa, the mother of Asopus by Nep- 
tune. Pans. 2, e. 12. 

Cei, the inhabitants of the island of Cea. 
Cel.^don, a man killed by Perseus, at the 
Siarriage of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 

144. A river of Greece, flowing into the 

Alpheus. Strab 8. — Homer. II. 7, v. 133. 
Celadus, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 

38. An island of the Adriatic sea. JWeto, 

3, c. 1. 

C-EJ.JE.fSM, or Celeste, a city of Phrygia, of 
which it was once the capital. Cyrus the young- 
er had a palace there, with a park filled with 
wild beasts, where he exercised himself in 
Iiunting. The Maeander rose in this park. 
Xeraes built a famous citadel there after his 
defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celaenss 
were carried by Antiochus Soter to people 
Apamea when newly founded. Slrab. 12. — 
Liv. 38, c. 13. — Xenoph. Anab. 1. Marsyas 
is said to have contended in its neighbourhood 
against Apollo. Htrodot. 7, c. 26. — Lucan. 3, 
V. 206. 

Cel5:no, one of the daughters of Atlas, rav- 
ished by Neptune. Ovid. 4, Fast. v. 173. 

One of the harpies, daughter of Neptune and 

Terra. Virg. Mn. 3, v. 245. One of the 

Danaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. A daughter of 

Nept.ine end Ergea. Hygin. A daughter 

«f Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. 
Paus. 10, c. 6. 

Celes, a town of Peloponnesus. Pa-as. 2, 
c. 14. 

Celeia and Cela, a town of Noricum. 
JPlin. 3, c. 24. 

Celelates, a people of Liguria. Liv. 32, 
c. 29. 

CELENDRa:, Celendris, and Celende- 
ms, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a 
harbour of the same name at the mouth of the 
gelinus. Lucan. 8, v. 406. 

Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who fir.st taught 
tow persons guilty of murder might be ex- 
piated. Flacc. 3, v. 406. 

Celenna or CEL.a;NA, a town of Campa- 
nia, where Juno was worshipped. Virg. Mn. 
7, V. 739. 

Celer, a man who with Severus undertook 
to rebuild Nero's palace after the burning of 

Konie. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 42. A man called 

Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped 
over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. 

Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 837. — Plut. in Romul. 

Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedi- 
cated a poem. 

Celeres, 300 of the noblest and strongest 
youths at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his 
body guards, to attend him wherever he went, 
and to protect his person. The chief or cap- 
tain was called Tribunus Cekrum. Liv. 1, c. 
15. 

Celetrum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
31, c. 40. 

Ceeeus, a king of Eleusis, father to Trip- 
tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind recep- 
tion to Ceres, who taught his son the cultiva- 
tion of the earth. (Vid. Triptolemus.) His 
Fustic dress became a proverb. The invention 
Qf several agricultural instruments made of 
flsiers is atti'ibuted to him. Ovid. Fa^l. 4; v. 



CE 

508, 1. 5, V. 296.— Firg-. G. 1, v. le^.—Apol-^ 

Ion. 1, c. 5. — Paus. 1, c. 14. A king of Ce^ 

phallenia. 

Celmus, a man who nursed Jupiter, by 
whom he was greatly esteemed. He was 
changed into a magnet stone for saying that 
Jupiter was mortal. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 281. 

Celon^, a place of Mesopotamia. Died. 
17. 

Celsus, an epicurean philosopher in the 
second centuiy, to whom Lucian dedicated 
one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise 
against the christians, to which an answer was 

returned by Origen. Corn, a physician, in 

the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books 
on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, 
rhetoric, and military affairs. The best editions 
of Celsus de medecind are the Sv'o. L. Bat. 
1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo. Paris apud 
Didot, 1772. Albinovanus, a friend of Ho- 
race, warned against plagiai'ism, 1, ep. 3, v. 
15, and pleasantly ridiculed in the 8th epistle, 
for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been 
preserved. Juventius, a lawyer who con- 
spired against Domitian. Titus, a man pro^ 

claimed emperor, A. D. 265, against his will, 
and murdered seven days after. 

CeltjE, a name given to the nation that 
inhabited the country between the ocean 
and the Palus Masotis, according to some au- 
thors mentioned by Plut. in Mario. This 
name, though anciently applied to the inhabi- 
tants of Gaul, as v.^ell as of Germany and 
Spain, was more particularly given to a part of 
the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Cel- 
tica, was situate between the rivers Sequana 
and Garumna, raodernly called la Seine and 
la Garonne. The Celtae seemed to receive 
their name from Celtus, a sou of Hercules or 
of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore 
the name of Cclticum is now called Cape Fin- 
Isterre. Cces. Bell. G. 1, c. 1, ^. — Mela, 3, 
c. 2. — Herodot. 4, c. 49. 

Celtiberi, a people of Spain, descended 
from the Celtae. They settled near the Ibe- 
rus, and added the name of the river to that 
of their nation, and were afterwards called 
Celtiberi. They made strong head against 
tlie Romans and Carthaginians when they 
invaded their country. Their country, called 
Celliberia, is now known by the name of Ar- 
ragon. Diod. 6. — Flor. 2, c. 17. — Strab. 4. — 
Lucan. 4, v. 10.— Sil. It. 3, v. 339. 

Celtica, a well populated part of Gaul^ 
inhabited by the Celtae. 

Celtic 1, a people of Spain. The pro- 
montory which bore their name, is now Cape 
Finisietre.- 

Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix 
among the Averni. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c.4. 

Celtoru, a people of Gaul, near the Se- 
nones. Plut. 

Celtoscyth^, a northern nation of Scy- 
thians. Strab. 10. 

Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strab. 
Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom 
of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionys. Perieg. 
v. 358. 
Cenabum or Genabum. Vid. Genabum. 
Cenjeum, a promontory of Eubcea, where 
Jupiter Caineus had an altar raised by Her- 
cules. Ovid. Met. 9; V. l3!o. —Tlmcyd. 3, 



CE 

Cenchre j:, now Kenkri, a town of Pelo- 
ponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth. A 

harbour of Corinth. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 9, v. 
19.— F/m. 4, c. 4. 

Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyras king of 
Cvprus, or as others say, of Assyria. Hygiji. 
fab. 58. 

Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis, 
or as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a 
large serpent at Salamis. Paus. 2, c. 2. — 
Diod. 4. 

Cencfirius, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, 
where some suppose that Latona was washed 
after she had brought forth. Tacit. Jln7i. 3, c. 
61. 

Cenepolis, a town of Spain, the same as 
Carthago Nova. Polyb. 

Cenetium, a town of Peloponnesus. 
Slrah. 

Cenneus. Vid. Caenis. 

Cemijiagni, a people on the western parts 
of Britain. 

Cenina. Vid. Caenina. 

Cenon, a town of Italy. Liv. 2, c. 63. 

Censores, two magistrates of great author- 
ity at Rome, fii-st created, B. C. 443. Their 
office was to number the people, estimate the 
possessions of every citizen, reform and watch 
over the manners of the people, and regulate 
the taxes. Their power was also extended 
over private families : they punished irregu- 
larity, and inspected the management and 
education of the Roman youth. They could 
inquire into the expenses of every citizen, 
and even degrade a senator from all his privi- 
leges and honours, if guilty of any extrava- 
gance. This punishment was generally exe- 
cuted in passing over the offender's name 
in calling the list of the senators. The office 
of public censor was originally exercised by 
the kings. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of 
Rome, first established a census, by which 
©veiy man was obliged to come to be regis- 
tered, and give in writing the place of his resi- 
dence, his name, his quality, the number of 
his children, of his tenants, estates, and do- 
mestics, 6ic. The ends of the census were 
very salutary to the Roman republic. They 
knew their own strength, their ability to sup'- 
part a war, or to make a levy of troops, or 
raise a tribute. It was required that every 
knight should be possessed of 400,000 sester- 
ces to ejijoy the rights and privileges of his 
order ; atjd a senator was entitled to sit in the 
senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sester- 
ces. This laborious task of numbering and 
reviewing the people, was, after the expulsion 
of the Tarquins, one of th^ duties and privi- 
leges of the consuls. But when the republic 
was become more powerful, and when the 
number of its citizens was increased, the con- 
suls were found unable to make the census, 
on account of the multiplicity of business. 
After it had been neglected for 16 years, two 
new mufoFtrates called censoi-s were elected. 
They remained in office for five years, and 
every fifth year they made a census of all the 
citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a 
solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the 
name of all the Roman people. This space of 
time was called a luslruia, and ten or twenty 
years were commonly expressed by two or 
feav lu^ti'a. ^fter the ofii< ■ '•■'♦''- '"Ts^ors had 



cs 

remained for some time unaltered, the Re- 
mans, jealous of their power, abridged the- 
duration of their office, and a law was made, 
A. U. C. 420, by Mamercus ^Emilius, to limit 
the time of the censorship to 18 months. Af- 
ter the second Punic war, they were always 
chosen from such persons as had been consuls ; 
then- office was more honourable, though less 
powerful, than that of the consuls; the bad-- 
ges of their office were the same, but the cen- 
sors were not allowed to have lictors to walk 
before them as the consuls. When one of the 
censors died, no one was elected in his roonx 
till the five years were expired, and his col- 
league immediately resigned. This circum^ 
stance originated from the death of a censor 
before the sack of Rome by Brennus, and 
was ever after deemed an unfortunate event 
to the republic. The emperors abolished the 
censors, and took upon themselves to execute., 
their office. 

Censorinus, Ap. CI. was compelled, after 
many services to the state, to assume the im- 
perial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was 
murdered some days after, A. D. 270.-— » 
Martius, a consul, to whom, as a particular 

friend, Horace addressed his 4 od. 8. A 

grammarian of the 3d century, whose book^ 
De die natali, is extant, best edited in 8vo^ 
by Havercamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats of the 
birth of man, of years, months, and days. 

Census, the numbering of the people at 
Rome, performed by the censors, a cemeo to 

value. Vid. Censores. A god worshipped 

at Rome, the same as Consus. 

Centaretus, a Galatian, who, when An- 
tiochus was killed, mounted his horse in the 
greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious 
of disgrace, immediately leaped down a pre- 
cipice, and killed himself and his rider. Flin. 
8, c. 42. 

Centauri, a people of Thessaly, half men 
and half horses. They were the offspring of 
Centaurus, son of Apollo, by Stilba, daugh- 
ter of the Peneus. According to some, tlie 
Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion's adventure 
with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, £ts 
others assert, of the union of Centaurus with 
the mares of Magnesia. This fable of tlie ex- 
istence of the Centaurs, monsters supported 
upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the- 
ancient people of Thessaly having tamed 
horses, and having appeared to the neighbour? 
mounted on horseback, a sight very uncom- 
mon at that time, and which, when at a dis- 
tance, seems only one body, and consequently 
one creature. Some derive the name «sro o-o./ 
<ivT.*i T«vtoj<;, goading bulls, because they went; 
on horseback after their bulls which had stray- 
ed, or because they hunted wild bulls with 
horses. Some of the ancients have maintain- 
ed, that monsters like the Centaurs can have 
existed in the natural course of things. Plu- 
tarch in Sympas. mentions one seen by Peri- 
ander tyrant of Corinth ; and Pliny 7, c. 3,- 
says, that he saw one embalmed in honey^ 
which had been brought to Rome from Egypt 
in the reign of Claudius. The battle of" the 
Centaurs with the Lapithffi is famous in history 
Ovid has elegantly described it, and it has aljo 
employed tiie pen of Hesiod, Valerius Flaccu?^ 
&tc. and Pausanias in Eliw. says, it was re- 
present^ in die temple of Jrrjjitefr at Olyrapia* 



CE 

an J also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius 
according to Pliny, 36, c. 5. The origin of 
this battle was a quarrel at the marriage of 
Hippodamia with JPirithous, where the Cen- 
taurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with 
rudeness, and even offered violence to the 
women that were present. Such an insult 
irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest ot 
the Lapithae, who defended the women, 
wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and oblig- 
ed them to leave their country , and retire to 
Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second 
time punished by Hercules, who, when he was 
going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was 
kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who 
gave him wine which belonged to the rest of 
the Centaurs, but had been given them on 
condition of tlieir treating Hercules with it 
whenever he passed through their territory. 
They resented the liberty wnich Hercules took 
with their wine, and attacked him with un- 
eoramon fury. The hero defended himself 
with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries- 
who fled for safety to the Centaur Chiron. 
Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, 
and therefore they hoped that he would desist 
in his presence. Hercules, though awed at 
the sight of Chiron, did iiOt desist> but, in the 
midst of the engagement, be wounded his pre- 
ceptor in the knee, who, in the excessive pain 
he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. 
The death of Chiron nritated Hercuies the 
more, and the Centaurs that were present 
were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed 
few escaped the common destruction. The 
most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, 
Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Cauraas, Lycidas, 
Arneus, Medon, Pthcetus, Pisenor, Mermeros, 
Pholus, &c. Diod.4.— TsetzesCfiiL9. Hist. 
237. — Hesiod. in Suet. Hercul. — Homer. II. <^ 
Od.—Ovid. Met. 12.— Strab. 9.— Pans. 5, c. 10, 
Lc—JFAian. V. H. 11, c. 2.~Jipollod. 2, c. 3, 1. 
5.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 286.--Hygm. fab. 33 and 
62.— Pindar, Pyth. 2. 

Centaurus, a ship in the fleet of -S^neas, 
■which had the figure of a Centaur. Virg. 
JEn. 5, V. 122. 

Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia. Val. 
Max. 5, c, 1. 

Centores, a people of Scythia. Flacc. 

Centoripia or Centuripa. Vid. Centu- 
wpa. 

Centrites, a river between Armenia and 
Media. 

Centrones, a people of Gaul, severely 
beaten by J. Caesar when they attempted to 
obstruct his passage. They inhabited the 
modern country of Tarantaist in Savoy. 
There was a horde of Gauls of the same name 
^subject to the JNervii, now sup})osed to be 
near Courtray in Flanders. Ca:s. B. G. I, c. 
10, 1. 5, c. SS.—Plin. 3, c. 20. 

CE!STRoxiLs, a man who squandered his 
immense riches on useless and whimsical build- 
ings. Jhv. 14, V. .S6. 

CENTi'Mvini, the members of a court of 
justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, 
three from the 35 tribes of the people, and 
though 105, they were always called Centum- 
virs. They were afterwards increased to the 
{lumber of ISO, and still ke])l their original 
name. The prcetor sent to their tribunal causes 
of tli(»greate.«!t importance.- a? their knowledge 



CE 

of the law was extensive. They were general- 
ly summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed 
to be the chieiest among them ; and they as- 
sembled in the Basilica, or public court, and 
had their tribunal distmguished by a spear 
with an iron head, whence a decree of their 
court was called Hasta. judicium : their sen- 
tences were very impartial, and without ap- 
peal. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 38. — Q,uintil. 4, o, 
<tnd 11. — Plin. 6, ep. 33. 

Centum cellum, a sea-port town of Etru- 
ria built by Trajan, who had there a villa. 
It is now Civila i'ecchia, and belongs to the 
Pope. Plin. 6, ep. 31. 

Cesturia, a division of the people among 
the Komans, consisting of a hundred, 'laa 
Koinau people were originally divided into 
three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiae. 
Servius Tullius made a census ; and when he 
had the place of habitation, name, and pro-" 
tession of every citizen, which amounted to 
80,()0li men, ail aule (o bear arms, he divided 
tuem into six classes, ana each class into seve- 
ral ceuturies or comi)anies of a hundred men. 
The first class consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of 
which vv ere composed of men from the age of 
45 and upwards, appointed to guard the city. 
The 40 others were young men from 17 to 45 
years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight 
the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all 
the same, that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, 
cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a 
javelin ; and as they were of (he most illustri- 
ous citizens, they were called by way of em- 
inence, classici, and theirinferiors infra classem. 
They were to be worth 1, 100,000 o^se^, a sum 
equivalent to 1800 pounds English money. The 
second, third, and fourth classes, consisted 
each of twenty centuries, ten of which were 
composed of the more aged, and the others of 
the younger sort of people. Their arms were 
a large shield, a spear, and a javelin ; they 
were to be worth in the second class, 75,0(X> 
assesy or about 121/. In the third, 50,000, or 
about 80/. ; and in the fourth, 25,(X)0, or about 
40/. The fifth class consisted of 30 centuries, 
three of W'hich were carpenters by trade, and 
the others of dift'erent professions, :-uch as were 
necessary in a camp. They were all armed 
with slings and stones. They were to be worth 
11,000 asses, or about 18/. The sixtli class con- 
tained only one cenluria, comprisingthe whole 
body of the poorest citizeu.i, who were called 
Proletarii, as their only service to the .state wa^^ 
procreating children. They were also called 
capite ccnsi, as the censor took notice of their 
person, not of their estate. In the public as- 
semblies in tlie Campus Martins, at the election 
of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital 
crimes, the people gave their vote i)y centuries, 
whence the assembly was called comilia centv- 
riata. in these public assemblies, which were 
never convened only by the consuls at the per- 
mission of the senate, orby the dictator, in the 
absence of the consuls, some of the people ap- 
peared under arms for fear of an attack from 
some foreign enemy. Whcji a law was pro- 
posed in the public assemblies, its necessity 
was explained, and the advantages it would 
})roduce to the state were enlarged upon in a 
harangue ; after which it was exposed in the 
most coi spicuous partsof the city threemarket 
days, that the people might see and coa.sider 



CE 

Exposing it to public vieW;Was cdWedproponere 
tegem, and explaining it, promulgere legem. 
He who merely proposed it, was called latoi- 
hgis; and he who dwelt upon its importance 
and utility, and wished it to be enforced, was 
called auctor h'lis. When the assembly was to 
be held, the auguries were consulted by the 
consul, who, alter haranguing the people, and 
reminding them to have in view the good of 
the republic, dismissed them to their respective 
centuries, that their votes might be gathered. 
They gave their votes viva locc, till the year 
of Rome A. U. C. 615, when they changed the 
custom, and gave their approbation or disap- 
probation by ballots thrown into an urn. If 
the first class was unanimous, the others w ere 
not consulted, as the first was superior to all 
the others in number; but if they were not 
unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, 
and the majority decided the question. This 
advantage of the first class g-ave offence to the 
rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one 
class of the six should be drawn by lot, to give 
its votes first, without regard to rank or prior- 
ity. After all the votes had been gathered, 
the consul declared aloud, that the law which 
had been proposed was duly and constitutional- 
ly approved. The same ceremonies were ob- 
served in the election of consuls, prajtors, k,c. 
The word Centuria is also applied to a subdi- 
vision of one of the Roman legions, which con- 
sisted of an hundred men, aud was the half of 
a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and 
the sixtieth part of a legion. The command- 
er of a centuria was called centurion, and he 
was distinguished from the rest by the branch 
of a vine which he carried in his hand. 

Centuripa, (es, or ce, aitim,) now Cen- 
torlu, a town of Sicily at the foot of Mount 
>Etna. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 23.— Ital. 14, v. 
205.~P/m3,c.8. 

Ceos and Cea, an island. Vid. Co. 

Cephalas, a lofty promontory of Africa 
near the Syrtis Major. Strab. 

Cephaledion, a town of Sicily, near the ri- 
ver Himera. Plin. 3, c. 8. — Cic. in Verr. 2,c. 52 

Cephallen, a noWe musician, son of Lam- 
pus. Pans. 10, c. 7. 

Cephallena and Cephallenia, an island 
in the Ionian sea, belaw Corcyra, whose 
inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan 
war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. 
It was anciently divided into four different dis- 
tricts, from which circumstance it received the 
name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in 
circumference, and from its capital Samo, or 
Samos, it has frequently been called Same. — 
."Strab. lO.~Plin. 4, c. 12.— .1fe/a, 2, c. 7.— 
Ho77ier. II. 2.— Thucyd. 2, c. 30.— Pans. 6, c. 15. 

Cephalo, an officer of Eumenes. Diod. li). 

Cephaloedis and Cephaludium, now 
Ccphalu, a town at the north of Sicily. Sil. 
14, V. 253.— Cic. 2, in Verr. 51. 

Cephalon, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote 
an history of Troy, besides an epitome of uni- 
versal history from the age of Ninus to Alex- 
ander, which he divided into nine books, insci- 
bcd with the name of the nine muses. He af- 
fected not to know the place of his birth, ex- 
pecting it would be disputed like Homer's. 
He lived in the reign of Adrian. 

Cephalus, son of Deioneus, kingof Thes- 
?aly, by Diomede, daughterof Xuthus;raarried 



CE 

Procris, daughter of Erechtheus, king of A 
thens. Aurora fell in love with hmi, and car- 
ried him away ; but he refused to listen to her 
addressee, and was impatient to return to Pro- 
cris. The goddess sent him b^ck; and to try 
the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on a 
different form, and he arrived at the house of 
Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris 
was deaf to every offer ; but she suffered her- 
self to 1)6 seduced by the gold of this stranger, 
who discovered himself the very moment that 
Procris had yielded up her virtue. This cir- 
cumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled 
from her husband, and devoted herself to hunt- 
ing in the island of Euboea, where she was ad» 
mitted among the attendants of Diana, who 
presented her with a dog always sure of his 
prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, 
and always returned to the hands of its mis- 
tress of its own accord. Some say that the 
dog was a present from Minos, because Pro- 
cris had cured his wounds. After this Procris 
returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was wil- 
ling to disgrace himself by some unnatural 
concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of 
Procris. Procris discovered herself at the 
moment that Cephalus showed himself faith- 
less, and a reconciliation w^as easily made be- 
tween them. They loved one another with 
more tenderness than befoi-e, and Cephalus 
received from his wife the presents of Diana. 
As he was particularly fond of hunting, he ev- 
ery morning early repaired to the woods, ajid 
after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down 
in the cool shade, and earnestly called for Au- 
ra, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous 
word was mistaken for the name of a mistress ; 
and some informer reported to the jealous Pro- 
cris, that Cephatus daily paid a visit to a mis- 
tress, whose name was Aura. Procris too rea- 
dily believed the information, and secretly fol- 
lowed her husband into the w^oods. According 
to his daily custom ;Cephalus retired to the cool, 
and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, 
Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her 
expected rival. Her motion occasioned a rust- 
ling among the leaves of the bush that conceal- 
ed her ; and as Cephalus listened, he thought 
it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring 
.iart. Procris was struck to the heart, and in- 
stantly expired in the arms of her husband, 
confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the 
cause of her death. According to Apollodo- 
rus, there were two persons of the name of 
Cephalus; one, son of Mercury and Herse, 
carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt 
n\ Syria, and by whom he had a son called Ti- 
'honus. The other married Procris, and was 
the cause of the tragical event, mentioned 
above. Cephalus was latherofArcesius by Pro- 
cris and of Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Au- 
rora. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 26. Hygiii. fab. 189. 

— Jipollod. 3, c. 15. A Corinthian lawyer, 

who assisted Tiraoleon in regulating the repub- 
lic of Syracuse. Diod. 16. — Plut. in Tim. 

A king of Epirus. Liv. 43, c. 18. An era- 

or frequently mentioned by Demosthenes. 

Cepheis, a name given to Andromeda as 
daughter; of Cepheus. Ovid. A. A 1, v. li>3. 
Cepuekes, an ancient name of the Persians. 

ffcrodot. 7, c. 61. A name of the JCthio 

l)ians, from Cephus; one of then* kings. Ovid 
Met. 5, V. 1 



CE 

Cepheus, a king of -Ethiopia, father of 
Andromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of the 
Argonauts, and was changed into a constella- 
tion after his death, Ovid. Met. 4, v, 669, 1. 
5, V. 12.— Paus.4, c. 35, 1. 8, c. ^.—Apollod. 1. 
€. 9, 1. 2, c. 1, 4, and 7, 1. 3, c. 9, mentions one 
SOIL of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The 
former he makes ting of Tegea, and father of 
Sterope ; and says, that he, with his twelve 
sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hip- 
pocoon, where they were killed. The latter he 
calls king of ^Ethiopia, and father of Andro- 
meda. A son of Lycurgus present at the 

chase of the Calydonian boar. JipoUod. ], c. 9. 

Ckphcsia, a part of Attica, through which 
the Cephisus flows. Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Cephisiades, a patronymic of Eteocles, 
Son of .^ndreus and Evippe, from the suppo- 
sition of his being the son of the Cephisus. 
Pans. 9: c. 34. 

Cefiiisidorus, a tragic poet of Athens in 

the age of iEschylus. An historian who 

wrote an account of the Phocian war. 

CephisiOxN. the commander of some troops 
^ent bv the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &,c. 
Diod. 'l6. 

CEPHisoDoxrs, a disciple of Isocrates, a 
great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book 
of proverbs. Aihen. 2. 

Cephisus and Cephissus, a celebrated river 
of Greece, that rises at Lilaea in Phocis, and 
after passing at the north of Delphi and mount 
Parnassus, enters Bceotia.. where it flows into 
the lake Copais. The Graces were particular- 
ly fond of this river, whence they are called 
the goddesses of the Cephisus. There v. as a 
river of the same name in Attica, and another 
in Argolis. Strab. 9. — Plin. 4, c. 7. — Pans. 
9, c. 24.— Homer. 11. 2, v. 29.—Lucan. 3, v. 

lib.— Olid. Met. 1, v. 369, 1. 3, v. 19. A 

man changed into a sea monster, by Apollo, 
when lamenting the death of his grandson. 
Ovid. Met. 7, V. 388. 

Cephren, a king of Egypt, who built one 
of the pyramids. Diod. I. 

Cepio or CiEPio, a man who by a quarrel 
with Drusus caused a civil w'ar at Rome, &c. 

.i Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an 

end to the war in Spain. He took gold froni 
a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his 
life was always unfortunate. He was conquer- 
ed by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly 
eonliscated, and he died at last in prison. 

ChPioN, a nmsician. Plut. de Mvs. 

Ceraca, a town of Macedonia. Polyb. 5. 

Ceracates, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
4, Hid. c. 70. 

Cerambus, a man changed into a beetle, 
or, according to others, into a bird, on mount 
Parnassus, by the nymnhs, before the deluge. 
Ovid.Mel.l',i&S).9. 

Ceramicus, now Kermno, a bay of Caria. 
near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receiving it."- 
name from Ceramus. Plin. 5, c. 29. — Akla- 
1, c. 16. A public walk, and a place to bu- 
ry those that were killed in defence of their 
country, at Athens. Cic. ad .fill. 1, ep. 10. 

Ceuamiu.m, a place of Rome, where Cice- 
ix)'s house was built. Cic. ad JiUic. 

Ceuamds, a town at the west of Asia Mi- 
nor. 

Ceras, a people of Cyprus melamorpjio.sed 
into bulls. 



CE 

Cerasus, (untis) now Keresoun, a mari' 
time city of Cappadocia, from which cherries 
were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. — ■ 
Marcell. 22, c. \3.—Plin. 15, c. 25, 1. 16, 

c. 18, 1. 17, c. 14.— Mela, 1, c. 19. -Ano- 

ther, built by a Greek colony from Sinope. 
Diod. 14. 

Cerata, a place near Megara. 

Ceratus, a river of Crete. 

Ceradnia, a town of Achaia. 

Ceraunia and Ceraunii, large moun- 
tains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and 
forming a promontory which divides thelonian 
and Adriatic seas. They are the same as 

the Acroceraunia. Vid. Acrocerauniam. 

Iviount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. Plin. 
5, c. 27. 

Ceraunii, mountains of Asia, opposite 
the Caspian sea. Mela, 1, c. 19. 

Ceraunus, a river of Cappodocia. A 

surname of Ptolemy the 2d, from his boldness. 
C. Kep. Reg. c. 3. 

Cerasius, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 
8, c. 41. 

Cerbalus, a river of Apulia. Plin. 3, c, 
11. 

Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian 
Bo.sphorus. Plin. 6, c. 6. 

Cerberus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of 
Echidna's union with Typhon. He had 50 
heads according to Hesiod, and three accord- 
ing to other mythologists. He was stationed 
at the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, 
to prevent the living from entering the infernal 
regions, and the dead from escaping from their 
confinement. It was usual for those heroes 
who in their life-time visited Pluto's kingdom, 
to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus 
with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with 
his lyre ; and Hercules dragged him from hell 
when he went to redeem Alceste. Virg. JEn. 
5, v. 134, 1. 6, V.417.— i -omer. Od. 11, v.622.— 
Paus. 2, c. 31, 1. 3, c. 25.— Hesiod. Theog. 312. 
—Tibiill. l,el. 10, V.35. 

Cercaphus, a son of -(Eolus. A son of 

Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Diod. 5. 

Cercasorum, a town of Egypt, where 
the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Ca- 
nopic mouths. Herodot. 2, c. 15. 

Cerceis, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
Theog. V. 355. 

Cecene, a country of Africa. Diod. 2. 

Cercestes, a son of iEgj'ptus and Phoeiiissa. 
Jpollod. 2, c. 1. 

Cercides, a native of Megalopolis, who 
wrote Iambics. Athen. 10. — JElian. V. H. 13, 

Cercii, a people of Italy. 

Cercina and Cercinna, a small island of 
the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis, 
on the coast of Africa. Tacit. 1. Ann. 53. — 

Strab. r,.—Liv. 33, c. 48.— Plin. 5, c. 7. 

A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. 
Thvcyd. 2, c. 98. 

Cercinium, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
c. 41. 

Cerciub and Rhetius, charioteers of Cas- 
tor and PoDu.x. 

Cehcupes; a people of Ephesus, made pri- 
soners by Hercules. Apollud. 2, c. 6. The 

inhabitants of the island Pithecusa changed 
into monkics on account of their dishonesty. 
Ovid. Met. 14, V. 91. 

Ceikops, a Milesian, author of a fabulous 



CE 

history, mentioned by Athenssus. ^A Py- 
thagorean philosopher. 

Cercyon and Cercyones, a king of Eleusis, 
son of Neptune, or, according to others, of 
Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle 
with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, 
they were easily conquered and put to death. 
After many cruelties, he challenged Theseus 
in wrestling, and he was conquered and put 
to deatli by his antagonist. His daughter, 
Alope, was loved by Neptune, by whom she 
had a child. Cercyon exposed the child, call- 
ed Hippothoon ; but he was preserved by a 
mare, and afterwards placed upon his grand- 
father's throne by Theseus. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 
439.—Hygm. fab. lS7.—Flut. in Tfies.—Paus. 
1, c. 5 and 39 

Cercyra and Corcyra, an island in the 
Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cer- 
cyra daughter of the Asopus. Diod. 4. 

Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis. 
Thucyd. 5, c. 6. 

Cerealia, festivals in honour of Ceres ; 
first instituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, 
and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in 
mourning were not permitted to appear at the 
celebration ; therefore they were not observed 
after the battle of Cannce. They are the same 
as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. Vid. 
ThesmopJioria. 

Ceres, the goddess of corn and of harvests, 
was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had 
a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called 
Pherephata, fruit-bearing, and afterwards 
Proserpine. This daughter was carried away 
by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the 
plains near Enna. The rape of Proserpine 
was grievous to Ceres, who sought her all 
over Sicily ; and when night came, she light- 
ed two torches in the flames of Mount JEtna, 
io continue her search by night all over the 
World. She at last found her veil near the 
fountain Cyane ; but no intelligence could 
be received of the place of her concealment, 
till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her 
that her daughter had been carried away by 
Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this than 
she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by 
two dragons> and demanded of Jupiter the re- 
storation of her daughter. The endeavours of 
Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as 
apowerfulgod, to become her son-in-iaw,prov- 
ed fruitless, and the restoration was granted, 
provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in 
the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired 
to Pluto, but Proserpine had eaten the grains of 
a pomegranate which she had gathered as she 
walked over the Elysian tields.and Ascalaphus, 
the only one who had seen her, discovered it, 
to make his court to Pluto. The return of 
Proserpine upon earth was therefore imprac- 
ticable ; but Ascalaplms, for his unsolicited 
information, was changed into an owl. [Vid. 
Ascalaphus.] The grief of Ceres for the loss 
of her daughter was so great, that Jupiter 
granted Proserpine to pass six months with 
her mother, and the rest of the year with 
Pluto. During the inquiries of Ceres for her 
daughter, the cultivation of the earth was ne- 
glected, and the ground became barren ; there- 
fore, to rei)air the loss which mankind had 
suffered by her absence, the goddess went to 
AttlcQ, which was bocome the most desolate 



CE 

' country in the world, and instructed Triptos^ 
lemus of Eleusis in every thing which concern- 
ed agriculture. She taught him how to plough 
the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to 
make bread, and to take particular care of 
fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave 
him her chariot, and commanded him to travel 
all overthe world, and communicate his know- 
ledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, 
who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots 
of the earth [Vid. Triptolemus.] Her bene- 
ficence to mankind made Ceres respected 
Sicily was supposed to be the favourite retreat 
of the goddess, and Diodorus says, that she 
and her daughter made their first appearance 
to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as 
a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he mar- 
ried Proserpine The Sicilians made a yearly 
sacrifice to Ceres, every man according to hw 
abilities ; and the fountain of Cyane, through 
which Pluto opened himself a passage with his 
trident, when carrying away Proserpine, was 
publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and 
the blood of the victims was shed in the waters 
of the fountain. Besides these, other ceremo- 
nies were observed in honour of the goddesses 
who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The 
commemoration of the rape was celebrated 
about the beginning of the harvest, and the 
search of Ceres at the time that corn is sowa 
in the earth. The latter festival continued six 
successive days ; and during the celebration, 
the votaries of Ceres iriade use of some free 
and wanton expressions, as that language had 
made the goddess smile while melancholy for 
the loss of her daughter. Attica, which had 
been so eminently distinguished by the god- 
dess, gratefully remembered her favours in the 
celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. [Via. 
Eleusinia.] Ceres also performed the duties 
of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the ad- 
vantages of her salutary laws ; hence, her sur- 
name of Thesmophora. She is the same as 
the Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it 
is said, was first brought into Greece by Erech- 
theus. She met with different adventures 
when she travelled over the earth, and the 
impudence of Stellio was severely punished. 
To av^oid the importunities of Neptune, she 
changed herself into a mare : but the god took 
advantage of her metamorphosis, and from 
their union arose the horse Arion. [Vid. 
Arion.] The birth of this monster so offended 
Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the 
sight of mankind ; and the earth would have 
perished for want of her assistance, had not 
Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given in* 
formation of it to Jupiter. The Parcffi were 
sent by the god to comfort her, and at their 
persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her 
statues represented her veiled in black, with 
the head of a horse, and holding a dove in one 
hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their 
sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant 
sow, as that animal often injures and destroys 
the productions of the earth. While the corn 
was yet in grass, they offered her a ram, after 
the victim had been led three times roinid the 
field. Ceres was represented with a garland 
of ears of corn on her head, holding in one 
hand a lighted torch, and in the otiier a poppy, 
which was sacred to her. She appears as a 
country-woman mountcdon the back of an r»x. 



CE 

and carrying a basket on her left arm, and 
holding a hoe ; and sometimes she rides in a 
chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was 
supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus, Cy- 
bele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, &ic. The Ro- 
mans paid her great adoration, and her festi- 
vals were yearly celebrated by the Roman 
matrons in the month of April, during eight 
days. These matrons abstained during several 
days from the use of wine and every carnal 
enjoyment. They always bore lighted torches 
in commemoration of the goddess ; and who- 
ever came to these festivals whhout a pre- 
vious initiation, was punished with death. Ce- 
res is metaphorically called bread and corn, as 
Ihe word Bacchus is frequently used to signify 
wine. Jipollod. 1, c. 5,1. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 12 and 
U.—Paus. 1, c. 31, 1. 2, c. 34, 1. 3, c. 23, 1. 8, 
c. 25, hc.—Diod. 1, kc.—Hesiod. Theog.— 
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 417. Met. fab. 7, 8, &ic.— 
Claudian. de Rapt. Pros. — Cic. in Verr. — 
Callimach. in Cer.—Uv. 29 and 31.— Stat. 
Theb. 12.— Dionys. Hal 1, c. S3.—FJygin. 
P. A. 2. 

Ceressus, a place of Bceotia. Pavjs, 9, c. 
14. 

CERETiE, a people of Crete. 

Cerialis Anicus, a consul elect, who 
"wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a 
god, after the discovery of the Pisonian con- 
spiracy, &:c. Tadl. Ana. 15. c. 74. 

Ceru. a people of Etruria. 
' Cerilli or Carill-SE, now Cirella, a town 
of the Brutii near the Laus. Strab. 6. 

Cerillum, a place of Lucania. Strab. 6. — 
Sil. Ital. 8, V. 680. 

Cerinthus, now Zero, a town of Eubcea, 
whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war; 
headed by Elphenor, son of Chalcedon, Ho- 
mer. [[. 2, V. 45. — Strab. 10. A beautiful 

youth, long the favourite of the Roman ladies, 
and especially of Sulpitia, ^c. Horat. 1, Sat. 

2, V. 81. One of the early heretics from 

Christianity. 

Cermanus, a place where Romulus was ex- 
posed by one of the servants of Amulius. 
Plut. in Romul. 

Cerne, an island without the pillars of Her- 
cules, on the African coast. Str^ib. 1. — Plin. 5 
and 6. 

Cerkes, a priest of Cybele. 

Ceron, a fountain of Histiaeotis, whose wa- 
ters rendered black all the sheep that drank of 
them. Plin. 3, c. 2. 

Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king of 
Persia, given as an hostage to Augustus. 

Cerossus, a place of the Ionian sea. 

Cerpheres, a king pf Egypt, who is sup- 
jjosed to have built the smallest pyramid. 

CERRUiEi, a people of Greece, who pro- 
faned the temple of Delphi. Plut. in Sol. 

Cerretani, a people of Spain that inhab- 
ited the modern district of Cerdana in Cata- 
ionia. Plin 3, c. 3. 

Cersobleptes, a king of Thrace, con- 
<iuered by Philip king of Macedonia. Poly<En. 
T, c.31. 

Certima, a town of Celtiberia. Lav. 40, 
c. 47. 

Certoniubt, a town of Asia Minor. 

Cervarius, a Roman knight who con- 
.spired with Piso against r*Jero. Tacit. Arm. 16, 



CE 

p. Cervius, an officer under Vierres. Cici 
in Verr. 5, c. 44. 

Cervces, a sacerdotal family at Athens 
Thvcyd. 8, c. 53. 

Cerycius, a mountain of Bajotia. Paus.9f 
c. 20. 

Cerymica, a town of Cyprus. Diod, 

Cerynea, a town of Achaia, and moun- 
tain of Arcadia. Pans. 7, c. 25. 

Cerynites, a river of Arcadia. Pam. 7, 
c. 25. 

Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent Carthagi- 
nian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded 
Nero that immense treasures had been depo- 
sited by Dido in a certain place, which he de- 
scribed. Inquiry was made, and when no 
money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. 
Tacit. Ann. 16, c. 1, he. 

Cesennia, an infamous prostitute, born of an 
illustrious family at Rome. Juv. 6, v. 135. 
CESTius,an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught 

rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero. 

A governor of Syria. Tacit. H. 5. Seve- 

rus, an informer under Nero. Tacit. H. 4. 

Proculus,.a man acquitted of an accusation of 
embezzling the public money. Id. Am. 30. 
A bridge at Rome. 

Cestrina, part of Epirus. Pans. 2, c. 
23 

Cestrinus, son of Helenus and Androma- 
che. After his father's death he settled in Epi- 
rus, above the river Thyamis, and called the 
country Cestrina. Paiis. 1, c. 11. 

Cetes, a king of Egypt, the same as Pro- 
teus. Diod 1. 

Cethegus, the surname of one of the 

branches of the Cornelii . Marcus, a consul 

in the second Punic war. Cic. in. Brut. A 

tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, 
who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against 
the state, and was commissioned to murder 
Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with 
Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. 

Plut. in Cic. Lc. A Trojan, killed by 

Turnus, Virg. JEn. 12, v. 513. P Corn. 

a powerful Roman, who embraced the party 
of Marius against Sylla. His mistress liad ob- 
tained such an ascendancy over him, that she 
distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not 
ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished 
to be appointed general against Mlthridates- 

A senator put to death for adultery undei' 

Valentinian. 

Cetii, a i>eople of Cilicia. 

Cetius, a river of Mysia. A mountain 



which separates Noricum from Pannonia. 

Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who 
married Phorcys, by whom she had the three 
Gorgons, he. Hesiod. Theog. v. 237. — Lucan. 
9, V. 646. 

Ceus and C^eus, a son of Ccelus and Terra, 
who married Phcebe, by whom he had Latona 
and Asteria. Hesiod. Thcog. v. 135. — Virg. 
A^n.4fV. 179. The father of Troezen. Ho- 
mer. II. 2, v. 354. 

Cey.x, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer, 
and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned 
as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. 
His wife was apprized of his misfortune in a 
dream, andfonud his dead body washed on the 
sea shore. They were both changed into 
birds called Alcyons. Vid. Alcyone. Olid . 
Mel. 11, v.&dl.—Paus. 1, c. 32. According 



CH 

to Apollod. 1, c. 7, 1. 2, c. 7, the husband of Al- 
cyone and the king of Tracbini were two dif- 
ferent persons. 

Chea, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. 
Diod. 3. 

Chabria, a village of Egypt. 

Chabrias, an Athenian general and phi- 
losopher, who chiefly signalized himself when 
he assisted the Boeotians against Agesilaus. 
In this celebrated campaign, he ordered bis 
soldiers to put one knee on the ground, and 
firmly to rest their spears upon the other, and 
cover themselves with their shields, by which 
means he daunted the enemy, and had a sta- 
tue raised to his honour in that same posture. 
He assisted also Nectanebus, king of Egypt, 
and conquered the whole island of Cyprus : 
but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive 
courage, and despised to fly from his ship, 
when he had it in his power to save his life 
like his companions, B. C. 376. C.JVep.in vita. 
— Diod. 16. — Pint, in Phoc. 

Ch ABRYis, a king of Egypt. Diod. 1. 

Ch^anit^, a people at the foot of Cau- 
casus. 

CH;?;REis, an Athenian, who wrote on agri- 
culture.— —"An officer who murdered Caligula, 
A. D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which 
was prepared against himself An Athe- 
nian, &c. Thucyd. 8, c. 74, he. 

Ch^redemus, a brother of Epicurus, &,c. 
Diog. 

Ch^^remon, a comic poet, and disciple of 

Socrates. A stoic, who wrote on the Egyp- 

■^an priests. 

Ch.'erephon, a tragic poet of Athens, in 
the age of Philip of Macedonia. 

Cii.ERESTRATA, the mothcr of Epicurus, de- 
scended of a noble family. 

Ch ^rinthus, a beautiful youth, &c. Ho- 
ral. 1. Serm. 2, v. 81. 

CniERiPPUs, an extortioner, &.c. Juv. 8, 
r. 96. 

Ch^.uo, the founder of Chgeronea. Plut. 
m Syll. 

Ch.eronia, CHiERONEA, and Cherronea, 
a city of Bceotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated 
for a defeat of the Athenians by the Boeo- 
tians, B. C. 447, and for the victory which Phi- 
lip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 
isi^n, over the confederate army of the The- 
bans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 
men, the 2d of August, B. C. 338. Plutarch 
was born there. The town was anciently 
called Arne. Pans. 9, g. 40. — Plui. in Pelop. 
iic. — Slmb. 9. 

ChaljEon, a city of Locris.— — A port of 
Bceotia. 

C HALES, a herald of Busiris, put to death by 
Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. 

Cha.lc^a, a town of Caria, of Phoe- 

Hicia. 

CiiAi.cEA, an island with a town near 

Rhodes. Pirn. 5, c. 3. A festival at Athens. 

Vid. Panathenaea. 

CuALCKDOiV and CHALciiooNiA, now Kadi- 
fCeni, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite 
Byzantium, built by a colony from JMe- 
gara, headed by Argias, B. C. '685. It was 
I first called Procerastis, and afterwards Col- 
pusa. Its situation, however, was so imi)ro- 
perly chosen, that it was oaUed the city of 



CH 

blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan 
of the founders. Strab. 7. — Plin. 5, c. 32. — 
Mela, 1, c. 19. 

Chalcidene, a part of Syria, very fruitful . 
Plin. 5, c. 23. 

Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the isth- 
mus between Teos and Erythrae. A people 

near the Phasis. 

Chalcidius, a commander of the Lace- 
daemonian fleet killed by the Athenians, kc. 
Thucyd. 8, c. 8. 

Chalcidi'ca, a country of Thrace — of Sy^ 
rla. 

Chalcidicus, (of Chalets,) an epithet ap- 
plied to Cumae in Italy, as built by a colony 
from Chalcis. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 17. 

Chalckeus, a surname of Minerva, because 
she had a temple at Chalcis in Eubcea. She 
was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica. 

Chalciope, a daughter of jSetes king of 
Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, 
who had fled to her father's court for protec- 
tion. She had some children by Phryxus, and 
she preserved her life from the avarice and 
cruelty of her father, who had murdered her 
husband to obtain the golden fleece, \yidi 
Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 2m.—Hygin. 

fab. 14, he. The mother of Thessalus by 

Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. ^The daughtei;; 

of Rhexenor, who married JEgeus. Id. 3, c. 1, 

Chalcis, now Egripo, the chief city of 
Eubcea, in that part which is nearest to Boeotiav 
It was founded by an Athenian colony. The 
island was said to have been anciently joined 
to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chal- 
cis. There were three other towns of the 
same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily;, 
all belonging to the Corinthians. Plin. 4, c . 
12.— Strab. 10.— Paus. 5, c. 23.—Ci€. JV. D. 3, 
c. 10. 

Chalcitis, a country of Ionia. Paus. 7, 
C.5. 

Chalcodon, a son of iEgyptus, by Ara» 
bia. Apollod. 2, c. 1.— — A man of Cos, who 

wounded Hercules, Td. 2, c. 7. The father 

of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in 

the Trojan war. Paus. 8, c. 15. A maft 

who assisted Hercules in his war against Au- 
gias. Paus. 8, c. 15. 

Chalcon, a Messenian, who reminded An-" 
tilochus, son of Nestor, to beware of the 
^Ethiopians, by whom he was to perish. 

Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicus 
by Alexander. Polycen. 

CuALDA'-A, a countiy of Asia, between the 
Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon> 
wiiose inhabitants were famous for their know- 
ledge of astrology. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 1.— 
Diod. 2.Slrab. 2.— Plin. 6, c. 28. 

Chaldjei, the inhabitants of Chaldsea. 

Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. Hero - 
dot. 7, c. 123. 

Chalonitis, a country of Media. 

Chal^bes and Calybes, a people of As'ik 
Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and 
possessed ofa great extent of country, abound- 
ing in iron mines, where the inhabitants work- 
ed naked. The Calybes attacked the tea 
thousand ia their retreat, and beharved with 
much spirit and couras:e. They were partly 
conquered by Croesus, king ol' Lydia. Some 
authors imagine that the Calybes arc a nation 
of Spain. Ffrg. .AEr. 8. v. 421. — ,^trab 1'-.. 



CH 

Ste. Apollon. 2, v. SlS.-^Xenoph. Anab. 4, 

5:c. Herodot. 1, c. 2S.— Justin. 44, c. 3. 

Chalvbon, now supposed to be Aleppo, a 
town of Syria, which gave the name of Cha- 
hbonitis to' the neighbouring country. 

Chalvbo.vitis, a country of S3"r)a, so fa- 
mous for its wines that the king of Persia 
drank no other. 

Chalybs, a river in Spain, where Justin. 
44, c. 3, places the ])eople called Calybes. 

Chamam and Chamaviri, a people of Ger- 
many. Tacit, in Germ. 

Chake, a river between Armenia and Al- 
bania, falling into the Caspian sea. 

CiiAOisf, a mountain of Peloponnesus. A 

son of Priam. Vid. Chaonia. 

Chaones, a people of Epirus. 

Chaonia, a mountainous part of Epirus. 
which receives its name from Chaon, a son of 
Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother 
Helenas. There was a wood near, where doves 
(ChnonicB aves) were said to deliver oracles. 
The words Chaonius rictus are by ancient 
authors applied to acorns, the food of the first 
inhabitants. Lucan. 6, v. 426. — Claudian, de 
Pros. rapt. 3, v. 47.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 335.— 
Propert. I, el. 9.— Ovid. A. A. 1. 

Chaonitis, a country of Assyria. 

Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of mat- 
ter, and confused assemblage of inactive ele- 
ments, which, as the poets suppose, pre-ex- 
isted the formation of the world, and from 
which the universe was formed by the hand 
and power of a superior being. This doctrine 
was first established by Hesiod, from whom 
the succeeding poets have copied it ; and it is 
probable that it was obscurely drawn from the 
account of Moses, by being copied from the 
annals of Sjinchoniathon, whose age is fixed 
antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was 
deemed by some, as one of the oldest of the 
gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. 
Virg. JEn. 4, v. 510.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 1. 

CtiARADRA, a town of Phocis. Herodot. S, 
c. 33. 

Charadros, a river of Phocis, falling into 
the Cephisus. Stat. Thth. 4, v. 46. 

CiiARADRDS, a place of Argos, where mili- 
fary causes were tried. Thucyd. 5, c. 60. , 

Char/eadas, an Athenian general, sent 
Tvith 20 ships to Sicily during*the Pelopon- 
oesian war. He died 42.Q B. C. k.c. Thucyd. 
3, c. 86. 

Charand^ei, a people near Pontus. 

Charax, a town of Armenia. A philo- 
sopher of Pergaraus, who wrote an history of 
Greece in 40 books. 

Charaxes and Charaxus, a Mitylenean, 
brother to Sappho, who became passionately 
ibnd of the courtezan Rhodope, uporj whom 
he squandered all his possessions, and reduced 
himself to poverty, and the necessity of pirati- 
cal excursions. Ovid. Heroid. 15, v. 117. — 
Herodot. 2, c. 135, &c. 

Charaxus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. 
Met. 12, v. 372. 

Chares, an Athenian general. A sta- 
tuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed 
in making the famous Colossus at Rhodes. 

Plvn. 34, c. 7. A man who wounded Cyrus 

when fighting against his brother Artaxcrxes. 

An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a 

!^c of Alcxa-nder. An Athenian who fought 



CH 

with Darius against Alexander. Curt. 4, e. 
5. A I'iver of Peloponnesus. Plut.in Arat. 

Charicles, one of the 30 tyrants set over 
Athens by the Lacedajmonians. Xenoph. Mi- 

mor. 1. — Arist. Pol it. o, c. 6. A famous 

physician under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 50. 

Chariclides, an officer of Dionysius the 
younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the 
tyj-aht. Diod. 16. 

Chariclo, the mother of Tiresias, greatly 

favoured by Minerva. Apollod. 3, c. 6. A 

daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur 
Chiron . Ovid. Met. 2, v. 635. 

Charidemus, a Roman exposed to wild 

beasts. Martial. 1, ep. 44. An Athenian, 

banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, 

Charila, a festival observed once in nine 
years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to 
tills circumstance. In a great famine the peo- 
ple of Delphi assembled and applied to their 
king to relieve their wants. He accordingly 
distributed a little corn he had among the 
noblest ; but as a poor little girl called Charila, 
begged the king with more than commou 
earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the 
girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged her- 
self in her girdle. The famine increased ; and 
the oracle told the king, that to relieve hi*; 
people, he must atone for the murder of Cha- 
rila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with 
expiatory rites. The king presided over this 
institution, and distributed pulse and corn to 
such as attended. Charila's image was brought 
before the king, v» ho struck it with his shoe; 
after which it was carried to a desolate place, 
where they put a halter round its neck, and 
buried it where Charila was buried. Plut. in 
QucRst. Groec. 

Charilaus and Charillus, a son of Poly- 
dectes king of Sparta, educated and protected 
by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against 
Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken 
prisoner, and released on promising that he 
would cease from war, an engagement he soon 
broke. He died in the 64th year of his age... 

Pans. 2, 36, 1. 6, c. 48. A Spartan, who 

changed the monarchical power into an aiis- 
tocracy. Arist. Polit. 5, c. 12. 

Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leuty- 
chides. Herodot. S. c. ISl. 

Charini and CAraKi, a people of Germany.- 
Plin. 4, c. 14. 

Charis, a goddess among the Greeks, sur- 
rounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. 
She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer. II. 18, 
V. 382. 

Charisia, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 

c. 3. A festival in honour of the Graces, 

with dances which continued all night. He 
who continued awake the longest, was re- 
warded with a cake. 

Charisius^; an orator at Athens. Cic. in B. 
83. 

Charistia, festivals at Rome, celebrated on 
the 20th of February, by the distribution of 
mutual presents, with the intention of recon- 
ciling friends and relations. Val. Max. 2, c. 1. 
—Ovid, Fast. 1. 

Charitj-.s and Gratis:, Uie Graces, daugh- 
ter of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are 
three in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphro- 
syne. Thoy were the constrint atlpjidaflts of 



CH 

t'^enus, and they were represenfed as three 
young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all hold- 
ing one another by the hand. They presided 
over kindness and all good offices, and their 
worship was the same as that of the nine mu- 
ses, with whom they had a temple in common. 
They were generally represented naked, be- 
cause kindnesses ought to be done with sin- 
cerity and candour. The moderns explain 
the allegory of their holding their hands join- 
ed, by observing, that there ought to be a per- 
petual and never ceasing intercourse of kind- 
ness and benevolence among friends. Their 
youth denotes the constant remembrance that 
we ought ever to have of kindnesses received ; 
and their virgin purity and innocence teach 
us, that acts of benevolence ought to be done 
without any expectations of restoration, and 
that we ought never to suffer others or our- 
selves to be guilty of base or impure favours. 
Homer speaks only of two Graces. 

Chariton, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the 
latter end of the fourth century. He com- 
posed a Greek romance, called The Loves of 
Chareas and CalUrhoe, which has been much 
admired for its elegance, and the originality of 
the characters it describes. There is a very 
learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with 
D'On'ille's notes, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1750. 

Chakmadas, a philosopher of uncommon 
memory. Plin. 7, c. 24. 

Charme and Carme, the mother of Bri- 
toraartis by Jupiter. 

Charmides, a Lacedaemonian sent by the 
king to quell seditions in Crete. Pans. 3, c. 

2. A boxer. Id. 6, c. 7. A philosopher 

of the third academy, B. C. 95. 

Chaminus, an Athenian general, who de- 
feated the Peloponnesians. Thucyd. 8, c. 
42. 

Charmione, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, 
who stabbed herself after the example of her 
mistress. Plut. in Anton. 

Charmis, a physician of Marseilles, in 
?fero's age, who used cold baths for his pa- 
tients, and prescribed medicines contrary to 
those of his contemporaries. Plin. 21, c. 1. 

Charmosyna, a festival in Egypt. Plut. 
de Isid. 

Charmotas, a part of Arabia. 
Charhius, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose 
fragments are found scattered in Athena:us. 
Charon, a Theban, who received into his 
house Pelopidas, and his friends, when they de- 
livered Thebes from tyranny, &,c. Plut. in 

Pdop. An historian of Lampsacus, son of 

Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, be- 
sides other treatises, B. C. 479 An histo- 



CH 



rian of Naucratis, who wrote an history of his 
country and of Egypt. A Carthaginian wri- 
ter, kc. A god of hell, son of Erebus and 

Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a 
boat over the river Styx arrd Acheron to the 
infernal regions for an obolus. Such as had 
not been honoured with a funeral were not 
permitted to enter his boat, without previous- 
ly wandering on the shore for one hundred 
years. If any living person presented himself 
to cross the Stygian lake, he could not be ad- 
mitted before lie showed Charon a golden 
bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, 
and Charon was imprisoned for one year, be- 
r;ause ho had fer-iod ovrr. .'i<;ainsthisown will, 



Hercules, without this passport. Charon is 
represented as an old robust man, with a hi- 
deous countenance, long white beard, and 
piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and fil- 
thy, an d his forehead is covered with wrin- 
kles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a 
small piece of money for then- admission, it 
was always usual among the ancients, to place 
under the tongue of the deceased, a piece of 
maney for Charon. This fable of Charon and 
his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, 
whose dead were carried across a lake, where 
sentence was passed on them, and according 
to their good or bad actions, they were ho- 
noured with a splendid burial, or left unnoti- 
ced in the open air. Vid. Acherusia. Diod. 
1. — S€7iec. in Her. Fur. act. 3, v. 765. — Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 298, &c. 

Charondas, a man of Catana, who gave 
laws to the people of Thurium,. and made a 
law that no man should be permitted to come 
armed into the assembly. He inadvertently- 
broke this laW; and when told of it, he fell up- 
on his sword, B. C. 446. Val. Max. 6, c. 5. 
Charonea, a place of Asia, k,c. 
Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emitting 
deadly vapours. Plin. 2, c. 23. 

Charonium. a cave near Nysa, where the 

sick were supposed to be delivered from their 

disorders by certain superstitious solemnities. 

Charops and Charupes, a Trojan, killed 

by Ulysses. Homer. II. A powerful Epirot 

who assisted Flaminius when making war 
against Philip the king of Macedonia. Plul, 

in Flam. The first decennial archon at 

Athens. Patert. 1, c. 8. 

Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the 
coast of Sicily, opposite anotlier whirlpool 
called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was ve- 
ry dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to 
part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situa- 
tion of the Charybdis is not discovered by the 
moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremen- 
dous is now found to correspond to the des- 
cription of the ancients. The words 
Inndit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim, 
became a proverb, (o show that in our eager- 
ness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a great- 
er. The name of Charybdis was properly be- 
stowed on mistresses who repay affection and 
tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed 
that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who 
stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft 
she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and 
changed into a whirlpool. Lycophr. in Cass 
Homer. Od. 12.— Propert. 3, el. ]l._//a^ 
14. — Ovid, in Ibin. de Ponto, 4, el. 10. 
.^mor. 2, el. 16.— Virg.JEn. 3, v. 420. 

Chaubi and Chauci, a people of Ger- 
many, supposed to inhabit the country now' 
called Friesland and Bremen. 
Chaula, a village of Eg\pt. 
Chauros. Vid. Cauros.' 
Chel.«, a Greek word, (z*t>ji) signifying 
claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one 
of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according 
to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Virg. 
G. 1, V. 33. 
Cheles, a satrap ofSeleucus, kc. 
Chelidon, a mistress of Verres. Cic in 
Ver. 1, c. 40. 

Chelidonia, a festival at Rhodes, iu 
which it was castomary for boys to go beg- 



CH 

giug irom door to door, and singing certain 

songs, ik.c. Athm The wind Favonius 

•was called also Chelidonia, from the 6th ot 
the ides of February to the 7 h of the calends 
of March, the time when swallows first made 
their appearance. Plin. 2, c. 47. 

Chelidonia, now Kelidoni, small islands 
opposite the promontory of Taurus, of the 
same name, very dangerous to sailors. JJio- 
nys. Ferieg. v. 6U6. — Flin. 6, c, 27 and 31. 
— Liv. 33, c.41. 

CiiELiDONis, a daughter of king Leoty- 
chides, who married Cieonymus, and commit- 
ted adultery with Acrotatus. Flut. i7i Fyrr. 

Chelidonium, a proraontoiy of mount 
Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea. 

Che LONE, a nymph changed into a tor- 
toise by Mercury, for not being present at 
the nuptialsof Jupiter and Juno, and condemn- 
ed to perpetual silence for having ridiculed 
these deities. 

Chelonis, a daughter of Leonidas king 
of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She 
accompanied her father, whom her husband 
had expelled, and soon after went into banisii- 
Djent with her husband, who had in his turn 
he&n expelled by Leonidas, Flut. in Agid, 
&^ Ckom. 

Cheloxophagi, a people of Carmania, who 
fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations 
with the shells. Flin, 6, c. 24. 

CHi-LYDORiA, a mountain of Arcadia. 
Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. 
Herodot.2, c. 157. 

Cheka, a town of Laconia. 
Chen/£, a village on mount (Eta. Pave. 
30, c. 24. 

Cheniox, a mountain in Asia Minor, from 
which the lOOiiO Greeks first saw the sea. 
Diod. 14. 

Cksnius, a mountain near Colchis. 
Cheops and CaEosPEs, a king of Egypt, 
after Khampsiuilas, who built lamous pyra- 
mid!-, upon which 1060 talents were expended 
only on supplying the workmen witli leeks 
parsley, garlick, and other vegetables. Hero- 
dot. 2,' c. 124. 

Cheperek, a brother of Cheops, who 
also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so invet- 
erately hated these two royal brothers, that 
they publicly reported, that the pyramids 
which they had built had been erected by a 
shepherd. Herodol. 2, c. 127. 

Cheremocrates, an artist who built Diana's 
temple at Ephesus, iSiC. blrab. 14. 

Chkrisophus, a commander of 800 Spar- 
tans, in the ex[)edhion which Cjtus undertook 
against his brother Artuxerxes. Diod 14. 
Ciieron.t:a. Vid. Chieronea. 
Cherophon, a tragic writer of Athens, in 
ihe a^e of Thilip. FIvdostr. in vilis. 
Cherron'esus. Vid. Chersoncsus. 
Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to 
Periander by Chilo. Fausauius praises some 
•f his poetry, 9, c. 38. 

, Ch^rsidamas, a Trojan, killeu by Ulysses 
in tiie Trojan war. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 259. 
Chersipho, an architect, k.c. Flin.o6,c. 14. 
CiiEKSoNEsus, a Greek word, rendered 
by the Latins Feninsula. There were many 
of these among the ancients, of wliich these 
five are the most celebrated ; one called Fe- 
loj)onncsus ; oae called Tfiracian, in the south 



CH 

of Thrace, and west of the Hellespont, where 
Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built 
a wall across the isthmus. From its isthmus 
to' its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, 
extending between the bay of Meias and the 
Hellespont. The third, called Taurica, now 
Crim Tartary, was situate near the Falus 
Mffiolis. The fourth, called Cimbrica, now 
Jutland, is in the northern parts of Germany ; 
and the fifth, surnamed Aurea, lies in India, 
beyond the Ganges. Htrodot. 6, c. 33, 1. 7, 

c. 58.— Lii'. 31; c. 16.— C(C. ad Br. 2. 

Also a peninsula near Alexandna in Egypt, 
Hirt. Alex. 10. 

Cherusci, a people of Germany, who 
long maintained a war against Rome. They 
inhabited the country between the Weser and 
the Elbe. Tacit. —Cces. B. G. 6, c. 9. 

Chidn.«:i, a people near Pontus. 

Chidorus, a river of Macedonia near 
Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply 
the army of Xerxes with w^ater. Htrodot. 7, 
c. 127. 

CniLLiRCHus, a great officer of state at 
the court of Persia. C. JVep. in Conon. 

Chilius and Chileus, an Arcadian, who 
advised the Lacedajmonians, w hen Xerxes was 
in Greece, not to desert the common cause of 
their country. Htrodot. 9, c. 9. 

Chilo, a Spartan philosopher, who has 
been called one of the seven wise men of 
Greece. One of his maxims was '' know thy- 
self." He died through excess of joy, in the 
arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at 
Olympia, B. C. 597. Pli7i. 7, c. '63.—Latii. 
One of the Ephori at Sparta, B. C. 556. 



Chilonis, the wife of Theopompus king of 
Sparta. Folycbn. 8. 

ChimjSra, a celebrated monster, sprung 
from Echidna and Typhcn, which had three 
heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, 
and continually vomited flames. The lore- 
parts of its body were those of a lion, the mid- 
dle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts 
were those of a drag wi. It generally lived in 
Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose or- 
ders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pega- 
sus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is 
explained by the recollection that there was a 
burning mountain in Lycia, called Chiraaira, 
w hose top was the resort of lions, on account of 
its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was 
fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the 
bottom the marshy ground abounded with ser- 
pents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered 
the Chimeera, because he first made his habi- 
tation on that mountain. Plutarch says that it 
is the captain of some pirates, who adorned 
their ship with the imagesof a lion, a goat, and 
a dragon. From the union of the Chimaera 
with Orthos, sprung the Sphinx, and the lion 
of JNemaja. Homer. 11. 6, v. 181. — Htsiod 
Thtog. V. •S22.—Apollod. I, c. 9, 1. 2, c. 3.— 
Lucrtt. 5, V. W3.—0iid. 9, Met. v. 646.— 

Virg. Jf:hi. 6, v. 288. One of the ships in 

the fleet of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 118. 

Chimarus, a river of Argolis. Pans. 2, 
c. 36. 

Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in 
Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 8. 

Chio.mara, a woman who cut off the head 
of a Roman tribune when she had been taken 
prisoner, i,i,c. Plat, de Virt. Mui^ 



m 



CH 

Chiok, a Greek writer, whose epistles 
were edited cum notis, Cobergi, 8vo. Lips. 
1765. 

Chione, a daughter of Daedalian, of whom 
Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. 
To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her 
to sleep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in 
the night, under the form of an old woman, 
obtained the same favours as Mercury, From 
this embrace Chione became mother of Phi- 
lammou and Autolycus, the former of whom, 
asbeing son of Apollo,became an excellent mu- 
sician ; and the latter was equally notorious for 
his robberies, of which his father Murcury was 
the patron. Chione grew so proud of her com- 
merce with the gods, that she even preferred 
lier beauty to that of Diana, for which impiety 
she was killed by tlie goddess, and changed 

into a hawk. Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 8. A 

daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had 
Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son 
into the sea, but he was presei-ved by his fa- 
ther. J3pollod.3, c. 15. — Paus. 1, c. 38, A 

famous prostitute. Martial. 3, ep. 34. 

Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed by 
some to be the inventor of comedy. 

Chionjs, a victor at Olympia. Paus. 6, c. 
13. 

Crnos, now Scio, an island in the -^gean 
sea, between Lesbos and Saraos, on the coast 
of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as 
some suppose, from Chione, or from 7:"*? snow, 
which was very frequent there. It was well 
inhabited, and could ouce equip a hundred 
ships ; mid its chief to v/n, called Chios, had a 
beautiful harbour, vv"hich could contain eighty 
ships. The wine of this island, so much cele- 
brated by the ancients, is still in general es- 
teem. Chios was anciently called .'Ethalia, Ma- 
cris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery 
committed there for the space of 700 years. 
Plui. de Virt. Mul—Horat. 3, od. 19, v. 5, 1, 
sat. 10, v. 24.— Paus. 7, c. 4.— Mela, 2, v, 2.— 
Strab. 2. 

CmRON, a centaur, half a man and half a 
horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had 
changed himself into a horse, to escape the in- 
quiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous 
for his knowledge of music, medicine, and 
shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants 
and medicinal herbs ; and he instructed, in all 
the polite arts, the greatest heroes of his age ; 
such as Achilles, ^Esculapius, Hercules, Jason, 
Peleus, JEneas, fee. He was wounded in the 
knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his 
pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his 
assistance ; but as the Avound was incurable, 
and the cause of the most excruciating pains, 
Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of im- 
mortality. His prayers were heard, and he 
was placed by the gods among the constella- 
tions, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod. 
in Scuto.-^HomeT. II. \\.~Paus. 3, c. 18, 1. 5, 
c. 19, 1. 9, c. 31.— Ovid. Mtt. 2, v. QIQ.—Mmi- 
lod.2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 13.— Horat, epod. 13. 

Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her 
yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebra- 
ted with much mirth and rejoicing, and a 
ram was always sacrificed to her. The name 
of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signifi- 
cation as Flava, so often applied to the god- 
dess of corn. The name, from its significa- 
^on, ('/:\v>) hcrba vinns) has generally been ap- 
24 



CH 

plied to women possessed of beauty, and oi 
simplicity. 

Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came 
with .^neas into Italy, and was killed by Tur- 
nus. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 768. Another, &.c. 

Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who mar- 
ried Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. 

Ovid. Fast. 5, A daughter of Amphion, 

son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Ne- 
leus, king of Pylos, by whom she had one 
daughter and twelve sons, who all, except 
Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer. Od. 

11, v. 280.— Pcu5. 2, c. 21, 1. 9, c. 36. A 

prostitute, kc. Horat. 3, Od. 15 

Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Plin. 6, c. 
27. Constantine, one of the Caesars, in Dio- 
cletian's age, who reigned two years after the 
emperor's abdication, and died July 25, 
A. D. 306. 

Choarina, a country near India, reduced 
by Craterus, k-c. 

Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. Flacc. 5, 

V. 585. An Indian river. Curt. 5, c. 2, ■ 

A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and 
now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet, 
that the kings of Persia dfank no other, and 
in their expeditions they always had some with, 
them, which had been previously boiled. He- 
rcdot. 1, c. 188.— .E/ian, V. H 12, c.40.—Ti- 
bull. 4, el. 1, V. 141.— Plin. 6, c. 27. 

CnoBUSj^a river of Colchis. Arrian. 

Chcerades and Pharos, two islands oppo- 
site Alexandria in Egypt. Thucyd. 7, c. 33, 
Others in the Euxine sea. An island 



in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. 
Theocrit. Id. 13. 

CHOSRiLus. a tragic poet of Athens, who 
wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtEuned the 

prize. An historian of Samos. Two 

other poets, one of whom was very intimate 
with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the 
victoiy which the Athenians had obtained over 
Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of 
the composition, he received a piece of gold for 
each verse from the Athenians, and was pub 
1 icly ranked with Homer as a poet. The othei 
was one of Alexander's flatterers and friends. 
It is said the prince promised him as many 
pieces of gold as there should be good verses 
in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead^ 
as there were bad : and in consequence of this, 
scarce six of his verses in each poem were en- 
titled to gold, while the rest were rewarded 
with the castigation. Pint, in Alex. — Hgrat., 
2, ep. 1, V. 232. 

Ch(Ere^, a place of Bceotia. 

Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to 
Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of 
TroBzene. The AUienians instituted sacrifice^ 
to him for the good precepts he had inculcated 
into his pupil. Plut. in Thes, 

Chonuphis, an Egyptian prophet. Plut. 
de Socrat.gen. 

Chorasmi, a peopie of Asia near the Oxus^ 
Herodot. 3, c. 93, 

Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian 

war, i^irg. JEn. 9, v. 571. Another. Id. 

12, V. JJ98.— r— A priest with iEneas. Id. ^ 

Chorcebus, a man of Elis, who obtained 

a pri^e the first olympiad. Vid. Corcebus. 

A youtli of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of 
Cassandra. Virg. ^n. 2, v. 341. 

CHORoaiNiFi, » people subdued by Niuws 
Diod 1. 



% 



CH 

Chosroes, a king of Persia, in Justiniem's 
reign. 

Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in 
Terence's Aiidda. Ilorat. in Jirt. v. 94, 

ChrkmiItes, a river of Libya. 

Chi^esiphon, an architect of Diana's tem- 
ple in Ephesus. Plin.S6, c. 14. 

Chresphontes, a son of Aristomaclms. 
Vid. Aristodemus. 

Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, 
&c. Colum. l.deR. R. c 1. 

Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Faus. 6, 
c. 1. 

Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris, 
who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by 

Hercules. A son of Priara, killed by Dio- 

medes. £poUod. 3, c. 12. 

Chkomis, a captain in the Trojan war. 

Homer. It. 2. A young shepherd. Virg. 

Ed. 6. A Phrygian, killed by Camilla. Id. 

M.n. 11, V 675. A son of Hercules. Stat. 

6, V. 346. 

Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. £poUod. 2, 

c. 4. An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, 

survived a battle between 300 of his country- 
men and 300 Spailans. Herodot. 1, c. 82. 

Ckronius, a man who built a temple of 
Diana at Orchomenos. Pans. 8, c. 48. 

Chronus, the Greek name of Saturn, or 
time, in whose honour festivals called Chronia 
were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians and 
some of the Greeks. 

Chrvasus, a king of Argos, descended 
from Inachus. 

Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia, 
famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. 
Homer. II. 1, v. 37 —Strah. \2.—0vid. Met. 13, 

V. 174. A daughter of Halraus, mother of 

Phlegias by Mars. Pans. 9, c. 86. ^ 

Chfysame, a Thessaiian, priestess of Diana 
Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she 
sent to the enemies of her country, who eat 
the flesh and became delirious, and w-ere an 
iasy conquest. Polycen. 

Chrysantas, a man who refrained from 

.liing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plut. 
^ucest. Rom. 

Chrvsanthius, a philosopher in the age of 
Julian, known for the great number of volumes 
lie wrote. 

CiTRYSANTis, a nymph who told Ceres, 
when she was at Argos with Pelasgus, that her 
daughter had been caiTied away. Pans. 1. 

Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. 
Some report that he sprung from the blood 
of Medusa, armed with a golden sivord, 
whence his name zf-o-o, «»;. He married Callir- 
hoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had 
Gerj'on, Echidna, and the Chima^ra. Hesiod. 

Thevg. V. 293. A rich king of Iberia. Diod. 

4. A son of Glaucus. Pavs. 5, c, 21. 

CiiRvsAOREus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
his temple at Stratonice, where all the Ca- 
rians assembled upon any public emergency. 
Strab. 4. 

CiiRYSAoRis, a town of Cilicia. Paus. 5, 
C.2. 

Chrysas, a river of Sicily, falling into the 
Simaethus, and worshipped as a deity. Cic. in 
I'er. 4, c. 44. 

Chryfeis, the daughter of Cbryses, Vid. 
("hryses. 

CrinvsERittus, a Corinthian, who wrote aji 



CH 

history of Peloponnesus, and of India, besides 
a treatise on rivers. Plut. in ParalL 

Chryses, the priest of Apollo, father of 
Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When 
Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided 
among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the 
wife ofEetion, the sovereign of the place, fell 
to the share of Agamemnon. Chrj-ses, upon 
this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his 
daughter's restoration ; and when his prayers 
were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, 
who visited the Greeks with a plague, and 
obliged them to restore Chryseis. Homer. II. 

1, V. 11, &c. A daughter of Minos. ApoU 

lod. 3, c. 1. 

Chrysippe, a daughter of Danau^. £pol' 
lod. 2, c. 1. 

Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops, high- 
ly favoured by his father, for which Hippoda- 
mia, his step-mother, ordered her own sons, 
Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw 
his body into a well, on account of w hich they 
were banished. Some say that Hippodamia's 
sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that 
slie did it herself They further say, that 
Chrysippus had been carried away by Lsdus, 
king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, 
and that he was in his arms when Hippoda- 
mia killed him. Hygin. fab. 85. — Plato de 

Leg. d.—Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Pans. 6, c. 20. 

A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote 
about 311 treatises. Among his curious opin- 
ions was his approbation of a parent's mar- 
i-iage with his child, and his wish that dead 
bodies should be eaten rather than buried. 
He died tln'ough excess of wine., or as ethers 
say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass 
eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B. C. in the 
80th yeai- of his age. Val. Max. 8, c. 7. — 
Diod.—Horat. 2. Sat. 3, v. 40. There were 

also others of the same name. Laert.- A 

freedmanof Cicero. 

Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in 
Demet.' ■ A priestess of Juno at Mycenae. 
The temple of the goddess was burnt by the 
negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to 
the altar of Minerva. Paus. 2, c. 17. 

Cheysoaspides, soldiers in the armies of 
Persia, whose arms were all covered with sil- 
ver, to display the opulence of the prince 
whom they served. Justin. 12, c. 7. 

Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sylla. Cic. 

pro Ros. A celebrated singer in Domitian's 

reigo. Juv. 6, v 74. 

CuRYsoLAUs, a tyrant of Metbymna, &€. 
Cnrt. 4, c. 8. 

Chbysondium, a town of Macedonia. Po- 
lyb. 5. 

Chrysopolis, a promontory and port of 
Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari. 

ChbysorrhojE, a people in whose country 
are golden streams. 

Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus, 
Paus. 2, c. 31. 

Chrvsostom, a bishop of Constantinople, 
who died A. D. 407, in his 63d year. He was 
a gi'eat disciplinarian, and by severely lashing 
the vices of the age, he procured himself many 
enemies. He was banished for opposing the 
raising a statue to the empress, after having 
displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a 
sound theologician, and a faithful interpreter 
of scripture. Chrysostom's works were nobly 



CI 

and correctly edited, without a Latin version, 
bySaville,8vols.fol.Etoriae, 1613. They have 
appeared, with a translation, at Paris, edit. 
Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols fol. 1718. 

Chrvsosthemis, a name given by Homer 
to Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Cly- 

temnestra. A Cretan, who first obtained 

the poetical prize at the Pythian games. Pans. 
10, c. 7. 

Chrvxus, a leader of the Boii, grandson to 
Brennus, who took Rome. Sil.4, v. 148. 

Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who 
married Butes. Apollod. 3, c. 15. A sur- 
name of Ceres, from a temple built to her by 
Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival 
there called by the same name, and celebrated 
every summer. During the celebration, the 
priests of the goddess marched in procession, 
accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd 
of women and boys in white apparej, with 
garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind 
was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken 
from the herd. When they came to the tem- 
ple, the victim was let loose, and four old wo- 
men armed with scythes, sacrificed the heifer, 
and killed her by cutting her throat. A se- 
cond, a third, and a fourth victim, was in a 
like manner dispatched by the old women ; 
and it was observable, that they all fell on the 
same side. Pans. 2, c. 35. 

Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in 
a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. 

Met. 12, v. 441. One of the soldiers who 

sprang from the dragon's teeth, sown by Cad- 
mus. Hygin. fab. 178. A son of, ^gyptus 

and Calliadne. Jlpoilod. 2, c. 1. 

Chitrium, a name given to part of the 
town of Clazomenae. 

CiBAL*, now Swileif a town of Pannonia 
where Licinius was defeated by Constantiue. 
It was the birth place of Gratian. Europ, 10, 
«. 4.—Marcell. 30, c. 24. 

CiBARiTis, a country of Asia near the 
Mseander. 

CiBYRA, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of 
which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. 
Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 33.—Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 13. 
^itic 5, ep. 2. of Caria. 

C. CicEREius, a scci-etary of Scipio Afri- 
eanus, who obtained a triumph over the Cor- 
sicans. Liu. 41 and 42. 

M. T. Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son 
of a Roman knight, and lineally descended 
from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His 
mother's name was Helvia. After displaying 
many promising abilities at school, he was 
taught philosophy by Pisp, and law by Mutius 
Scaevola. He accmired and perfected a taste 
for military knovViedge under Sylla, in the 
Marsian war, and retired from RoYne, which 
was divided into factionsj to indulge his philo- 
sophic propensities. He was naturally of a 
weak and delicate constitution, and he visited 
Greece on account of his health ; though, per- 
haps, the true cause of his absence from Rome 
might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His 
friends, who were well acquainted with his 
superior abilities, were anxious for his return; 
and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, 
he applied himself with uncommon diligence 
to oratory, and was soon distinguished above 
all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. 
VVhen he went to Siciiy as quaestor, he be- 



CI 

haved with great justice and moderation ; and 
the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the 
eloquence of Cicerojtheir common patron,who 
had delivered them from the tyranny and ava- 
rice of Verres. After he had passed through 
the oflices of edile and praetor, he stood a can- 
didate for the consulship, A. U. C. 691 ; and 
the patricians and the plebeians were equally 
anxious to raise him to that dignity, against 
the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new- 
situation was critical, andrequired circumspec- 
tion. Catiline, with many dissolute and des- 
perate Romans, had conspu-ed against their 
country, and combined to murder Cicero him- 
self. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, 
accused Catiline of trezison against the state ; 
but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts 
were unavailing. He, however, stood upon 
his guard, and by the information of his friends, 
and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved 
from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, 
whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. 
After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in.the 
senate, to leave the city ; and this desperate 
conspirator marched out in triumph to meet 
the 20,000 men who were assembled to sup- 
port his cause. The lieutenant of C. Antony, 
the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and 
Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the con- 
spirators with death. This capital punishment, 
though inveighed against by J. Cassar as too 
severe, was supported by the opinion of Luta- 
tius Catulus, and Cato, and confirmed by the 
whole senate. After this memorable deliver- 
ance, Cicero received the thanks of all the 
people, and was styled The father of his coun- 
try^ aiid a second founder of Rome. The vehe- 
mence with which he had attacked Clodiug, 
proved injurious to him ; and when his enemy 
was made tribune, Cicero was banished fi-om 
Rome, though 20,000 young men were sup- 
porters of his innocisnce. He was not, however, 
deserted in his banishment. Wherever he 
went he was received with the highest marks 
of approbation and reverence ; and when the 
faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate 
and people were unanimous for his return. 
After sixteen months absence, - he entered 
Rome with universal satisfaction ; and when 
he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to 
Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him 
successful against the enemy, and at his return 
he was honoured with a triumph, which the 
factions prevented him to enjoy. After much 
hesitation duringthe civil commotions between 
Cffisar and Pompey, he joined himself to the 
latter, and followed him to Greece. When 
victory had declared in favour of Ca3sar,at the 
battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundu- 
sium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, 
who treated him with great humanity. From 
this time Cicero retired into the country, and 
seldom visited Rome. When Czesar had been 
stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a 
general amnesty, and was the most earnest to 
decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. 
But when he saw the interest of Caesar's mur- 
derers decrease, and Antony come into pow- 
er, he retired to Athens. He soon after re- 
turned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassi- 
nation. Augustus courted the approbation of 
Cicero, and expressed liis wish to be his col- 
league in the consulship. But his wish was not 



CI 

sincere ; he soon forgot his former professions 
of friendship ; and when the two consuls had 
been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his in- 
terest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate 
was soon after formed. The great enmity 
which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to 
him ; and Augustus, Antorfy, and Lepidus, 
the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel, 
and each to dispatch his enemies, produced 
their list of proscription. About two hundred 
■were doomed to death, and Cicero was among 
the number upon the list of Antony. Augus- 
tus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his 
greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emis- 
saries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, 
whom he had defended upon an accusation of 
parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the 
sea of Caieta ; and when the assassins came up 
to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it 
was severed from the body by Herennius. 
This memorable event happened in Decem- 
Ijer, 43 B.C. after the enjoyment of life for 
63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head 
and right hand of the orator were carried to 
Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum ; 
and so inveterate was Antony's haired against 
the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia the 
triumvir's wife, wreaked her vengeance upon 
his head, and drew the tongue out of the 
mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a 
gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumani- 
ty, what Cicero had once observed, that no 
(inimalis morerevengtful than awoman. Cicero 
has acquired more real fame by his literary 
compositions, than by his spirited exertions as 
a Roman senator. The learning and the abili- 
ties which he possessed, have been the admi- 
ration of every age and country, and his style 
has always been accounted as the true stand- 
ard of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta 
have been verified in his attempts to write po- 
etry ; and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod 
scribit musis et Jlpolline nullo, though severe, is 
true. He once formed a design to write the 
history of his countiy, but he was disappointed. 
He translated many of the Greek writers, po- 
ets as well as historians, for his own improve- 
ment. When he travelled into Asia, he Avas 
attended by most of the learned men of his 
age ; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of 
the famous Molo, conduced not a little to per- 
fect his judgment. Like his countiymen, he 
was not destitute of ambition, and the arro- 

fintexpectatipnj»with which he returned from 
is quaestorsl^lp in Sicily are well known. He 
was of a timid di.sposition; and he who shone 
as the father 'of Roman elo(]uence, never as- 
cended the pulpit to harangue, A. ithout feeling 
a secret emotion of dread. His conduct, dur- 
ing the civil wars, is far from that of a patriot; 
and when we view him, dubious and ii*reso- 
lute,soriy notto follow Pompey, and yet afraid 
to oppose Caesar, the judgment would almost 
brand him with the name of coward. In his 
private character, however, Cicero was of an 
amiable disposition ; and though he was too 
elated with prosperity, and debased by adver- 
sity r the affability of the friend conciliated the 
good graces of all. He married Terentia, 
whom he aften\'ards divorced, and by whom 
he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards 
married a young woman, to whom he was 
guardian; and because she seemed elated at 



CI 

the death of his daughter, Tullia, he repudiate*^ 
her. The works of this celebrated man, of 
which, according to some, the tenth part is 
scarce extant, have been edited by the best 
scholars in every country. The most valuable 
editions of the works complete, are that of 
Verburgius, 2 vols. fol. Arast. 1724. — That of 
Olivet, 9 vols. 4to. Geneva, 1758— The Oxford 
edition in 10 vols. 4to. 1782— and that of Lal- 
lemand, 12rao. 14 vols. Paris apud Barbou, 
176S. Plutarch, in vita. — Quiniil. — Dio. Cox. 
— ^ppian. — Florus. — C. JVep. in Miic. — Eu- 

trop. — Cic. he. ^Marcus, the son of CicerOj 

was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the 
consulship. He revenged his father's death, 
by throwing public dishonour upon the memo- 
ry of Antony. He disgraced his father's vir- 
tues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny 
observes, he Avished to deprive Antony of the 
honour of being the greatest drunkard in the 

Roman empire. Pint, in Cic.' Quintus, 

the brother of the orator, was Caesar's lieuten- 
ant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for thre» 
years. He was proscribed Avith his son at the 
same time as his brother Tully, Plut. in Cic, 
— Jlppian. 

CicERONis A'lLLA, a placB near Puteoli in 
Campania. Plin. 31, c. 2. 
CicHYRis, a town of Epirus. 
CicoNEs, a people of Thrace near the He- 
brus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, con- 
quered them, and plundered their chief city 
Ismarus because they had assisted Priam 
against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Or- 
pheus, for his obscene indulgences, Ovid. 
Met. 10, v. 83, 1. 15, v. 313.— Fir^. G. 4, v. 
520, &c.— Jlfe/rt,2, c. 2. 

CiciJTA, an old avaricious usurer. Horat. 
•2. Ser. 3, v. 69. 

CiLiciA, a country of Asia Minor, on the 
sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of 
mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. 
The inhabitants enriched themselves by pira- 
tical excursions, till they were conquered by 
Pompey. The country was opulent- and was 
governed by kings, under some of the Roman 
emperors ; but reduced into a proAJnce by Ves- 
pasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. 
It receives its name from Cilix, the son of Age - 
nor. Apollod.3,c. l.— Farro. R. R. 2, c. 11. 
— Sueion. in Vesp.8. — Ihrodot. 2, c. 17, 34.—* 
Justin. 11, c. 11. — Curt. 3, c. 4. — Plin. 5, c. 

27. Part of the country between i^olia and 

Troas is also called Cilicia, Strab. 13, calls it 
Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cihcla. 
P/m. 5, c. 27. 
CiLissA, a town of Phrygia. 
CiLix, a son of Phomix, or according to 
Herodotus, of Agenor, Avho after seeking in 
vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to 
which he gave the name of Cilicia. jJpoilod. 
3, c. l.—Herodot. 7, c.91. 

CiLLA, a town of Africa Propria. Diod. 

20. A tOAvii of ^olia. Herodot. 1, c. 149. 

Of Troas, Avhich received its name, ac- 
cording to Thcopompus, from a certain Cillus, 
Avho Avas one of Hippodamia's suitors, and kill- 
ed bv (Enoniaus. Homer. II. 1, v. 38. — Ovid. 
Met.'l3,y. 174. 

CiLLEs, a general of Ptolemy, conquered 
by Demetrius. Diod. 19, 

CiLLus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose 
honour a city Avas built. Slrab. 13, 



X 



CI 

GiLKiirs, the surname of Mseeenas. 

CiLo, Jan. an oppressive governor of Bi- 
tbynia and Pontus. The provinces carried 
their complaints against him to Rome ; but 
such was the noise of the flatterers that attend- 
ed the emperor Claudius, that he was unable 
to hear them ; and when he asked what they 
had said, he was told by one of Cilo's friends, 
that they returned thanks for his good admin- 
istration; upon which the emperor said, Let 
Cilo be continued two years longer in hia pro- 
vince. Inod. GO.— Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 21. 

CiMBER, TuLL. one of Caesar's murderei*s. 
He laid hold of the dictator's robe, which was 
a signal for the rest to strike. Plut. in Cass. 

CiMBEKius, a chief of the Suevl. 

CiMBRi, a people of Germany, who invaded 
the Roman empire with a large army, and 
were conquered by Marius. Flor. 3, c. 3. 

CiMBRicuM BELLUM, was begun by the 
Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Ro- 
man territories, B. C. 109. These barbarians 
were so courageous, and even desperate, that 
they fastened their first ranks each to the oth- 
er with cords. In the first battle they destroy- 
ed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius 
and Servilius Caepio. But when Marius, in his 
second consulship, was chosen to carry on the 
war, he met the Teutones at Aqpae Sexti«, 
where, after a bloody engagement, he left 
dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 
90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. The Cimbri, who 
had formed another army, had already pene- 
trated into Italy, where they were met at the 
river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Ca- 
tulus, a year after. An engagement ensued, 
and 140,000 of them were siain. This last bat- 
tle put an end to this dreadful war, and the 
two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Flor. 
3, c. Z.—Plin. 1, c. 22, 1. 17, c. 1.— Jlfe/a, 3, c. 
3. Pattrc. 2, c. \2.-^Plui. in Mario. 

CiMiNus, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain 
of Etruria. — Fi/g. JEn. 7, v. 697. Liv. 9, c. 36. 

CiMMERii, a people near the Palus Mceo- 
tis, v/ho invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon 
the kingdom of Cyaxares. After they had 
been masters of the country for 28 years, tbey 
were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. 

Herodot. 1, c. 6, Sic. 1. 4, c. 1, he. Another 

nation on the western coast of Italy, generally 
imagined to have lived in caves near the sea- 
shore of Campania, and there, in concealing 
themselves from the light of the sun, to have 
made their retreat the receptacle of their 
plunder. In consequence of this manner of 
living, the countiy which they inhabited, was 
supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a 
great obscurity, the expression ©f Cimmerian 
darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, 
according to Plutarch, drev/ his images of hell 
and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal coun- 
try, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed 
the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful 
abodes of the infernal regions. Homer. Od. 

13. Virg.JEn.Q.—Omd.Met. 11, v. 592, &c. 

— Sirab. 5. 

CiMMERis, a town of Troas, formerly call- 
ed Edonis. FUn. 5, c. 30. 

CiMMKRiUM, now Crim, a town of Taurica 
Chersonesus, whose inhabitants aie called 
Ciramerii. Mela, 1, c. 19. 

CiMuLis and Cr:fOLis, a town of Paphla- 
«:onia. 



CI 



CimJJlws, now JirgerUiera, an island in tte 
Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller's earth, 
Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463.— PZin. 35, c. 16. 

CiMON, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and 
Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his 
youth, and the reformation of his morals 
when arrived to years of discretion. When his 
father died- he was imprisoned, because una- 
ble to pay the fine laid upon him by the Athe- 
nians ; but he was released from confinement 
by his sister and wife Elpinice. [FiU El pin ice .J 
He behaved with great courage at the battle of 
Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his 
munificence and valour. He defeated the Per- 
sian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally rout- 
ed their land army, the veiy same day. The 
money that he obtained by his victories, was 
not applied to his own private use ; but with 
it he fortified and embellished the city. He 
some time after lost all his popularity, and wa« 
Ijanished by the Athenians, who declared war 
against the Lacedaamonians. He was recalled 
from his exile, and at his return, he made a 
reconciliation between Lacedaemon and his 
countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to 
carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and 
Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships ; and on the 
coast of Asia, he gave battle to the enemy, 
and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he 
was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, 
B. C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He 
may be called the last of the Greeks, whose 
spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the 
barbarians. He was such an inveterate ene- 
my to the Persian power, that he formed a 
plan of totally desti-oying it ; and in his wars, 
he had so reduced the Persians, that they pro- 
mised in a treaty, not to pass the Chelido- 
nian islands with their fleet, or to approach 
within a day's journey of the Grecian seas. 
The munificence of Cimon has been highly 
extolled by his biographers, and he has been 
deservedly praised for leaving his gardens 
open to the public. Thucyd. 1, c. 100 and 112!. 
—Justin. 2, c. IS.— Diod. U.—Plut.^C. Nep: 

in vita. An Athenian, father of Miltiades. 

Herodot. 6, c. 34. A Roman, supported in 

prison by the milk of his daughter. Ah 

Athenian, who wrote an account of the war 
of the Amazons against his country. 

CiN^THON, an ancient poet of Lacedaemon, 
kc. Vid. Cinethon. 

CiNARADAS, one of the descendants of Ci- 
nyras, wlio presided over the ceremonies of 
Venus at Paphos. Tacit. 2. Hist. c. 3. 

CiNciA LEX, was enacted by M. Cincius, 
tribune of the people, A. U. C. 649. By it no 
man was permitted to take any money as a 
gift or a fee in judging a cause. Liv. 34, c. 4. 

L. Q. CiNciNNATus, a celebrated Roman, 
who was informed, as he ploughed his field, 
that the senate had chosen him dictator. Up- 
on this, he left his ploughed land with regret, 
and repaired to the field of battle, where his 
countrymen were closely besieged by the Vol- 
sci and .'Equi. He conquered the enemy and 
returned to Rome in triumph : and 16 days 
after his appointment, he laid down his olfice, 
and retired back to plough his fields- In his 
80th year he was again summoned against 
Preeneste as dictator ; and alter a successful 
campaign, he resigned the absolute power he 
had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding 



CI 

the rewards that were offered him by the se- 
nate. He flourished about 460 years before 
Christ. Liv. 3, c. 2G.—Flor. 1, c. 11.— Ctc. dt 
Finib. 4.—Plin. 18, c. 3. 

L. CiNcius Alimewtus, a prastor of Si- 
cily in the second Punic war, who wrote an- 
nals in Greek. Dionys. Hal. 1. Marcus, a 

tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549, author of 
the Cincia lex. 

CiNEAS, a Thessalian, minister and friend 
to Pyn'hus king of Epirus. He was sent to 
Borne by his master to sue for peace, which 
lie, however, could not obtain. He told Pyr- 
rhus, that the Roman senate were a venerable 
assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight 
with them, was to fight against anotiier Hydra. 
He was of such a retentive memory, that the 
day after his arrival at Rome, he could salute 
every senator and knight by bis name. Plin. 

7, c. 24. — Cic. ad Fam. 9, ep. 25. A king 

ofThessaly. Herodot. 5, c. C3. An Athe- 
nian, &1C. Foli/Kn. 2, c. 32. 

CiNESiAs, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bcro- 
tia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. 
Jlthen. 

CiNETHON, a Spartan, who wrote genealo- 
^cal poems> in one of which he asserted that 
Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and 
a daughter called Eriopis. Faus. 2, c. 18. 

CiNGA, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flow- 
ing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Ibe- 
rus. Lucan. 4, v, 21. — Cas B. C. 1, c. 48. 

CiNGETomx, a prince of Gaul, in alliance 

with Rome. Cass. Bell. G. 5, c.3. A prince 

of Britain who attacked Caesar's camp, by or- 
der of Cassivelaunus. Id. ib. c. 22. 

CiNGULUM, now Cingoli, a town of Pice- 
num, whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. 
Flin. 3, c. 13.— C(RJ. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 15.—- Si/. 
//. 10, V. 34.— Cic. M. 7, ep. 11. 

CiNiATA, a place of Galatia. 

CiNiTHii, a people of Africa. 

L. Corn. Cinna, a Roman who oppressed 
th« republic with his cruelties, and was banish 



CI 

upon the sovereign power. Hia conspiracy was 
discovered, and be was put to death. Aridot, 

CiNNAMUs, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridi- 
culed hy Martial, 7, ep. 63 

CiNNiANA, a townof Lusitania, famous for 
the valour of its citizens. Vdl. Max. 6, c. 4. 

CiNXiA, a surname of Juno, who presided 
over marriages, and was supposed to untie the 
girdle of new brides. 

CiNYPs and Cikyphus, a river, and country 
of Africa, near the Gararaantes, wlience 
Cinyphius. Virg. G. 3, v. 312. — Herodot. 4, 
c. 198.— P/iri. 6, c. 4.~Martial. 7, ep. 94.— 
Ovid. Met. 7, V. 272, 1. 15, v. 755.— Lucan. 9, 
v. 787. 

CiNYRAS, a king of Cyprus, son of Pa- 
phus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he 
had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell 
in love with her father ; and in the absence of 
her mother at the celebration of the festivals 
of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed 
by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a 
son called Adonis ; when he knew the in- 
cest he had committed, he attempted to stab 
his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled 
to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, 
she was changed into a tree which still bears 
hername. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed 
himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, 
like that of Croesus, became proverbial. Ovid. 
Met. 10, fab. 9.~Flut in Parall.—Hygin. fab. 

242, 248, &c. A son of Laodice. JipoUod. 

3, c. 9. A man who brought a colony from 

Syria to Cypms. Id 3, c. 14. A Ligurian, 

who assisted ^Eneas against Tumus. Virg. 
Mn. 10, V. 186. 

Cios, a river of Thrace. Plin. 5, c. 32. 

A commercial place of Phiygia. The name 

of three cities in Bithynia. 

Cippus, a noble Roman, who as he re- 
turned home victorious, was told that if he en- 
tered the city he must reign there. Unwilling 
to enslave his country, he assembled the sen- 
ate without the walls, and banished himself 



ed by Octavius, for attempting to make the fu- for ever from the city, and retired to live upon 



Ovid. Mel. 15, v. 



gitive slaves free. He joined himself to Mari 
us ; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he 
filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, 
and made himself consul even to a fourth time. 
He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that 
his name became odior.s ; and one of his oflicei's 
assassinated him at Ancona, as he was prepa- 
ring war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia, 
married Julius Ccesar, and became mother of 
Julia. Flut in Mar. Pomp. ^ Syll. — Lucan- 
4, V. S22.~Appian. Bell. Civ. l.—Flor. 3, c. 

21. Paterc. 2, c. 20, kc.—Plut. in Cccs. 

One of Caesar's murderers. C. Helvius Cin- 
na, a poet intimate with Caesar. He went to 
attend the obsequies of Caesar, and being mis- 
taken by the populace for the other Cinna, he 
was torn to pieces. He had been eight years io 
composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in 
M'hich he made mention of the incest of Ciny- 
ras. Flut. in CcES A grandson of Pompey. 

He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned 
him, and made him one of his most intimate 
friends. He was consul, and made Augustus 

his heir. Dio. — Seneca dt Clem. c. 9. A 

town of Italy taken by the Romans from the 
Saranites. 

CiNNADON, a Lacedaemonian youth, who 1 complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures 
resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize j and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, 



a single acre of ground. 
566. 

CircjEum, now Circello, a promontory of 
Latiuui, near a small town called Circeii, at 
the south of the Pontine marshes. The peo- 
ple were called Circeienses. Ovid. Met. 14, 
v. 248.— Firg-. JEn. 7, v. 799.— Lit'. 6, c. 17.- 
Cic. ^V. D. 3, c. 19. 

CiKCE,a daughter of Sol and Perseis, ce- 
lebrated for her knowledge in magic and ven- 
omous herbs. She was sister to iEetes king 
of Colchis, ajid Pasipha3 the wife of Minos. 
She married a Sarniatian prince of Colchis, 
whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. 
She was expelled by her subjects, and carried 
by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an 
island called Msea. Ulysses, at his return 
from the Trojan war, visited the place of her 
residence ; and all his companions, who ran 
headlong into pleasure and voluptuousne."=s, 
were changed by Circe's potions into filthy 
swine. Ulysses, w ho was fortified against ail 
enchantments by an herb called moly, which 
he had recei\'ed from Mercury, went to CircCj, 
and demanded, swoad in hand, the restoration 
of his companions to their former state. She 



CI 

Ulysses had by Circe one son calladTelegonus, 
or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and 
Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot 
his glory in Circe's arms, and at his departure, 
the nymph advised him to descend to hell, 
and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning 
the fates that attended him. Circe showed 
herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. 
IVid. Scylla and Picus.] Ovid. Md. 14, fab. 
1 and 5.—Horat. 1, ep.2, 1. 1, od. ll.^Virg. 
Ed. 8, V. 70.— JEn. 3, v. 386, 1. 7, v. 10, kc. 
— HTi/gin. fab. 125. — Apollon. 4, Arg. — Homer. 
Od. 10, V. 136, kc.~£polM. 1, c. 9.~-Hesiod. 
Th. 956.~Strab. 5. 

CiRCENSEs LUDi, games performed in the 
circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the 
god Consus, and were first established by Ro- 
mulus at the rape of the Sabines, They were 
in imitation of the Olympian games among the 
Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often 
called the great games. Their original name 
was Consualia, and they were first called Cir- 
censians by Tarquhi iKe elder after he had 
built the Circus. They were not appropriated 
to one particular exhibition ; but were equally 
celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the 
quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in 
chariots, and bosing. Like the Greeks, the 
Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or 
Quiuquertium to these five exercises. The ce- 
lebration continued five days, beginning on the 
16th of September. All games in general that 
were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after 
called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and 
skirmishes, called by the Romans Nauraachise, 
were afterwards exiiibited ia the Circus. — 
Virg. JEn. 8, v. 636. 
CiRcius, a part of mount Taurus. Plin. 

6, c. 27. A rapid and tepestuous wind 

frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown 
in any other country. Lucan. 1, v. 408. 

CzRcuM PADANi AGKi, the couutry around 
the river Po. Liv. 21, c. 35. 

Circus, a large and elegant building at 
Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. 
There were about eight at Rome ; the first, 
called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, 
raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. 
Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round 
with benches, and could contain, as some re- 
port, about 3(X),000 spectators. It was about 
2187 feet long, and 960 broad. All the em- 
perors vied in beautifying it, and J. Caesar 
introduced in it large canals of water, which, 
on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite 
number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight. 
CiRis, the name of Scyila, daughter of Ni- 
sus, who was changed into a bird of the same 
name. Ovid. Md. 8, v. 151. 

CiRRii:ATUM, a place near Arpinum, 
where C, Marius lived when young. Plut. in 
Mar. 

CiRRHA and Cyrrua, a town of Phocis, 
at the foot of Parnassus, where Aj)ollo was 
worsliipped. Lucan. 3, v. 172. 

CiRTiiA and CiRTA, a town of Numidia. 
Strab. 7. 

CisalpLva Gallia, a part of Gaul, called 
also Citerior and Togata. Its farthest boun- 
dary was near the Rubicon, and it.touched 
the Alps on the Italian side. 

Cispadana Galllv, a pwt of ancient Gaul, 
south of the Po, 



CL 



I CisKHENANi, part of the Germans who 
lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. 
C(Bs. B. G. 6, c. 2. 

Cissa, a river of Pontus. An island near 

istria. 

Cissfiis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as 
daughter of Cisseus. 

CissEus, a king of Thrace, father to Hecu- 
ba, according to some authors. Virg. JEn. 7, 

V. 320. A son of Melampus, killed by ^ne- 

as. Id. Mn. 10, v. 317. A son of jEeyptus. 

.^pollod. 2, c. 1. °^^ 

CissiA, a country of Susiana, of which Susa 
was the capital. Herodot. 5, c. 49. 

CissiiE, some gates in Babylon. Id. 3, c. 
155. 

CissiDEs, a general of Dionysius sent with 
nine gallics to assist the Spartans, kc. Diod. 
15. 

CissoEssA, a fountain of Bceotia. Plut. 

Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia. -A city 

of Thrace. A man who acquainted Alex- 
ander with the flight of Harpalus. Plut. in 
Aim. 

CissusA, ^a fountain where Bacchus was 
washed when young. Plut. in Lys. 

CisTEN^, a town of iEolia. — A town of Ly- 
cia. Mela, 1, c. 18. - 

CiTHiERON, a king, who gave his name to 
a mountain of Bceotia, situate at the south of 
the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and 
the Muses. Actseon was torn to pieces by his 
own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules kil- 
led there an immense lion. Virg. JEn. 4, y. 
303.~JlpoUod. 2, c. 4.'-^Mela, 2, c. S— Strab 
9.~Paus. 9, c. l,kc.~Plin. 4, c. 7.—Pto!. 3, 
c. 15. 

CiTHARisTA, a promontory of Gaul. 

CiTiuM, now Chita, a town of Cyprus, 
where Cimon died in his expedition against 
Egypt. Plut. in Cym.—Thucyd. 1, c. 112. 

Cms, a town of P4ysia. Apollod. 1, c. 9. 

J. CiviLis, a powerful Batavian, who raised 
a sedition against Galba, kc. Tacit. Hist. L 
c. 59. 

GizYcuM, a city of Asia in the Propontis, 
the same as Cyzicus. Vid. Cyzicus. 

Cladeus, a river of Elis, passing near O- 
lympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. 
Paus. 5, c. 7. 

Clanes, a river falling into the Ister. 

Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus. Odd, 
Md. 12, V. 379. 

Clanius or Clanis, a river of Campania, 

Virg. G.2,v.225. Of Etruria, now Ckiana. 

Sil. 8, v. 434.— Ta«7. 1, An. 79. 

Clarus, or Claros, a town of Ionia, famous 
for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Man- 
to, daughter of Tiresias, who fled from The- 
bes, after it had been desti-oyed by the Epi- 
goni. She was so afflicted with her misfor- 
tunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, 
where she first founded the oracle. Apollo 
was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strab. 
14.— Paus. 7, c. 3.— Mela, 1, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 
1, V. 516. An island of the JEgemi, be- 
tween Tenedos and Scios. Thucyd. 3, c. 33. 

One of the companions of iEneas. Virs 

JEn. 10, V. 126. ^ 

Clastidium, now Schiatezso, a town of 
Liguria. Strab. 6.— Liv. 32, c. 29. A vil- 
lage of Gaul. Plut. in Marcel. 

Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, de 



CL 

so«nded from Clausus a king of the Sabines. 
It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the 
republic ; and it is particularly recorded that 
there were not less than 28 of that family who 
were invested with the consulship, five with 
the office of dictator, and seven with that of 
censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. 
Sueton. in Tib. 1. 

Claudia, a vestal virgin accused of incon- 
tinence. To show her innocence, she offered 
to remove a ship which had brought the im- 
age of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of 
the shallow places of the river. This had al- 
ready baffled the efforts of a number of men ; 
and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to 
the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it ea- 
sily dragged after her the ship to shore, and 
by this action was honourably acquitted. Val. 
Max. 6, c. 4. — Proptrt. 4, el. 12, v. 62. — 
Jtal. 17, V. Zo.—Ovid. Fast. 44, v. 315, ex 

Potito. 1, ep. 2, V. 144 A step-daughter 

ef M.Antony, whom Augustus married. He 
dismissed her undefiled, immediately after 
the contract of marriage, on account of a sud- 
den quarrel nith her mother Fulvia. Sueto7i. 

in Jlug. 62. The wife of the poet Statias. 

Stat. 3, Sylv. 5. A daughter of Appius 

Claudius, betrothed to Tib. Gracchus. 

The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to P. Clo- 
dius and to Appius Claudius. An incon- 
siderable town of Noricum. Plin. 3, c, 14. 

A Roman road which led from the Mil- 

vian bridge to tlie Flaminian way. Ovid. 1, 
«x Pont. el. 8, v. 44. A tribe vvhich re- 
ceived its name from Appius Claudius, who 
came to settle at Rome with a large body of 

attendants. Liv. 2, c. 16. — Halk. 5. 

Quinta, a daughter of Appius Caecus, whose 
statue in the vestibulum of Cybele's temple 
was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to 
ashes. Val. Max. 1, c. 7. — Tacit. 4, Ann. 
c. 64. Fulcra, a cousin of Agrippina, ac- 
cused of adultery and criminal designs against 
Tibeiius. She was condemned. Tacit. Ann. 
4, c. 53. Antonia, a daughter of the em- 
peror Claudius, married Cn. Pompey, whom 
Messalina caused to be put to death. Her 
second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she 
had a son, v.'as killed by Nero, and she shared 
his fate, ^v•hen she refused to marry his mur- 
derer. 

Claudia lex, de comiliis, was enacted 
by M. CI. Marcellus, A. U. C. 702. It ordain- 
ed, that at public elections of ma;gisti'ates, no 
notice shouldbe taken of the votes of such as 

were absent. Another, de vsura, which 

forbade people to lend money to minors on 
condition of payment after the decease of their 

parents. Anotlier, de negotia'icne, by Q. 

Claudius the tribune, A. U. C. 535. It forbade 
any senator, or father of a senator, to have any 
vessel containing above 300 amphorai, for fear 
of their engaging themselves in commercial 
schemes. The same law also forbade the same 
thing to the scribes and the attendants of the 
quaestors, as it was naturally supposed that peo- 
ple who had any commercial connexions, could 
not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the 

interest of the state. Another, A. U. C. 576, 

to permit the allies to return to their respec- 
tive cities, after their names were enrolled. 

IJiK 41, c. 9. Another, to take away the 

freedom of the city of Rome from tlie colonists, 



CL 

which Ctesar had carried to Novicomum. 
Sueton. in Jul. 28. 

Claudius: aqu^e, the first water brought to 
Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, 
erected bv the censor Appius Claudius, A. U. 
C. 441. Eutrop. 2, c. 4.— Liv. 9, c. 29. 

Clauuianus, a celebrated poet, born at 
Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius 
and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the 
majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the 
corrupted style which prevailed in his age. 
Scaliger observes, that he has supplied the 
poverty of his matter by the purity of his 
language, the happiness ci his expressions, and 
the melody of his numbers. As he was the 
favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the 
court, when his patron was disgraced, and pas- 
sed the rest of his life in retirement, and learn- 
ed ease. His pot- nis on Rufinus and Eutro- 
pius, seems to be the best of his compositions. 
The best editions of his works are that of Bur- 
man, 4to. 2 vols. Amst. 1760, and that of Ges- 
ner, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 2758. 

Claupiopolis, 9 town of Cappadocia. Plin. 
5, c. 24. 

Claudius I. (Tiber. Drusus Nero) son of 
Drusus, Livia's second son, succeeded as em- 
peror of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, 
whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. 
He made himself popular for a while, by tak- 
ing particular care of the city, and by adorn- 
ing and beautifying it with buildings. He pas- 
sed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph 
for victories which his generals had won, and 
suffered himself to be governed by favourites, 
whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the 
state, and distracted the provinces. He mar- 
ried four wives, one of whom, called Messa- 
lina, he put to death on account of her lust 
and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by 
another called Agri])pina, who wished to raise 
her son Nero to the throne. The poison was 
conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not 
operate fast enough, his physician, by order 
of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned 
feather. He died in the 63d year of his age, 
October 13, A. D. 54, after a reign of 13 vears; 
distinguished neither by humanity nor cour- 
age, but debased by weakness and irresolu- 
tion. He was succeeded bv Nero. Tacit. Ann. 
11, kc— Die. 60.— Juv. 6, v. 619.— Suet, in 

vita. The second emperor of that name, 

was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus^ 
He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and He- 
ruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a bat- 
tle ; and after a reign of about two years, died 
of the plague in Paunonia. The excellence 
of his character, marked with bravery, and tem- 
pered with justice and benevolence, is well 
known by these words of the senate, addressed 
to him : Ciaudi Avguste, tii firater, tu pater, 
tu amicus, tu bonus senator, in vercprinceps. 

Nero, a consul, with Liv. Salinator, who 

defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river 
Metauiura, as he was passing from Spain into 
Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother An- 
nibal. Uv. 27, kc. — Uorat. 4, od. 4, v. 37.— 

Sutt. in Tib. The father of the emperor 

Tiberius, quaestor to Caesar in the wars of Alex- 
andria. Polios, an historian. Plin. 7, ep. 

51. Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who 

conquered the Romans at Furcae Caudin8e,and 
made them pass under tlie yoke. Liv. 9, c. >> 



CL 



CX 



ice- Pctibas, a dictator, A. V. Cm. jln the day time. Cicero calls him the father 

Appuis, an orator. Ctc. %n Brut. Vid. Ap- j of the stoics : and out of respect for his vir- 

pius. App Cascus, a Roman censor, who tues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him 

built an aqueduct A. U. C. 441, which brought | in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in 



water to Rome from Tuscuium, at the dis- 
tance of seven or eight miles. The water was 
called Appia, and it was the first that was 
brought to the city from the country. Befox-e 
his ag€ the Romans u ei-e satisfied with the 
waters of the Tiber, or of the founteuns and 
wells in the city. [Vid. Appius.] — Liv. 9, c. 
29.— OwtZ. Fast. 6, v. 203.— C^c- de sen. 6. 

A prsetor of Sicily. Publius, a great 

enemy to Cicero. Vid. Clodius. Marcellus. 

Vid. Marcellus. Pulcher, a consul, who, 

when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered 
them to be dipped in water, because they 
would not eat. Liv. ep. 19. He was unsuc- 
cessful in his expedition against the Carthagi- 
nians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to 

Rome. Tiberius Nero, was elder brother 

of Drusus, and son of Livia Drusilla, who mar- 
ried Augustus, after his divorse of Scribonia. 
He married Livia, the emperor's daughter by 
Scribonia, and succeeded in the empire by the 
name of Tiberius. Vid. Tiberius. Horat. 1, 
ep. 3, v. 2. The name of Claudius is com- 
mon to many Roman consuls, and other offi- 
cers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, 
and their name is but barely mentioned. Liv. 
Clavienus, an obscure poet in Juvenal's 
age. 1, V. 8. 

Claviger, a surname of Janus, from his 
being represented with a key. Ovid. Fad. 1, 
V. 228. Hercules received also that surname, 
as he was armed with a club. Ovid. Met. 15, 
V. 284. 

Clausius, or Clusi'us, a surname of Ja- 
nus. 

Clauscs, or Claudius, a king of tlie Sa- 
bines, who assisted Turnus against .tneas. 
He was the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius, 
who migrated to Rome, and became the foun- 
der of the Claudian family. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 
707, 1. 10, V. 345. 

Claz6mem.£ and Clazo.mena, now Vourla, 
a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the ^Egean 
sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was 
founded A. U. C. 98', by the lonians, and gave 
birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. 
Mda, 1, c. n.—PUn. 5, c. 29.— Strab. 14.— 
Liv. 38, c. 39. 

Cleadas, a man of Plataea, who raised 
tombs over those who had been killed in the 
battle against Mardonius. Herodot. 9, c. 85. 
Clean DER. one of Alexander's officers, who 
killed Parmenjo by the king's command. He 
was punished with death, for offering violence 
to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prosti- 
tute to his servants. Curt. 7, c. 2, 1. 10, c. 1 

. The first tyrant of Gela. Aristol. 5, Polit. 

c. 12. A soothsay e^ of Arcadia. Herodot. 

6, c. 83. A favourite of the emperor Com 



Strah. 13. — Cic. de 



modus, who was put to death A. D. 190, after 
abusing public justice, and his master's confi- 
dence. 

Cleanoridas, a Spartan general, &:c. A 

man panisiicd with death for bribing two of 
tlie E])hori. 

Cleantjies, a stoic j)hilosopber of Assos 
iii Ti-oas, successor of Zeno. He was so 
poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw 
o.it water fo:: a gardener in the niglit, and study 



his 90ih year, B. C. 240. 
Finib. 2, c. 69, 1. 4, c. 7. 

Clearchus, a tyrant of Heraclea, inPon- 
tus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, 
Plato's pupils, during the celebration of the 
festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of 
the sovereign power during twelve years, 3.53 

B. C. Justin. 16, c. 4. — Diod. 15. The 

second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died 

B. C. 288. A Lacedcemonian sent to quiet 

the Byzantines. He was recalled, but refused 
to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who 
made him captain of 13,000 Greek soldiers. 
He obtained a victory over Artaserxes, who 
was so enraged at the defeat, that when 
Clearchus fell into his hands, by the treache- 
ry of Tissapherncs, he put him to imme- 
diate death. Diod. 14. A disciple of Aris- 
totle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &:c. 
Xenoph. 

Clearides, a son of Cleonymus, governor 
of Amphipolis. Thucyd. 4, c. 132, 1. 5, c. 10. 
Clemens Romanus, one of the fathers of the 
church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. 
Several spurious compositions m-e ascribed 
to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle 
to the Corinthians, written to quiet the dis- 
turbances that had arisen there. It has been 
much admired. The best edition is that of 

Wotton, 8vo. Cantab. 1718 Another of 

Alexandria, called from thence Alexandrinus, 
who nourished 206 A. D. His works are va- 
rious, elegant, and full of erudition ; the best 
edition of which is Potter's, 2 vols, folio, Oxon. 

1715. A senator who favoured the party of 

Niger against Severus. 

Clementia, one of the virtaes to whom the 
Romans paid adoration. 

Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander's flatter- 
ers. Curl. 8, c. 5. 

Cleobis and Biton, two youths, sons of 
Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When 
oxen could not be procured to draw their mo- 
ther's chariot to the temple of Juno, they pot 
themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 
stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations 
of the multitude, who congratulated the mo- 
ther on account of the filial aftection of her 
sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to re- 
ward the piety of her sons with the best gift 
that could be granted to a mortal. They went 
to rest, and awoke no more : and by this the 
goddess showed, that death is the only true 
happy event that can happen to man. The 
Argives raised them statues at Delphi. Cic. 
Tusc. 1, c. 47.— Vol. Max. 5, c. 4— Herodot. 
1, c. 31.— Plui. de Cons. adApol. 
Cleobula, the wife of Amyntor, by whom 

she had Phosnix. A daughter ot Boreas 

and Orithya, called also Cleopatra. She mar- 
ried Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had 
Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated 
her to marry a daugliter of Dardanus. Apol- 

lod. 3, c. 15. A woman, njother of a son 

called Eurii)ides, by Apollo. Another who 

bore Cepheus and Amphidamus lo .Egeus. 

The mother of Pithus. Hi/^in. fab. 14, 97, ^c 
Chr.ohCusA, a daughter of Cleobulus, re- 
markable for her geniti«; learning, judgment^ 



CL 

and courage. She composed enigmas, some 
of which have been preserved. One of them 
runs thus: "A father had 12 children, and 
these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 
30 black daughters, who are immortal, though 
they die every day." In this there is no need 
of an (Edipus, to discover that there are 12 
months in the year, and that every month 
consists of 30 days, and of the same number 
of nights. Laert. 

Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of 
Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous 
for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote 
some few verses, and died in the 70th year of 
B. C. 664. Diog. in vita.— Pint, m 

— An historian. Plin. 5, c. 31. 

One' of th e Ephori. Thucyd. 



his age, 
Symp. 



general under Gal- 



Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander to 
demand Porus to sun-ender. Curt. 8, c. 13. 

Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas, by 
Lelex. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 

CLEODyETTs, a SDH of Hyllus. Herodot. 6, 
c. 52, 1. 7, c. 204, 1. 8, c. 131. He endeavour- 
ed to recover Peloponnesus after his father's 
death, but to no purpose. 

Cleodamus, a Roman 
lienus. 

Ci.EODEMus, a physician. Plut. de Symp. 

Cleodora, a nymph, mother of Parnassus 

Pans. 2, c. 6. One of the Danaides who 

married Lyxus. Apollod. 2, c. 1 

Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and Am- 
phion, changed into a stone as a punishment 
for her mother's pride. Apollod. 3, c. 5. 

Cleogenes, a son of Silenus, &^c. Pans. 
6, c. 1. 

Cleolaus, a son of Hercules, by Argele, 
daughter of Thestius, who upon the ill success 
of the Heraclidse in Peloponnesus, retired to 
Bhodes, with his wife and children. Spollod. 2. 

Ceeomachus, a boxer of Magnesia. 

Cleomantes, a Lacedemonian soothsayer. 
Plut. in Alex. 

Ceeombrotus, son of Pausania?, a king of 
Sparta, after his brother Agesipolis 1st. He 
■made war against the Boeotians, and lest he 
should be suspected of treacherous commu- 
nication with Epaminondas, he gave that ge- 
neral battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvan- 
tageous place. He was killed in the engage- 
ment, and his army destroyed, B. C.31\.Diod. 

•J5.— Paiw.9, c. IS.—Xcnoph. A son-in-law 

of Leonidaskiugof Sparta, who, for a while, 
usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of 
his father-in-law. When Leonidas was re- 
called, Cieombrotus was banished ; and his 
wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her 
father, now accompanied her husband in his 
exile. Pam. 3, c. 6.— Plut. in Jig. and Cleom. 
A youth of Ambracia, who tlu-evv him- 
self intothe sea, after reading Plato's treatise 
upon the immorlalitv of the soul. Cic.in Tusc. 
1, c. ZA.—Ovid. in J'b. 493. 

Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Astypa- 
loea, above Crete. In a combat a( Olynipia, 
he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with 
his fist. On account of this accidental murder, 
he Avas deprived of the victory, and he became 
delirious. In his return to Astypala^a, he en- 
tered a school, and pulled down the pillars 
Avhich supported the roof, and crushed to 
death 60 boys. He was pursued Avith stones, 
And he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose 



CL 

doors he so strongly secured, that his pursu- 
ers Avere obliged to break them for access. 
When the tomb Avas opened, Cleomedes could 
not be found either dead or alive. The oracle 
of Delphi Avas consulted, and gave this an- 
swer, Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypaltnis. 
Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a 
god. Pavs. 6, c. 9. — Plut. in Rom. 

Cleomenes 1st, king of Sparta, conquered 
the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by set- 
ting fire to a grove where they had fled, and 
freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisis- 
tratidee. By bribing the oracle, he pronounc- 
ed Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, il- 
legitimate, because he refused to punish the 
people of /Egina, who had deserted the Greeks. 
He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B. C 

Herodot. 5, 6, and 7. — Pans. 8, c. 3, &ic. 

The 2d, succeeded his brother Agesipolis 2d. 
He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquilli- 
ty, and Avas father to Acrotatus and Cleony- 
mus, and Avas succeeded by Areus 1st, son of 
Acrotatus. Pans. 3, c. 6. The 3d succeed- 
ed his father Leonidas. He Avas of an enter- 
prising spirit, and resolved to restore the an- 



cient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force by 
banishing luxury and intemperance. He kill- 
ed the Ephori, and remoA^ed by poison his 
royal colleague Eurydamides, and made his 
OAvn brother, Euclidas, king, against the laAvs 
of the state, Avhich forbade more than one of 
the same family to sit on the throne. He made 
war against the Achasans, and attempted to 
destroy their league. Aratus, the general 
of the Achaeans, who supposed himself in- 
ferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his 
assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had 
fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B. C. 
222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Pto- 
lemy Evergetes, Avhere his Avife and children 
had fled before him. Ptolemy received him 
with great cordiality; but his successor, weak 
and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of 
this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cle- 
omenes killed himself, and his body was flay- 
ed, and exposed on a cross, B. C. 219. Polyb. 

6. — Plut. in vita. — Justin. 28, c. 4. A man 

appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes 

of Egypt and Africa. Curt. 4, c, 8. A man 

placed as arbitrator between the Athenians 

and the people of Megara. An historian. 

A dithyrambic poet of F%hegiura. A 

Sicilian contemporary Avith Verres, Avhose li- 
centiousness and avarice he Avas fond of grati- 
fying. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 12. A Lacede- 
monian general. 

Cleon, an Athenian, Avho, though ori- 
ginally a tanner, became general of the ar- 
mies of the state, by his intrigues and elo- 
quence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and af- 
ter distinguishing himself in several engage- 
ments, he A\as killed at Amphipolis, in a 
battle Avith Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 
B. C. Thucyd. 3, 4, kc.—Diod. 12. A gen- 
eral of Messenia, who disputed Avilh Aristode- 

mus for the sovereignty. A statuary. Pans. 

2, c. 8. A poet Avho Avrote a poem on the 

Argonauts. An orator of Halicarnassus, 

who composed an oration for Lysander, in 
Avhich he intimated the propriety of making 
the kingdom of Sparta elective. C. Mp. ^ 

Plut. in Lys. A Magnesian, who Avrote 

some commentaries, in Avhich he speaks of por- 



CL 



tBntous events, &.c. Pans. 10, c. 4 
lian, one of Alexander's flatterers. 

'6. A tyrant of Sicyon. A friend of 

Phocion. 

Cleon^ and Cleona, a village of Pelopon- 
nesus, between Corinth and Argos, Hercules 
killed the lion of Nemasain its neighbourhood, 
and thence it is called Cleonaeus. It was made a 
constellation. Stat. 4, Silv. 4, v. 28. — Ovid. 
Met. 6, V. 417.— 5i7. 3, v 32.— Pans. 2, c. 15.— 
Plin. 36, c. 5. A town of Phocis. 

Cleone, a daughter of Asopus. Diod. 4. 

Cleonica, a young virgin of Byzantium, 
whom Pausanias, king of Sparta, invited to his 
bed. She was introduced into his room when 
he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a 
burning lamp which was by the side of the bed. 
Pausanias was awakened at the sadden noise. 
and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized 
his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew 
who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, 
and lie was anxious to make a proper expia- 
tion to her manes. Paus. 7, c. 17. — Plut. in 
Cim. Sic. 

Cleonicus, a freedman of Seneca, he. 
Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 45. 

Cleonnis, a Messenian, who disputed with 
Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his 
country. Paus. 4, c. 10. 

Cleonymus, a son of Cleomenes 2d, who 
called Pyi'rhus to his assistance, because Areus, 
his brother's son, had been preferred to him in 
tlie succession ; but the measure was unpopu- 
lar, and even the women united to repel the 
foreign prince. His wife was anfaithful to his 
bed ; and committed adultery with Acrotatus. 

Plut. in Pyrrh. — Paus. 1, c. 3. A general 

who assisted the Tarentines, and was conquer- 
ed by jEmylius the Roman consul. Sirab. 6. 

A person so cowardly that Cltonymo ti- 

midior became proverbial. 

Cleopater, an officer of Aratus. 

Cleopatra, the grand-daughter of Attalus, 
betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had 
divorced Olympias. When Philip was mur- 
dered by Pausaniasj Cleopatra was seized by 
order of Olympias, and put to death. Diod. 

l^.— Justin. 9, c. I.—Plut. in Pyrrh. A 

sister of Alexander the Great, who married 
Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigonus, asshe 
attempted to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. Diod. 

16 and 2Ch— Justin. 9, c. 6, 1. 13, c. 6. A 

harlot of Claudius Caesar. A daughter 

of Boreas. [Vid. Cleobula]. A daughter 

of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus, 
king of .(Etolia. She married Meleager, son 
of king (Eneus. Homer. II. 9, v. 52. — Paus. 

6, c. 2. One of the Danaides. Apollod. 

2, c. 1. A daughter of Amyntas of Ephe- 

sus. Paus. 1, c. 44. A wife of Tigranes, 

king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. Jus- 



CL 

— ASici-jWas odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathurus to 
Curt. 8, c. ascend the throne, on condition, however, that 



tin. 3S, c. 3. A daughter 



of Xros and 
A dausihter of 



Callirhoe. Apollod. 3, c. 12 
Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander 
Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed 
Seleucus, Nicanor's son, because he ascended 
the throne without her consent. She was sus- 
pected of preparing poison for Antiochus her 
souy, and compelled to drink it herself, B. C. 
120. A wife and sister of Ptolemy Ever- 



he should repudiate his sister and wife, called 
Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca, his younger 
sister. She afterwards raised her favourite, 
Alexander, to the throne ; but her cruelties 
were so odious that he fled to avoid her tyran- 
ny. Cleopatra laid snares for him ; and when 
Alexander heard it, he put her to death. Jus- 
tin. 39, c. 3 and 4. A queen of Egypt, 

daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and 
wife to Ptolemy Diouysius, celebrated for her 
beauty and her cunning. She admitted Caesar 
to her arms, to influence him to give her th« 
kingdonii, in preference to her brother, who 
had expelled her, and had a son by him, called 
Ca^sarion. As she had supported Brutus, An- 
tony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned 
her to appear before him. She arrayed her- 
self in the most magnificent apparel, and ap- 
peared before her judge in the most captiva- 
ting attire. Her artifice succeeded : Antony 
became enamoured of her, and publicly mar- 
ried her, forgetful of his connexions with Oc- 
tavia, the sister of Augustus. He gave her the 
greatest part of the eastern provinces of the 
Roman empire. This behaviour was the cause 
of a rupture between Augustus and Antony ; 
and these two celebrated Romans met at Ac- 
tium, where Cleopatra, by flying with sixty 
sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and h« 
was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, 
where soon after Antony followed her. Anto- 
ny killed himself upon the false information 
that Cleopatra was dead ; and as his wound 
was not mortal, he was carried to the queen, 
who drew him up by a cord from one of the 
windows of the monument, where she liad re- 
tired and concealed herself. Antony soon af- 
ter died of his wounds, and Cleopatra, after 
she had received pressing invitations from 
Augustus, and even pretended declarations ot 
love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp, 
not to fall into the conqueror's hands. She 
had previously attempted to stab herself, and 
had once made a resolution to starve herself. 
Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant 
woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to 
Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls inte 
her drink, to render her entertainment more 
sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of 
appearing dressed as the goddess Isis ; and she 
advised Antony to make w ar slgainst the rich- 
est nations to support her debaucheries. Her 
beauty has been greatly commended, and her 
mental perfections so highly celebrated, that 
she has been described as capable of giving au- 
dience to the ambassadors of seven different 
nations, and of speaking their various lan- 
guages as fluently as her o\^n. In Antony's 
absence she improved the public library of 
Alexandria, with the addition of that of 
Pergamus. Two treatises, de medicamine fa- 
ciei epistolce eroiicce, and de morbis mulierum, 
have been falsely attributed to her. She died B. 
C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged3&. 
Eg)'pt became a Roman province at her death. 
Flor.4, c. 11. — jippian. 6, Bell. Civ. — Plut. in 
Pomp, i^ Ant. — Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 21, he. — 

Strab. 17. A daughter of Ptolemy Epipha- 

nes, who married Philometor, and afterwards 



getes, who raised her son Alexander, a minor, 

to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his' Physcon of Cyrene. 

elder brother, Ptolemy Lathurus, whose in- 1 CLEOP.iXRis or Arsinor, a fortified t&vrm. •! 

terest the people favoured. As Ale\ander' Egypt on the Arabiou jjulf. 



CL 

Cleophanes, an orator. 

Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles, fa- 
mous for his skill in riding, 

Cleophes, a queen of India, who submitted 
to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she 
had a son. Curt. 8,c. 10. 

Cleopholusj a Samian, who wrote an ac- 
count of Hercules. 

Cleophon, a tragic poet of Athens. 

Cleophylus, a man whose posterity saved 
the poems of Homer. Plut.. 

Cleopompus, an Athenian, who toolcThro- 
nium, and conquered the Locrians, &.c. Thucyd. 

3, c. 26 and 58. A man who married the 

nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. 
As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some 
have supposed that she had two husbands. 
Paus. 10, c. 6. 

Cleoptolemus, a man of Chalcis, whose 
daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. 
Liv. 36, c. 11. 

Cleopusj a son of Codrus. Pans. 7, c. 2. 

Cleoua, the wife of Agesilaus. Plut. in 
Ages. 

Ceeostratus, a youth devoted to be sacri- 
ficed to a serpent, among the Thespians, &c. 

Paus. 9, c. 26. An ancient philosopher and 

astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before 
Christ. He first found the constellations of 
the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar. 

Cleoxenus, wrote an history of Persia. 

Clepsydra, a fountain of Messenia. Paus. 
4,c.31. 

Cleri, a people of Attica. 

Clesides, a Greek painter, about 276 years 
before Christ, who revenged the injuries he 
had received from queen Stratonice, by re- 
presenting her in the arms of a fisherman. 
However indecent the painter might represent 
the queen, she was drawn with such personal 
beauty, that she preserved the piece, and lib- 
erally rewarded the artist, 

Cleta and Phaenna, two of the Graces, 
according to some. Pans. 3, c. 18. 

Clidemus, a Greek, who wrote the history 
of Attica. Vossius H. Gr. 3. 

Climax, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by 
the projection of a brow into the Mediterra- 
nean sea. Strab. 14. 

Climenus, a son of Areas, descended from 
Hercules. 

Clixias, a Pythagorean philosopher and 
musician, 520 years before the Christian era. 

Plut. Syinp.—.^lian. V. H. 14, c. 23. A 

son of Alcibiades, thebrave.st man in the Gre- 
cian fleet that fought against Xerxes. Herodot. 

8, c. 7.' The father of Alcibiades, killed at 

the battle of Coronea. Plut. in Ale. The 

father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B. C. 

263. Plut. in Arat. A friend of Solon. Id. 

in Sol. 

Clinippides, an Athenian general in Lesbos. 
f)wd. 12. 

Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks, 
in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed 
with some of his troops, by ISicostratus and 
the Argives, as he passed the JNile. Diod 16. 

Clio, the first of the Muses, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over 
history. She is represented crowned with 
laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a 
book in the other. Sometimes she holds a 
pl'Xirum or quill with a lute. Her name sig- 



CL 

fiea honour and reputation, {y>~M@,, gloria ;) 
and it was her office faithfully to record the 
actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She 
had Hyacinthaby Pierusson of Magnes. She 
was also mother of Hymenaeus, and lalemus, 
according to others. Hesiod. Theog. v. 75. — 
Apollod. 1, c. 3.~Strab. U.' One of Gy- 
rene's nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 341. 

Clisithera, a daughter of Idomeneus, pro- 
raised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she 
w'as murdered. 

Clisthenes, the last tyrant of Sicyon. 

Aristot. An Athenian of the family of Alc- 

mceon. It is said that he first etablished ostra- 
cism, and that he was the first who was ban- 
ished by that institution. He banished Isago- 
ras, and was himself soon after restored. 

Pluti in Arist. Herodot. 5, c. 66, &c. A 

person censured as effeminate and incontinent. 
Aristot. An orator. Cic. in Brut. c. 7. 

Clit/e, a people of Cilicia. Tacit. Ann. 

12, c. 55. A place near mount Athos. Liv. 

44, c. 11. 

Clitarchus, a man who made himself 
absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Ma- 
cedonia. He was ejected by Phocion. — — An 
historian, who accompanied Alexander the 
Great, of whose life he wrote the history. 
Curt. 9, c. 5. 

Clite, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung her- 
self when she saw her husband dead. Apollon. 
1. — Orpheus. 

CuTERNiA, a tow'n of Italy. Mela. 2, c. 
4. 

Clitodemus, an ancient writer. Paus. 10, 
c. 15. 

Clitomachus, a Carthaginian philosopher 
of the third academy, who was pupil and 
successor to Carneades at Athens, B. C. 128. 

Diog. in vita. An athlete of a modest 

countenance and behaviour. M.lian. V. H. 3, 
G.30. 

Clitonymus, wrote a treatise on Sybaris 
and Italy. 

Clitdphoit, a man of Rhodes, who wrota 
an history of India, he. 

Clitor, a son of Lycaon. A son of 

Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called 
after his name. Paus. 8, c. 4. — Apollod. 3, c. 
8, Ceres, iEsculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, 
and other deities, had temples in that city. 
There was also in the town a fountain called 
Clitorium, whose waters gave a dislike for 
wine. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 322.— P/m. 32, c. 2. 
A river of Arcadia. Paus. c. 12. 

Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athe- 
nian. 

Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose 
waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Pro- 
pirt. 2, el. 10, V. 25.— Virg. G. 2, v. 146.— 
Plm. 2, c. 103. 

Clitus, a familiar friend and foster-bro- 
ther of Alexander. He had saved the king's 
life in a bloody battle. Alexander killed him 
with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a 
feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to 
those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable 
for the loss of a friend, whom he had sacrificed 
in the hour of drunkenness and dissipation. 
Justin. 12, c. C).—Plut.in Alcx.—Curt. 4, Lc. 

A commander of Polyperchon's ships, 

defeated by Antigonus. Diod. 18. An offi- 
cer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, againsf 



CL 

the Athenians, whom he conquered near the 
Echinades. Diod. 18. A Trojan prince, kil- 
ted by Teucer. A disciple ol Aristotle, who 

wrote a book on Miletns. 
CloacFna, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
, sided over the Cloacae. Some suppose her to 
be Venus, whose statue was found in the 
Cloacce, whence the name. The Cloacae were 
large receptacles for the filth and dung of 
the whole city, begun by Tarquin the el- 
der, and finished by Tarquin the Proud, 
They were built all under the city ; so that, 
according to an expression of Pliny, Rome 
seemed to be suspended between heaven and 
earth. The building was so strong, and the 
stones so large, that though they were conti- 
nually washed by impetuous torrents, they re- 
mained unhurt during above 700 years. There 
were public officers chosen to take care of the 
Cloaca;, called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Liv. 
3, c. 48.— P/m . 5, c. 29. 

Cloanthus, one of the companions of 

-Sneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii 

at Rome were descended. Virg. Mn. 5, v. 

122. 

Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated 

for her lasciviousness. Plut. in Lucull. 

An opulent matron at Rome, mother of D. 

Brutus. Cic. ad Mtic. A vestal virgin. 

Vid. Claudia. Another of the same family 

who successfully repressed the rudeness of a 
tribune that attempted to stop the procession 
of her father in his triumph through the streets 

of Rome. Cic. pro M. Ccel. A woman who 

married Q. Metellus, and afterwards disgraced 
herself by her amours with Ccelius, and her 
incest with her brother Publius, for which he 
is severely and eloquently aiTaigned by Cicero. 
Ibid. 

Clodia lex de Cypro, was enacted by*the 
tribune Clodius, A. U. C. 695, to reduce Cyprus 
into a Roman province, and exposed Ptolemy 
king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. 
It empowered Cato to go with the praetorian 
power, and see the auction of the king's goods, 
and commissioned him to return the money to 

Rome. Another, de Magistratibus, A. U. 

C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the 
censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy up- 
on any person who had not been actuallyaccus- 
edandcondemnedbyboththe censors. An- 
other, de Religione, by the same, A. U. C. 696. 
to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pes- 
sinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood 

upon Brotigonus,a Gallo-grecian, Another, 

de Provinciis, A. U. C. 695, which nominated 
the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, 
to the consul Gabinus ; and Achaia, Thessaly, 
Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, 
with pro-consular power. It empowered them 
to defray the expenses of their march from the 

public treasury. Another, A. U. C. 695, 

which required the same distribution of corn 
among the people gratis, as had been given 
them before at six asses and a triens the bush- 
el.— -^-Another, A, U. C. 695, by the same, de 
Judiciis. It called to an account such as had 
executed a Roman citizen without a judg- 
ment of the people, and all the formalities of a 
trial. Another, by the same, to pay no at 



tention to the appearance of theheavens,while 

any affair was beforethepeople. Another to 

make the power of the tribunes free, iu ma- 



CL 

king and proposing laws. Another, to re- 
establish the companies of artists, which had 
been instituted by Numa; but since his time 
abolished. 

Clodii Forum, a town of Italy. P/m. 3, c.l5 
Pe. Clodius, a Roman descended from an 
Illustrious family, and remarkable for his licen- 
tiousness, avarice, and ambition. He commit- 
ted incest with his three sisters, and introdu- 
ced himself m women's clothes into the house 
ot J, Cssar, whilst Pompeia, Csesar's wife, of 
whom he was enamoured, was celebrating 
the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was 
permitted to appear. He was accused for 
this violation of human and divine laws : but 
he corrupted his judges, and by that means 
screened himself from justice. He descended 
trom a patrician into a plebeian family to be- 
come a tribune. He was such an enemy to 
Cato, that he made him go with prajtorian 
power, in an expedition against Ptolemy king 
of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of tiie cam- 
paign, he might ruin his reputation, and de- 
stroy his interest at Rome during his absence. 
Cato, however, by his uncommon success, 
frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also 
an inveterate enemy to Cicero ; and by his in- 
fluence he banished him from Rome, partly 
on pretence that he had punished with death, 
and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. 
He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero's 
house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to 
sale ; which, however, to his great mortifica- 
tion, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clo- 
dius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods 
restored to him. Clodius was some time after 
murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero 
took upon himself. Plut in Clc.—Appian. de, 
Civ. 2.— Cic. pro Milan. S^ pro Domo.—Dio. 

-A certain author, quoted by Plut. . 

Licmius wrote an history of Rome. Liv. 29, 

c. 22. Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Neros 

age. Taat. 1, Hiu. c. 7, Sextus, a rheto- 
rician of Sicily, intimate with M, Antony, 
whose preceptor he was. Suet, de Clar. Oral. 
■Cic. in Philip. 

Cl(Elia, a Roman virgin, given with otheF 
maidens as hostages to Porsenna king of Etru- 
ria. She escaped from her confinement, and 
swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unpre- 
cedented virtue was rewarded by her coun- 
trymen, with an equestrian statue in the Vi& 
Sacra. Lw. 2, c. l3.~Virg. ^n. 8, v, 651 — 

Dionys. Hal. 5.~Juv. 8, v. 265. A patrician 

family, descended from Cloelius, one of the 
companions of ^neas. Dionys. 

Cl(elia: FossiE, a place near Rome. Plut. 
tn Coriol. 

Cl(elius Gracchus, a general of the VolscI 
and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Q. 
Cincinnatus the dictator. TuUus, a Roinati 



ambassador put to death by Tolumnius, kin^^ 
of the Veientes. * 

Clon'as, a musician. Plut. de Music. 

Clonia, the mother of Nvcteua. .^poUod. 
3, c. 10. • ^ 

Clonius, a B^otian, who went with 5« 

ships to the Trojan Avar. Homer. IL 2. 

A Trojan killed by Mcssapus in Italy. Viv. 

JEn. 10, v. 749. Another, kUled by Tm-nu«. 

Id. 9, V. 574. ^ 

Clotho, the yotmgest of the three Parry, 
dau"5hter of Jijpiicr «nd Themis, or Recording; 



CL 



t« Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside 
over the moment that we are born. She held 
the distaff in her hand, and span the thread ot 
life, whence her name (>^^^i'v, to spin.) She 
was represented wearing a crown with seven 
stars, and covered with a variegated robe. 
Vid. Parca?. Hesiod. Theog. v. 218.— £pol- 

lod. 1, c. 3. 

Cluacina, a name of Venus, whose statue 
was erected in that place where peace was 
made between the Romans and Sabines, after 
the. rape of the virgins. Vid. Cloacina. 

Cluentius, a Roman citizen, accused by 
his mother of having murdered his father, 54 
years B. C. He was ably defended by Cicero, 
in an oration still extant. The family of the 
Gluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one 
of the companions of JEneas. Virg. JEn. 6, 
V. 122. — Cic.pro Cluent. 

Cluilia fossa, a place five miles distant 
from Rome. Lit. 1, c. 23, 1. 2, c. 39. 

Clupea and Clypea, now Aklibia, a town 
of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, 
which receives its name from its exact resem- 
blance to a shield, clypeus. Lucan. 4, v. 586. — 
mrab. n.—Liv. 27, c. 29.— Cce^. Civ. 2, c.23. 
Clusia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of 
whom V. Torquatus the Roman general be- 
came enamoured. He asked her of her father, 
who slighted his addresses ; upon which he be- 
sieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw 
herself down from a high tower, and came to 
the ground unhurt. Plut. in Parall. 

Clusini fontes, baths in Etruria. Horat. 
1, ep. 15, V. 9. 

Clusium, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, 
taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsenna 
was buried there. At the north of Clusium 
there was a lake called Clusina lacus, which 
extended northward as far as Arretium, and 
had a communication with the Arnus which 
falls into the sea at Pisa. Diod. 14. — Virg. 
JEn. 10, V. 167 and 655. 

Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. Polyb. 2. 

The surname of Janus, when his temple 

was shut. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 130. 

Cluvia, a noted debauchee, he. Juv. 2, 
V. 49. 

Cluvius Rufos, a quaestor, A. U. C. 693. — 

Cic. ad Fam. 13, ep. 56. A man of Pute- 

oli appointed by Cajsar to divide the lands of 
Gaul, kc. Cic. Div. 13, c. 7. 

Clymene, a daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys who married Japetus, by whom she 
had Atlas, Prometheus, Menoetius, and Epi- 
nietheus. Hesiod. Theog. One of the Ne- 
reides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. 

Hygin. The mother of Thesimenus by 

Farthenopaeus. Id. fab. 71. -A daughter 

of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus. 

Jipollod. 3. A daughter of Crateus, who 

married Nauplius. Id. Q..-, The mother of 

Pha^.ton by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 756. 

A Trojan' woman. Pan$. 10, c. 27- The 



CL 

Presbon, and father of Erginus, Stratius, 
Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound 
from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he 
died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, 
made war against the Thebans, to revenge his 
death. Pans. 9, c. 37. One of the de- 
scendants of Hercules, who built a temple to 

Minerva of Cydonia. Id. 6, c. 21. A son 

of Phoroneus. Id. 2, c. 35. A king of 



mother of Homer. Id. 10, c. 2-1. A female 

servant of Helen, who accompanied her 
mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Pa- 
ris. Odd. Ileraid. 17, v. 267. — Homer. II. 
3, v. 144. 

Clvmf.klidks, a patronymic given to 



PlKiiton's .si.^'icrs, who were daughters of 
Clymene. 

Clyml-Ncs, a kii!g ul Orchomeno.s, son of 



Elis. Id. A son of (Eneus king of Ca- 

lydon, 

Clysoisiymus, a son of Amphidamus, killed 
by Patroclus. Apollod. 3, c. 13. 

"Clytemnestra, a daughter of Tyndarus 
king of Sparta, by Leda. She was born, to- 
gether with her brother Castor, from one of 
the eggs which her mother brought forth af- 
ter her amour with Jupiter, under the form 
of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamem- 
non king of Argos. She had before married 
Tantalus, son of Thyestes, according to some 
authors. When Agamemnon went to the 
Trojan war, he left his cousin ^Egysthus to 
take care of his wife, of his family, and all 
his doiuestic affairs. Besides this, a certeiia 
favourite musician was appointed by Agamem- 
non, to watch over the conduct of the guar- 
dian, as well as that of Clytemnesira. In 
the absence of Agamemnon, ^gysthus made 
his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived 
with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of 
Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and 
he resolved to take full revenge upon the 
adulterers at his return. He w'hs prevented 
from putting his schemes into execution ; 
Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered 
him at his arrival, as he came out of the 
bath, or, according to other accounts, as he 
sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his 
hap^iy return. Cassandra, whom Agamem- 
non had brought from Troy, shared his fate ', 
and Orestes would also have been deprived 
of his life, like his father, had not his sister 
Electra removed him from the reach of Cly- 
temnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra 
publicly married JEgysthus, and he ascended 
the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an ab- 
sence of seven years, returned to Mycenae, 
resolved to avenge his father's murder. He 
concealed himself in the house of his sister 
Electra, who had been married by the adul- 
terers to a person of mean extraction and in- 
digent circumstances. His death was publicly 
announced; aod when iEgysthus and Clytem- 
nestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to 
return thanks to the god, for the death of the 
surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who 
with his faithful friend Pylades, had concealed 
himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulte- 
rers, and killed them with his own hand. 
They were buried without the walls of the 
city, as their remains were deemed unworthy 
to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. 
Vid. Aigysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Elec- 
tra. Diod. A.— Homer. Od. W.—JlpoUod. 3, 
c. IQ.—Paus. 2,c. 18 and 22.—Euripid. Iphig. 
in Jial— Hygin. fab. 117 and UO.—Propert. 
3, el. \^.—Virg. JEn. 4, v. 'Ttl.—PliUostr. 
Icon. 2, c. 9. 

Clytia or Clytie, a daughter of Oce- 
anus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She 
was deserted by her lover, who paid his ad- 
dresses to Leucothoe ; and this so irritated hsr, 



i 



CO 

that she discovered the whole intrigue to her 
rival's father. Apollo despised her the more 
for this, and she pined away, and was changed 
into a flower, commonly called a sun-flower, 
which still turns its head towards the sun in 
his course, as in pledge of her love. Ovid. 

Met. 4, fab. 3, &.c. A daughter of Amphi- 

damus, mother of Pelops, by Tantalus 



A concubine of Amyntor, son of Phrastor, 
whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the 

eyes of his falsely accused son Phcenix. A 

daughter of Pandarus. 

Clytius, a son of Laomedon, by Strymo. 

Hom. II. 10. A youth in the army of Tur- 

nus, beloved by Cydon. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 

325. A giant killed by Vulcan, in the war 

waged against the gods, .^pollod. 1, c. 6. 

The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended 

Telemachus. Homer. Od. 15, v. 251. A 

son of ^olus, who followed ^Eneas in Italy, 
where he was killed by Turnys. Virg. JEn. 

9, V. 774. A son of Alcraagon, the son of 

Amphiaraus. Pans. 6, c. 17. 

Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed 
by Hector. Homer. II. U, v. 302. 

Cnacauium, a mountain of Laconia. Pmis. 
3, c. 24. 

Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia, where 
festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. 
Jd. 8, c. 23. 

Cnagia, a surname of Diana. 

CNEMus,a Macedonian general, unsuccess- 
fol in an expedilioa against the Acaruanians. 
Biod. 12.— Thucyd. 2, c. 66, ^c. 

Cjjeus or Cn^us, a prajnomen common to 
many Romans. 

Cnidinium, a name given to a monument 
nearEphesus. 

Cnidus and Gnidus, a town and a pro- 
montory of Doris in Caria. Venus Avas the 
chief deity of the place, and had there a fa- 
mous statue made by Praxiteles. Horat. 1, 
od. 30.— Flin. 36, c. 15. 

Cnopus, one of the descendants of Co- 
drus, who went to settle a colony, &.c. Po- 
ly cen. 8. 

Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollod. 
3, c. 11. 

Cnosus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, 
about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by 
Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. Paus. 
1,0.27. 

Co, Coos, and Cos, now Zia, one of the Cy- 
clades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 
miles from Halicarnassus. Its chief town is 
called Cos, and anciently bore the name of 
Astypalffia. It gave birth to Hippocrates, 
Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous for 
its fertility, for the wine and silk-worms which 
it produced, and for the manufacture of silk 
and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. 
The women of the island always dressed in 
white ; and their garments were so clear and 
thin, that their bodies could be seen through, 
according to Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. The wo- 
men of Cos were changed into cows by Ve- 
nus or Juno ; whom they rejjroached for suf- 
fering Hercules to lead Geryon's flocks 
through their territories. Tibull. 2, el. 4, v. 
29.— Horat. 1, Sal. 2, v. 101.— S/ra6. 14.-1 
Pirn. 11, c. 23. — Properl. 1, el. 2, v. 2, 1 <> 
el. 1, v. 5, 1. 4, el. 2, v. 23.— Ovid. A. k % 
V. 298. 



CO 

CoAMANi, a people of Asia. Mda, 1, e. 2. 

CoASTR^s and Coactrje, a people of A^ia, 
near the Palus Ma3otis. Lucan. 3, v. 246. 

CoBAREs, a celebrated magician of Media, 
in the age of Alexander. Curt. 7, c. 4. 

CocALus, a king of Sicily, who hospitably 
received Daedalus, when he fled before Minos. 
When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters 
of Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
2Ql.—Diod. 4. 

CoccEius Nerva, a friend of Horace and 
Mecajnas, and grandfather to the emperor 
r^erva. He was one of those who settled the 
disputes between Augustus and Antony. He 
afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat 
in Campania, and starved himself to death. 
Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 58, and 6, c. 26. Horai, 

1, Sat. 5, V. 27. An architect of Rome, 

one of whose buildings is still in being, the 

present cathedral of Naples. A nephew of 

Otho. Plut. A man whom Nero granted 

a triumph, after the discovery of thePisonian 
conspiracy. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 72. 

CoccYGius, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
Paus. 2, c. 36. 

CociNTUM, a promontory of the Brutii, 
now Cape Stilo. 

CocLEs, Pub. Horat. a celebrated Roman, 
who, alone, opposed the whole army of Por- 
senna at the head of a bridge, while his com- 
panions behind him were cutting off the com- 
munication with the other shore. When the 
bridge was destroyed, Codes, though severe- 
ly wounded in the leg by the darts of the 
enemy, leapt into the Tiber, and swam 
across with his arms. A brazen statue was 
raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the 
consul Publicola, for his eminent services. 
He had the use only of one eye, as Cocks sig- 
nifies. Liv. 2, c. 10. — Val. Max. 3, c. 2. — 
Virg. JEn. 8, v. 650. 

CocTi^ and CoxxiiE, certain parts of the 
Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of 
the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus. 
Tacit. Hist. 

CocYTus, a river of Epirus. The word is de- 
rived from xtoxusiv, to weep and to lament. Its ety- 
mology, the unwholesomeness of its water, 
and, above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have 
made the jjoets call it one of the rivers of hell, 
hence Cocytia virgo, applied to Alector, one of 
the furies. Virg. G. 3, v. 38, 1. 4, v. 479. ^n. 

6, V. 297, 323, 1.7, v. 479.— Paw^. 1, c. 17. 

A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine 
lake. 

Codanus sinus, one of the ancient names 
of the Baltic. Plin. 4, c. 13. 

CoDOMANus, a surname of Darius the third, 
king of Persia. 

CoDRiD^, the descendants of Codrus, who 
went from Athens at the head of several colo- 
nies. Paus. 7, c. 2. 

CoDROPoLis, a town of Illyricum. 

CoDRUs, the 17th and last king of Athens, 
son of Melanthus. When the Hcraclidaj made 
war against Athens, the oracle declared that 
the victory would be granted to that nation 
whose king was killed in battle. The Hera- 
clidae upon this gave strict orders to spare the 
life of Codrus ; but the patriotic king disguised 
himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by 
whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained 
the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called 



CCE 

ihe father of his country. He reigned 22 yean, 
and was killed 1070 years bsfore the christian 
era. To pay greater honour to his memory, 
the Athenians made a resolution, that no man 
after Codi-us should reign in Athens under the 
name of king, and therefore the government 
was put into the hands of perpetual arclions. 
Paterc. i, c. 2. — Justin. 2, c. 6 and T.~-Faus. 

I, c. 19, l. 7, c. 25.—Val. Max. 6, c. 6. A 

man who, with his brothers, killed Hegesias, 

tyrant of Ephesus, &.c. Polt/cm. 6, c. 49. 

A Latin poet, contemporary with Virgil. 

l^irg. Ed. 7. Another, in the reign of Do- 

mitian, whose poverty became a proverb. 
Jux. 3, V. 203. 

CcMiLius, a centurion. Cks. Civ. Bell. 

CcsLA, a place in the bay ofEubcea. Liv. 
81, c. 47. A part of Attica. Strab. 10. 

CcELkLETJE, a people of Thrace. 

C(ELES¥RiA and C(ELosyria, a country of 
Syria, between mount Libanus and Antiliba- 
»us, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capi- 
tal was Damascus. Antiochus Cyzicenus 

gave this Jiame to that part of Syria w'hich 
he obtained as his share, when he divided his 
father's dominions with Grypus, B. C. 112. 
Dionys. Pentg. 

CcELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syll. 
The Cwlian family, which was plebeian, but 
honoured with the consulship, was descended 
from Vibenna Coeles, an Etrurian, who came 
to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus. 

CffiLius, a Roman, defended by Cicero. 

Two brothers of Tarracina, accused of 

having murdered their father in his bed. They 
were acquitted, wiien it was proved that they 
were both asleep at thp time of the murder. 

Vol. Max. 8, c. 1. — Plut. in Cic. A general 

of Carbo. An orator. Id. in Pomp. A 

lieutenant of Antony's Cursor, a Roman 

knight; in the age of Tiberiiis. A man, who 

after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, 
became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. 

Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 69. A Roman historian, 

who nourished B. C. 121. A hill of Rome. 

Vid. Ctclius. 

CcELus or Uranus, an ancient deity, sup- 
posed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, 
Hyperion, &.c. He was son of Terra, whom 
he afterwards married. The number of his 
children, according to some,amounted to forty- 
five. They were called Titans, and were so 
closely confined by their father, that they con- 
spired against him, and v»ere supported by 
tlieir mother, who provided them with a 
scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, 
and deprived his father of the organs of gen- 
eration, as he was going to unite himself to 
Terra. From the blood which issued from 
the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and 
nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown 
into the sea, and from them, and the foam 
which they occasioned, arose Venus the god- 
dess of beauty. Htsiod. k.c. 

CcEN'us, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law 
to Parraenio. He died of a distemper, in his 
return from India. Curt. 9, c. 3. — Diod. 17. 

CffiRANus, a stoic philosopher. Tacit. Jinn. 

14, c. 52. A person slain by Ulysses. 

Ovid. Met. 13, v. 157. A Greek charioteer 

to Marion. He was killed by Hector. Homer. 
II. 17, v. 610. 

CoF.s, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign 



CO 

master of his country, by Darius. His coun- 
trymen stoned him to death, Herodot. 5, c. 11 
and 38. 

Casus, a son of Ccelus and Terra. He was 
father of Latona, Asteria, fc.c. by Phcebe. 
Hesiod Th. 135 and 405. Virg. G. 1, v. 279. 

A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. 

Pans. 4, c. 33. 

CoGAKUS, a river ofLydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

CoGiDUNUs, a king of Britain, faithful to 
Rome. Tacit. Jigric. c. 14. 

CoHiBUs, a river of Asia, near Pontus. 

CoHORs, a division in the Roman armies, 
consisting of about 600 men. It was the sixth 
part of a legion, and consequently its number 
was under the same fluctuation as that of the 
legions, being sometimes more, and sometimes 
less. 

CoLJSNUs, a king of Attica, before the age 
of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Paus, 
l,c.31. 

CoLAXEs, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flacc. 
6, V. 48. 

CoLAXiAs, one of the remote ancestoi*s of 
the Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 5, he. 

CoLCHi, the inhabitants of Colchis. 

Colchis and Colchos, a country of Asia, 
at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the 
Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of 
Iberia, now called MingreUa. It is famous 
for the expedition of the Argonauts, and the 
birth place of Medea. It was fruitful in poi- 
sonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. 
The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, 
who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt 
extended his conquests in the north. From 
the country arise the epithets Colchus, Col- 
chicuSf Colciiiacus, and Medea receives the 
name of Colchis. Juv. 6, v. 640. — Flacc. 5, v. 
418.— Horat. 2. od. 13, v. 8.— Strab. 11.— 
Ptol.5,c. lO.-^Ovid. Met. 13, v. 24. ^mor. 
2, el. 14, V. 28.— Mela, 1, c. 19, 1. 2, c. 3. 

CoLENDA, a town of Spain. 

CoLiAs, now Jlgio Nicolo, a promontory 
of Attica, in the form of a man's foot, where 
Venus had a temple. Herodot. 8, c. 96. 

CoLLATiA, a town on the Anio, built by 
the people of Alba, It was there that Sext. 
Tarquin off^"ered violence to Lucretia. Liv. 1, 
37, iiic.— Strab. 3.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 774. 

L. Tauquinius Collatinus, a nephew 
of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, 
to whom Sext. Tarquin offered violence. He, 
with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, 
and were made first consuls. As he was one 
of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all 
the Roman people, he laid down his office of 
consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary ban- 
ishment. Liv. 1, c. 57, 1. 2, c. 2. — Flor. 1, c. 
9. One of the seven hills of Rome. 

CoLLiNA, one of the gates of Rome, on 

mount Quirinalis. Ovid. 4. Fast. v. 671. 

A goddess at Rome, who j)resided over lulls. 
One of the original tribes established bv 



Romulus. 

CoLLuciA, a lascivious woman, &c. Juv. 
9, V. 306. 

JuN. Colo, a governor of Pontus, who 
brought Mitliridatesto the emperor Claudius. 
Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 21. 

CoLoN.E, a j)lace of Troas. A'epos. 4, c. 3. 

CoLONE, a city of Phocis of Erythrsa 

of Thes.saly of ?»lessenia. A rock 

of Asia, on t'tic Thracian Bu=iphorus. 



CO 

CoLOKiA Agrippina, a city of Germany 

on the Rhine, now Cologne. Equestris, 

a town on the lake of Geneva, now JVoyon. 

Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrou- 

en, in Artois. Norbensis, a town of Spain, 

now Alcantara. Trajana, or Ulpia, a town 

of Germany, now Kcllen,near Cleves. Va- 

lentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the 
same name. 

CoLONos, an eminence near Athens, where 
CEdipus retired during his banishment, from 
which (circumstance Sophocles has given the ti- 
tle of CEdipus Coloneus to one of his tragedies. 

Colophon, a town of ionia, at a small dis- 
tance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the 
son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Co- 
drus. It was the native country ofMimner- 
mus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of 
the cities which disputed for the honour of 
having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a 
temple there.— 5/ra5. U.—Plin. 14, c. 20.— 
Pans. 7, c. S.— Tacit, .^nn.2, c. 54.— Cic.pro 
Arch. Pott. 8.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 8. 

CoLOSSE and Colossis, alarge town of Phry- 
gia, near Laodicea, of which the government 
was democratical, and the first ruler called 
archon. One of the fii-st christian churches 
was established there; and one of St. Paul's 
epistles was addressed to it. PUji. 21, c. 9. 

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at 
Bhodes, which passed for one of the seven 
wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the 
two moles which formed the entrance of the 
harbour, and ships passed full sail between 
its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and 
every thing in equal proportion, and few could 
clasp round its thumb. It was the work of 
Chares, the disciple of Lysippus, and ihe art- 
ist was 12 years 'in making it. It ^\ as begun 
300 years before Christ ; and after it had re- 
mained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was 
partly demolished by an eartliqualce, 224 B. 
C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from 
which could easily be discerned the shores of 
Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of 
Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung 
on the neck of the statue. It remained in 
ruins for the space of 894 years ; and the Rho- 
dians, who had received several large contri- 
butions to repair it, divided the money among 
themselves, and frustrated the expectations of 
the donors, by saying that the oyacle of Del- 
phi forbade them to raise it up again from its 
ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it 
was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of 
the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, 
who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose 
value has been estimated at 36,000 pounds ; 
English money. 

Coi.oTEs, a Teian painter, disciple of Phi- 
dias. Plin. 35, c.8. A disciple of Epicte- 

tus. A follower of Epicurus, accused of 

ignorance by Plut. A sculptor, who made a 

statue of iEsculapius. Strab. 8. 

CoLPK, a city of Ionia. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

CoLUBRARiA, now Moiitc Coluhrt, a small 
island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the 
same as Ophiusa. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

CoLUMBA, a dove, the symbol of Venus 
among the poets. This bird was sacred to Ve- 
nus, and received divine honours in Syria. 
Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, 
where Venus had a temple, and tbey were said 
26 



CO 

to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither 
she went to pass nine days, after which they 
returned . Doves were supposed to give oracles^ 
in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibull. 1, 
el. 7, V. \l.—JElian. V. IL 1, c. 15. 

Columella, (L. Jan. Moderatus) a na- 
tive ofGades; who wrote, among other works, 
twelve books on agriculture.of which the tenth, 
on gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, 
and the work displays the genius of a na- 
turalist, and the labours of an accurate obser- 
ver. The best edition of Columella is that of 
Gesner, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735, and reprinted 
there 1772. 

CoLUMN.€ IIerculis, a name given to 
two mountains on tlie extreraest parts of Spain 
and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediter- 
ranean. They were called Calpe and Abyla-, 
the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter 
on the side of Africa, at the distance of only 18 
miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of 
the labours of Hercules, and they were suppo- 
sed to have been joined, till the hero separated; 
them, and opened a communication between 

the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Pro- 

tei.the boundaries ofEg>'pt, or the extent of the 
kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was suppo- 
sed to be built near them, though Homer plai- 
ces them in the island of Pharus. Odys. 4, v. 
'^ii\.— Virg. JEn. 11_, v. 262. 

CoLUTiius, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt> 
who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, 
in imitation of Homer. The composition re- 
mained long unknown, till it was discovered at 
Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned 
cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some 
suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus. 

CoLYTTus, a tribe of Athens. 

CoMAGENA, a part of Syria above Cilicia, 
extending, on the east, as far as the Euphra- 
tes. Its chief town was called Samosata, the 
birth place of Lucian. Slrab. 11 and 17. 

CoMANA (cE. and orum), a town ofPontus, 

Hist. Alex. 34. Another in Cappadocia, 

famous for a temple of Bellona, where there 
were above 6000 ministers of both sexes,. The 
chief priest among them was very powerful,, 
and knew no superior but the king of the 
country. This high oilice was generally confer- 
red upon one of the roval family. Hirt. Alex. 
66.— Place. 7, v.6m.—Sirab. 1% 

CoM.vNiA, a country of Asia. 

CoMAREA, the ancient aame of Cape Co- 
morin in India.. 

CoMARi, a people of Asia. Mela, 1, c. 2. 

CoMARus, a port in the bay of Ambracia, 
near Nicopolis. 

CoMASTus, a place of Persia. 

CoMBABus, a favourite of Stratoniee, wife 
of Antiochus. 

Combe, a daugliter of Ophius, who first 
invented a brazen suit of armour. She was 
changed ijito a bird, and escaped from her 
children, who had conspired to murder her. 
Ovid, Met. 7, v. 382. 

CoMBi or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the 
Nile. Juv. 15, V. 35. 

CoMBREA, a town near Pallene. Uerodot. 
7, c. 123. 

CoMBUTis, a general under Brennus., Pans. 
10, c. 22. 

CoMETES, the father of Asterion, and one 
of the Argonauts. Flocc. 1, v 350, — —One 



CO 

of the Centaurs killed at the nuptials of Piri- 

thous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 284. A son of 

Thestius killed at the chase of the Calydonian 

boar. Pans. 8, c. 45. One of the Magi, 

intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. Jus- 
tin. 1, c. 9. An adulterer of iEgiale. A 

son of Orestes. 

CoMETHO, a daughter of Pterilaus, v/ho 
deprived her father of a golden hair in his 
head, upon which depended his fate. She 
was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfi- 
dy. Apollod. 2, c. 4. 

Q. CoaiiNius, a Roman knight who wrote 
some illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacit. 
4, Aim. c. 31. 

CoMiTiA, (onwi), an assembly of the Ro- 
man people. The word is derived from Comi- 
Hum, the place where they were convened, 
qua^i a rum cundo. The Comitium was a 
large hall, which was left uncovered at the 
top, in the first ages of the republic ; so that 
the assembly was often dissolved in rainy wea- 
ther. The Comitia were called, some consu- 
laria,(o\' the election of the consuls: others 
prmioria, for the election of praetors, &lc. 
These assemblies were more generally known 
by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Ctnturiata, 
and Tribula. The Curiata was when the 
people gave their votes by curia?. The Cen- 
turiala were not convened in later times. 
{Vid. Ceiituria.) Another assembly was called 
Comitia Tribvta, where the votes were re- 
ceived from the whole tribes together. At 
first the Roman people were divided only into 
three tribes; but as their numbers increased, 
the ti'lbes were at last swelled to 35. The 
object of these assemblies was the electing of 
magistrates, and all the public officers of state. 
They could be dissolved bv one of the tribunes, 
if he differed in opinion from the rest of his 
colleagues. If one among the ))eo{)ie was 
taken with the falling sickness, the whole 
assembly was immediately dissolved, whence 
that disease is called morbis coviitalis. After 
the custom of giving their vote viid voce had 
been abolished, everyone of the assembly, in 
the enactiijg of a law, was presented with two 
ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R. 
that is, iiti rogas, be it as it is required : on the 
other was an A. that is, antiquo, wliich bears 
the same meaning as antiqunmvolo, I forbid it, 
the old law is more preferable. If the number 
of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A's, 
the law was approved constitutionally ; if not, 
it was rejected. Only the chief magistrates, 
and sometimes the pontifices, had the privi- 
lege of convening these assemblies. There 
%vere only these eight of the magistrates who 
had the p'ower of proposing a law, the consuls, 
the dictator, the praetor, the inlerrex, the de- 
*',emvirs, the military tiibunes, the kings, and 
the triumvirs. These w-ere called majores ma- 
gisiratus ; to whom one of the minoris magis- 
tratus was added, the tribune of the people. 

CoMius, a man appointed king over the 
Attrebates, by.J. CaBsar, forhis services. Cces. 
Bell. G.4, c. 21. 

CoMMAGENE. Vid. Comagena. ' 

CoMMonus, (L Aurelius Antoninus) son of 
M. Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Ro- 
man empire. lie was naturally cruel and fond 
of indulging his licentious propensities ; and 
regardless of the instructions of philosophers. 



CO 

and of the decencies of nature, he corrupted 
his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as 
many boys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous 
to be called Hercules, like that hero, he adorn- 
ed his shoulders with a lion's skin, and armed 
his hand with a knotted club. He showed 
himself naked in public, and fought with the 
gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in kill- 
ing the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He 
required divine honours from the senate, and 
they were granted. He was wont to put such 
an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, 
that wheji he appeared bare-headed in the sun- 
shine, his head glittered ns if surrounded with 
sun-beams. Martia, one of his concubines, 
whose death he had prepared, poisoned him; 
but as the poison did not quickly operate, he 
was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 
31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, 
A. D. 162. It has been observed, that he never 
trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt 
his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. 
Htrodian. 

CoMMoRis, a village of Cilicia. Cic. Fam. 
15, ep. 4. 

CoMON, a general of Messenia. Pans. 4. 
c. 26. ' 

CoMPiTALiA, festivals celebrated by the Ro- 
mans the 12th of .January and the 6th of 
March, in the cross ways, in honour of the 
household gods called Lares. Tarquin the 
Proud, or according to some, Servius Tallius, 
instituted them, on account of an oracle which 
ordered him to ofter heads to the Lares. He 
sacrificed to them human victims ; but J. Bru- 
tus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, 
thought it sufficient to ofter to them only poppy 
heads, and men of straw. The slaves were 
generally the ministers, and during the cele- 
bration, they enjoyed their freedom. Varra 
de L. L. 5, c. 2.— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 140.— ZK- 
oni/s. Hal. 4. 

CoMPSA, now Consa, a town of the Hirpi- 
ni in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius. 

CosipsATDS, a river of Thrace, falling into 
the lake Bistonis. Hcrodot. 7, c. 109. 

CoMPu.5A, a town of Bithynia. 

CoMUM,now Coma, a town at tlie north of 
Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in 
the modern duchy of Milan. It was after- 
wards called A''ovo Comum by J. Ccesar, who 
transplanted a colony there, though it resumed 
its ancient name. It was the birth place of the 
younger Pliny. Plin. 3, c. 18.— Lu-. 33, c. 
36 and S7.— Suet, in Jul. 28.— Plin. 1, ep. 3. 
— Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 35. 

CoMcs, the god of revelry, feasting,and noc- 
turnal entertainments. During his festivals, 
niGii and women exchanged each other".s dress. 
He uas represented as a young and drunken 
man, with a garland of flowers on his head, 
and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. 
He is more generally seen sleeping upon his 
legs, and turning himself when the heat of the 
falling torch scorched his side. . Phil. 2, Icon. 
—Pint. Quest. Horn. 

CoNCANi, a people of Spain, who lived 
chiefly on milk mixed with horse's blood. 
Their chief town, Concana, is now called Sayi- 
tinala, or Cangas de onis. Virg. G. 3, v. 463. 
—Sil. 3, V. 361.— //ora^ 3, od. 4, v. 34. 

CoNCERDiA, a town belonging to Venice 
in Italy. 



CO 

Concordia, the goddess of peace and eon- 
cord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised 
a temple in the capitol, where the magistrates 
often assembled for the transaction of public 
business. She had, besides this, other temples 
and statues, and was addressed to promote the 
peace and union of families and citizens. Plat. 
in Camil. — Fliyu 33, c. 1. — Cic. pro Domo. — 
Olid. Fast. 1, v. 639, 1. 6, v. 637. 

CoNDATE, a town of Gaul, now Rtnnes 
{Rhedonum urhs) in Britany. 

CoNDALUs, an avaricious officer, he. Aris 
tot. Polit. 

CoNDivicNOM, a town of Gaul, novf J^aiUts 
in Britany. 

CoNDOCHATES, a vivcr of India, flowing into 
the Ganges. 

CoNDRusi, a people of Belgium, now Con- 
drotz in Liege. C(zs. Bell. G. 4, c. 6. 

CoNDYLiA, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
C.23. 

Cone, a small island at the mouth of the 
Ister, supposed the same as the Insula Conopon 
, of Pliny 4, c. 12.— Lucan. 3, v. 200. 

CoNETODUNus and Coxu atcs, two desperate 
Gauls, who raised their countrymen against 
Rome, he. Coes. Bell. G. 7, c. 3. 

CosFLUENTEs, a towu at the confluence 
of the Moselle and Rhine, now Cohlentz. 

Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, as much 
honoured among his countrymen as a mo- 
Harcli. He died about 479 years B. C. 

CoNGEDUs, a river of Spain. Martial. 1, ep. 
50, V. 9. 

CoNiACi, a people of Spain, at the head 
of the Iberus. Strah. 3. 

CoNiMBRicA, a town of Spain, now Coim- 
bra of Portugal. 

CoNiSALTUS; a god worshipped at Athens, 
with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lamp- 
sacus. Strab. 3. 

CoNisci, a people of Spain. 

CoNNiUAS, the preceptor of Theseus, in 
whose honour the Athenians instituted a festi- 
val called Connideia. It was then usual to 
sacrifice to him a ram. Plut. in Tlits. 

CowoN, a famous general of Athens, son of 
Timotheus. He was made gov^ernor of all the 
islands of the Athenians, and was defeated 
in a naval battle by Lysander, near the JEgos- 
potamos. He retired in voluntary banish- 
ment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and after- 
wards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose as- 
sistance he freed iiis country from slaveiy. He 
defeated the Spartans near Cuidos, in an en- 
gagement where Pisander, the enemy's admi- 
ral, was killed. By his means the Athenians 
fortified their city with a strong wall, and at- 
tempted to recover Ionia and iEolia. He was 
perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, and died 
in prison, B. C. 393. C. JVep. in vilci — Plut. 
in Lys. ^- Artax. — Isocrates. A Greek as- 
tronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of 
Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the 
queen's locks, which had been dedicated in 
the temple of Venus, and had since disappear- 
ed, were become a constellation. He was in- 
timate with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B. 
C. Catul. Gl.—Virg. Ed. 3, v. 40. A Gre- 
cian mythologist, in the age of Julius Caesar, 
who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, 

still extant, preserved by Photius. There 

was a treatise written on Italy by a man of 
the same name. 



CO 

CoNSENTEs, the name which the Romans 
gave to the twelve superior gods, the Dii ma- 
jorum gentium. The word signifies as much 
as consentitntes, that is, who consented to the 
deliberations of Japiter's council. They were 
twelve in number, whose names Ennius has 
briefly expressed in these lines : 
Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus f 

Mars, 
Mercurius, Jovi, JVeptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo. 
Varro, de R. R. 

CoNSENTiA, now Cosenztt, a town in the 
country of the Brutii. Liv.S,c. 24,1. 28, c, 
11.— Cic. Fin. 1, c. 3. 

CoNsiDius uEquus, a Roman knight, &c. 

Tacit. Caius, one of Pompey's adherents, 

&c. Cas. Bell. Civ. 2, c. 23. 

CoNsiLiNUM, a town of Italy. Mela, 2, 
c. 4. 

Constans, a son of Constantine. Vid. Con- 
stantinus. 

CoNSTANTiA, a graud-daughtcr of the 
great Constantine, who married the emperor 
Gratian. 

CoNSTANTiNA, a princess, wife of the em- 
peror Gallus. Another of the imperial fa- 
mily. 

CoNSTANTiNOPOLis, (Stttmboul) formerly 
Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and 
magnificent city, built by Constantine the 
Great, and solemnly dedicated A. D. 330. It 
was the capital of the eastern Roman empire, 
and was called, after its foundation, i?oma novUf 
on account of its greatness, which seemed to 
rival Rome. The beauty of its situation, with 
all its conveniences, have been the admiration 
of every age. Constantinople became long the 
asylum of science and of learned men, but upon 
its conquest by Mahomet the II. 28th of May, 
1453, the professors retired from the barbari- 
ty of their victors, and found in Italy the pro- 
tection which their learning deserved. This 
migration was highly favourable to the cause of 
science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the 
house of Medicis, and the emperor, munifi- 
cently supported the fugitives, other princes 
imitated their example, and equally contribut- 
ed to the revival of literature in Europe. 

CoNSTANTiNUs, sumamcd the Great, from 
the greatness of his exploits, was son of Con- 
stantius. As soon as he became independent, 
he assumed the title of Augustus, and made 
war against Licinius, his brother-in-law, and 
colleague on the throne, because he was cruel 
and ambitious. He conquered him, and 
obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. 
It is said, that as he was going to fight against 
Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in 
the sky, with this inscription, «► tojtui vux, in hoc 
vince. F'rom this circumstance he became a 
convert to Christianity, and obtained an easy 
victory, ever after adopting a cross or labarwn 
as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, 
Maximinian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Li- 
cinius, who had reigned together, though in a 
subordinate manner, Constantine became sole 
emperor, and began to reform tlie state. He 
founded a city in a most eligible situation, 
where old Byzantium formerly stood, and cal- 
led it by his own name. Const anlinopolia. 
Thither he transported part of the Roman sen- 
ate ; and by keeping his court there, he made 
it the rival of Rome; in population and mngnifi- 



CO 

cence. From that time the two imperial ci- 
ties began to look upon each other with an eye 
of envy ; and soon aJfter the age of Constantine, 
a separation was made of the two empires, 
and Rome was called the capital of the west- 
ern, and Constantinopolis was called the ca- 
pital of the eastern dominions of Rome. The 
emperor has been distinguished for personal 
courage, and praised for the protection he ex- 
tended to the christians. He at first persecuted 
the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their 
opinions. His murder of his son Crispus has 
been desei-vedly censured. By removing the 
Roman legionsfrom the garrisons on the riv- 
ers, he opened an easy passage to the barba- 
rians, and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. 
He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into 
his territories 300,000 Sarmatians, who had 
been banishedby their slaves, and allowed them 
land to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and 
preached, as well as composed, many sermons, 
one of which remains. He died A. D. 337, 
after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory 
and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, 
Constance, and Constantius, among whom he 
divided his empire. The first, who had 
€aul, Spain, and Britain, for his portion, 
was conquered by the armies of his brother, 
Constance, and 'killed in the 25th year of 
bis age, A. D. 340. Magnentius, the go- 
vernor of the provinces of Rhastia, murdered 
Constance in his bed, after a reign of 13 years 
over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum ; and Con- 
stantius, the only surviving brother, now be- 
come the sole emperor, A. D. 353, punished 
his brother's murderer, and gave way to cru- 
elty and oppression. He visited Rome, where 
he displayed a triumph, and died in his march 
against Julian, who had been proclaimed in- 
dependent emperor by his soldiers. The 

name of Constantine was very common to the 

emperors of the east, in a later period. A 

private soldier in Britain, raised on account of 
ins name to the imperial dignity. A ge- 
neral of Belisarius. 

Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius, 
and father of the great Constantine, merit- 
ed the title of Ciesar, which he obtained, 
by his victories in Britain and Germany. 
He became the colleague of Galerius, on the 
abdication of Diocletian ; and after bearing 
the character of a humane and benevolent 

Srince, he died at York, and mads his son 
is successor, A. D. 306. The second son 

of Constantine the Great. Vid. Constan- 
tinus. The father of Julian and Gallus, 

was son of Coiif;lantius by Theodora, and 

died A. ]). 337. A Roman general of 

Nyssa, who married Placidia, the sister of 
Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an 
honour he enjoyed only seven months. He 
died universally regretted, 421 A. D. and was 
succeeded by his son V^alentinian in the \vett. 

One of the servants of Attila. 

CoNSUAi.ES LuDi, or CoNsuALiA, festivals 
at Rome in honour of Consus, llie god of 
counsel, Avhose altar Romulus discovered 
under the ground. This altar was always co- 
vered except at the festival, when a mule was 
sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhi- 
bited in honour of INeptune. It was during 
these festivals that Romulus carried away the 
Sabine women who had assembled to be spec- 



CO 

tafors of the games. They were first institu- 
ted by Romulus. Some say, however, that 
Romulus only regulated and re-instituted them 
after they had been before established byEvan- 
der. During the celebi-ation, which happened 
about the middle of August, horses, mules, and 
asses, were exempted from all labours, and 
were led through the streets adorned with 
garlands and flowers. Auson. 69, v. 9. — Ovid. 
Fast. 3, V. 199. — Liv. 1, c. 9. — Dionys. Hal. 

Consul, a magistrate at Rome, withTegal 
authority for the space of one year. There 
were two consuls, a consulendo, annually 
chosen in the Campus Martins. The two first 
consuls were L. Jun. Brutus, and L. Taiquini- 
us Collatinus, chosen A. U. C. 244, after the 
expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of 
the republic, the two consuls were always cho- 
sen from patrician families, or noblemen ; but 
the people obtained thcprivilege, A. U. C. 
388, of electing one of the consuls from their 
own body ; and sometimes both were plebeians. 
The first consul among the plebeians was L. 
Sextius. It was required that every candi- 
date for the consulship should be 43 years of 
age, called legitimum tempus. He was always 
to appear at the election as a private man, 
without a retinue; and it was requisite, before 
he canvassed for the office, to have discharged 
the inferior functions of quasstor, edile, and 
praetor. Sometimes these qualifications were 
disregarded. Val. Corvinus was made a con- 
sul in his 23d year, and Scipio in his 24th. 
Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were 
also under the proper age when they werei 
invested with the office, and Pompey had ne- 
ver been quaestor or praetor. The power of 
the consuls was unbounded, and they knew 
no superior but the gods and the laws : but 
after the expiration of their office, their con- 
duct was minutely scrutinized by the people, 
and misbehaviour was often punished by tlie 
laws. The badge of their office was the prce- 
texta, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards 
exchanged for the toga picta or palmata. 
They were preceded by 12 lictors, cai-rying 
the fasces or bundle of sticks, in the middle 
of which appeared an ax. The ax, being 
the characteristic rather of tyranny than of 
freedom, was taken away from the fasces by 
Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his 
successor. The consuls took it by turns, 
monthly, to be preceded by the lictors while 
at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons 
with the badges of royal authority, should 
raise apprehensions in the multitude. While 
one appeared publicly in state, only a crier 
walked before the other, and the lictors fol- 
lowed behind without the fasces. Their 
authority was equal ; yet the Valerian law 
gave the right of priority to the older, and 
the Julian law to him vvho had the most 
children, and he was generally called consul 
major or prior. As their power was absolute, 
they presided over the senate, and could con- 
vene and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators 
were their counsellors ; and among the Ro- 
mans, the manner of reckoning their years 
was by the name of the consuls, and by M. 
Tail. Cicerone ^ L. Antonio Consulibus, for 
instance, the year of Rome 691 was always un- 
derstood. This custom lasted from the year 
of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541&t year 



CO 

of the christian era, when the consular office 
was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public 
assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs, and 
held in their hands an ivory wand, called 
scipio eburneus, which had an eagle on its top, 
as a sign of dignity and power. When they 
had drawn by lot the provinces over which 
they were to preside during their consulship, 
they went to the capitol to offer their prayers 
to the gods, and entreat them to protect the 
republic; after this they departed from the 
city, arrayed in their military dress, and pre- 
ceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces 
were assigned them, without drawing by lot, 
]>y the will and appointment of the senators. 
At their departure, they were provided by the 
state with whatever was requisite during their 
expedition. In their provinces they were both 
attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invest- 
ed with legal authority. They were not per- 
mitted to return to Rome without the special 
command of the senate, and they always re- 
mained in the province till the arrival of their 
successor. At their return they harangued 
the people, and solemnly protested that they 
had done nothing against the laws or interest 
of their country, but had faithfully and dili- 
gently endeavoured to promote the greatness 
and welfare of the state. No man could be 
consul two following years 5 yet this institu- 
tion was sometimes broken ; and we find Ma- 
Hus re-elected consul, after the expiration of 
bis oflSce, during the Cimbrian war. The office 
of consul, so dignified during the times of the 
commonwealth, became a mere title under 
the emperors, and retained nothing of its au- 
thority but the useless ensigns of original dig- 
nity. Even the office of consul, which was 
originally annual, was reduced to two or 
three months by J. Caesar: but they who 
were admitted on the first of January denomi- 
nated the year, and were called ordinarii. 
Their successors, during the year, were dis- 
tinguished by the name of sufftcti. Tiberius 
and Claudius abridged the time of the consul- 
ship, and the emperor Commodus made no 
less than 25 consuls in one year. Constan- 
tine the Great renewed the original institu- 
tion, and permitted them to be a whole year in 

office. Here is annexed a list of the consuls 

from the establishment of the consular power 
to the battle of Actium, in which it may be 
said that the authority of the consuls was to- 
tally extinguished. 

The two first consuls chosen about the mid- 
dle of June, A. U. C. 244, were L. Jun. Brutus, 
and L. Tarq. Collatinus. CoUatinus retired 
from Rome as being of the family of the Tar- 
quins, and Pub. Valerius was chosen in his 
room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Sp. 
Lucretius was elected to succeed him ; and 
after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius 
was chosen for the rest of the year with Vale- 
rius Publicola. The first consulship lasted 
about 16 months, during which the Romans 
fought against the Tarquins, and the capitol 
was dedicated. 

A. IJ. C. 246. Pub. Valerius Publicola 2. 
Tit. Lucretius. Porsenna supported the 
claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Co- 
des, Scaevola, and Clcelia. 

247. P. Lucretius, or M. Horatius ; P. Va- 
ier. Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsen- 
na continued, 



CO 

248. Sp. Lartius; T. Hcrminius. Victo- 
ries obtained over the Sabines. 

249. M. Valerius ; P. Postumius. Wars with 
the Sabines continued. 

250. P. Valerius 4 ; T. Lucretius 2. 

2oL Agrippa Menenius ; P. Postumius 2. 
The death of Publicola. 

252. Opiter Virginius ; Sp. Cassius. Sa- 
bine war. 

253. Postumius Cominius ; T. Lartius. A 
conspiracy of slaves at Rome. 

254. Serv. Sulpicius ; Marcus TuUius. 

255. P. Veturius Geminusj T. Abulias 
Elva. 

256. T. Lartius 2 ; L. Cloelius. War with 
the Latins. 

257. A. Sempronius Atratinus ; M. Mi- 
nucius. 

258. Aulus Postumius; Tit. Virginius. 
The battle of Regillae. 

259. Ap. Claudius ; P. Servilius. War with 
the Volsci. 

260. A. Virginius ; T. Veturius. The dis* 
satisfied people retired to Mons Sacer. 

261. Postumius Cominius 2; Sp. Cassius 
2. A reconciliation between the senate and 
people, and the election of the tribunes. 

262. T. Geganius ; P. Minucius. A famine 
at Rome. 

263. M. Minucius 2 ; Aul. Sempronius 2. 
The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the 
populace. 

264. Q. Sulpitius Camerinus; Sp. Lartius 
Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci. 

265. C. Julius; P. Pinarius. The Volsci 
make declarations of war. 

266. Sp. Nautius ; Sex. Furius. Coriolanus 
forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the 
entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies. 

267. T. Sicinius ; C. Aquilius. The Volsci 
defeated. 

268. Sp. Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. 
Cassius aspu-es to tyranny. 

269. Serv. Cornelius ; Q. Fabius. Cassius 
is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian 
rock. 

270. L. jEmilius; Caesio Fabius. The 
iEqui and Volsci defeated. 

271. M. Fabius; L.Valerius. 

272. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. Julius. War with the 
j3Equi. 

273. Caesio Fabius 2 ; Sp. Furius. War con- 
tinued with the iEqui and Veientes. 

274. M. Fabius 2 ; Cn. Manlius, Victory 
over tlie Hernici. 

275. Caesio Fabius 3 ; A. Virginius. The 
march of the Fabii to the river Cremera. 

276. L. iEmilius 2 ; C. Servilius. The wars 
continued against the neighbouring states. 

277. C. Horatius ; T. Menenius. The de- 
feat and death of the 300 Fabii. 

278. Sp. Servilius ; Aul. Virginius. Mene- 
nius brought to his trial for the defeat of the 
armies under him. 

279. C. Nautiu's ; P. Valerius. 

280. L. Furius ; C. Manlius. A trace of 40 
years granted to the Veientes. 

281. L. jilmiliusS; Virginius or Vopiscus 
Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered iu 
his bed for his seditions. 

282. L. Pinai'ius ; P. Furius. 

283. Ap. Claudius ; T. Quintius. The Ro- 
man army sttfter themselves to be defeated l/y 



CO 

the Volsci, on account of their hatred to Ap- 
plus, while his colleague is boldly and cheer- 
fiilly obeyed against the .^qui. 

284. L. Valerius 2 . Tib. iEmilius. Appius 
is cited to take his trial before the people, and 
dies before the day of trial. 

285. T. Nuraicius Priscus ; A. Virginias. 

286. T. Quintius2; Q. Servilius. 
387. Tib. iEmilius 2 ; Q. Fabius. 

288. Q. Servilius 2 ; Sp. Postumius. 

289. Q. Fabius 2; T. Quintius 3. In the 
Census made this year, which was the nintii, 
there were found 124, 214 citizens in Rome. 

290. Aul. Postumius ; Sp. Fiirius. 

291. L. ^butius ; P. Servilius. A plague 
at Rome. 

292. T. Lucretius Tricipltinus ; T. Veturius 
Geminus. 

293. P. Volumnius ; Serv. Sulpicius. Dread- 
ful prodigies at Rome, and seditions. 

294. C. Claudius ', P. Valerius 2. A Sabine 
seizes the capitol, and is defeated and killed. 
Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cin- 
cinnatus is taken from the plough and made 
dictator ; he quelled the dissentions at Rome, 
and returned to his farm. 

295. Q. Fabius 3 ; L. Cornelius. The cen- 
sus made the Romans amount to 132, 049. 

296. L. Minucius ; C Nautius 2. Minucius 
is besieged in his camp by the iEqui ; and Cin- 
cinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, 
obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 
days after his election. 

297. Q. Minucius ; C. Horatius. War with 
the ^qui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected 
instead of five. 

298. M. Valerius ; Sp. Virginius. 

299. T. Romilius ; C. Veturius. 

300. Sp. Tarpeius ; A. Aterius. 

301. P. Curiatius ; Sex. Quintilius. 

302: C. Menenius ; P. Cestius Capitolinus. 
The Decemvirs reduce the laws into twelve 
tables. 

303. Ap. Claudius ; T. Genutius ; P. Ces- 
tius, &.C. The Decemvirs assume the reins of 
government, and preside with consular power. 

304 and 305. Ap. Claudius ; Q. Fabius Vi- 
bulanus ; M. Cornelius, &,c. The Decemvirs 
continued. They act with violence. Appius 
endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who 
is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abol- 
ished. Valerius Potitus and M. Horatius Bar- 
batus are created consuls for the rest of the 
year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. 
He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decem- 
virs are banished. 

306. Lart. Herminius ; T. Virginius. 

307. M. Geganius Macerinus ; C. Julius. 
Domestic troubles. 

308. T. Quintius Capitolinus 4 ; Agrippa 
Furius. The iEqui and Volsci come ueai* to 
the gates of Rome, and are defeated. 

309. M. Genucius ; C. Curlius. A law 
passed to permit the patrician and plebeian fa- 
milies to intermaiTy. 

310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of 
consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. 
The first were A. Serapronius ; L. Atilius ; 
T. Cloelius. They abdicated three months af- 
ter their election, and consuls were again cho- 
sen, L. Papirius Mugillanus ; S. Sempronius 
Atralinus. 

311. M. Geganius Macerinus 2 : T. Quintius 
Capitolinus &. The censorship iHStituted. ; 



CO 

312. M. Fabius Vibulanus j Postumius JEbu- 
tins Cornicen. 

313. C. Furius Pacilus ; M. PapirinS Cra*- 
sus. 

314. P. Geganius Macerinus; L. Menenius 
Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Maelius at- 
tempts to make himself king. 

815. T. Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa 
Menenius Lanatus. 

316. Manercus .^milius; T. Quintus; L. 
JuliuSi Military tribunes. 

317. M. Geganius Macerinus; SergiusFide- 
nas. Tolumnius, king of the Vaientes, killed 
by Cossus, who takes the second royal spoils 
called Opima. 

318. M. Cornelius Maluginensis ; L. Papirius 
Crassus. 

319. C. Julius; L. Virginius. f*' 

320. C. Julius 2 ; L. Virginius 2. The du- } ,; 
ration of the censorship limited to IS months. 

321. M. Fabius Vibulanus ; M. Fossius ; L. 
Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes. 

322. L. Pinarius Mamercus ; L. Furius Me- 
dullinus ; Sp. Postumius Albus. Military tri- 
bunes. 

323. T. Quintius Cincinnatus ; C. Julius 
Manto ; consuls. A victory over the Veiente* 
and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius. 

324. C. Papirius Crassus ; L. Julius. 

325. L. Sergius Fidenas 2 ; Host. Lucret. 
Tricipitinus. 

326. A. Cornelius Cossus ; T. Quintius Pen- 
nus 2, 

327. Servilius Ahala ; L. Papirius Mugilla- 
nus 2. 

328. T. Quintius Pennus ; C. Furius ; M. 
Posthumius ; A. Corn. Cossus. Military tri- 
bunes, all of patrician families. Victory over 
the Veientes. 

329. A. Sempronius Atratinus ; L. Quintius 
Cincinnatus; L. Furius Medullinus; L. He- 
rat. Barbatus. 

330. A. Claudius Crassus, &.c. Military 
tribunes. 

331. C. Sempronius Atratinus ; Q. Fabius 
Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatis- 
faction to the people. 

332. L. Manlius Capitolinus, &.c. Military 
tribunes. 

333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; T. Q. 
Capitolinus. 

334. L. Q. Cincinnatus 3 ; L. Furius Medul- 
linus 2; M. Manlius; A, Sempronius Atrati- 
nus. Military tribunes. 

335. A. Menenius Lanatus, &;c. Military 
tribunes. 

336. L. Sergius Fidenas; M. Papirius Mu- 
gillanus ; C. Servilius. 

337. A. Menenius Lanatus 2, &;c. 

338. A. Sempronius Atratinus 3, Lc. 

339. P. Cornelius Cossusj Jsic. 

340. Cn. Corn. Cossus, &c. One of the mili- 
tary tribunes stoned to death by the army. 

341. M. Corn. Cossus ; L. Furius Medulli- 
nus, Consuls. Domestic seditions. 

342. Q. Fabius Ambustus ; C. Furius Pacilus. 

343. M. Papirius Atratinus ; C. Nautius Ru- 
lilus, 

344. Mamercus iEmilius ; C. Valerius Po- 
titus. 

345. Cn. Corn. Cossus ; L#Turius Medulli- 
nus 2. Plebeians for the first time quaestors. 

346. C. Juiius, Sjc. Military tribunes. J 



CO 

347. L. Furius MeduUinus, &c. Military 
tribunes. 

348. P. and Cn. Comelii Cossi, &.c. Military 
tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first 
received pay. 

349. T. Quintius Capitolinu.s, &c. Military 
tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. 

350. C. Valerius Potitus, he. Military tri- 
bunes. 

351. Manlius jEmilius Mamercinus, fcc. 
The Roman cavaliy begin to receive pay. 

352. C. Servilius Ahala, cic. A defeat at 
Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of 
the military tribunes. 

353. L. Valerius Potitus 4 ; M. Furius Ca- 
millus 2; &c. A military tribune chosen from 
among the plebeians. 

354. P. Licinius Calvus, kc. 

355. M. Veturius, &.c. 

356. L. Valerius Potitus 5 j M. Furius Ca- 
millus 3. &c. 

357. L. Julius lulus, &c. 

358. P. Licinius, he. Camillus declared 
dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of 
a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. 

359. P. Corn. Cossus, he. The people 
wished to remove to Veii. 

3<50. M. Furius Camillus, he. Falisci sur- 
rendered to the Romans. 

361. L. Lucret. Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius 
Camerinus, consuls, after Rome had been go- 
verned by military tribunes for 15 successive 
years. Camillus strongly opposes the remov- 
ing to Veii; and it is rejected. 

362. L. Valerius Potitus; M. Manlius. One 
of the censors dies. 

363. L. Lucretius, he. Military tribunes. 
A strange voice heard, which foretold the ap- 
proach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banish- 
ment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, 
and soon after march towards Rome. 

364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The 
Romans defeated at Allia by the Gauls. The 
Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camil- 
lus declared dictator by the senate, who had 
retired into the capitol. The geese save the 
capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and de- 
feats the Gauls. 

365. L. Valerius Poplicola 3 ; L. Virginius, 
he. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the 
Volsci, Jiqui, and Tuscans. 

366. T. Q. Cincinnatus; Q. Servilius Fide- 
nas; L.Julius lulus. 

367. L. Papirius; Cn.Sergius; L. .^milius, 
he. 

368. M. Furius Camillus, he. 

369. A. Manlius; P. Cornelius, he. The 
Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. 

370. Ser. Corn. Maluginensis ; P. Valerius 
Potitus ; M. Furius Camillus. Manlius is con- 
demned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock. 

371. L.Valerius; A. Manlius; Ser. Sulpi- 
cius, &,c. 

372. Sp. and L. Papirii, he. 

373. M. Furius Camillus ; L. Furius, &c. 

374. L. and P. Valerii. 

375. C. Manlius, &.C. 

376. Sp. Furius, he. 

377. L. i^milius, &c. 



378. 
379. 
380. 
381. 

382. 



For five years anarchy at Rome. 
No consuls or military tribunes elec- 
ted, but only for that time, L. Sexti- 

I nus ; C. Licinius Calvus ^tolo, tri- 

j bunesof lh»» people. 



CO 

383. L. Furius, &c. 

384. Q. Servilius ; C. Veturius, he. Tea 
magistrates are chosen to take care of the Si- 
bylline books. 

385. L. Q- Capitolinus ; Sp. Servilius, &c. 

386. According to some writers, Camillus 
this year was sole dictator, without consuls or 
tribunes. 

387. A. Cornelius Cossus ; L. Vetur. Cras- 
sus, he. The Gauls defeated by Camillus, 
One of the consuls for the future to be elected 
from among the plebeians. 

388. L. -Srailius, patrician ; L. Sextius, pie. 
beian ; consuls. The offices of praetor and 
Curule iEdile, granted to the senate by the 
people. 

389. L. Genucius ; Q. Servilius. Camillus 
died. 

390. Sulpitius Paeticus ; C. Licinius Stolo. 

391. Cn. Genucius; L. ^milius. 

392. Q. Serv. Ahala 2; L. Genucius 2, 
Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes. 

393. C. Sulpicius 2 ; C. Licinius 2. Manliu* 
conquers a Gaul in single battle. 

394. C. Petilius Balbus ; M. Fabius Am- 
bustus. 

395. M, Popilius Laenas ; C, Manlius 2, 

396. C Fabius; C. Plautius. Gauls defeat- 
ed. 

397. C. Marcius ; Cn. Manlius 2. 

398. M. Fabius Ambustus 2; M. Popilius 
Laenas 2. A dictator elected from the plebei- 
ans for the first time. 

399. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 3 ; M. Valerias 
Poplicola; both of patrician families. 

400. M. Fabius Ambustus 3 ; T. Quintius. 

401. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 4; M. Valerius 
Poplicola 3. 

402. M. Valerius Poplicola 4; C. Marcias 
Rutilus. 

403. Q. Sulpicius Paeticus 5 ; T. Q. Pennus. 
A censor elected for the first time from the 
plebeians. 

404. M. Popilius Laenas 3 ; L. Corn. Scipio. 

405. L. Furius Camillus ; Ap. Claudius 
Crassus, Velerius, surnamed Corvinus, after 
conquering a Gaul. 

406. M. Valer. Corvus ; M. Popilius Laenas 
4. Corvus was elected at 23 yeai-s of age, 
against the standing law. A treaty of amity 
concluded with Carthage. 

407. T. Manlius Torquatus ; C. Plautius. 

408. M. Valerius Corvus 2 ; C. Paetilius. 

409. M. Fabius Dorso ; Ser. Sulpicius Ca- 
merinus. 

410. C. Marcius Rutilus ; T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus. 

411. M. Valerius Corvus 3 ; A. Corn. Cos- 
sus. The Romans begin to make war against 
the Samnites, at the request of tlie Campani- 
ans. They obtain a victory. 

412. C. Marcius Rutilus 4 ; Q. Servilius. 

413. C. Plautius ; L. itrailius Mamercinus. 

414. T. Manlius Torquatus 3; P. Decius 
Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great 
in Asia. Manlius put his son to death for 
fighting against his order. Decius devotes him- 
self for the army, which obtains a great victory 
over the Latins. 

415. T. iEmilius Mamercinus ; Q. Publilius 
Philo. 

416. L. Furius CanillHs ; C. Msenius. The 
Latins conquered. 



CO 

417. C. Sulpitlus Longus ; P. ^lius Paetus. 
The praetorship granted to a plebeian. 

418. L. Papiriqs Crassus ; Caeso Duilius. 

419. M. Valerius Corvus; M. Atilius Re- 
gulus. 

420. T. Veturius ; Sp. Posthumius. 

421. L. Papirius Cursor; C. Paetilius Libo. 

422. A. Cornelius 2; Cn. Domitius. 

423. M. Claudius Marcellus; C, Valerius 
Potitus. 

424. L. Paparius Crassus ; C. Plautius Ven- 
no. 

425. L. jEmilius Mamercinus 2; C. Plau- 
tius. 

426. P. Plautius Proculus; P. Corn. Sca- 
pula. 

427. L. Corn. Lentulus ; Q. Publilius Phi- 
lo2. 

428. C. Paetilius; L. Papirius Mugillanus. 

429. L. Furius Camillus 2 ; D. Jun. Brutus 
Scaeva. The dictator Papirius Cursor is for 
putting to death Fabius, his master of horse, 
because he fought in his absence, and obtain- 
ed a famous victory. He pardons him. 

430. According to some authors, there were 
no consuls elected this year, but only a dicta- 
tor, L. Papirius Cursor. 

431. L. Sulpicius Longus 1 ; Q. Aulius Cer- 
retanus. 

432. Q. Fabius ; L. Fulvius. 

433. T. Veturius Calvinus 2 ; Sp. Posthumi- 
us Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the Samnite, takes 
the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Cau- 
dium. 

434. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Q. Publilius 
Philo. 

435. L. Papirius Cursor 3 ; Q. Aulius Cer- 
retanus 2. 

436. M. Fossius Flaccinator; L. Plautius 
Venno. 

437. C. Jun. Bubulcus ; L. TEmilius Barbula. 

438. Sp. Nautius ; M. Popilius. 

439. L. Papirius 4 ; Q. Publilius 4. 

440. M. Psetilius ; C. Sulpicius. 

441. L. Papirius Cursor 5; C. Jun. Bubul- 
cus 2. 

442. M. Valerius ; P. Decius. The censor 
Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. 
The family of the Potitii extinct. 

443. C. Jun. Bubulcus 3 ; Q. iEmilius Bar- 
bula 2. 

444. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. Martins Rutilus. 

445. According to some authors, there were 
no consuls elected this year, but only a dicta- 
tor, L. Papirius Cursor. 

446. Q. Fabius 3 ; P. Decius 2. 

447. Appius Claudius ; L. Volumnius. 

448. P. Corn. Arvina ; Q. Marcius Tremu- 
lus. 

449. L. Postumius ; T. Minucius. 

450. P. Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius 
Sophus. The JEqni conquered. 

451. L. Genucius ; Ser. Cornelius. 

452. M. Livius; M. j^^railiiis. 

453. Q. Fabius Maxiraus Rullianus ; M. Val. 
Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according 
to some authors. 

454. M. Valerius Corvus ; Q. Apuleius. 
The priesthood made common to the ple- 
beians. 

455. M. Fulvius Paetinus ; T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus. 

456. L. CorneliHs Scipio ; Cn. Fulvius. 



CO 

457. Q. Fabius Maximus 4 ; P. Decius Mus 

3. Wars against the Samnites. 

458. L. Volumnius 2 ; Ap. Claudius 2. Con-' 
quest over the Etrurians and Samnites. 

459. Q. Fabius 5 ; P. Decius 4. Decius de- 
votes himself in a battle against the Samnites 
and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victo- 
ry. 

460. L. Postumius Megellus; M. Atilius^ 
Regulus. 

461. L. Papirius Cursor; Sp. Carvilius. Vic- 
tories over the Samnites. 

462. Q. Fabius Gurges ; D. Jun. Brutus 
Scaeva. Victory over the Samnites. 

463. L. Postumius 3 ; C. Jun. Brutus. JEs- 
culapius brought to Rome in the form of a 
serpent from Epidaurus. 

464. P. Corn. Rufinus ; M. Curius Dentatus. 

465. M. Valerius Corvinus ; Q. Caedicius 
Noctua. 

466. Q. Marcius Treraulus; P. Corn. Ar- 
vina. 

467. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Nautius. 

468. M. Valerius Potitus ; C. .Slius Paelus. 

469. C. Claudius Caenina; M. iEmilius Le- 
pidus. 

470. C. Servilius Tucca ; Caecilius Metel- 
lus. War with the Senones. 

471. P. Corn. Dolabella ; C. Domitius Cal- 
vinus. The Senones defeated. 

472. Q. iEmilius ; C. Fabricius. War with 
Tarentum. 

473. L. iEmilius Barbula ; Q. Marcius. Pyr- 
rhus comes to assist Tarentum. 

474. P. Valerius Laevin*is ; Tib. Coruncia- 
nus. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Laevinus, 
and, though victorious, sues for peace, which 
is refused by the Roman senate. The census 
was made, and 272,222 citizens were found. 

475. P. Sulpicius Saverrio ; P. Decius Mus. 
A battle with Pyrrhus. 

476. C. Fabricius Lucinus2; Q. .£milius 
Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty 
between Rome and Carthage renewed. 

477. P. Corn. Rufinus; C. Jun. Brutus. Cro- 
tona and Locri taken. 

478. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; C. Ge 
nucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily 
to Italy. 

479. M. Curiug Dentatus 2; L. Corn. Len- 
tulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius. 

480. M. Curius Dentatus 3 ; Ser. Corn. Me- 
renda. 

481. C. Fabius Dorso ; C. Claudius Casnina 
2, AnembassyfromPhiladelphus to conclude 
an alliance with the Romans. 

482. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Sp. Carvilius 2. 
Tarentum surrenders. 

483. L. Genucius; C. Quintius. 

484. C. Genucius; Cn. Cornelius. 

485. Q. Ogulinus Gullus ; C. Fabius Pictor. 
Silver money coined at JRome for the first 
time. 

486. P. Sempronius Sophus; Ap. Claudius 
Crassus. 

487. M. Atilius Regulus; L. Julius Libo. 
Italy enjoys peace universally. 

488. Numerius Fabius; D.Junius. 

489. Q. Fabius Gurges 3 ; L. Mamilius Vi- 
tulus. The number of the quaestors doubled 
to eight. 

490. Ap. Claudius Caudex; M. Fulvius 
Flaccns. The Romans aid the Mamertines? 



CO 

which occasions the first Punic war. Appius 
defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The com- 
bats of gladiators first instituted. 

491. M. Valerius Maximus ; M. Otacilius 
Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero 
king of Syracuse. A sun dial first put at 
Rome, brought from Catana. 

492. L. Postumius Gemellus-, Q. Mamilius 
Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. 
The total defeat of the Carthaginians. 

493. L. Valerius Flaccus j T. Otacilius Cras- 
sus. 

494. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina; C. Duilius, In 
two months the Romans build and equip a 
fleet of 120 gallies. The naval victory and tri- 
umph of Duilius. 

495. L.Cora. Scipio; C. Aquilius Floras, 
Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica. 

496. A. Attilius Calatinus ; C. Sulpicius Pa- 
terculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a 
naval battle. 

497. C. Attilius Regulus ; Cn. Corn. Blasio. 

498. L. Manlius Vulso ; Q. Caedicius. At 
the death of Csedicius, Matilius Regulus 2, was 
elected for the rest of the year. The famous 
battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls 
land in Africa. 

499. Serv. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior; M. 
JEmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victo- 
ries in Africa, is defeated, and taken prisoner 
by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the 
Carthaginians. 

500. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina 2; A. Attilius 
Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans. 

501= Cn. Servilius Caepio ; C. Sempronius 
Blaesus. The Romans, discouraged by ship- 
wrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas. 

502. C. Aurelius Cotta ; P. Servilius Gemi- 
nus. Citizens capable to bear arms, amount- 
ed to 297,797. 

503. L. Csecilius Metellus 2 ; C. Furius Pa- 
ttilus. 
power by sea 

504. C. Attilius Regulus 2; L. Manlius Vol- 
so 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Pa- 
normus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two 
elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus 
advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. 
He is put to death in the most excruciating 
torments. 

505. P. Clodius Pulcher ; L. Jun. Pullus. 
The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The 
Roman fleet lost in a storm. 

506. C. Aurelius Cotta 2 ; P. Servilius Ge- 
minus 2. 

507. L. Csecilius Metellus 3 ; Num. Fabius 
Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222. 

508. M. Otacilius Crassus ; M. Fabius Lici- 

BUS. 

509. M. Fabius Buteo ; C. Attilius Balbus. 

510. A. Manlius Torquatus2; C. Sempro- 
nius Blaesus. 

511. C. Fundanius Fundulus; C. Sulpicius 
Callus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome. 

512. C. Lutatius Catulus ; A. Postumius Al- 
binus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near 
the islands iEgates. Peace made between 
Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians eva- 
c uate Sicily. 

513. Q. Lutatius Cerco ; A. Manlius Atti- 
cus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 
39th census taken. The citizens amount to 
260,000. 

27 



T. Sempronius Gracchus ; P. Vederius 
The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to 



The Romans begin to recover their 



CO 

514. C. Claudius Centho ; M. Sempronius 
Tuditanus. 

515. C. Mamilius Turinus; Q. Valerius 
iFalto. 

516. 
Falto. 
Rome. 

517. L. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Q. Ful- 
vius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy 
Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theos. 

518. P. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius 
Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia. 

519. C. Atilius Bulbus 2; T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first 
time since the reign of jNuma, about 440 years. 
An universal peace at Rome. 

520. L. Postumius Albinus ; Sp, Carvilius 
Maximus. 

521. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; M. 
Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy 
between Rome and Cai'thage. 

522. M. -^milius Lepidus; M. Publiciu» 
Malleolus. 

523. M. Pomponius Matho 2 ; C. Papirius 
Maso. The first divorce known at Rome. 

524. M. JEmilius Barbula ; M. Junius Pera. 
War with the Illyrians. 

525. L. Postumius Albinus 2 ; Cn. Fulvius 
Centu mains. The building of new Carthage. 

526. Sp. CaTvilius Maximus 2 ; Q. Fabius 
Maximus. 

527. P. Valerius Flaccus; M. Attilias Re- 
gains. Two new praetors added to the other 
praetors. 

528. M. Valerius Messala; L. ApuUius Ful- 
lo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans 
could now lead into' the field of battle 770,00a 
men. 

529. L. ^milius Papus ; C. Atilius Regu- 
lus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clu- 
sium. The Romans obtain a victory near 
Telamon. 

530. T. Manlius Torquatus 2 ; Q. Fulvius^ 
Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, sur-^ 
render. 

531. C. Flaminius; P. Furius Philus. 

532. M. Claudius Marcellus ; Cn, Corn. 
Scipio Calvus, A new w^ar with the Gauls, 
Marcellus gains the spoils sailed opima. 

533. P. Cornelius; M. Minucius Rufus. 
Annibal takes the command of the Carthagi- 
nian armies in Spain. 

534. L, Veturius; C. Lutatius. The Via 
Flaminia built. 

535. M. Livius Salinator; L, .^milius Pau- 
lus, War with lUyricnm, 

636. P, Cornelius Scipio; T. Sempronius 
Longus, Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal. The 
cause of the second Punic war, Annibal 
marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. 
The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. 
Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Anni- 
bal, 

537. Cn. Servilius ; C. Flaminius 2. A fa- 
mous battle near the lake Tlirasymenus, Fa- 
bius is appointed dictator. Success of Cn.. 
Scipio in Spain, 

538. C, Terentius Varro ; L. ^milius Pau- 
lus 2, The famous battle of Cannas, Annibal 
marches to Capua, MarceUus beats Annibal 
near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards 
Italy, and hrs army ft totally defeated by di& 
Scipies. 



CO 

639. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus ; Q. Fabius ; 
Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into 
an alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revoltsai 
and is reconquered by P»Ianlius, The Cartha- 
ginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. 

540. Q. Fabius Maximus 3; M. Claudius 
Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by 
sea and land. 

541. Q. Fabius Maximus 4 ; T. Sempronius 
Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse con- 
tinued. 

542. Q. Fulvius Flaccus ; Ap. Claudius Pul- 
cher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily 
made a Roman province, Tarentura treach- 
erously delivered to Aunibal. The two Scipios 
conquered in Spain. 

543. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus ; P. Sulpicius 
Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Ro- 
mans. P. Scipio sent to Spain with procon- 
sular power. 

544. M.Claudius Marcellus 4; M.Valerius 
Lcevinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from 
Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio. 

545. Q. Fabius Maximus 5 ; Q. Fulvius Flac- 
cus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius 
takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio. 

546. M. Claudius Marcellus 5; T. Quintius 
Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade 
by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated. 

547. M. Claudius Nero ; M. Livius 2. As- 
drubal passes the Alps, JVero obtains some 
advantage over Annibal. The two consuls de- 
feat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head 
thrown into Annibal's camp. The Romans 

. make war against Philip. 

548. L, Veturius ; Q. Caecilius. Scipio 
obtains a victory over Asdrubal, the son of 
Gisgo, in Spain. Masinissa sides with the 
Romans. 

549. P, Cornelius Scipio ; P. Licinius Cras- 
sus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa. 

550. M. Cornelius Cethegus; P. Sempro- 
nius Tuditanus, Scipio lands in Africa. The 
census taken, and 215,000 heads of families 
found in Rome. 

551. Cn. Servilius Caepio; C. ServiliusGemi- 
nus. Scipio spreads general consternation in 
Africa, Annibal is recalled from Italy by the 
Carthaginian senate. 

552. M. Scrvilius; Ti. Claudius. Annibal 
and Scipio come to a parley ; they prepare for 
battle. Annibaf is defeated at Zama. Scipio 
prepares to besiege Carthage. 

553. Cn. Corn. Leatulus ; P< .^lius Paetus. 
Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio 
triumphs. 

554. P. Sulpicius Galba 2; C. Aurelius 
Cotia. War with the Macedonians. 

555. L. Corn. Lentulus; P. Villius Tapu- 
lus. The Macedonian war continued. 

556. Sex. JEUus Partus ; T. Quintius Flami- 
nius. Philip defeated by Quintius. 

557. C. Corn. Cethegus ; Q. Minucius Ru- 
fus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him 
peace. 

558. L, Furius Purjiureo ; M. Claudius 
Marcellus. The independence of Greece pro- 
claimed by Flamininus, at the Isthmian games. 

559. L. Valerius Flaccus ; M. Porcius Ca- 
to. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. 
Cato's victories in Spain, and triumph. The 
Romans demand Annibal from the Cartha- 
ginians, 



CO 

560. P. Corn. Scipio Africanus 2 ; T, Sem- 
pronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus, 

561,L. CorneliusMerula; Q. Minucius Ther- 
mus. Antiochus prepares to make war against 
Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir 
up the Carthaginians to take up arms. 

562. Q. Quintius Flamininus ; Cn. Domi- 
tius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver 
them. 

563. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; ManliusAci- 
lius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece 
against Antiochus. 

564. L. Corn. Scipio; C. Laelius. The 
fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by 
the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio. 

565. M. Fulvius Nobilior; Cn. Manlius 
Vulso. War with the Gallo-grecians. 

566. M. Valerius Messala ; C. Livius Sali- 
nator. Antiochus dies. 

567. M. ^milius Lepidus; C. Flaminius. 
The Ligurians reduced. 

568. Sp. Postumius Albinus ; Q. Marcius 
Philippus, The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome. 

569. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; M. Sempronius 
Tuditanus, Victories in Spain and Liguria. 

570. P. Claudius Pulcher; L. Porcius Li- 
cinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son De- 
metrius to Rome. 

571. M. Claudius Marcellus; Q, Fabius La- 
beo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philo- 
pcemen. Gauls invade Italy. 

572. M. Baebius Tamphilus ; L. .ffimilius 
Paulus. Death of Philip. 

573. P. Cornelius Cethegus; M. Baebius 
Tamphilus. Expeditions against Liguria, The 
first gilt statue raised at Rome. 

574. A. Postumius Albinus Luscus ; C, Cal- 
purnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated. 

575. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; L. Manlius Aci- 
dinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the 
son of Philip 

576. M. Junius Brutus ; A. Manlius Vulso. 

577. C. Claudius Pulcher ; T. Sempronius 
Gracchus. The Istrians defeated, 

578. Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispalus ; Q. Petillius 
Spurinus. 

579. P. Mucius ; M. iEmilius Lepidus 2. 

580. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Mucius 
Scaevola, 

581. L. Postumius Albinus ; M. Popilius 
Laenas, 

582. C. Popilius Lasnas ; P. .^lius Ligur. 
War declared against Perseus. 

583. P. Licinius Crassus ; C, Cassius Longi- 
nus. Perseus gains some advantage over the 
Romans. 

584. A, Hostilius Mancinus; A, Atilius 
Serranus. 

685. Q. Mai-cius Philippus 2 ; Cn. Servilius 
Caepio. The campaign in Macedonia. 

586. L. /Emilius Paulus 2; C. Licinius Cras- 
sus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner 
by Paulus. 

587. Q. MUus Paetus ; M. Junius Pennus. 

588. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Sulpicius 
Galba. 

589. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus. 

590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus ; Q. Cassiu* 
Longus. 

591. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus ; M. Juven- 
cius Phalna. 

&92. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica ; C. Marcius 



CO 

Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is 
made king of Syria. 

593. M.Valerius Messala; C. Fannius Strabo. 

694. L. Anicius Gallus; M. Corn. Cethegus. 

595. C. Cornelius Dolabella; M. Fulvius 
Nobilior. 

596. M. ./Emilius Lepidus ; C. Popilius Lae- 
nas. 

597. Sex. Jul. Caesar; L. Aurelius Orestes, 
War against the Dalmatians. 

598. L. Corn. Lentulus Lupus; C. Marcius 
Figulus 2. 

599. P. Corn. Scipio NasicaS; M. Claudius 
Marcellus 2. 

600. Q. Opimius Nepos; L. Fostumius Al- 
binus. 

601. Q. Fulvius Nobilior; T. Annius Lus- 
cus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain. 

602. M. Claudius Marcellus 3; L. Valerius 
Flaccus. 

603. L. Licinius Lucullus; A. Posthumius 
Albinus. 

604. T.Quintius Flamininus ; M. Acilius Bal- 
bus. War between the Carthaginians and 
Masinissa. 

605. L. Marcius Censorinus: M. Manilius 
Nepos. The Romans declare war against Car- 
thage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the 
hard conditions which are imposed upon them; 
but the Romans say that Carthage must be 
destroyed. 

606. Sp. Postumius Albinus ; L. Calpernius 
Piso. Carthage besieged. 

607. P. Corn. Scipio ; C. Livius Drusus. 
The siege of Carthage continued with vigour 
by Scipio. 

608. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus ; L. Mummius. 
Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mum- 
mius takes and burns Corinth. 

609. Q. Fabius iEmilianus ; L. Hostilius 
Mancinius. 

610. Ser. Sulpicius Galba; L. Aurelius Cotta. 

611. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; Q. Caecilius 
Metellas Macedonicus 
liberians. 

612. L. Metellus Calvus ; Q. Fabius Maxi- 
mus Servilianus. 

613. Q, Pompeius ; C. Servilius Caepio. 

614. C. Laelius Sapiens ; Q. Servilius Caspio. 
The wars with Viriatus. 

615. M. Popilius Leenas; Cn. Calpurnius 
Piso. 

616. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; D. Junius 
Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the 
tribunes. 

617. M. ^milius Lepidus ; C. Hostilius 
Mancinus. Wars against Nuraantia. 

618. P.Furius Philus; Sex. Atilius Serranus. 

619. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus; Q. Calpurnius 
Piso. 

620. P. Corn. Scipio 2; C. Fulvius Flaccus. 

621. P. Mucins Scavola; L. Calpurnius 
Piso Frugi. IVumautia surrenders to Scipio, 
and is entirely demolished. The seditions of 
Ti. Gracchus at Rome. 

622. P. Popilius Laenas; P. Rupilus. 

623. P. Licinius Crassus ; L. Valerius Flac- 
cus. 

624. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Perponna. 
In the census are found 313,823 citizejis. 

625. C. Sempronius Tudltanus; M. Aqui- 
lius Nepos., 

626. Cn. Octavius JSepos ; T. Annius Luscus, 



War against the Cel- 



CO 

627. L. Cassius Longus ; L. Cornelius Cin' 
na. A revolt of slaves in Sicily. 

628. L. jEmilius Lepidus ; L. Aurelius 
Orestes. 

629. M. Plautius Hypsaeus ; M. Fulvius 
Flaccus. 

630. C. Cassius Longinus ; L. Sextius Cal- 
vinus. 

631. Q. Caecilius Metellus; T. Quintius 
Flamininus. 

632. C. Fannius Strabo : Cn. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Grac* 
chus. 

633. Lucius Opimius ; Q. Fabius Majtimus. 
The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The 
Allobroges defeated. 

634. P. Manlius Nepos ; C. Papirius Carbo. 

635. L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus; L. Au- 
relius Cotta. 

636. M. Fortius Cato ; Q. Marcius Rex. 

637. L» Caecilius Metellus; Q. Mutius Scae- 
vola. 

638. C. Licinius Geta ; Q. Fabius Maximus 
Eburnus. 

639. M, Caecilius Metellus; M. ^milius 
Scaurus. 

640. M. Acilius Balbus ; C. Fortius Cato. 

641. C. Caecilius Metellus; Cn. Papirius 
Carbo. 

642. M. Livius Drusus ; L. Calpurnius Piso . 
The Romans declare war against Jugurtha. 

643. P. Scipio Nasica ; L. Calpurnius Bes- 
tia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by Ju- 
gurtha. 

644. M. Minucius Rufus ; Sp. Postumius 
Albinus. 

645. Q. Caecilius Metellus ; M. Junius Sila- 
nus. Success of Metellus v.gainst Jugurtha. 

646. Servius Sulpicius Galba ; M. Aurelius 
Scaurus. Metellus continues the war. 

647. C. Marius; L. Cassius. The war a- 
gainst Jugurtha continued with vigour by Ma- 
rius. 

648. C. Atilius Serranus ; Q.' Servilius Cae- 
pio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the 
hands of Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. 

649. P. Rutilius Rufus; Corn. Manlius 
Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. 
Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri 
and Teutones. 

650. G. Marius 2 ; C. Flavins Fimbria. The 
Cimbri march towards Spain. 

651. C. Marius3; L. Aurelius Orestes. The 
Cimbri defeated in Spain. 

652. C. Marius 4; Q. Lutatius Catulus. The 
Teutones totally defeated by Marius. 

653. C. Marius 5; M. Aquillius. The Cim- 
bri enter Italy, and are defeated by Mai'ius and 
Catulus. 

654. C. Marius 6 ; L. Valerius Flaccus. 
Factions against Metellus. 

655. M. Antonius; A. Postumius Albinus. 
Metellus is gloriously recalled. 

656. L. Caecilius Metellus Nepos ;T. Didius. 

657. Cn. Corn Lentulus ; P. Licinius Crassus. 

658. Cn. jDomitius Ahenobarbus ; C. Cas- 
sius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left 
by will to the Roman people. 

669. L. Luciuius Crassus ; Q. Mucins Scse- 
voia. Seditions of Norbanus. 

660. C. Ccelius Caldus ; L. Domitius Ahe- 
nobarbus. 

661. C. Valerius Flaccus; M, Herennius 



CO 

Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lidns with men 
in the circus. 

662. C. Claudius Pulcher ; M. Perpenna. 
The allies wish to be admitted citizens of 
Rome. 

663. L. Marcius Philippus ; Sex. Julius Cae- 
sar. The allies prepare to revolt. 

664. M. Julius Caesar; P. Rutilius Rufus. 
Wars with the Marsi. 

665. Cn, Pompeius Strabo; L.Portius Ca- 
to. The great valour of Sylla, surnamed the 
Fortunate. 

666. L. Cornelius Sylla ; Q. Pompeius Ru- 
fus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithrida- 
tic war. Marius is empowered to supersede 
him ; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with 
his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his 
adherents judged as enemies. 

667. Cn. Octavius ; L. Cornelius Cinna. Cin- 
na endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. 
Marius returns, and, with Cinna, mai'ches 
against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter. 

668. C. Marius 7; L. Cornelius Cinna 2. 
Marius died, and L, Valerius Flaccus was cho- 
sen in his room. The Mithridatic war. 

669. L. Cornelius Cinna 3; Cn. Papirius 
Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by 
Sylla. 

670. L. Cornelius Cinna 4; Cn. Papirius 
<!^arbo 2. Peace with Mithridates. 

671. L. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus ; C. Nor- 
banus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins 
Sylla. 

672. C. Marius ; Cn. Papirius Carbo 8. Ci- 
vil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. 
Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who 
makes himself dictator. 

673. M. TuUius Decula ; Cn. Cornelius Do- 
labella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the 
power of the tinbunes. Pompey triumphs 
over Africa. 

674. L. Corn. Sylla Felix 2; Q. Cacilius 
Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates, 

675. P. Servilius Vatia ; Ap. Claudius Pul- 
cher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship. 

676. M. iEmilius Lepidus ; Q. Lutatius Ca- 
tulus. Sylla dies. 

677. D. Junius Brutus ; Mamercus jJ^milius 
Lepidus Levianus. A civil war between Le- 
pidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Ser- 
toriusin Spain. 

678. Cn. Octavius ; M. Scribonius Curio. 
Sertorius defeated. 

679. L. Octavius ; C. Aurelius Cotta. Mi- 
thridates and Sertorius make a treaty of al- 
liance together. Sertorius murdered by Per- 
penna. 

680. L. Licinius LucuUus ; M. Aurelius Cot- 
ta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war. 

681. M. Terentius Varro Lucullus ; C. Cas- 
«ius Varus Spartacus. The gladiators make 
head against the Romans with much success, 

682. L. Gellius Poplicola ; Cn. Corn. Len- 
tulus Clodiaaus. Victories of Spai'tacus over 
three Roman generals. 

683. Cn. Aufidius Orestes ; P, Corn. Lentu- 
lus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus 
near Apulia. 

684. M. Licinius Crassus; Cn. Pompeius 
Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mi- 
thridates. The census amounts to above 
900,000. 

685. Q. Hortcnsius 2; Q. C?ecilius Metellufl. 



CO 

Lnculhig defeats Tigranes king of Armenia? 
and meditates the invasion of Parthia. 

686. Q. Martins Rex ; L, Caecilius Metellus. 
Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithri- 
dates and Tigranes. 

687. M. Acilias Glabrio ; C. Calpurnius Pi- 
so. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his 
troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes 
against the pirates. 

688. M. ^milius Lepidus ; L. Volcatus Tul- 
lus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish th« 
Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy. 

689. L. Aurelius Cotta ; L. Manlius Torqua- 
tus. Success of Pompey in Asia. 

690. L. Julius Caesar ; C. Martins Figulus. 
Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there. 

691. M. Tullius Cicero ; C. Antonius. Mi- 
thridates poisons himself. Catiline conspire* 
against tlie state. Cicero discovers the con- 
spiracy, and punishes the adherents. 

692. D. Junius Silanus ; L, Licinius Murae- 
na. Pompey triumphs over the pirates, Mi- 
thridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus. 

693. M, Puppius Piso ; M. Valerius Massala 
Niger. 

694. L. Afranius ; Q. Metellus Celer, A 
reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and 
Caesar. 

695. C. Jul. Ca3sar ; M. Calpurnius Bibulin. 
Caesar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and 
is sole consul. He obtains the government of 
Gaul for five years. 

696. C, Calpurnius Piso ; A. Gabinius Pau- 
lus, Cicero banished by means of Clodius. 
Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. , 
Successes of Caesar in Gaul. 

697. P. Com, Lentulus Spinther; Q. Caeci- 
lius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cae- 
sar's success and victories. 

698. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Mai'cellinus ; L. 
Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cae- 
sar, Pompey, and Crassus. 

699. Cn. Pomperas Magnus 2 ; M. Licinius 
Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cse- 
sar continued for five years more in the ad- 
ministration of Ganh His conquest of Britain. 

700. L, Domitius Ahenobarbus ; Ap. Clau- 
dius Pulcher. Great victories of Caesar. 

701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; M. Valerius 
Messala, Crassus defeated and slain in Par- 
thia. Milo kills Clodius. 

702. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3 ; the only con- 
sul. He afterwards took for colleague, Q, 
Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the 
Gauls crushed by Caesar. 

703. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus ; M. Claudius 
Marcellus, Rise of the jealousy between Ca2- 
sar and Pompey. 

704. L. iEmilius Paulus; P Claudius Mar- 
cellus. Cicero pro-consul of Cilicia. Increase 
of the ditFerences between Caesar and Pom- 
pey. 

705. C. Claudius Marcellus; L. Cornelius 
Lentulus. Caesar begins the civil war, Pom- 
pey flies from Rome, Cajsar made dictator. 

706. C. Julius Caesar 2 ; P. Cervilius Isauri- 
cus. Ca3sar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, 
Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of 
Caesar in Egypt. 

707. Q. Fusius Calenus ; P. Vatinius, Pow- 
er and influence of Caesar at Rome. He re- 
duces Pontus. 

708. C. Julius Csesar 3 ; M. .aimilius Lepi- / | 



CO 

ins. Caesar defeats Pompey's partisans in Af- 
rica, and takes Utica. 

709. C. Julius Czesar 4 ; Consul alone. He 
conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, 
and was declared perpetual Dictator and Im- 
perator, he. 

710. C. Julius Caesar 5 ; M. Antonius. Caesar 
meditates a war against Parthia. Above sixty 
Romans conspire against Caesar, and murder 
Lim ia the senate house. Antony raises him- 
self to power. The rise of Octavius. 

711. C. Vibius Pansa ; A. Hirtius. Antony 
judged a public enemy. He is opposed by the 
consuls and Augustus. He joins Augustus. 
Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepi- 
dus. 

712. L. Minucius Plancus ; M. iEmilius Le- 
pidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory 
of J. Caesar. Brutus and Cassius join their 
forces against Augustus and Antony. 

713. L. Antonius; P. Servilius Isauricus 2. 
Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus 
and Cassius. 

714. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; C. Asinius Pol- 
lio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against 
Augustus. The alliance of short duration. 

715. L- Marcius Censorinus ; C. Calvisius 
Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia, the sister 
of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alli- 
ance. 

716. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; C. Norbanus 
Flaccus ; to whom were substituted C. Octa- 
vianus, and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey, the 
son of Pompey the Great, makes himself pow- 
erful by sea, to oppose Augustus. 

717. M. Agrippa ; L. Caninius Gallus. A- 
grippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose 
Sext. Pompey with a fleet. He builds the fa- 
mous harbour of Misenum. 

718. L. Gellius Poplicola ; M. Cocceius Ner- 
va. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pom- 
pey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom 
he is put to death. 

719. L. Cornificus Nepos ; Sex. Pompeius 
Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by 
Augustus. 

720. L. Scribonius Libo ; M. Antonius 2. 
Augustus and Antony being sole masters of the 
Roman empire, make another division of the 
provinces. Caesar obtains the west, and An- 
tony the east. 

721. C. Caesar Octavianus 2 ; L. Volcatius 
TuUus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who 
marries Cleopatra. 

722. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; C. Sosius. 
Dissentions between Augustus and Antony, 

723. C. Caesar Octavianus 3; M. Valer. 
Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actiura, 
which, according to some authors, happened 
the year of Rome 721. — The end of the com- 
monwealth. 

CoNsus, a deity at Rome, who presided 
over councils. His temple was covered in the 
Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought 
to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that 
it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romu- 
lus instituted festiv^als to his honour, called 
Consualin, during the celebration of which tiie 
Romans carried away the Sabine women. 
{Fid. Consuelcs ludi.) Plut. in Kom. — Jiason. 
W. and eleg. de far. R. 19. — Dionys. Hal. 1, — 
UiK 1, c.9, 

CowsTGXA, IJie wife of Nicomedes king of 



CO 

Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lasci- 
vious deportment. Plin. 8, c. 40. 

CoNTAD£SDUs, a rivcr of Thrace, Herodot. 
4, c. 90. 

CoNTUBiA, a town in Spain. Flor. 2, c. 17. 

CooN, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by 
Agamemnon. Homer. II. 

Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an bland of the 
iEgean sea. Vid. Co. 

Cop^, a place of Greece, near the Cephi- 
sus. Plin. 4, c. 7. 

CoPAis LAcus, now Limne, a lake of Bceo- 
tia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers 
empty themselves. It is famous for its excel- 
lent eels, Paus. 9, c. 24. 

CoPHAS, a son of Artabazus. Curt. 7, c. 
11. A river of India. Dionys. Perieg. 

CoPHONTis, a burning mountain of Bactrim 
ana. Plin. 2, c. 106. 

CopiA, the goddess of plenty ; among the 
Romans represented as bearing a horn filled 
with grapes, fruit, &.e. 

CopiLLus, a general of the Tectosagae, ta- 
ken by the Romans. Plut. in Syll. 

C. CopoNius, a commander of the fleet of 
Rhodes, at Dyracchium, in the interest of 
Pompey. Cic. 1, de Div. c. 8. — Paterc. 2, c. 83. 

CopRATEs, a river of Asia, falling into the 
Tigris. Diod. 19. 

CoPREUs, asonofPelops, who fled to My- 
cenae at the death of Iphitus. Apollod. 2, c, 6. 

CoPTUs and CoPTos, now Kypt, a town of 
Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on 
a canal which communicates with the Nile. 
Plin. 5, c. 9, 1, 6, c. 2S.—Strab. 16.— Juv. 15, 
V. 28. 

Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of 
the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians 
before the foundation of Rome. Lucan. 7, v 
392.— Virg.JEn. 6, v. 775. 

CoRACEsiuM and CoracensIum, a mari'- 
time town of Pamphylia. Liv. 33, c. 20. 

CoRACoNASDs, a town of Arcadia, where 
the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Paus. 8, c. 25. 

CoRALETJE, a people of Scythia. Flacc. 
6, v. 81. 

CoRALLi, a savage people of Pontus. Chid. 
ex Pont. 4, el. 2, v. 37. 

CoRANus, a miser. Vid. Nasica. 

Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, 
who fought against JEneas. Virg. ^n. 7, v 
672. 

CoRAX, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, 
who first demanded salary of his pupils. Cic. 
in Brut. 12, de oral. 1, c. 20.— .dul. Gdl. 5, 
c. 10.— Qum/i/. 3, c. 1. A king of SicyoD. 

— A mountain of -Stolia. Liv. 36, c, 30, 

CoRASi a people of Colchis, Plin. 6, c. 5. 

Cobeus, a Gaul, k,c. C<zs. Bell. G. 8, c. 6. 

CoRBis and Orsua, two brothers, who 
fought for the dominion of a city, in the pre- 
sence of Scipio, in Spain. Liv. 28, c. 31 

Val. Max.9tC.U. 

CoRBULo, Domitius, a prefect of Belgium, 
who, when governor of Syria, routed the Par- 
thians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes 
king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, 
ordered him to be murdered ; and Corbula 
hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, 
I have well deserved this ! A.D. 66. His name 
was given to a place {Monu7ne7i(um) in Ger- 
many, which some suppose to be modern (V/-"- 
nifigen. Tacit, .'inn. \], c. 18. 



\ 



CO 



Corc7ra, an island in the Ionian sea, about 
12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epi- 
rus ; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and 
the gardens of Alcinous. It has been succes- 
sively called Drepant, Schcria, and Phaacia, 
and now bears the name of Corfu. Some Co- 
rinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, 
came to settle there, when banished from their 
country, 703 years before the christian ^era. A 
colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years 
before Christ. The war which was carried on 
by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and 
was called Corcyrean, became but a prepara- 
tion for the Peloponnesian war. The people 
of Corcyra wei'e once so hated by the Cretans, 
that such as were found on the island of Crete 
were always put to death. Ovid. lb. 512. — 
Homer. Od. 5, &c. — Lucan 9, v. 32. — Mela, 2, 
c, T.—Plin. 4, c. \2.—Strah. 6. 

CoRDUB.\, now Cordova, a famous city of 
Hispania Baetica, the native place of both the 
Senecas, and of Lucan. Martial. 1, ep. 62. — 
Mela, 2, c. Q.—Cces. Bell. Jlkx. 57.— Plin. 3, 
c. 1. 

CoRDYLA, a port of Pontus, supposed to 
give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught 
there (Cordylce.) Plin. 9, c. 15. — Martial. 13, 

Core, a daughter of Ceres, the same as 
Proserpine. Festivals called Coreia, were in- 
stituted to her honour iu Greece. 

CoREssus, a hill near Ephesus. Herodot. 
5, c. 100. 

CoRESus, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon 
in Boeotia, who was deeply enamoured of the 
nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with dis- 
dain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited 
the country with a pestilence. The Calydo- 
nians were directed by the oracle to appease 
the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. 
The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, 
■who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resent- 
ment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, con- 
scious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, 
killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which 
afterwards bore her name. Pans. 7, c. 21. 

CoRETAs, a man who first gave oracles at 
Delphi. Pint- de orac. def. 

CoRFiNiUM, now San Ferino, the capital 
©f the Peligni, three miles from the Aturnus 
tirhich falls into the Adriatic. Cces. Civ. 1, c. 
IQ.— Lucan. 2, v. 478.— Si/. 5, v. 522. 

CoRiA, a surname of Minerva among the 
Arcadians. Cic. de. JVat. D. 3, c. 23. 

CoRiNNA, and celebrated woman of Tana- 
gra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her 
lather's name was Archelodorus. It is said 
that she obtained five times a poetical prize, 
in which Pindar was her competitor ; but it 
must be acknowledged, that her beauty greatly 
contributed to defeat her rivals. She had 
composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of 
which only some few verses remain. Propert. 

2, el. 3. — Paus. 9, c. 22. A woman of 

Thespis, celebrated for her beauty. Ovid's 

mistress was also called Corinna. Amor. 2, 
el. 6. 

CoRiNNUs, an ancient poet in the time of 
the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. 
Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from 
the poem of Corinnus. 

CoRiNTHiAcus SINUS, IS now callcd the gulf 
of Lcpanto. 



CO 

CoRjNTHUS, an ancient city of Greece, noAsr 
called Corito, situated on the middle of the 
Isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 
60 stadia on either side from the sea. It wa» 
founded by Sisyphus son of jEoIus, A. M. 2616, 
and received its name from Corinthus the 
son of Pelops, Its original name was Ephyrt ; 
and it is called Bimaris, because situate be- 
tween the Saronicus Sinus and Crisseus Sinus. 
The inhabitants were once very powerful, 
and had great influence among the Grecian 
states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, 
and delivered it from the tyranny of its op- 
pressors, by the means of Timoleon. Co- 
rinth was totally destroyed by L. Mummius, 
the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 
146 B. C. The riches which the Romans 
found there were immense. During the con- 
flagration, all the metals which were in the 
city melted and mixed together, and formed 
that valuable composition of metals, which 
has since been known by the name of Corin^ 
thium JEs. This, however, appears impro- 
bable, especially when it is remembered that 
the artists of Corinth made a mixture of cop- 
per with small quantities of gold and silver, 
and so brilliant was the composition, that the 
appellation of Corinthian brass afterwards 
stamped an extraordinary value on pieces of 
inferior worth. There was there a famous 
temple of Venus, where lascivious women re- 
sorted and sold their pleasures so dear, that 
many of their lovers were reduced to po- 
verty ; whence the proverb of 
JVon cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum, 
to show that all voluptuous indulgences are at- 
tended with much expense. .1. Cajsar planted 
a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise 
it from its ruins, and restore it to its former 
grandeur. The government of Corinth was 
monarchical, till 779 years B. C. when officers 
called Prytanes were instituted. The war 
which has received the name of Carinthian 
ivar, because the battles were fought in the 
neighbourhood of Coz'inth, was begun B. C. 395, 
by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, 
Corinthians, andArgives, against Lacedaemon. 
Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished them- 
selves in that war; the former, on the first year 
of hostilities, was defeated with the Lacedae- 
monian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus ; while a 
few days after Agesilaus slauglitered 10,000 of 
the enemy. The most famous battles were 
fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus 
refused to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the 
Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did 
not turn their arms against the Persian power. 
Martial 9, ep..5S. — Siieton. Jlug. 70. — Liv. 45, 
c. 28.— F/or. 2, ,c. U.—Qvid, Met. 2, v. 240.— 
Horat. 1, ep. 17, v. m.—Plin. 34, c. 2.~Slat. 
Theb. 7, V. 106.— Paus. 2, c. 1, kc.—Strab. 8, 
kc— Homer II. Id.— Cic. Tusc. 4, c. 14. in 

Verr. 4, c. 44. de jY. D. 3. An actor at 

Rome. Juv. 8, v. 197. 

CoRioLANas, the surname of C. Martins, 
from his victory over Corioli, where, from a 
private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. 
When master of the place, he accepted as the 
only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a 
horse, and prisoners, and his ancient host, to 
whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a 
number of military exploits, and many services 
to his country, he was refused the consulship by 



CO 

the people, when his scarshad for a whileinflu- 1 
enced them in his favour. This raised his resent- 1 
ment ; and when the Romans had received a [ 
present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Corio- 1 
lanus insisted that it should be'sold for money, 
and not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes 
raised the people against him for his impru- 
dent adyice, and evf n wished him to be put to 
death. This rigorous sentence was stopped 
by the influence of the senators, and Corio- 
lanus submitted to a trial. He was banished 
by a majority of three tribes, and he immedi- 
ately retired among the Volsci, to Tullus 
Aufidius, his greatest enemy, from whom he 
met a most friendly reception. He advised 
him to make waragainst Rome, and he march- 
ed at the head of the Volsci as general. The 
approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the 
Romans, wdio sent him several embassies to 
reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his 
return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade 
them prepare for war. He jntched his camp 
only at the distance of five miles from the city; 
and his enmity against his countiy would have 
been fatal, had not his mother Volumnia, and 
his wife Vergilia^ been prevailed upon by the 
Roman matrons, to go and appease his resent- 
ment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his 
family was tender and atfecting. He remain- 
ed long inexorable ; but at last the tears and 
entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed 
over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an 
enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci 
from the neig'ibourhood of Rome. To show 
their sense of Volumnia's merit andpatriotism, 
the Romans dedicated a temple to Female 
Fortune. The behaviour of Coriolanus, how- 
ever, displeased the Volsci. He was summon- 
ed to appear before the people of Antium ; 
but the clamours which his enemies raised, 
were so prevalent, that he w^as murdered at 
the place appointed for his trial, B. C. 488. 
His body was honoured with a magnificent 
funeral by the Volsci, and tlie Roman matrons 
put on mourning for his loss. Some historians 
say that he died in exile,in an advanced old age. 
Flat, in vitd—Flor. 2, c. 22. 

CoRioLi, and Couiolla, a town of Latium 
on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the 
Romans under C. r«lartius, called from thence 
Coriolanus. PUn. 3, c. 5. — Plut. — Liv, 2, c, 33. 

CoRissus, a town of Ionia. 

CoRiTus. Fid. Corytus. 

CoRMASSA, a town of Parapyhlla. Liv 38, 
c. 15. 

CoRMUs, a river near Assyria. Tacit. 12, 
,Qnn. c. 14. 

Cornelia lex, de Civitate, was enacted 
A. U. C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It con- 
firmed the Sulpician law, and required that 
the citizens of the eight newly elected 
tribes, should be divided among the 35 an- 
cient tribes. Another, de Judiciis, A. U. 

C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the 
pra3tor should always observe the same inva- 
riable method in judicial proceedings, and 
that the process should not depend upon his 

will. Another, de Sumptifms, hy the same. 

It limited the expenses which generally at- 
tended funerals. Another, de RcUgione, by 

the same, A. U. C. 677. It restored to the 
college of priests, the privilege of choosing the 
priests, which, by the Doraitian law, had been 



lodged in the hands of the people. Ano- 
ther, de Municipiis, by the same ; which re- 
voked all the privileges which had been some 
time before granted to the several towns that 
had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil 

wars. Another, de Magisiratibus, by the 

same ; which gave the power of bearing hon- 
ours and being promoted before the legal age, 
to those who had followed the interest of Syl- 
la, while the sons and partisans of his enemies, 
uho had been proscribed, were deprived of the 
privilege of standing for any office of the state. 

Another, de Magistratibiis, by the same, 

A. U. C. 673. It ordained that no person 
should exercise the same office within ten. 
years distance, or be invested with tw'o differ- 
ent magistracies in one year. Another, de 

Magisiratibus, by the same, A. U. C. 672. It 
divested the tribunes of the privilege of ma- 
king laws, interfering, holding assemblies, and 
receiving appeals. AH such as had been tri- 
bunes were incapable of holding any other 

office in the state by that law. Another, d& 

Majestate, by the same, A. U. C. 670. It 
made it treason to send an araiy out of a pro- 
vince, or engage in a war without orders, to in- 
fluence the soldiers to spare or ransom a cap- 
tive general of the enemy, to pardon the lead- 
ers of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of 
a Roman citizen, to a foreign court, without 
previous leave. The punishment was, aqucR 

fy ignis interdidio. Another by the same, 

which gave the power to a man accused of 
murder, either by poison, W'eapons, or false 
accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, 
to choose whetherthe jury that tried him should 
give their verdict dam or palam viva voce, or 

by ballots. Another by the same, which 

made it aquce ^ ig7iis interdidio to such as 
were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering 
of wills, corruption, false accusations, and the 
debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin ; 
all such as were accessary to this offence, w^ere 

deemed as guilty as the offender. Another, 

de pecimiis repetundis, by which a man con- 
victed of peculation or extortion in tiie provin- 
ces, was condemned to suffer the aquce^ ig- 
nis interdidio. Another by the same, 

which gave the power to such as were sent 
into the provinces with any government, of 
retaining their command and appointment, 
without a renewal of it by the senate, as was 

before observed. Another by the same, 

which ordained that the lands of proscribed 
persons should be common, especially those 
about Volaterrae and Fesulffi in Etruria, which 

Sylla divided among his soldiers. Another 

by C. Cornelius, tribune of the people, A. U. 
C. 686 ; which ordained that no person should 
be exempted from any law, according to the 
general custom, unless 200 senators were pre- 
sent in the senate ; and no person thus ex- 
empted, could hinder the bill of his exemp- 
tion from being carried to the people for their 

concurrence. Another by INasica, A. U. C. 

582, to make waragainst Perseus, son of Phi- 
lip, king of Macedonia, if he did not give pro- 
per satisfaction to the Roman people. 

Cornelia, a daughter of Cinna, who was 
the first wife of J. Cssar. She became mother 
of Julia, Pompey's wife, and was so affection- 
ately loved by her husband, Ihat at her death 
he pronounced a funeral oration over her body. 



^ 



CO 

Fhd. in Cczs. A daughter of Metellus Sci- 

pio, who married Pompey, after the death of 
her husband P. Crassus. She has been prais- 
ed for her great virtues. When her husband 
left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on 
shore in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by 
Achillas, and heard his dying groans without 
the possibility of aiding him. She attributed 
all his misfortunes to his connexion with her. 

Plvi. in Pomp. A daughter of Scipio Afri- 

canus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, 
and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius 
Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but 
she preferred being the wife of a Roman citi- 
zen, to that of a monarch. Her virtues have 
been deservedly commended, as well as the 
wholesome principles she inculcated in her 
two sons. When a Campanian lady made 
once a show of her jewels at Cornelia's house, 
and entreated her to favour her with a sight 
of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, 
saying. These are the only jewels of which I 
can boast. In her lifetime, a statue was raised 
to her, with this inscription, Cornelia maler 
Gracchorum. Some of her epistles are pre- 
served. Plut. in Sracch. — Juv. 6, v. 167. — 
Vol. Max. 4, c. 4.—Cic. in Brut. 68, de FA. Or. 

S8. A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domi- 

tian's age, as guilty of incontinence. Sutton, 
in Dom. 

CoRNELii, an illusti'ious family at Rome, 
of whom the most distinguished were, Caius 
Cornelius, a soothsayer of Pauda, who fore- 
told the beginning and issue of the battle of 

Pharsalia. Dolobella, a friend and admirer 

of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustus in- 
tended to remove her from the monument, 

where she had retired An officer of Sylla, 

whom J. CfEsar bribed to escape the pro- 
scription which threatened his life. Ce- 

thegus, a priest degraded from his office for 

want of attention. Cn. a man chosen by 

Marcellus to be his colleague in the con- 
sulship. Balbus, a man who hindered J. 

Caesar from rising up at the arrival of the 
senators. Cossus, a military tribune dur- 
ing the time that there were no consuls in the 
republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils 

called opima. Liv. 4, c. 19. Balbus, a man 

of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he 

was ably defended when accused. A freed- 

mau of Sylla the dictator. Scipio, a man 

appointed master of the horse, by Camillus, 

when dictator Gallus, an elegiac poet. 

Vid. Gallus. Merula, was made consul by 

Augustus, in the room of Cinna. Marcel- 
lus, a man killed in Spain, by Galba. C. 

Nepos, an historian. Vid. Nepos. Merula, a 

consul, sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 
14(X) of them. His grandson followed the in- 
terest of Sylla ; and when Marius entered the 
city, he killed himself, by opening his veins. 
Gallus, a man who died in the act of copu- 
lation. Vat. Max. 9, c. 12. Severus, an 

epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great 
genius. He wrote a poem on mount ^tna, 
and on the death of Cicero. Qmntil. 10, v. 1. 

Thuscus, a mischievous person. Len- 

tultis Cethegus, a consul. Aur. Celsus, 

wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, 

and highly valued. Cn. and Publ. Scipio. 

Vid. Scipio. Lentulus, a high priest, ^c. 

Liv.— Plut.— Val Max.— Tudt.—Sm. Polyb. 
—C.Nep.Ut. 



GO 

CoRNicuLUM, a town of Latium. Dioms. 
Hal. 

CoRNiFicius, a poet and general in the agt 
of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, Sic. 
His sister Cornificia, was also blessed with a 
poetical genius. Plut. in Brut. A lieuten- 
ant of J. Caesar. Id. in Cces. A friend of 

Cicero and his colleague in the office of augur. 

CoRNiGER, a surname of Bacchus. 

CoRNijTus, a stoic philosopher of Africa, 
preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote 
some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. 

Pers. 5, v. 36. A praetor of Rome, in the age 

of Cicero. Cic. 10, ep. 12. -A Roman, saved 

from the proscription of Marius, by his ser- 
vants, who hung up a dead man in his room, 
and said it was their master. Plut. in Mario. 

CoRCEBDS, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon 
and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the 
Trojan war, with the hopes of being re- 
warded with the hand of Cassandra for his 
services. Cassandra advised him in vain to 
retire from the war. He was killed by Pe- 
neleus. Paxis. 10, c. 27. — Virg. ^n. 2, v. 

341, he. A courier of Elis, killed by 

Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olyra- 
pia, B. C. 779, in the 28th olympiad, from 
the institution of Iphitus ; but this year has 
generally been called the first olympiad. Pavj. 

5, c. 8. A hero of Argolis, who killed 

a serpent called Pcene, sent by Apollo to 
avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in 
the number of the furies. His country was 
afflicted with the plague, and he consulted the 
oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to 
build a temple, where a tripod, which was 
given him, should fall from his hands. Paus. 

1, V. 43. 

Corona, a town of Messenia. Plin. 4, c. 5. 

CoRONEA, a town of Boeotia, where, in the 
first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus de- 
feated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, 
Corintli, and Argos, B. C. 394. C. A'qt. in Ages. 

-Pans. 9, c. 34. — Diod. 12. A town of 

Peloponnesus — of Corinth — of Cyprus — of 
Ambracia — of Phthiotis. 

CoRoNis, a daughter of Phelegias, loved by 
Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, 
who killed heron account of her criminal pai- 
tiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to 
some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to 
her brother, and Mercury saved the child 
from her womb as she was on the burning pile. 
Others say that she brought forth her son, 
and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid 
her father's resentment ; and they farther 
mention, that Apollo had set a crow to watch 
her behaviour. The child was preserved, and 
called iEsculapius ; and the mother, after 
death, received divine honours, and had a 
statue at Sicyon, in her son's temple, which 
was never exposed to public view. Paus. 2, 

c. 26. The daughter of Coronaius, king of 

Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when 
fiying before JNeptune. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 543. 
One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione. 

CoRONiA, a town of Acarnania. Thucyd. 

2, c. 102. 

CorOnus, a son of Apollo. Paus. 2, c.5. 

A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithse. 

Diod. 4. 

CouRHAGiuM, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
31, c. 27. 



CO 

CoRsi, a people of Sardinia, descended from 
the Corsicans. 

CoRsiA, a town of Boeotia. Pans. 9, c. 24. \ 
Corsica, a mountainous island in the Medi- 1 
terranean, on the coast of liaXj. Its inhabi- 
tants were savage, and bore the character of 
robbers, liai-s, and atheists, according to Sen- 
eca, who was exiled among them. They lived 
to a great age, and fed on honey, which was 
produced in great abundance, though bitter in 
taste, from the number of yew trees and liem- 
lock which grew there. Corsica was in pos- 
session of the Carthaginians, and conquered 
by the Romans, B. C. 231. The Greeks call- 
ed it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was con- 
sidered as in a flourishing state, as it contained 
no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding 
its present population. Strah. — Martial. 9, 
ep. 27.— Plin. 3, c. 6, 1. 7, c. 2.— Ovid. 1, 
jimor. el. 12, v. 10.— Virg. Ed. 9, v. 30. 
CoRsoTE, a town of Armenia. 
CoRsOR.i, an island in the bay of Carthage. 
CoRTOKA, an ancient town of Etruria, call- 
ed Coryium by Virgil. It was at the month of 
the Thrasymene lake. Dionys. H. 1, c. 20 and 
26.— Lu'. 9, c. 37, 1. 22, c. 4. 

CoRYiNDs, a name given to M. Valerius 
from a crow^ which assisted him when he was 

fighting against a Gaul. An orator. Paterc. 

2, c. 36. Messala, an eloquent orator, in the 

Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and 
patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quo- 
tations of Greek in his orations. In his old 
age, he became so forgetful as not even to re- 
member his own name. One of this family 

became so poor, that he was obliged, to main- 
tain himself, to be a raercenai-y shepherd. 
Juv. 1, V. 101. 

T. CoRUNCANus, the first plebeian who 

was made high-priestat Rome. The family 

of the Coruncani was famous for the number 
of great men which it supplied, for the service 
and honour of the Roman republic. Cic. pro 
Donio. 

CoRus, a river of Arabia, falling into the 
Red sea. Herodot. 3, c. 9. 

CoRvcANTKS, the priests of Cybele, called 
also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, 
they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if de- 
lirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, 
and from thencepassedinto Crete, and secretly 
brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they 
receive their name from Corybas son of Jasus 
and Cybele, who first introduced the rights of 
his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival 
at Cnossus in Crete, called Coi-ybantica, in 
commemoration of the Corybantes, vv^ho there 
educated Jupiter. Pans- 8, c, 37. — Diod. 5. — 
Moral. 1, od. 16.—Virg. ^n. 9, v. 617, 1. 10, v. 
250. 

CoRYBAS, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diod. 

5. A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. 

P/m.35, c. 11. 

CoRYBASsA, a city of Mysia. 
GoRYBUs, a promontory of Crete. 
CoRYCiA, a nymph, mother of Lycorus, by 
Apollo. Paus. 10, c. 6. 

CuRYCiDES, the nymphs who inhabited the 
foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied 
to the muses. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320. 

CouYcius, an old man of Tarentum, whose 
time was happily employed in taking care of 
his bees. He 13 represented by f^rqil. O. 4 
23 



€0 

V. 127, &c. as a contented old man, whose as- 
siduity and diligence are exemplary. Some 
suppose that the word Corycius, implies not a 
person of that name, but a native of Corycns, 
who had settled in Italy. 

CoRYcus, now Curco, a lofty mountain of 
Ciiicia, with a town of tiie same name, and 
also a cave, with a grove which produced ex- 
cellent saffron. Horat. 2, Sat. 4, v. 68. — Lu- 
can. 9, V. 809.— Plin. 5, c. 27.— Cic. ad Fam. 

12, ej). 13. — Slrab. 14. Another of Ionia, 

long the famous retreat of robbers. Ano- 
ther at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the 
muses. Siat. Thsb. 7.— Strah. 9. 

CoRYDON, a fictitious name of a shepherd, 
often occurring in the pastorals of Theocritus 
and Virgil. 

CoRYLA and Coryleum, a village of Faph- 
lagonia. 

CoRYNA, a town of Ionia. Mela, 1, c. 17. 

CoRYMBiFER, a sumame of Bacchus, from 
his wearing a crown of corymhi, certain ber- 
ries that grow on the ivy. Odd. 1. Fast. v. 393. 

CoRYNETA and CoRYNETEs, a famous rob- 
ber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. Plut. 
in Thes. 

CoRYPHASiuM, a promontory of Peloponne- 
sus. Paus. 4, c. 36. 

CoRYPHE, a daughter of Oceanus. Cic. dt 
Aat.D.S, c.23. 

CoRYTHENSES, a placc of Tegea. Patis. 8, 
c. 45. 

CoRYTHus, a king of Corinth. Diod. 4. 

CoRY'Tus, a king of Etruria, father to .lasius, 
whom Dardanus is said to have put to deaths 
to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and 
mountain of Etruria, now Cortomi, near which 
Dardanus was born. Virs:. JEn. 3, v. 170, 1. 7, 
V. 209.— 5?:/. 5, V. 123, 1. 4^; v. 721. 

Cos, an island. Vid. Co. 

CosA and Cossa, orCoSiE, a town of Etru- 
ria. Virs. JEm,. 10, v. 168.— Liv. 22, c. 11.— 
Cic. 9, An. Q.—Cas. U. C. 1, c. 34. 

Coscomus, a Latin writer. Varro de L. L. 
A wretched epigram writer. Martial. 



2, ep.77. 

Cosingas, a Thracian priest of Juno, h£. 
Polifmn. 7, c. 22. 

Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania? 
killed by Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. 

CosMus, an effeminate Roman. Juv. S. 

CossEA, apaitof Persia. Diod. 17. 

Cossus, a surname given to the family of 

the Cornelii. A Roman, who killed Vo- 

lumnius, king of Veii, and obtained the Spolia 
Opima, A. U. C. 317. Virg. JEn. 6, r. 841. 

CossuTii, a family at Rome, of which Co.^- 
sutia, Caesar's wife, was descended. Suet, in 
C(Rs. 1. — One of the family was distinguished 
as an architect about 200 B. C. He first in- 
troduced into Italy the more perfect models 
of Greece. 

CosTOB(Ei, robbers in Galatia. Patty. 10, 
V. 34. 

CosYRA, a baiTen island in the African sea, 
near Melita. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 567. 

CoTES and Cottes, a promontory of Mau- 
ritania. 

CoTiioN, a small island near the citadel ot 
Carthage, with a convenient bay, wiiich serv- 
ed for a dock-yard. Serviui in Virg. JEn. 1, v 
431— Z)iW. 3. 

I CoTHONEA, the mother of Tripfoleniu""'. 
Tfy^in. fab. 147. 



CR 

CoTiso, a king of the Daci, whose afmy in- 
vaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. 
Lentulus, tbe lieutenant of Augustus. It is 
said tliat Augustus solicited his daughter in 
marriage. Suet, in dug. 63. — Horat. 3, od. 8, 
V. 18. 

CoToNis, an island near the Echinades. 
Plin. 4, c. 12. 

CoTTo M. AuRELius, a Roman, who op- 
posed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus: 
and when in Asia he was defeated by sea and 
land, by Mithridales. He was surnamed Po7i- 
ticus, because lie took Heraclea of Pontus by 

treachery. Plut. in Lucull. An orator, 

greatly commended by Cicero de Oral. A 

governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sar- 

danapalus. Diod. 2. A spendthrift in the 

age of Nero, &c. Tacit. An officer of Cae- 
sar, in Gaul. A poet mentioned by Ovid in 

Ep. dePonf. 

CoTTi^ Alpes, a certain part of the Alps, 
by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Suet. 
Tib. 37, Mr. 18. 

CoTTus, a giant, son of Ccelus and Terra, 
tvho had 100 hands, and 50 heads. Hesiod. 

Theog. V. 147. A man among the ^dui, 

&c. C(Es. Bell. 

CoTYiEUM, a town of Galatia. Plin. 3, c. 

32. of Phrygia. 

CoTYL.«us, a surname of ^^sculapius, wor- 
shipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His 
temple w'as raised by Hercules. Pans. 3, c. 19. 
CoTYLius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pans. 
8, c. 41. 

CoTYORA, a city of Asia Minor, founded by 
a colony from Sinope. Diod. 14. 

CoTYs, the father of Asia. Herodot. 4, c. 
45. A son of Manes by Callirhoe, wIk) suc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Maeoiiia. 

A king of Thrace. C. JS'ep. in Iphic. 

Another, wiio favoured the interest of Pom- 
pey. He was of an irascible temper. Lucan. 
5, V. 54. Another, king of Thrace, who di- 
vided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom 
he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid 
writes from his banishment. Tacit. 2, jinn. 64. 
— Ovid. 2; de Pont. ep. d.— — A king of the 
Odrysce. Liv. 42, c. 29. A king of Arme- 
nia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in 
the age of Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 11 and 13. 
Another, who imagined he should marry 



Minerva, and who murdered some of his ser- 
vants who wished to dissuade him from expec- 
tations sofrivilousand inconsistent. Athen. 12. 

CoTYTTO, the goddess of ail debauchery, 
whose festivals, called Cottjltia, were celebra- 
ted by the Athenians, Coriothians, Thracians, 
kc. during the night. Her priests were called 
Baptae, and nothing but debauchery and wan- 
tonness prevailed at the celebration. A festi- 
val of the same name was observed in Sicily, 
Avhere the votaries of the goddess carried 
about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which 
it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It 
--Tvas a capital punishment to reveal whatever 
was seen or done at these sacred festivals, and 
it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable re- 
flection upon them. The goddess Cotylto is 
supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ge- 
res. Horat. epod. 17, v. 58. — Juv. 2, v. 9J. 

Ckagus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part 
of mount Taurus, sacrod to Apollo. Ovid. 
Met. 9, V. &i^.-~Horai. ], od. 21. 



CR 

Crambusa, a town of Lycia. 

Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from 

their king Cranaus. Herodot. 8, c. 44. 
Cranapes. a Persian, &.c. Herodot. 
Cranaus, the second king of Athens, who 

succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, 

B. C. 1497: Pans. 1, c. 2. A city of Caria. 

Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Crane, a nymph. Vid. Caraa. A town 

of Arcadia. 

CRAiiEUMj a gymnastic school at Corinth; 

Diog. 

Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. Thucyd. 

2, c. 30. 

Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thes- 

saly, on the borders of Macedonia, where An- 

tipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians 

after Alexander's death. Liv. 26, c. 10, 1. 42, 
c. 64. 

CranTor, a philosopher of Soli, among 

the pupils of Plato, B. C. 310. Diog. An 

armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Deraoleou. 

Ovid. Met. 12, v. 361. 
Crassipes, a surname of the family of the 

Furii, one of whom married TuUia, Cicero's 

daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cic. 

Att. 4, ep. 5.— Liv. 38, c. 42. 

L. Crassitius, a man who opened a school 

at Rome. Suet, de Gram. 18. 

Crassus, a grandfather of Crassus the Rich, 

who never laughed. Plin. 7, c. 19. Publ. 

Licinius, a Roman high-priest, about 131 years 
B. C. who went into Asiawith an army against 
Aristonicus, where he was killed, and buried 
at Smyrna. M. Licinius, a celebrated Ro- 
man, surnamed Rich, on account of his opu- 
lence. At first he was very circumscribed in 
his circumstances ; but, by educating slaves, 
and selling them at a high price, he soon en- 
riched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged 
him to leave Rome ; and he retired to Spain, 
where he remained concealed for eight months. 
After Cinna's death he passed into Africa, and 
thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and in- 
gratiated himself in his favour. When the gladia- 
tors, with Spartacus at their head, had spread 
an universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some 
of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against 
them. A battle was fought, in which Cras.sus 
slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this 
decisive blow, he soon put an end to the war, 
and was honoured with an ovatio at his return. 
He was soon after made consul with Pompey ; 
and in this high office he displayed his opu- 
lence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 
tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed 
the first triumvirate with Pompey and Caesar. 
As his love of riches was more predominant 
than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the 
ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was 
satisfied with the province of Syria, which 
seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of 
wealth. With hopes of enlarging his posses- 
sions, he set off from Rome, though the omens 
proved unfavourable, and every thing seemed 
to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphra- 



tes, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Baby- 
lon and Seleucia, he hastened to make him- 
self master of Parthia. He was betrayed in 
his march by the delay of Artavasdes, king of 
Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamncs. He 
was met in a large plain by Surena, the gene- 
ral of the forces of Orodes, kiiig of Parthia • 



CR 

and a battle was fought, in which 20,000 Ro- 
mans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. 
The darkness of the night favoured the escape 
of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny 
and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treach- 
ery of his guides, trusted himself to the gene- 
ral of the enemy, on pretence of proposing 
terms of accommodation, and he was put to 
death, B. C. 53. His head was cut oft^ and 
sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down 
his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The 
firmness with which Crassus received the news 
of his son's death, who perished in that expe- 
dition, has been deservedly commended ; and 
the words that he uttered when he surrender- 
ed himself into the hands of Surena, equally 
claim our admiration. He was wont often to 
say, that no man ought to be accounted rich, 
if he could not maintain an army. Though 
he has been called avaricious, yet he showed 
himself always ready to lend money to his 
friends without interest. He was fond of phi- 
losophy, and his knowledge of history was 
great and extensive. Plutarch has written 

his life. Flor. 3, c. 11. Fublius, the son 

of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with 
his father. When he saw himself surrounded 
by the enemy, and without any hope of es- 
cape, he ordered one of his men to run him 
through. His head was cut off, and sh&wn 
with insolence to his father by the Parthians. 

Plut. in Crass. L.. Licinius, a celebrated 

Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and in- 
ftroducedin bis book de Oratore as the principal 

speaker. A son of Crassus the rich, killed 

in the civil wars, after Caesar's death. 

Crastinus, a man in Caesar's army, killed 
at the battle of Pharsalia. Cccs. Bell. G. 3, c. 

Cratais, the mother of Sylla, supposed 
to. be the same as Hecate. Horn. Od. 12, v. 
124. 

Cratjeus, conspired against Archelaus, &c. 
— Bristol. 

Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus. 

Craterus, one of Alexander's generals. 
He rendered himself conspicuous by his lite- 
rary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, 
and wrote the history of Alexander's life* He 
was greatly re-^pected and loved by tiie Mace- 
donian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted 
hira with unusual confidence. After Alexan- 
der's death, he subdued Greece with Antipa- 
ter, and passed with his colleague into Asia, 
where he was killed in a battle against Eume- 
nes, B. C. 321. He had received for his 
share of Alexanders kingdoms, Greece and 
Epiruj. JVep. in Eumen. 2. — Justin. 12 
and 13. — Curt. 3. — Arrian. — Plut. in Alex. 

A physician of Atticus, mentioned by 

Cic. 12. ad Attic, ep. Vi.—Horat. 2, Sat. 3, 

V. 161. A painter who.se pieces adorned 

the public buildings of Athens. Plin. 35, c. 

11. An Athenian, who collected into one 

body, all the decrees which had passed in the 
public assemblies at Athens. A famous 



sculptor. 

Crates, a philosopher of Boeotia, son of 
Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, 
B. C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the 
money to his fellow citifiens. He was natu- 
rally deformed, and he rendered himself more 
hideous by sowing sheep's-skins to his mantle; 



CR 

and by the singularity of his manners. He 
clothed himself as warm as possible in the 
summer; but in the winter, his garments 
were uncommonly thin, and incapable to re- 
sist the inclemency of the season. Hippar- 
chia, the sister of a philosopher, became en- 
amoured of him ; and as he could not cool 
her passion by representing himself as poor 
and deformed, he married her. He had by 
her two daughters, whom he gave in mar- 
riage to his disciples, after he had permitted 
them their company for 30 days by way of 
trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diog. 

invito,. A stoic, son of Timocrates, who 

opened a school at Rome, where he taught 

grammar. Sueton. A native of Pergamus, 

who wrote an account of the most stri- 
king events of every age, B. C. 165. JElian. 

deAnlm. 17, c.9. A philosopher of Athens, 

who succeeded in the school of his mastei' 

Polemon. An Athenian comic poet. 

Cratesiclea, the mother of Cleomenes, 
who went to Egypt, in hopes of serving her 
country, &,o. Plut . in Cleon^ 

Cratesipohs, a queen of Sicyon, who 
severely punished some of her subjects, who 
had revolted at the death of Alexander, her 
husband, &c. PolyoAh 8, c. 58. 

Cratesipidas, a commander of the La- 
cedasmonian fleet, against the Athenians, &c. 
Diod. 13. 

Cratevas, a general of Cassander. Diod. 19- 
Crateus, a son of Minos. 
CRATHis, a river of Achaia falling into the 
bay of Corinth. Sirab. 8.— — Another in Mag- 
na Graecia, whose waters were supposed to 
give a yellow colour ta the hair and beard of 
those that drank thera. Ovid. 14. Met. v. 315. 
-^Paus. 7, c. 25.— Plin. 31, c. 2. 

Cratinus, a native of Athens, celebrated 
for his comic writings, and his fondness for 
drinking. He died at the age of 97, B. C. 431 
years. Quintilian greatly commends his com- 
edies, which the little remains of his poetry do 
not seem fully to justify. Horat. 1. Sat. 4. — 
Quintil. A wrestler of uncommon beau- 
ty. Pans.. 6, c. 3. A river of Asia. Plin. 

37,,c. 2. 

Cratippus, a philosopher of Mityleni, 
who, amon^ others, taught Cicero's son at 
Athens. Alter the battle of Pharsalia, Pom- 
pey visited the house of Cratippus, where their 
discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, 
which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher 
defended. Plut. in Pomp. — Cic. in 0§ic. 1. 

An historian contemporary with Thucy- 

dides. Dionys. Hal. 

Cratylus, a philosopher, a preceptor to 
Plato after Socrates. 

CRAusia;, two islands on the coast of Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Crausis, the father of Philopopmen. 
Crauxidas, a man who obtained an Olym- 
pic crown at a horse race. Pans. 5, c. 8. 

Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, fal- 
ling into the Tiber, famous for the death of 
the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a bat- 
tle against the Veientes, A. U. C. 277. Ovid. 
Fast. 2, V. 205.— Juv. 2, v. 155, 
Cremma, a town of Lycia. 
Cnr.MMYON, and Crommyon, a town neai 
Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of un 
common bigness. Ovid. Mel. 7, v. 435. 



CR 

Cremni and Cremkos, a commercial place 
ou the Pains Meeotis. Herodot. 4, c. 2. 

Cri;m(3na, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the 
Po, near Mantua. It was a Koman colony, 
and suft'ered much w ben Annibal first passed 
into Italy. Liv. 21, c. 56. — Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 4 
and 19. 

Cremonis JuGUM, a part of the Alps, over 
which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to en- 
ter Italy, Liv. 2i, c. o8. 

Cremidjjs, a place of Bithynia. Diod. 14. 

Crkmutius Cordus, an historian who 
wrote anaccoujit of Augustus, and of the civil 
wars, and storied himself for fear of the re 
sentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended, 
by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. T«- 
cit.Jinn. 55, c. 34, 35. — Suet, in Aug. 35. in Tib. 
60. in Calig. 16. 

Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid. Met. 
12, V. 313. 

Creon, a king of Corinth, w^as son of Sisy- 
phus. He promised his daughter Glance to 
Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge 
the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a 
present a go'vn covered with poison. Glaace 
put it on, and was seized with sudden pains. 
Her body took fire, and she expired in the 
greatest torments. The house also was con- 
sumed by the fire, and Creon and his family 
shared Glance's fate. Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 
7. — Eurip. in Med. — Hygiti. fab. 25. — Diod. 4. 

A son of Mencelius, father to Jocasta, the 

wife and mother of (Edipus. At the death of 
Laius, who had married Jocasta, Creon as- 
scended the vacant tlirone of Thebes. As, the 
ravages of the Sphinx {Vid. Sphinx) were in- 
tolerable, Creon offered his crown, and daugh- 
ter in marriage, to him who could explain the 
enigmas whjch the monster proposed. (Edi- 
pus was happy in his explanations, and he as- 
cended the throne of Thebes, and married Jo- 
casta, without knowing that she was his moth- 
er, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and 
liteoclcs. These two sons mutually agreed, 
after their father's death, to reign in the king- 
dom, each ailernateiy. Eteocies first ascend- 
ed the throne, by right of seniority ; but when 
he was once in power, he refused to resign at 
the ai (pointed time, and his brother led agginsi 
him an army of Argives to support his right. 
The war was decided by a single combat be- 
tween the two brothers. They both killed 
one another, and Creon ascended the throne, 
till Leodamas the son of Eteocies should be of 
a sufficient age to assume the reins of govern- 
mej;t. In his regal capacity, Creon command- 
ed tiiat the Argives, and more particularly 
Polynices, who was the cause of all the blood- 
shed, should remain nnburied. If this was in 
any manner disobeyed, the olfenders were to 
be buried alive. Antigone, the sister of Poly- 
nices, transgressed, and v/as accordingly pun- 
ished, littimen, the son of Creoii, who was 
liassionaU'ly fond of Antigone, killed iiimself 
on her grave, when his father refused to grant 
her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by 
Theseus, who i^ad made war against him at 
the reqnei-t of Adrastus, because he refused 
burial to {.hv- Argives. Vid. Eteocies, Polyni- 
ces, Admstua, (Edipus. — Apollod. 3, c. 56, &c. 
— Faus. i, c. 39, I. 9, c. 5, kc. — Slat, in Theb. 
— ScpiiucL in Antig. — JEschyl. Sept. in Theb. 
rHy^in. fab. 67 and 76. — Diod. 1 and 4. The 



CR 

first annual archon at Athens, 684 B. C. Paier. 

1, c. 8. 

Creoktiades, a son of Hercules by Mega- 
ra, daughter of Creon, killed by his father, be- 
cause he had slain Lycus. 

Creophilus, a Samian, who hospitably 
entertained Homer, from whom he received 
a poem in return. Some say that he was that 
poet's master, &;c. Slrab. 14. An histori- 
an. Aihtn. 8. 

Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent 
his all in the most extravagant debauchery, 
Jav. y, V. 6. 

Cres, an inhabitant of Crete. The first 

king of Crete, Paus. 8, c. 53. 

Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria. 

Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 44. 

Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, 
with his brotliers Temenus and Aristodemus, 
attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Paus. 
4, c. 3, &LC. 

Cre ssiirs, belonging to Crete. Virg. j^n. 4, 
v. 70, 1. 8, 294. 

Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a 
part of the country called Crestonia. The in- 
habitants had each many wives ; and when the 
husband died, she who had received the great- 
est share of his affection, was cheerfully slain 
on his grave. Herodot. 5, c. 5. 

Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built 
the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Paus. 7, c. 2. 

Creta, one of the largest islands of the Me- 
diterranean sea, at the south of ail the Cycla- 
des. It was once famous for its hundred ci- 
ties, and for the Jaws which the wisdom of 
Minos established there. The inhabitants have 
been detested for their unnatural loves, their 
falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Ju- 
piter, as some authors report, was educated ia 
that island by the Corybanles, and the Cretans 
boasted that they could show his tomb. There 
were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, 
Achaia, &ie. that established themselves there. 
The island, after groaning under the tyranny 
of democraticai usurpation, and feeling the 
scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Ro- 
man i)rovince, B. C. 66, after a war of three 
years, in which the inhabitants were so dis- 
tressed, that they were even compelled to 
drink the water of tjieir cattle. Chalk was 
produced there, and thence called Creta, and 
with it the Romans marked their lucky days 
in their calendar. Horat. 1, od. 36, v. 10, epod. 
9.— Ovid. Fast. —3, v. 444. Episi. 10, v. 106. 
— Val. Max. 7, c. 6. — Strab. 10. — Lucan. 3, 
v. 184.— Ftrg. JEn. 3, v. 104.— .¥e/a, 2, c. 7.— 
Plin. 4, c. 12. 

CRET^tus, a poet mentioned by Propertius. 

2, el. 34, v. 29. 

Crete, the wife of Minos. Apollod. 3, c. 1. 
A daughter of Deucalion. Id. 3, c. 3. 



Cketea, a country of Arcadia, where Ju- 
piter was educated, according to some tradi- 
tions. Pa.us. 8, c. 38. 

Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virg. M,n. 
4, V. 146. 

Crete us, a Trojan, distinguished as a 
poet and musician. He followed /Eneas, 
and was killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 

774. Another, killed by Turnus. /(/. 12, 

V. 538. 

Cretheis, the wife of Acastns, king of 
lolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, son of 



CR 

JEnctis, and accused him of attempts upon her 
virtue, because he refused to comply with her 
wishes, kc. She is called by some Hippo- 
lyte, or Astiadamia. Pindar. Nem. 4. 

CufiTHEUs, a son of ^olus, father of ]£,- 
son, by Tyro, his brother's daughter. Apollod. 
1, c. 7, &c. 

Crethon, a son of Diodes, engaged in the 
Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was 
slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ^neas. 
Homer. II. 5, v. 540. 

Cketicus, a certain orator. Jwv. 2, v. 67. 
A surname of M. Antony's father. 

Cressas, a famous boxer. Pans. 2. 

Crjeusa, a daughter of Creon king of Co- 
rinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who 
had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned 
garment, which immediately set her body on 
fire, and she expired in the most excruciating 
torments. She had received this gown as a 
gift from Medea, who wished to take that re- 
venge upon the infidelity of .Tason. Some call 

her Glance. Ovid, dt Art. Jim. 1, v- 335. 

A daughter of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecu- 
ba. She married iEneas, by whom she had 
some children, among which was Ascanius. 
When Troy Avas taken, she fled in the night, 
with her husband ; but they were sepai'ated in 
the midst of the confusion, and ^neas could 
not recover her, nor hear where she was. 
Cybele saved her, and carried her to her tem- 
ple, of which she became priestess ; according 
to the relatioii of Virgil, who makes Creusa 
appear to her husband in a vision, while he was 
seeking her in the tumult of war. She pre- 
dicted to ^neas tiie calamities that attended 
him, the fame he should acquire when he 
came to Italy, and his consequent marriage 
with a princess of the country. Pans. 10, c 

1Q.—Virg. JEn. 2, v. 562, ^c. A daughter of 

Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mo- 
ther of Janus by Apollo. A town of Bceo- 

tia. Strab. 9.—Paus. 9, c. 32. 

Creusis, a naval station of the Thespigins. 
Paus. 9, c. 32. 

Criasus, ason ofArgos, king in Pelopon- 
nesus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

Crinippus, a general of Dionysius the 
elder. 

Crisis, a stoic philosopher. Laert. A 

priest of Apollo. 

Crinisus and Crijusus, now Caltabel- 
lota, a river on the western parts of Sicily 
near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the 
Carthaginian forces. C. JVtp. in Tim. — Virg. 
JEn. 5, V. 38. The word in the various edi- 
tions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, 

Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. 

The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who expo- 
sed his daughter on the sea; rather than suffer 
her to be devoured by the sea-monster which 
Neptune sent to i)unishthe infidelity of Lao- 
medon. [yid. Laomedon.] The daughter 
came safe to the siiores of S icily. Crinisus 
some time after went in quest of his daughter, 
and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the 
gods ciianged him into a river in Sicily, and 
granted him the power of metamorphosing 
himself into whatever shape he pleased. He 
made use of this privilege to seduce the neigh- 
bouring nymphs. 

■ Crino, a daughter of Antenor. Paus. 10, 
c. 27. One of the Oanaides. JiyoUod. 



CR 

Crison, a man of Himera, who obtained a 
pri2:e at Olympia, &c. Paus. 5, c. 23. 

Crispina, a Roman matron, &,c. Tacit. 1. 
Hist. 47. 

Crispinus, a preetorian, who, though ori- 
ginally a slave in Egypt, was after the acqui- 
sition of riches, raised to the honours of Ro- 
man knighthood by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 26. 

A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his 

loquacity as for the foolish and tedious'poem 
he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own 
sect, to which Horace alludes in the last ver^ 
ses of 1, Sat. 1. 

Crispus Sallustius. Vid. Sallustius. 

Virio, a famous orator. Qi.iintiL 10, c. 1. 

The second husband of Agi'ippina. 

Flav. Jul. a son of the Great Constantine, 
made Caesar by his father, and distinguished 
for valour and extensive knowledge. Fau- 
sta, his step-mother, wished to seduce him ; 
and when he refused, she accused him before 
Constantine, who believed the crime, and 
caused his son to be poisoned, A. D. 326. 

CmssiEus SINUS, a bay on the coasts of 
Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of 
Salona. It received its name from Crissa,B. 
town of Phosis, situate on the bay, and near 
Delphi. 

Critai.a, a town of Cappadocia. Herodot. 
7, c. 27. 

Critheis, a daughter of Melanippus, who 
became pregnant by an unknown person, and 
afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and 
brought forth the poet Homer, according to 
Herodot. in vitd. 

Crithote, a town of the Thracian Cher- 
sonesus. C. JVep. 

Critias, one of the thirty tyrants set over 
Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and 
well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he 
cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them 
to death. He was killed in a battle against 
those citizens whom his oppression had 
banished. He had been among the disciples 
of Socrates, and had written elegies and other 
compositions, of which some fragments re- 
main. Cic. 2, de Oral. A philosopher. 

A man who wrote on republics. Another, 

who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades. 

Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates, 
who attended his learned preceptor in his last 
moments, and composed some dialogues now 

lost. Diog. A physician in the age of Ar- 

taxerxes Longimanus. An historian of Nax- 

us, who wrote an account of all that had hap- 
pened during eight particular years of his life. 

A Macedonian historian, who wrote an 

account of Pallene, of Persia, of the founda- 
tion of Syracuse, of the Getaj, &.c. 

Critobulus, a general of Phocis, at the 
battle of Thermopylae, between Antiochus 
and the Romans. Paus. 10, c. 20. A phy- 
sician in the age of Philip king of Macedo- 
nia. Plin. 7, c. 37. A son of Crito, dis- 

cijjle to Socrates. Diog. in Crit. 

Critodemus, an ancient historian. Plin. 
5, c. 76. 

Critognatus, a celebrated warrior of 
Alesia, when Caesar was in Gaul. Cas. Belt. 
Gall. 

CritolAus, a citizen of Tegea in Arca- 
dia, who, with two brothers, fought agaijist 
the two sous of Demostralus of Pheneus, to 



CR 

put an end to a long war between their respec- 
tive nations. The brothers of Critolaus were 
boti killed, and he alone remained to with- 
stand his three bold antagonists. He conquer- 
ed them; and when, at his return, his sister 
deplored the death of one of his antagonists, to 
whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit 
of resentment. The offence deserved capital 
punishment ; but he was pardoned, on account 
of the*services he had rendered his country. 
He was afterwards general of the Achseans, 
and it is said that he poisoned himself, because 
he had been conquered at Thermopylw by the 

Romans. Cic de JVat. D. A peripatetic 

philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to 

Rome, &c. 140 B. C. Cic. 2, de Orai. An 

historian who wrote about Epirus. 

Crius, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. 

Paus. 3, c. 13. A man of j^gina, Lc. — 

Herodot. 6, c. 50. A river of Achaia, cal- 
led after a giant of the same name. Fans. 7, 
c. 27. 

Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia. 

Crobyzi, a people of Thrace. 

CrocalE; one of Diana's attendants. Ovid. 
Met. 3. 

Crocks, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, v. 21. 

Crocodilopolis, a town of Egypt, near 
the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles 
were held there in the greatest veneration ; 
and they were so tame, that they came to 
take food from the hand of their feeders. It 
was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodot. 2, c. 
G9.—Slrab. 17. 

Crocus, a beautiful youth,- enamoured of 
the r.ymph Smilax. He was changed into a 
flower oi the same name, on account of the 
impatience of his love, and Smilax was meta- 
raorpliosed into a yew-tree. Ooid 4, Met. 
V. 283. 

Crcesus, the fifth and last of the Merm- 
nadai, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Al- 
yates, and passed for the richest of mankind. 
He was the lirst who made the Greeks of Asia 
tributary to the Lydians. His court was the 
asylum of learning; and .^sop, the famous 
fable-writer, among others, lived under his 
patronage. In a conversation with Solon, 
Crcesus wished to be thought the liappiest of 
mankind ; but the philosopher apprized him of 
his mistake, and gave the preference to pover- 
ty and domestic virtue. Crcesus undertook a 
war against Cyrus the kingofPersia,and march- 
ed to meet him with an army of 420,000 men, 
and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, 
he was defeated, B. C. 548 ; his capital was be- 
sieged, and fell into the conqueror's hands, 
who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile 
Vv"as already on fire, when Cyrus heard the 
conquered monarch three times exclaim, So- 
lon 1 with lamentable energy. He asked him 
the reason of his exclamation, and Crcesus re- 
pealed the conversation he had once with 
J^olou on human happiness. Cyrus was moved 
at the recital, and at the recollection of the 
inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered 
Crcesus to be taken from the burning pile, and 
he became one of his most intimate friends 
The kingdoiii of Lydia became extinct in his 
person, and the power was transferred to 
Persia. Crcesus survived Cyrus. The raan- 
rerof his death is unknown. He is celebrated 
for the immensely rich presents which he 



partly in 
Herodot. 



Plin. 



CR 

made to the temple of Delphi, from which he 
received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, 
which he interpreted in his favour, and which 
was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. 
Herodot. 1, c. 26, &,c. — Plut. in Solon. 8, c. 
24. — Justin. 1, c. 7. 

Cromi, a people of Arcadia. 

Cromitis, a country of Arcadia. 

Crommyon and Cromvon, a place of At- 
tica, where Hercules killed a large sow that 
laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid. 

Met. 7. — Xen. A town near Corinth. Paus. 

2, c. 1. 

Cromna, a town of Bithynia. 

CromuSj a son of Neptune. Paus. 2, c. 
1. A son of Lycaon. Id. 8, c. 3. 

Cronia, a festival at Athens, in honour of 
Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same 
festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a 
condemned malefactor. 

Cronium, a town of Elis — of Sicily. 

Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near whicit 
were the sources of the Nile, according to 
some traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodot. 

2, c. 28. 
Cross^ea, a country situate 

Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. 
7, c. 123. 

Crotalus, a navigable river of Italy. 

3, c. 10. 

Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by 
whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. 
Diod. 4. 

Crotona, a town of Italy, still known by 
the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, 
founded 759 years before the Augustan age, 
by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants 
were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. 
Democedes, Alcma;on, Milo, &tc. were na- 
tives of this place. It was surrounded with a 
wall twelve miles in circumference, before the 
arrival of Pyi'rhus in Italy. Crotona struggled 
in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Si- 
cily, Vi'ho took it. It suffered likewise in the 
Viars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received 
ample glory, in being the place where Pytha- 
goras established his school. Herodot. 8, c. 3X 
—Sirah. 6— Plin. 2, c. i)6.—Liv. 1, c. 18, 1. 
24, c. 3.—Jitstin. 20, c. 2. 

CROTONiATiE, the inhabitants of Crotona. 
Cic. de inv. 2, c. 1. 

Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which 
Crotona is the capital. Thucyd. 7, c. 35. 

Crotopiades, a patronymic of Linus, grand- 
son of Crotopus. 

CnoTQPiAs, the patronymic of Linus, grand- 
son of Crotopus. Orid.inlb. 480. 

Crotopus, a king ofArgos, son of Agenor, 
and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus 
by Apollo. Ovid, in lb. 480. 

Crotus, a son of Eumene, the nurse of the 
Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of 
the chace, and after death Jupiter placed him 
among the constellations under the name of 
Sagittarius. Paus. 9, c. 29. 

Ckunos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela^ 
2, c.2. 

Ckusis, a place near Olynthos. 

Crustumerium and Crustumeria, a* town 
of the Sabines. Liv. 4, c. 9, 1. 42, c. 34. 
— Virg.JJ'ln. 7, V. 631. 

CrustCminum, a town of Etruria, near 
Veil; famous for pears ; whence the adjective 
Crastumia. Virg. G. 2, v. 88. 



CT 

Crdstumium, Crustuwus, and Crostur- 
Kenius, now Conca, a river flowing from 
the Apennines, by Ariminum. Lucan. 2, v. 
406. 

Crynis, a river of Bithynia. 

Crypta, a passage through mount Pausily- 
pus. Vid. Pausilypus, 

Cteatcs, one of the Grecian chiefs before 
Troy. Paus. 5, c. 4. 

Ctemene, a town of Thessaly. 

Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica. 

Ctesias, a Greek historian and physician 
of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mne- 
mon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the 
king's wounds, and was his physician for 17 
years. He wrote an history of the Assyrians 
and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have 
partially preferred to that of Herodotus. 
Some fi*agments of his compositions have been 
preserved by Photius, and are to be found in 
Wesseling's edition of Herodotus. Strab. 1. 
— Athen. 12. — Plut. in Artax. A syco- 
phant of Athens. An historian of Epbesus. 

Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, 
who flourished 136 years B. C. He was the 
inventor of the pump, and other hydraulic in- 
struments. He also invented a clepsydra, or 
a water clock. This invention of measuring 
time by water, was wonderful and ingenious. 
Water was made to drop upon wheels, which 
it turned. The wheels communicated their 
regular motion to a small wooden image, which 
by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the 
proper hours and months, which were engrav- 
ed on a column near the machine. This artful 
invention gave rise to many improv^ements ; 
and the modern manner of measuring time 
with an hourglass is an imitation of the clepsy- 
dra of Ctesibius. Virtuv. de Archit. 9, c. 9. 

A cynic philosopher. An historian, 

who flourished 254 years B. C. and died in his 
104th year. Plut. m Dtm. 

Ctesicles, a general of Zacynthos, &:c. 

Ctesidemus, a painter who had Antiphilus 
for pupil. Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Ctesilochus, a noble painter, who repre- 
sented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. 
Plin. 35, c. 11. 

Ctesiphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthe- 
nes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly 
to present Demosthenes with a golden crown 
for his probity and virtue. This was oppos- 
ed by the orator iEschines, the rival of De- 
mosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of sedi- 
tious views. Demosthenes undertook the de- 
fence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still 
extant, and ^^schines was banished. Demost. 

^ JEschin. de Corona. A Greek architect, 

who made the plan of Diana's temple at Epbe- 
sus. An elegiac poet, whom king Attains 
set over his possessions in yEolia. Allien. 

13. A Greek historian, wiio wrote an 

history of Bceotia, besides a treatise on trees 
and plants. Plut. in Thes. A large vil- 
lage of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks 
of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia gen- 
erally resided in winter on account of the mild- 
ness of the climate. Strab. 15. — Plin. 6, c. 
26. 

Ctesippds, a son of Chabrias. After his 
father's death he was received into tJie house 
of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion 
attempted in vain to correct bi» natural foibles 



cu 

j and extravagances. Plut. in Phoe. A maa 

I who wrote an history of Scythia. One of 

I the descendants of Hercules. 
j Ctimenz, the youngest daughter of Laertes 
by Anticlea. Homer. Od. 15, v. 334. 

CuLARo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, 
called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now 
Grenoble. Cic. ep. 

CuMA and Cvmm, a town of MoVm, in Asia 
Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of 
stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the good* 
which entered their harbour during 300 years. 
They were called Ciimani. Strab. 13. — 

Paierc. 1, c. 4. A city of Campania, near 

Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and 
Cumae, of iEolia, before the Trojan war. The 
inhabitants were called Cumcei and Cumani. 
There was one of the Sibyls, that fixed her re- 
sidence in a cave in tlie neighbourhood, and 
was called the Cunman Sibyl. Vid. Sibyllae. — 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 712. Fast. 4, v. 158. Pont. 
2, el. 8, V. 41— Cic. Rull. 2, c. 26.—Paterc. 
1, c. 4.—Virg. JEn. Z, v. 441.— Lit-. 4.—PioL 
3.— Strab. 5. 

CuMANUM, a country house of Pompey near 

Cumas. Cic. ad Attic'. 4, ep. 10. -Another 

of Varro. Id. Acad. 1, c. 1. 

Cunaxa, a place of Asspia, 500 stadia from 
Babylon, famous for a battle fought there be- 
tween Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the 
younger B. C. 401. The latter entered the 
field of battle with 113,000 men, and the for- 
mer's forces amounted to 900,000 men. The 
valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, 
who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well 
known, and have been celebrated by the pen of 
Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and 
who had the principal care of the retreat- 
Plut. in Artax. — Ctesias. 

CuNEUs, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, ex- 
tending into the sea in the form of a wedge. 
Mela,3, c. l.—Plin. 4, c. 22. 

CcPAVo, a son of Cycnus, who assisted 
JEneas against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 186. 

CcPENTus, a friend of Turnus, killed by 
^neas. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 539. 

CupiDO, a celebrated deity among the an- 
cients, god of love, and love itself. There are 
different traditions concerning his parents. 
Cicero mentions three Cupids ; one, son of 
Mercury and Diana ; another, son of Mercury 
and Venus ; and the third, of Mai's and Venus. 
Plato mentions two ; Hesiod, the most ancient 
theogonist, speaks only of one, who, as he says, 
was produced at the same time as Chaos and 
the Earth. There aj'e, according to the more 
received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is 
a lively ingeniousyouth, son of Jupiter and Ve- 
nus ; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, 
is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous 
disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged 
infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver 
full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces 
of antiquity, he is represented as amusing him- 
self with some childish diversion. Sometimes 
he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, 
playing witli a nymph, catching a butterfly, ov 
trying to burn with a torch ; at other times he 
plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely 
embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in 
the air, he in a musing posture seems to med- 
itate some trick ; somelimcs, like a conquer- 
or, he marches triumphantly wi'Jha helmet on 



cu 

kis head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buck- 
ler OH his arm, intimating that even Mars him- 
self owns the superiority of love. His power 
was generally known by his riding on the back 
of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces 
the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the an- 
cients he was worshipped with the same so- 
lemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influ- 
ence was extended over the heavens, the sea, 
and the earth, and even the empire of the 
dead, his divinity was universally acknowledg- 
ed, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were 
daily offered to him. According to some ac- 
counts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave 
birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit 
the earth, and even the gods themselves were 
the offspring of love before the foundation of 
the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, as- 
sumed different shapes; and we find him in 
the iEneid, putting on, at the request of his 
mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to 
Dido's court, where he inspired the queen with 
love. Virg.JEn. 1, v. 693, <^c. — Cic. de J\'at. 
D. 3.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 10.— Hesiod.' Theog. 
T. 121, &x. — Oppian. Hali. 4. Cyneg. 2. — Bion. 
idyll. 3. — Moschus. — Eurip. in Hippol. — Theo- 
erit. Idyll. 3, U, kc. 

CuPiENNius, a friend of Augiistus, who 
made himself ridiculous for the nicety and ef- 
feminacy of his dress. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 36. 

Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which 
Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Qni- 
rites, were carried to Rome, of which they 
became citizens. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 292, 1. 8, v. 
688.— Liu. 1, c. \3.—Macrob. 1, c. 9.— OriU 
Fast. 2, V. 477 and 480, 1. 3, v. 94. 

CuRETES, a people of Crete, called also 
Corybanles, who, according to Ovid, were 
produced from rain. Their knowledge of all 
the arts was extensive, and they communica- 
ted it to many parts of ancient Greece. They 
were intrusted with the education of Jupiter, 
and to prevent his being discovered by his fa- 
ther, they invented a kind of dance, and drown- 
ed his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields 
and cymbals. As a reward for their atten- 
tion they were made priests and favourite 
ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had 
intrusted them with the care of Jupiter. Dio- 
nys. Hall. 2.— Virg. G.4, v. 151.— S/r«6. 10.— 
JPaus. 4, c. 33.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 282. Fast. 4, 
V. 210. 

CuRETis, a name given to Crete, as being 
the residence of the Curetes. Ovid. Met. 8, 
V. 136. 

Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. 
Romulus originally divided the people into 
three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curia?, 
Ov-er each Curise was appointed a priest, w ho 
officiated at the sacrifices of his respective as- 
sembly. The sacrifices were called Curionia, 
and the priest Curio. He was to be above the 
age of fifty. His morals were to be pure and 
unexceptionable, and his body free from all 
defects. The Curiones were elected by their 
respective Curia?, and above them was a su- 
perior priest called Curio maximus, chosen by 

all the Curia; in a public assembly. The 

word Curia was also applied to public edifices 
among the Romans. These were generally 
of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former 
were held the ai;semblies of the priests, and 
n( every religious order, for the regulation of 



CU 

religious sacrifices and ceremonies. Tlie other 
was appointed for the senate, where they as- 
sembled for the dispatch of public business. 
The Curia were solemnly consecrated by the 
Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be con- 
vened there. There were three at Rome 
which more particularly claim our attention ; 
Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius ; 
Curia Pompeii, where Julius Ca3sar was mur- 
dered ; and Curia Augusti, the palace and 

court of the emperor Augustus. A town 

of the Roeti, now Coire, the capital of the 
Grisons. 

Curia lex, de Comitiis, was enacted by 
M. Curius Dentalus the tribune. It forbade 
the convening of the Comitia, for the election 
of magistrates, without a previous permission 
from the senate. 

Curias. Vid. Curium. 

Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was car- 
ried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered 
among the patricians. The three Curiatii, 
who cnjo^ged the Horatii, and lost the victory, 
were of this family. Flor. 1, c. 3. — Dionys, 
Hal.,o. — Liv. 1, c. 24. 

Q. Curio, an excellent orator, who called 
Caesar in full senate. Omnium muUtrum virum, 
et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacit. 21. 
Anji. c. 7. — ^Suet. in C<es. 49. — Cic, in Brut. 

His son, C. Scribonius, was tribune of 

the people, and an intimate friend of Caesar. 
He saved Cajsar's life as he returned from the 
senate-house, after the debates concerning 
the punishments w-hich ought to be inflicted 
on Ihe adherents of Catiline. He killed him- 
self in Africa. Flor. 4, c. 2. — Plul. in Pomp. 
fy C(BS. 49. — Vai. Max. 9, c. 1, — Lucan. v. 
268. 

CuRiosoLiTiE, a people among the Celtae, 
who inhabited the country wl?icli now forms 
Lower Britany. Ccbs. Bell. G. 2, c. 34, 1. 3; 
c. 11. 

Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a small dis- 
tance from which, in the south of the island, 
there is a cape which bears the name of Curi- 
as. Herodot. 5, c. 1 13. 

CuRius Dentatus Marcus Annius, a 
Roman, celebrated for his fortitude and fru- 
gality. He was three times consul, and was 
twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained 
decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sa- 
bines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyr- 
rhus near Tarentura. The ambassadors of 
the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was 
boiling some vegetables In an eaithen pot, and 
they attempted to bribe him by the offer of 
large presents. He refused their offers with 
contempt, and said, I prefer my earthen pots 
to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my 
wish to command those who are in possession 
of money, while I am deprived of it, and live 
in poverty. Plut. in Cat. Cens. — Horat. 1, 

od. 12, V. 41. — Flor. L c. 15. -A lieutenant 

of Caesar's cavalry, to whom sis cohorts of 
Pompey revolted, kc. Cms. 1. Bell. Civ. 
24. 

CuRTiA, a patrician family, which migrated 
with Tatius to Rome. 

CuRTiLLus, a celebrated epicure, &c. Ho- 
rat. 2, Sat. 8, v. 52. 

M. CuRTius, a Roman youth, who devo- 
ted himself to the gods Manes for the safety 
of his country about 360 years B. C. A wide 



CY 

gap, called aftenvards Curtius lacus, had sud- 
denly opened in the forum, and the oracle 
had said that it never would close before 
Rome threw into it whatever it had most pre- 
cious. Curtius immediately perceived that no 
less than a human sacrifice was required. 
He armed himself; mounted his horse, and 
solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which 
instantly closed over his head. Liv. 7, c. 6. — 

Val. Max. 5, c. 6. Q. Rufus. Fid. Quin- 

tus. ]Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with 

Pompey, &c. Suet, de Gr. Montanus, an 

orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacit. 4. 
^nn. Atticus, a Roman knight, who accom- 
panied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. 

Tacit. An. 4. Lacus, the gulf into which 

Curtius leaped. Vid. M. Curtius. Fons, a 

stream which conveyed water to Rome from 
the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so 
elevated as to be distributed through all the 
hills ofthe city. Plin. 36, c. 15. 

CcRULis Magistratus, a state officer at 
Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an 
ivory chair in public assemblies. The dicta- 
tor, the consuls, the censors, the praetors, and 
cdiles, claimed that privilege, and therefore 
were called curults magistratus. The sena- 
tors who had passed through the above men- 
tioned offices were generally carried to the 
Benate-house in ivory chairs, as all generals in 
their triumphant procession to the capitol. 
When names of distinction began to be known 
among the Romans, the descendants of curule 
magistrates were called nobiles, the first of a 
family who discharged that office were known 
by the name of noti, and those that had never 
been in office were called ignobiles. 

CussjEi, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Al- 
exander to appease the manes of Hephaestion. 
Flut. in Mex. 

Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the 
Danube, now the Vag. 

CuTiLiuM, a town of the Sabines, near a 
lake which contained a floating island ; and of 
which the water was of au unusually cold 
quality. Plin. 3, c. 12, 1. 31, c. 2.— Seneca. Q. 
Ji. 3, c. 25.— Liv. 26, c. 11. 
Cyamosorus, a river of Sicily. 
Cyane, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her 
father oftered violence in a fit of drunkenness. 
She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where 
she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a 
pestilence, which, from that circumstance, 
had already begun to affiict the country. 

Plut. in Parall. A nymph of Sicily, who 

endeavoured to assist Proserpine wlien she 
was carried away by Pluto. The god changed 
her into a fountain now called Pwme, a few 
miles from Syracuse. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 112. 

A town of Lycia. Plin. 5, c. 27. An 

innkeeper, Sic. Juv. 8, v. 162. 

Cyan E a;, now the Povorane, two rugged 
islands at the entrance of the Eusine sea, 
about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thra 
cian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side 
of Asia, and the other on the Europer.r coast, 
and according to Strabo, there is only h space 
of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of 
the sea, which continually break agaii.sf 
them v,ith a violent noise, fill the air with 
a darkening foam, and render the j)as- 
sage extremely dangerous. The ancients 
upposed that these islands floated, and evpn 
29 



CY 

sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces 
when they passed through the straits. This 
tradition arose from their appearing, like all 
other objects, to draw nearer when naviga- 
tors approached them. They were sometimes 
called Symplegades and PlanetcB. Their true 
situation and form was first explored and as- 
certained by the Argonauts. Plin. 6, c. 12.— 
Herodot. 4, c. 85.— Apolion. 2, v. 317 and 600. 
—Lycoph. \2Sb.—SLrab. 1 and 3.— Mela, 2, 
c. 7.— Ovid. Prist. I, el. 9, v. 34. 

Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the 

Maeander, mother of Byblis and Canus, by 

Meletus, Apollo's son. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 451. 

Cyaneus, a large river of Colchis. 

Cyanippe, a daughter of Adrastus. 

Cyanippus, a Syracusan, who derided the 

orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god 

so inebriated him, that he offered violence to 

his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the 

altar. Plut. in Parall. A Thessalian, 

whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. 
Pint. i7i Parall. 

Cyaraxes, or Cyaxares, son of Phraor- 
tes, was king of Media and Persia. He brave- 
ly defended his kingdom, which the Scythians 
had invaded. He made wai- against Alyattes, 
king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all 
Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after* 
reign ot 40 years, B. C. 585. Diod. 2.— Hero- 
dot. 1, c. 73 and 103. Another prince, sup- 
posed by some to be the same as Darius the 
Mede. He was the son of Astyages, king of 
Media. He added seven provinces to his fa- 
ther's dominions, and made war pgainst the 
Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. Xenoph, 
Cyrop. 1, 

Cybeee, a name of Cybele, from i'u2>(3f*y, 
because in the celebration of her festivals mea 
were driven to madness. 

Cybele, a goddess, daughter of Ccelus and 
Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed 
to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, 
Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Din- 
dymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was 
the daughter of a Lydian prince, called Menos, 
by his wifeDindymene.and he addsjthat as soon 
as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. 
She was preserved and suckled by some of the 
wild beasts of the forest, and 'received the 
name of Cybele from the mountain where her 
life had been preserved. When she returned 
to her father's court, she had an intrigue with 
Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mu- 
tilated, k.c. All the mythologists are unani- 
mous in mentioning the amours of Atys and 
Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys 
seems to arise from his having first introduced 
her worship in Phrygia. Sheenjoijied him per- 
petual celibacy, and the violation of his prom- 
ise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In 
Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed 
with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called 
Corybantes, Galli, iic. were not admitted in 
the service of the goddess without a previou* 
mutilation. In tiie celebration of the festi- 
\als,thoy imitated the manners of madmen, 
and filled the air with dreadful shriekr, and 
bowlings, mixed with the confused noise of 
drums, tabrets, bucklers, aiul spears. Thi5 
was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cy- 
bele for the loss of her lavourite Atys. Cy- 
Ibeiewas generally represented a? a robust 



CY 

woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to in- 
timate the fecundity of the earth. She held 
keys in her hand, and her head was crowned 
with rising turrets, and sometimes with the 
leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears ri- 
ding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions ;Atys 
follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, 
and supporting himself upon a fir-tree, which 
is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele 
is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with 
her head covered with a tower. She is also 
seen with many breasts, to show that the 
earth gives aliments to all living creatures ; 
and she generally carried two lions under her 
arras. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele 
passed into Greece, and was solemnly estab- 
lished at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleu- 
ainian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by 
order of the Sibylline books, brought the sta- 
tue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy ; 
and when the ship which carried it had run 
on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and 
innocence of Claudia were vindicated in re- 
moving it with her girdle. It is supposed 
that the mysteries of Cybeie were first known 
about 1580 years B. C. The Romans were 
particularly supei-stitious in washing every 
year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the 
shrine of this goddess in the waters of the ri- 
ver Aim on. There prevailed many obscenities 
in the observations of the festivals, and the 
priests themselves were the most eager to use 
indecent expressions, and to show their un- 
bounded licentiousness by the impurity of their 
actions, Vid. Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Coryban- 
tes, Galli, he. — Augustin. de Cicit, D. Uc. — 
Lactant. — Lucian. in Dea Syr — Diod. 3. — 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 617, 1. 10, v. 252.— Lucan. 1, 
V. 566.— Onrf. Trigt. 4, v. 210 and 361.— 
Plut. de Loquac.-^Cic. ad Attic. — Cod. Rliod. 
8;C. 17, &c. 

CvBELE and Cybela, a town of Phrygia. 
Apollod. 3, c. 5. 

Cybf.lus, a mountain of Phrygia, where 
Cybele was worshipped. 

Cybira, a town of Phrygia, whence Cy- 
biraticus. Uorcd. 1, ep. 6, v. 33. 

CvBisTKiA, a town of Cappadocia. Cic. 
Div. 15. 

CycEsiuM, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
Pisa. 

CycHREUS, a son of Neptune and Sala- 
mis. After death he was honoured tis a god 
in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, 
lie made Telamon his successor, because he 
had freed the country from a monstrous ser- 
pent. Pans. 1, c. 35. — Plut. in Thes. — 
Apollod. S,c. 12. 

Cyclades, a name given to certain islands 
of the ^gean sea, those particularly that sur- 
round Delos as with a circle; whence the 
name (■v7.k©> drculus.) They were about 53 
in number, the principal of Avhich were Ceos, 
Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gya- 
rus, Tenedos, he. The Cyclades were re- 
duced under the power of Athens by Mil- 
tiades ; but during the invasion of Greece by 
the Persians, they revolted from their ancient 
and natural allies. C JVep. in Mil. 2. — Plin. 

4, c. 12.— .¥e/a, 2, c- 7. Ptol. 3, c. 16.—Strab. 

10. — Dionys. Perieg. — Ovid. Met. 2, v. 64. — 

Virg. JEn. 3, v. 127, 1. 8, v. 692.— 5i7. 4, v. 247. 

GvcLUPEs, a certain race of mm of gigaii- 



CY 

tic stature, supposed to be the sons of CoeiaC 
and Terra. They had but one eye in the 
middle of the forehead; whence their name 
(xuxx©. circules, «>v oculus.) They were three 
in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, 
Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was 
greater according to other mythologists, and 
in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their 
king. [Vid. Polyphemus.] They inhabited 
the western pai'ts of the island of Sicily ; and 
because they were uncivilized in their man- 
ners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. 
The tradition of their having only one eye, 
originates from their custom of wearing small 
bucklers of steel which covered their faces, 
and had a small aperture in the middle, which 
corresponded exactly to the eye. From their 
vicinity to Mount ^tna, they have been sup- 
posed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to 
have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses 
were said, among the ancients, to be the work 
of the Cyclops, to render them more respect- 
able, and we find that Jupiter was armed with 
what they had fabricated, and that the shield 
of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were 
the produce of their labour. The Cyclops 
were reckoned among the gods, and we find 
a temple dedicated to their service at Co- 
rinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. 
Apollo destroyed them all, because they had 
made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which 
his son ^sculapius had been killed. From the 
different accounts given of the Cyclops by the 
ancients, it may be concluded that they were 
all the same people, to whom various functions 
have been attributed, which cannot be recon- 
ciled one to the other, without drawing the 
pencil of fiction or mythology. Apollod. 1, c. 
1 and 2. — Homer. Od. 1 and 9. — Hesiod. Theog, 
V. 140.— Theocrit. Id. 1, hc.—Strab. 8.— Virg. 
G. 4, V. 170. JEn. 6, v. 639, 1. 8, v. 418, kc. 1. 
11, v. 263.— Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 780,1. 14, v. 
249. A people of Asia. 

Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed 
by Hercules. The manner of his death 
provoked Mars to such a degree, that he re- 
solved severely to punish his murderer, but he 
was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
Hygin. fab. 31 and 261. — Hesiod. in Scut. Here. 

A son of JNeptune, invulnerable in every 

part of his body. Achilles fought againstlnm ; 
but when he saw that his darts were of no 
effect, he threw him on the ground and smo- 
thered him. He stripped him of his armour, 
and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of 

the same name. Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3. A 

son of Hyrie, changed into a swan. A soa 

of Sthenelus, king of Liguria. He was deeply 
afflicted at the death of his friend and relation 
Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations 
he was metamorphosed into a swan. Oi'^id. 
Met. 2, V. 367.— Firg. Mn. 10, v. 189.— Paws. 

1, c. 30. A horse's name. Stat. 6. Theb. 

V. 524. 

Cydas, a profligate Cretan, made judge at 
Rome by Antony. Cic. in Phil. 5 and 8. 

Cydias, an Athenian of great valour, &,c. 

Pans. 10, c. 21. A painter who made a 

painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated 
j)icce was bought by the orator Hortensius, 
I for 164 talents. Plin. 34. 
I Cydippe, the wife of AuaxiJaus, &c. Me 



CY 

r»dot. 7, c. 165. The mother of Cleobis and 

Biton. Vid. Cleobis. A girl beloved by 

Acontius. Vid. Acontius. -One of Cyrene's 

attendants. Virg. G. 4, v. 329. 

Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, 
where Alexander bathed when covered with 
sweat. The consequences })roved almost fatal 
to the monarch. Cart. 3, c. 4.~Justin. 11, 
c. 8. 

CvDON, a friend of Turnus against iBneas. 
Virg. Xn. 10, v. 335. 

CyooN and Cydonia, now Canea, atown of 
Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It was 
supposed that Minos generally resided there. 

Hence Cydoneus. Ovid. Met. 8, v, 22 Viro- 

JEn. 12, V. 858.— S,7. 2, v. 109.— Lit-. 37, c m 
— Lucan. 7, v. 229. 

Cydonia, an island opposite Lesbos. Plin^ 
3 and 4. 

Cydrara, a city of Phrygia. Herodot. 7, 
c. 30. 

Cydrolaus, a man who led a colony to Sa- 
mos. Diod. 5. 

Cygnus, Vid. Cycnus. 

Cylabus, a place near Argos in Peloponne- 
sus. Plut. in Pyrrh. 

Cylbiani, mountains of Phrygia where the 
Cayster takes its rise. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Cylices, a people among the lUyrians. 
There was in their country a monument in 
honour of Cadmus. Athen. 

Cylindus, a son of Phryxus and Calliope. 

Cyllabaris, a public place for exercises 
»t Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. 
Paus. in Cor. 

Cyllabarus, a gallant of the wife of Dio- 
medes, fee. 

Cyllarus, the most beautiful of all the 
Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. 
They perished both at the same time. Ovid. 

12, Met. V. 408. A celebrated horse of 

Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. 
Virg. G. 3, V. 90. 

Cyllen, a son of Elatus. Paus. 8, c. 4. 

Cyllene, the mother of Lycaon, bv Pe- 

fesgus. Apollod. 3, c. 8. A naval station of 

Ehs in Peloponnesus. Prats. 4, c. 23. A 

mountain of Arcadia, Avith a small town onfts 
declivity, which received its namefrom Cyllen. 
Mercury was born there; hence his surname 
of Cylleneiiis, which is indiscriminately appli- 
ed to any thing he invented, or over which he 
presided. Lucan. 1, v. 663.— Hora^ ep. 13, v. 
i!i.~Paus. 8, c. 17. —Virg. Mn. 8, v. 139.— 
Ovid. Met. 13, V. 146. A A. 3, v. 147. 

Cylleneius, a surname of Mercury, from 
his being born on the mountain Cyllene. 

CYLr.YRii, certain slaves at Syracuse. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 155. 

CytoN, an Athenian, who aspired to tyran- 
ny. Herodot. 5, c. "71. 

CYivfA or Cym;e, the largest and most 
beautiful town of iEolia, called also Pkricmis 
and PhncorUis, and Cunus. Vid. Cum», 
Ltv. 37, c. U.—Cie. Place. 20.— Herodot. 1, c. 
149. 

Cymodoce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of the 

Nereides. Hesiod. Theog. v. 255 Virir G 

4,v. 388.. ■ ^' ' 

Cymulus, and Cimolus, an island of the 
Cretan sea. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 463. 

Cymothoe, one of the Nereides, repre- 
sented by Virs. A^.n. 1, v. 148, as assisting the 



CY 

Trojans with Triton after the storm with 
which ^olus, at the request of Juno, had 
afflicted the fleet. 

CyxVara, one of Horace's favourites, 4 Orf. 
1, V. 4. 

Cyn^giru?, an Athenian, celebrated for 
his extraordinary courage. He was brother to 
the poet ^schylus. After the battle of Mara- 
thon, he pursued the flying Persians to their 
ships, and seized one of their vessels with his 
right hand, which was immediately severed 
by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel 
by his left hand, and when he had lost that 
also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. 
Herodot. 6, c. 114. Justin. 2, c. 9. 

Cyn^thium, a town of Arcadia, founded 
by one of the companions of vEneas. Dionys, 
Hal. 

Cynane, » daughter of Philip, king of 
Macedonia, who married Amyntas, son of 
Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. Po- 
lycEn. 8. 

Cynapes, a river falling into the Euxin^ 
Ovid. 4, Pont. el. 10, v. 49. 

Cynaxa. Vid. Cunasa. 

Cyneas. Vid. Cineas. 

Cynesii and Cynet^, a nation of the re- 
motest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. 
Herodot.2,c.33. 

Cynethussa, an island in the ^eean sea. 
Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Cynia, a lake of Acarnania. Strab. 16. 

Cynici, a sect of philosophers founded by 
Antisthenes the Athenian. They received 
this name a canina mordacitate, from their 
canine propensity to criticise the lives and ac- 
tions of men, or because, like dogs, they were 
not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires 
publicly. They Were famous for their con- 
tempt of riches, for the negligence of their 
dress, and the length of their beards. Dio- 
genes was one of their sect. They generally 
slept on the ground. Cic. 1. Off. 35 and 41. 

Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus king 
of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the 
chariot races at the Olympic games. Paus. 3, 
C.8. 

Cyno, a woman who preserved the life of 
Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 110. 

Cynocephale, a town of Thessaly, where 
the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of 
Macedon, and put an end to the fir.st Macedo- 
nian war, B. C. 1^7. Lit- .33, c. 7. 

Cynocephali, a nation in India, who have 
the head of a dog, according to some tradi- 
tions. PHji. 7, c. 2. 

Cynopho.ntis, a festival at Argos, observ- 
ed during the dog-days. It received its name 
aTTo Tou xuvsei <^ovuv, killing dogs, because they used 
to kill all the dogs they met. 

Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of 
Sparta, son of Amyclos and Diomede. Paus, 
3, c. 1. 

Cynortion, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
Paus. 2, c. 27. 

Cynos, a town of Locris. Another in 

Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, was 
buried. 

Cykosarges, a surname of Hercufcs. 

A small village of Attica of the same name,, 
where the Cynic philosophers had established 
their school. Herodot. 5 and 6. 

CiyosFtMA, (a dog's tomb), a promonlorv 



CY 

of tlie Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba 
was chatiged into a dog, and buried. Ovid. 13, 
Met. 569. 

Cynosijra, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She 
nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star 
which bears the same name. It is the same as 
the Ursa r»iinor. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107. 

Cynthia, a beautiful woman, who was 
mistress to Propertius. A surname of Di- 
ana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born. 
Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from 
mount Cynthus. 

Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, so high that 
it is said to overshadow the whole island. 
Apollo was sui'named Ci/n!hius, and Diana 
Ci/nthia, as they were born on the mountain, 
which was sacred to them. Virg. G. 3, v. 36. 
■^Ovid. 6. Met. v. 304. Fast. 3, v. 346. 

Cyncrekses, a people of Arcadia. Paus. 
8, C.27. 

Cynus, a naval station of Opuns. Id. 10, c. 1. 
Cyparissi and Cyparissia, a town of Pelo- 
ponnesus, near Messenia. Liv. 32, c. 31. — 
Flin. 4, c. 5, 

Cyparissus, a youth, son of Telephus of 
Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite 
stag of Apollo's, for which he was so sorry 
that he pined away and was changed by the 
god into a cypress tree. Virg. JE,n. 3, v. 680. 
—Ovid. Mel. 10, v. 121. A to\rn near Del- 
phi. Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Cyphara, a fortified place ofThessaly. Liv. 
82, c. 13. 

Cypri.Inus, a native of Carthage, who, 
though born of heathen parents, became a 
convert to Christianity, and tlae bishop of his 
country. To be more devoted to purity and 
study, he abandoned his Avife ; and as a proof 
of his chanty he distributed his goods to the 
poor. He Avrote 81 letters, besides several 
treatises, de Dei gratia, de mrginum habitu, 
&,c. and rendered his compositions valuable by 
the information he conveys of the discipline 
of the ancient church, and by the soundness 
and purity of his theology. He died a mar- 
tyr, A. D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian 
are, that of Fell, fol. Oxon. 1682, and that re- 
printed Arast. 1700. 

Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cleo- 
patra, who married Agrippa. A large isl- 
and in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of 
Cilicia. and at the west of Syria, formerly 
joined to the continent near Syria, according 
to Fliny. It has been anciently called ^ca»mn- 
tis, Aviathusia, £spelia, Ceresiis, Colonia, or 
Colinia. Macaria, and Spechia. It has been 
celebrated for giving birth to Venus, surnamed 
Ci/]}riSf who was the chief deity of the place, 
and to whose service many places andtemples 
were consecrated. It was anciently divided 
into nine kingdoms, and it was for some time 
under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of 
the Persian?. The Greeks made themselves 
masters of it, and it was taken from them by 
the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, 
is 1400 stadia. There nere three celebrated 
teni|)les there, two sacred to V^enus, and the 
other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were given 
mucii to plt^asure and dissipation. Strab. 15. 
—Plot. 5, c. 14.— JP/or. 3, c. 9.—Jiislin. 18, c. 
5.—Plin. 12, c. 24, 1. 33, c. 5, 1.36,0.26.— 
Mela, 2, c. 7. 
Cyps£i.iDJBS, the name of three princes as 



descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at do- 
rinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeed- 
ed by his son Periander, who left his kingdom 
after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II. 

Cypselus, a king of Arcadia, who mar- 
ried the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen 
himself against the Heraclidae. Paus. 4, c. 3. 

A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and 

father of Periander. He destroyed the Bac- 
chiada3, and seized upon the sovereign power, 
about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 
30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Pe- 
riander had two sons, Lycophron and Cyp- 
selus, who was insane. Cypselus received his 
name from the Greek word >:v;»x©> a coffer, 
because when the Bacchiadai attempted to kill 
him, his mother saved his life by concealing 
him in a coffer. Paus. 5, c. 17. — Cic. Tusc. 
5, c. 37.— Herodot. 1, c. 114, 1. 5, c. 92, &c.— 

Bristol. Polit. The father of Miltiades. 

Herodot. 6, c. 3. 

Cyraunis, an island of Libya. Id. 4, c, 195. 

Cyrbiana, a province of the Elymaeans. 

Cyre, a fountain near Cyrene. 

Cyrenaica, a country of Africa, of which 
Cyrene is the capital. Vid. Cyrene. 

Cyrenaici, a sect of philosophers who fol- 
lowed the doctrine of Aristippus. They 
placed their summuni bonum in pleasure, and 
said that \irtue ought to be commended be- 
cause it gave pleasure. Laert. in Arist. 

Cic. de Kat. D. 3. 

Cyrene, the daughter of the river Peneus, 
of whom Apollo became enamoured. He car- 
ried her to that part of Africa which is called 
Cyrenaica, where she brought forth Aristaeus. 
She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, 
king of the Lapitha), and son of the Peneus. 
Virg. G. 4, V. 321. —Justin. 13, c.l.— Pindar. 

Pyih. 9. A celebrated city of Libya, to 

which Aristeeus, who was the chief of the 
colonists settled there, gave his mother's 
name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and 
fertile plain, about eleven miles from the Me- 
diterranean sea.and it became the capital of the 
country, which was called Pentapolis, on ac- 
count of the five cities which it contained. It 
gave birth to many great men, among whom 
were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, 
Aristippus, k,c. The town of Cyrene was 
built by Battus, B. C. 630, and the kingdom 
was bequeathed to the Romans, B. C. 97, by 
king Ptolemy Appion. Herodot. 3 and 4. — 
Paus. 10, c. 13.— Strab. ll.-Mela, 1, c. 8.—. 
Plin. 6, c. 5.— Tacit. Jinn.3, c. 70. 

Cyuiades, one of the thirty tyrants who 
harassed the Roman empire, in the reign of 
Gallienus. He died A. D. 259. 

Cyrillus, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died 
A. D. 386. Of his Avritings, composed in 
Greek, there remain 23 catacheses, and a let- 
ter to the emperor Constantine, the best edi- 
tion of which is Milles, fol. Oxon. 1703. 

A bishop of Alexandria, who died A. D. 444. 
The best edition of his writings, which are 
mostly controversial in Greek, is that of Pa- 
ris, fol 7 vols. 1638. 

Cyrne, a place of Eubcea. 

Cynnus, a driver in the games which 
Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. Ital. 16, v. 

342. A man of Argos, u ho founded a city 

in Chersouesus. Diod. 6. A river that 

falls into the Caspian sea. Plut. in Pomp. 



CY 

An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as ought to be. 
Corsica; and called after Cyrnus, the son of &;c. — Justin. 1, 
Hercules. Virg. Ed. 9, v. 30.— Paw*. 10, c. 17 . 

Cyrr;ei, a people of iEthiopia, 

Cyrrhad^, an Indian nation. 

Cyrrhes, a people of Macedonia, near 
Pella. 

Cyrrhestica, a country of Syria near Ci- 
licia, of wliich the capital was called Cyrrhum. 
Plin. 5, c. 23.— Cic. Att. 5, ep. 18. 

Cyrrhus and Cyrus, a river of Iberia, in 
Asia. 

Cyrsilus, an Athenian, stoned to death by 
his countrymen, because he advised them to 
receive the array of Xerxes, and to submit to 
the power of Persia. • Damosth. de Corona. 
Cic. 3, de Offic. c. 11. 

Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses 
and Mandane, daughter of Astyages king of 
Media. His father was of an ignoble family, 
whose marriage with Mandane had been con- 
summated on account of the apprehensions of 
Astyages. (FitZ. Astyages.) Cyrus W' as expo- 
sed as soon as born ; but he was preserved by 
a shepherdess, who educated him as her own 
son. As he was playing with his equals in 
years, he was elected king in a certain diver- 
sion, and hs exercised his power with such an 
independent spirit, that he ordered one of his 
play companions to be severely whipped for 
disobedience. The father of the youth, who 
was a nobleman, complained to the king of the 
ill treatment which his son had received from 
a shepherd's son. Astyages ordered Cyrus be- 
fore him, and discovered that he was Man- 
dano's son, from whom he had so much to ap- 
prehend. He treated him with great coldness ; 
and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, esca- 
ped from his confinement, and began to levy 
troops to dethrone his grandfather. He was 
assisted and encouraged by the ministers of 
Astyages, who were displeased with the king's 
oppression. He marched against him, and 
Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken 
prisoner, B. C. 559. From this victory the 
empire of Media became tributary to the Per- 
sians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of 
Asia, and made war against Croesus, king of 
Lydia, whom he conquered, B. C. 648. He 
invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the 
city of Babylon, by drying the channels of 
tiie Euphrates, and marching his troops 
through the bed of the river, while the people 
were celebrating a grand festival. He after- 
wards marched against Tomyris, the queen of 
the Massagetae, a Scythian nation, and was de- 
feated in a bloody bat'le, B. C. 530. The vic- 
torious queen, who had lost her son in a pre- 
vious encounter, was so incensed against Cy- 
rus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into 
a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, 
i^aiin te sanguine (/aeni sUisli. Xenophon has 
written the lifo of Cyrus ; but his history is 
not perfectly authentic. In the character of 
Cyrus, he delineates a brave and viituous 
prince, and often puts in his mouth many of 
the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is 
false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given 
existence to persons whom no other historian 
ever mentioned. The Cyrop(edia, Ihei-efore, is 
not to be looked upon as an authentic history 
of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as 
showing what every good and virtuous prince 4, v. 7. 



CY 

Diod. 1. — Herodot. 1, c. 76, 

c. 5 and 7. The younger 

Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, 
and the brother of Artaserxes. He was sent 
by his father, at the age of sixteen, to assist 
the Lacedaemonians against Athens. Artax- 
erxes succeeded to the throne at the death of 
Nothus ; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring 
soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was 
discovered,and would have been punished with, 
death, had not his mother, Parysatis, saved 
him from the hands of the executioner by her 
tears and entreaties. This circumstance did 
not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus ; 
he was appointed over Lydia and the sea- 
coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, 
and levied troops under vanous pretences. 
At last he took the field with an army of 
100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks under 
the command of Cleai'chus. Artaxerxes met 
him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle 
was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have 
perhaps obtained the victory, had not his un- 
common rashness proved his ruin. It is said 
that the two royal brothers met in person, and 
engaged with the most inveterate fury, and 
their engagement ended in the death of Cy- 
rus, 401 years B. C. Artaxerxes was so anx- 
ious of its being universal!;* reported that his 
brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to 
death two of his subjects, for boasting that 
they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were 
engaged in the expedition, obtained much 
glory in the battle ; and after the death of Cy- 
rus, they remained victorious in the field with- 
out a commander. They were not, however, 
discouraged, though at a great distance from 
their country, and surrounded on every side 
by a powerful enemy. They unanimously 
united in the election of commanders, and 
traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual 
attacks of the Persians ; and nothing is more 
truly celebrated in ancient history than the 
bold retreat of the ten thousand. The journey 
that they made from the place of their first 
embarkation till their return, has been calcu- 
lated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space 
of 15 months, including all the time which 
was devoted to take rest and refreshment. 
This retreat has been celebrated by Xeno- 
phon, who was one of their leaders, and among 
the friends and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, 
that in the letter he wrote to Lacedaemon, to 
solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philoso- 
phy, his royal blood, and his ability to drink 
more wine than his brother without being in- 
toxicated. Plut. in Arlax. — Diod. 14. — Jus- 
tin. 5, c. 11. A rival of Horace, in the af- 
fections of one of his mistresses, 1. od. 17, v. 

24. A poet of Panopolis, in the age of 

Theodosius. 

Cyrus and Cyropolis, a city of Syria, 
built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose 
humanity in relieving them from their captivi- 
ty they wished thus to commemorate. 

Cyrus, a river of Persia, now Kur. 

Cyta, a town of Colchis, famous for the 
poisonous herbs which it produces, and for 
the birth of Medea. Flacc. 6, v. 693.— Pro- 
pert. 2, el. 1, v. 73. 

CvTiEis, a surname of Medea, from her 
being; an inhabitant of Cyta. Properl. 2. el. 



CY 

Cythera, now Cerigo, an island on the 
coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was par- 
ticularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was 
from thence surnamed Cylherma, and who 
rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near its 
coasts. It was for some time under the power 
of the Argives, and always considered of the 
highest importance to maritime powers. The 
Phoenicians had built there a famous temple 
to Venus. Virg. iEn. 1, v. 262, 1. 10, v. 5.— 
Paus. 3, c. 33.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 288, 1. 16, v. 
386. Fast. 4, v. \b.—Herodot. 1, c. 29. 

Cyther^a, a surname of Venus. 

Cytheris, a certain courtezan, much re- 
jected by the poet Gallas, as well as by 
Antony. 

Cytheron, Firf. Cithaeron. 

Cythbrun, a place of Attica. 

Cytherus, a river of Elis. Paus. 6, c. 22. 

Cythnos, now Thermia, an island near 
Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been call- 
ed Ophioasa and Dryopis. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 252. 

Cytineum, one of the four cities called 
Tetrapolis^ in Doris. Strab. 9.-~Thucyd. 1, 
«. 107. 

Cytissorus, a son of Phryxus, &.c. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 197. 

Cytorus, now Kudros, a mountain and 
town of Galatia, built by Cytorus, son of 
Phryxus, and abounding in box wood. Catull. 
4, V. \3.—0vid Met. 4, v. 3\\.— Strab. 11.— 
Virg. G. 2, V. 437. 

Cyzicum, or Cyzicus, an island of the 
Propontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, 
with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander join- 
ed it to the continent by two bridges, andfrora 



CY 

that time it was called a peninsula. It h^i 
two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, 
the first natural, and the other artificial. It 
became one of the most considerable cities of 
Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and 
relieved by Lucuilus. Flor. 3, c. 5. — Plin. 5^ 
c. 32.— Diod. 18 

Cyzicus, a son of (Eneus and Stilba, who 
reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received 
the Argonauts, in their expedition against Col- 
chis. After their departure from the court of 
Cyzicus, they were driven back in the nighty 
by a storm, upon the coast; and the in habitants 
seeing such an unexpected number of men, fu- 
riously attacked them, supposing them to be 
the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this 
nocturnal engagement, many were killed on 
both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hand 
of Jason himself, who honoured him with a 
splendid funeral, and raised a stately monu- 
ment over his grave. Jipollod. 1, c. 9. — Place. 

— Apollon. — Orpheus. The chief town of 

the island of Cyzicum, built where the island 
is joined by the bridges to the continent. It 
has two excellent harbours called Panormus 
and Chytus. The former is naturally large and 
beautiful, and the other owes all its convenien- 
ces to the hand of art. The town is situate 
partly on a mountain, and partly in a plain. 
The Argonauts built a temple to Cybele, in the 
neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cy- 
zicus, who was killed there by Jason. The 
Athenians defeated, near this place, their ene- 
mies of Lacedasmon, assisted by Pharnabazus, 
B. C. 410. Flor. 3, c. 5, he— Strab.— Jlpol- 
Ion. 1. Propert. 3, el. 22.— Place. 2, v. 636. 



D^ 



DiE 



DAiE, Dxnm, or Dai, now the Dahistan, 
a people of Scythia, who dwelt on the 
borders of the Caspian sea. Sil. 13, v. 764. — 
Lucan. 7, v. 429.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 728. 

Daci and Dacje, a warlike nation of Ger- 
many, beyond the Danube, whose country, 
called Dacia, was conquered by the Romans 
under Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A. D 
103. The emperor joined the country to Mce- 
sia, by erecting a magnificent bridge across the 
Danube, considered as the best of his works, 
which however the envy of his successor Adri- 
an demolished. Dacia now forms the modern 
countries of JValachia, Transylvania, and Mol- 
davia. Lucan. 2, v. 53. 

Dacicus, a surname assumed by Domitian 
©n his pretended victory over the Dacians. 
.fuv. 6, v. 204. 

Dactyli, a name given to the priests of Cy- 
bele, which some derive from ^^^ tu?.oj finger, 
because they were ten, the same number as 
the fingers of the hand. Paus. 1, c. 8. 

Daijics, a people of Asiatic Scythia. He- 
rodot. 3, c. 91. 

D^sdala, a mountain and city of Lycia, 
where Daidalus was buried according to Pliny 

5, c. 27. A name given to Circe, from her 

being cunning, (^ji^^xKo:), and like Dajdalus 
addicted to deceit and artifice. Virg. JEn 
7, V. 282. Two festivals in Bceotia. One 



of these was obsei-ved at Alalcomenos by the 
Plataeans, in a large grove, where they ex- 
posed, in the open air, pieces of boiled flesh, 
and carefully observed whither the crows that 
came to prey upon them directed their flight. 
All the trees upon which any of these 
birds alighted, were immediately cut down, 
and with them statues were made, called Dce- 
dala, in honour of Daedalus. — T!>e other festi- 
val was of a more solemn kind. It was ce- 
lebrated every sixty years by all the cities of 
Bceotia, as a compensation for the intermission 
of the smaller festivals, for that number of 
years, during the exile of the Plataeans. Four- 
teen of the statues, called Dasdala, were distri- 
buted by lot among the Plataeans, Lebadaeans, 
Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, The- 
bans, Tanagraeans, and Chaei-oneans, because 
they had effected a reconciliation among the 
Plataeans, and caused them to be recalled from 
exile, about the time that Thebes was restored 
by Cassander, the son of Antipater. During 
this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride- 
maid accompanied a statue which was dressed 
in female garments,on the banks of the Eurotas. 
Tiiis procession was attended tothetopof mount 
Cithaeron, by many of the Boeotians, who had 
places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of 
square pieces of wood, cemented together like 
stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown 



DM 

targe quantities of combustible materials. Af- 
terwards a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and 
an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the 
cities of Bceotia, and by the most opulent that 
attended. The poorest citizens offered small 
cattle ; and all these oblations, together with 
the Daedala, were thrown in the common heap 
and set on fi^re, and totally reduced to ashes. 
They originated in this : When Juno, after a 
quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubcea, 
and refused to return to his bed, the god, anx- 
ious for her return, went to consult Cithaeron 
king of Plataea, to find some effectual measure 
to break her obstinacy. Cithaeron advised him 
lo dress a statue in woman's apparel, and carry 
it in a chariot, and publicly to report it was 
Plataja, the daughter of Asopus, whom he was 
going to marry. The advice was followed, and 
Juno informed of her husband's future mar- 
riage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, 
and was easily united to him, when she disco- 
vered the artful measnres he had made use of 
to effect a reconciliation. Pausan. ^ Plui. 

D^DALioir, a son of Lucifer, brother to 
Ceyx, and father of Philonis. He was so afflict- 
ed at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had 
put to death, that he threw himself down from 
the top of mount Parnassus, and was changed 
into a falcon by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 295. 

DiEDALus, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, 
descended from Erechtheus, king of Athens. 
He was the most ingenious artist of his age, 
and to him we are indebted for the invention 
of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, 
and many other mechanical instruments, and 
the sails of ships. He made statues which 
moved of themselves, and seemed to be endow- 
ed with life. Talus, his sister's son, promised 
to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his 
inventions ; and therefore, from envy, he threw 
him down from a window and killed him. Af- 
ter the murderof this youth, Daedalus, with his 
son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where 
Minos, king of the country, gave him a cordial 
reception. Dredalus made a famous labyrinth 
for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, the queen, to 
gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For 
this action, Daedalus incurred the displeasure 
of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in 
the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here 
he made himself wings with feathers and wax, 
and carefully fitted them to his body, and to 
that of his son, who was the companion of his 
confinement. They took their flight in the air 
from Crete ; but the heat of the sun melted 
the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight 
was too iiigh, and he fell into that part of the 
ocean, which from him has been called the Ica- 
rian sea. The father, by a proper management 
of his wings, alighted at Cumae, where he built 
a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his 
course to Sicily, where he was kindly receiv- 
ed by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the 
country. He left many monuments of his in- 
genuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age 
of Diodorus Siculus. He was dispatched by 
Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, 
wlio had declared war against him, because he 
had given an asylum to Daedalus. The flight 
of Daedalus from Crete, with wings, is explain- 
ed, by observing that he was the inventor of 
sails, which in his age might pass at a distance 
for wings. Pans, l- 7, and 9 — Dioil. 4,~ Ovid, 



DA 

JIfe/. 8, fab. 3, Ileroid. 4. De Art. Am. 2, 
Trist. 3, el. 4.—Hygin. fab. 4G.— Virg. JEn. 6, 
V. 14.— Apollod. 3, c. l,kc.^Herodot. 7, c. 170. 
There were two statuaries of the same 



name, one of Sicyon, son of Patroclus, the oth- 
er a native of Bithynia. Pans. 7, c. 14.—Arnan. 
D^MON, a kind of spirit which, as the an- 
cients supposed, presided over the actions of 
mankind, gave them their private counsels, 
and carefully watched over their most secret' 
intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers 
maintained that every man had two of these 
Daemons ; the one bad, and the other good. 
These Daemons had the power of changing 
themselves into whatever they pleased, and 
of assuming whatever shapes were most sub- 
servient to their intentions. At the moment 
of death, the Daemon delivered up to judgment 
the person with whose care he had been in- 
trusted ; and according to the evidence he de- 
livered, sentence was passed over the body. 
The Daemon of Socrates is famous in history. 
That great philosopher asserted that the ge- 
nius informed him when any of his friends was 
going to engage in some unfortunate enterprise, 
and stopped him from the commission of all 
crimes and impiety. The Genii or Daemons, 
though at first reckoned only as the subordi- 
nate ministers of the superior deities, received 
divine honour in length of time, and we find 
altars and statues erected to a Genio loci, Ge- 
mo Augtisti, Junonibus, &c. Cic. Tusc. 1. — 
Plut. de Gen. Socr. 

Dah^. Vid. Daae. 

Dai, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. He- 
rodot. 1, c. 125. 

Daicles, a victor at Olympia, B. C. 753. 

Daides, a solemnity observed by th© 
Greeks. It lasted three days. The first was 
in commemoration of Latona's labour ; the 
second in memory of Apollo's birth ; and the 
third in honour of the marriage of Podalirius, 
and the mother of Alexander. Torches were 
always cau-ried at the celebration ; whence the 
name. 

Daimachus, a master of horse at Syracuse 
&.C. Poly an. 1. 

Daimenes, a general of the Achaeans. Pans. 

7, c, 6. An officer exposed on a cross, bj 

Dionysius of Syracuse. Diod. 14. 

Daiphron, a son of ^Egyptus, killed by his 
wife, &,c. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

Daira, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Eleusis by Mei'cury. Pans. 1, c. 38. 

Daldia, a town of Lydia. 

Dalmatius, one of the Caesars, in the age of 
Constantine, who died A. D. 337. 

Dalmatia, a part of Illyricum, at the east 
of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on tlie west, 
whose inhabitants, called Dalmalcp,, were con- 
quered by Metellus, B. C. 118. They chiefly 
lived upon plunder, and from their rebellious 
spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire. 
They wore a peculiar garment called Dalmali- 
ca, afterwards introduced at Rome. Moral. 2, 
od. 1, V. 16.—Lamprid. in Commod. S.—Sirab. 
I.—Ptol. 2. 

Dalmium, the chief town of Dalmatia. 
Slrab. 7. 

Damagetus, a man of Rhodes, who inquir- 
ed of the oracle what wife he ought to mar- 
ry ? and received for answer the daughter 
of the bravest of the Greeks. He a]»plied to 



DA 

Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter in mar- 
riage, B. C. 670. Pans. 4, c. 24. 

Damalis, a courtezan at Rome, in the age 
ofHorace, lod.36, V. 13. 

Damas, a Syracusan in the interest of Aga 
thocles. Diod. 19. 

Damascene, a part of Syria near mount 
Libanus. 

Damascius, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote 
a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and 
four books on extraordinary events, in the age 
of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, 
Trere greatly esteemed according to Photius. 

Damascus, a rich and ancient city of Da- 
mascene in Syria, where Demetrius Nicaiior 
was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the 
modern Damas or Sham, inhabited by about 
80,000 souls. Lvcan. 3, v. 215. — Justin. 36, 
c. 2. — Mela, 1, c. 11. 

Damasia, a town called also Augusta, now 
^^usburg, in Swabia on the Leek. 

Damasichthon, a king of Thebes. Pans. 
9, c. 5. 

Damasippus, a captain in Philip's army. 

A senator who accompanied Juba when 

ke entered Utica in triumph. Cces. Bell. C. 2. 

A great enemy of Sylla. Patera. 2, c. 

22. An orator. Jav. 3, v. 185. A mer- 
chant of old seals and vessels, who, after losing 
his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, 
assumed the name and habit of a stoic philoso- 
pher. Horat. 2, Sat. 3. One of IMiobe's 

sons. 

Damasistratus, a king of Plataea, who buri- 
ed Laius. Apollod. 3, c. 5. 

Damasithynus, a son of Candaules, gene- 
ral in the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 98. 

A king of Calyndee, sunk in his ship by 

Artemisia. Id. 8, c. 87. 

Damastes, a man of Sigaeum, disciple of 
Hellanicus, about the age of Herodotus, &,c. 
Dionys. A famous robber. Vid. Procrastes. 

Damastor, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- 
troclus at the siege of Troy, Homer. II. 16, v. 
416. 

Damia, a surname of Cybele. A woman 

to whom the Epidaurians raised a statue. He- 
rodot. 6, c. 82. 

Damias, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, 
in the age of Lysander. Pans. 10, c. 9. 

Damippus, a Spartan taken by Marcellus 
as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. He 
discovered to the enemy that a certain part of 
the city was negligently guarded, and in con- 
sequence of this discovery Syracuse was taken. 
Polycen. 

Damis, a man who disputed with Aristode- 
Hius the right of reigning over tlie Messenians. 
Paus. 4, c. 10. 

Damnh, a people at the north of Britain. 

Damnonii, a people of Britain, now sup- 
posed Devonshire. 

Damnorix, a celebrated Gaul, in the inte- 
rest of Julius Caesar, k.c. 

Damo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by 
order of her father, devoted her life to perpe- 
tual celibacy, and induced others to follow her 
example. Pythagoras at his death intrusted 
her with all the secrets of his philosophy, and 
gaveherthe unlimited care of his compositions, 
under the promise that she never would part 
with them. She faithfully obeyed his injunc- 
tions y and though in the citremest poverty, 



da 

she refused to obtain money by the violation of 
her father's commands. Laert. in Pythag. 

Damocles, one of the flatterers of Diony- 
sius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the ty- 
rant's wealth, and pronounced him the happiest 
man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him 
to undertake for a while the charge of royalty, 
and be convinced of the happiness which a 
sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the 
throne, and while he gazed upon the wealth 
and splendour that surrounded him, he per- 
ceived a sword hanging over his head by a 
horsehair. This so terrified him, that all his 
imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he 
begged Dionysius to remove him from a situa- 
tion which exposed his life to such fears and 
dangers. Cic. in Tuscul. 6, c. 21. 

Damocrates, a hero, &,c. Pint, in Arist. 

Damocrita, a Spartan matron, wife of 
Alcippus, who severely punished her enemies 
who had banished her husband, &,c. Plut.in 
Parall. 

Damocritus, a timid general of the Achae- 

ans, &c. Paus. 7, c. 13. A Greek writer, 

who composed two treatises, one upon the art 
of drawing an army in battle array, and the 

other concerning the Jews. A man who 

wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine. 

DA.M0N, a victor at Olympia. Olymp. 102. 

— Paus. 4, c. 27. A poet and musician of 

Athens, intimate with Pericles, and distin- 
guished for his knowledge of government and 
fondness of discipline. He was banished for 
his intrigues about 430 years before Christ. 
C. Kep. 15, c. 2. — Plut. in Pericl. A Py- 
thagorean philosopher, very intimate with Py- 
thias. When he had been condemned to death 
by Dionysius, he obtained from the tyrant 
leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on 
promise of returning at a stated hour to the 
place of execution. Pythias pledged himself 
to undergo the punishment which was to be 
inflicted on Damon, should he not return in 
time, and he consequently delivered himself 
into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned 
at the appointed moment, and Dionysius was 
so struck with the fidelityof those two friends, 
that he remitted the punishment, and entreat- 
ed them to permit him to share their friend- 
ship, and enjoy their confidence. Vol. Max. 

4, c. 7. A man of Cheroujea, who killed a 

Roman officer, and was murdered by his fe 1- 

low- citizens. Plui, in Cim. A Cyrenean, 

who wrote an history of philosophy. Laert. 

Damophantus, a general of Elis, in the 
age of Philopcemen. Plut. in Phil. 

Damophila, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of 
Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, 
and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana 
and of the gods, but opened a school, where 
the younger persons of her sex were taught the 
various powers of music and poetry. Philostr. 

Damophilus, an historian. Diod. A 

Rhodian general against the fleet of Deme- 
trius. Diod. 20. 

Damopuon, a sculptor of Messina. Paus. 
7, c. 23. 

Damostratus, a philosopher who wrote 
a treatise concerning fishes. JEliun. r. H. 13, 
c, 2L 

DAMoxi^:Nus, a comic writer of Athens. 

Jllhen. 3. A boxer of Syracuse, banished 

for killing his adversary. Paus. 8, c. 40, 



DA 

Damvrias, a river of Sicily. Pint, in Tir.wl 

Dana, a large town of Cappadocia. 

Dasace, tiie name of the piece of money 
which Charon required to convey the dead 
over the Styx. Suidas. 

Dasak, the daagliter of Acrisius king of 
Argos; by Eurydice. She was confined in a 
brazen tower by her father, who had been told 
by an oracle, that his daughters son would put 
him to death. His endeavours to prevent Danae 
from becoming a mother proved fruitless ; and 
Jupiter, who was enamoured of her, introdu- 
eed himself to her bed, by changing himself 
into a golden shower. From his embraces 
Danae had a son, witli whom she was exposed 
on the sea by her father. The wind drove the 
bark which carried her to the coasts of the isl- 
and of Seriphus, where she was saved by some 
fishermen, and carried to Polydectes king of 
the place, whose brother, called Dictys, edu- 
cated the child, called Perseus, and tenderly 
treated the mother. Polydectes fell in love 
with her ; but as he was afraid of her son, he 
sent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending 
that he wished Medusa's head to adorn the 
nuptials which he was goin^; to celebrate with 
Hippodamia; the daughierot (Enomaus. When 
Perseus had victoriously finished his expedi- 
tion, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the 
house of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently kill- 
ed. Some suppose that it was Proetus the 
brother of Acrisius, who introduced himself to 
Danae in the brazen tower: and instead of a 
golden shower, it was maintained, that the 
keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of 
lier seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came 
to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and that 
she founded a city called Ardea. Ovid. Met. 
4, V. 611. ^rt. Am. 3, v. 415. Amor. 2, el. 19. 
V. 21.—Horai. 3, od. l^—Hoiner. II. 14, v. 319. 
— Apollod. 2, c. 2 and 4.— Stat. Theh. 1, v. 255. 

— V^irg. JEn. 7, v. 410. A daughter of Leon- 

tium, mistress to Sophron, governor of Ephe- 
sus. A daughter of Danaus, to whom Nep- 
tune offered violence. 

Danai, a name given to the people of Ar- 
gos, ajid promiscuously to all the Greeks, from 
i)anaus their king. Virg. and Ovid, passim. 

Danaides, the fifty daughters of Danaus 
king of Ai'gos. When their uncle iEgyptus 
came from Egypt with his fifty sons, they were 
promised in marriage to their cousins; but be- 
fore the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, 
who had been informed by an oracle that he 
was to be killed by the hands of one of his 
sons-in-law, made his daughters solemnly pro- 
mise that they would destroy their husbands. 
They were provided with daggers by their fa- 
ther, and all, except Hypermnestra, stained 
their hands with the blood of their cousins, the 
iirst night of their nuptials ; and as a pledge of 
their obedience to their father's injunctions, 
they presented him each with the head of the 
murdered sons of iEgyptus. Hypermnestra 
was summoned to appear before her father, 
and answer for her disobedience in sutfering 
iier husband, Lynceus, to escape : but the 
unanimous voice of the people declared her 
innocent, and in consequence of her honour- 
able acquittal, she dedicated a temple to the 
goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were pu- 
rified of this mui-der by Mercury and Minerva, 
Hy order of Jnpiter : but according to tlie more 
30 



DA 

received opinion, they were condemned to 
severe punishment in hell, and were compel- 
led to fill with water a vessel full of holes, so 
that the water ran out as soon as poured into 
it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and 
their punishment eternal. The names of the 
Danaides, and their husbands, were as foUo^vs, 
according to Apollodorus : Amymone married 
Enceladus ; Automate, Biisiris; Agave, Lycus; 
Scea, Dayphron ; Hippodamia, Ister ; Rhodia^ 
Chalcedon ; Calyce, another Lynceus ; Gor- 
gophone, Proteus ; Cleopatra, Agenor ; Aste* 
ria, Chaetus; Glance, Aleis ; Hippodamia, Di- 
acoiytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, 
Hippothous; Iphimedusa, Echenor; Rhode, 
Hippolitus ; Pirea. Agoptolemus ; Cercestis, 
Dorion ; Pharte, Eurydamas ; Mnestra, -<Egi- 
us ; Evippe, Arigius ; Anaxibia, Archelaus ; Ne- 
lo, Melachus ; Clite, Clitus ; Stenele, Sene- 
iu9 ; Chrysippe, Chrysippus ; Autonoe, Eury- 
lochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra, Peristhe- 
nes ; Eurydice, Dryas ; Glaucippe, Potamon ; 
Autholea, Cisseus ; Cleodora, Lixus ; Evippe^ 
Imbrus ; Erata, Bromius ; Stygue, Polyctor ; 
Bryce, Chtonius ; Actea, Periphas ; Podarce, 
(Eneus ; Dioxippe, ^-Egyptus ; Adyte, Menal- 
ces; Ocipete, Lampus; Pilarge,Idmon ; Hip- 
podice, Idas ; Adiante, Daiphron ; Callidia, 
Pandion; (Erne, Arbelus; Celeno, Hixbiusj 
Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the 
sons of iEgyptus were buried at Argos : but 
their bodies were left at Lerna, where the 
murder had been committed. Apollod. 2, c. 
1.— Herat. 3, od. U.—Strab. 8.- 
— Hygin. fab. 168, he. 

Daxala, a castle of Galatia. 

Da^apris, now the Ji'ieper, 
in tlie middle ages to the Borysthenes, as Da- 
naster the A''eister, was applied to the Tyras. 

Danacs, a son of BelusandAnchinoe, who, 
after his father's death, reigned conjointly witk 
his brother .^gyptus on the throne of Egypt. 
Some time after, a difference arose between 
the brothers, and Danaus set sail with his fifty 
daughtei*s in quest of a settlement. He visited 
Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Mi- 
nerva,and arrived safe on the coast of Pelopon- 
nesus, where he was hospitably received by 
Gelanor, king of Argos. Gelanor had laiely* 
ascended the throne, and the first yeai-s of his 
reign were marked with dissentions with hi^ 
subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor's 
unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the 
crown. In Gelanor, the race of the Jnachida 
was extinguished, and the Belidcs began to 
reign at Argos in Danaus. Some authors say, 
that Gelanor voluntai'ily resigned the crown t» 
Danaus, on account of the wi-ath of IN'eptunp, 
who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to 
punish the impiety of Inachus. The success 
of Danaus, invited the fifty sons of .Eeyptns 
to embEU"k for Greece. They were kindly re- 
ceived by their uncle, who, either apprehen- 
sive of their number, or terrified by an oracle 
which threatened his ruin by one of his sons- 
in-law, caused his daughters, to whom they 
were promised in marriage, to murder them 
the first night of their nuptials His fatal or- 
ders were executed, but Hy]>ermnestra alone 
I spared the life of Lynceus. (Firf. Danaides.) 
j Danaus, at first, persecuted Lynceus with un- 
( remitted fury, but he was afterwards reconciled 
I to htro, and he acknowledged hira fpr his so«- 



-Paus.2,c. 1§. 



a name given 



DA 

Si-law, and successor, after a reign of 50 years. 
He died about 1425 years before the Ctiristian 
era, and after death, he was honoured with a 
splendid monument in the town of Argos, 



which still existed in the age of Pausanias. Ac- 
cording to yEschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not 
to be present at the marriage of his daughters, 
with the sons of his brother, a connexion which 
he deemed unlawful and impious. The sliip 
in. which Danaus came to Greece was called 
Mrmais, and was the first that had ever ap- 
peared there. It is said that the use of pumps 
was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. 
Apollod. 2, c. l.—Pav.s. 2, c. 19.— Hi/gin. fab. 
168, kc.—Herodof. 2, c. 91, fce. 7., c. 94. 

Dandari and DandaribjE, certain inhabi- 
fants near mount Caucasus. Tacit. 12, Ann. 
c. 18. 

Dandon, a man of Illyricum, who, as 
Fliny 7, c. 48, reports, lived 500 years. 

Danubius, a celebrated river, the greatest 
in Europe, which rises, according to Herodo- 
tus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country 
of the Celtae, and after flowing through the 
greatest part of Europe, falls into the Euxine 
sea. The Greeks called it Ister ; but the Ro- 
mans distinguished it by the appellation of the 
Danube ; from its source till the middle of its 
course, and from thence to its mouths, they 
called it hUr, like the Greek's. It falls into 
the Euxine through seven mouths, or sis, ac- 
cording to others. Herodotus mentions five, 
and modern travellers discover only two. The 
Danube was generally supposed to be the 
northern boundary of the Roman empii*e in 
Europe ; and therefore, several castles were 
erected on its banks, to check the incursions 
of the barbarians. It Avas Avorshipped as a 
deity by the Scythians. According to modern 
geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and 
after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, fin- 
ishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying it- 
self into the Black sea. Dionys. Perieg. — Hc- 
rodot.2; C.33, 1.4, c. 48, kc.—Slrab. 4. — Plin. 
4, c. 12. — Ammian. 23. 

Daochus, an officer of Philip, &c. Pint, in 
Demosth. 

Daphn.*, a town of Egyj^t, on one of the 
mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelusium. 
Herodot. 2, c. 30. 

Dapiin.«:us, a general of Syracuse, against 
Carthage. PoIyoBn. 5. 

Daphne, a daughter of the river Peneus, 
or of the Ladon, by the goddess Terra, of 
whom Apollo became enamoured. This pas- 
sion had been raised by Cupid, with whom 
Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the 
serpent Python, had disputed the power of his 
darts. Daphne heard Avith horror the ad- 
dresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove 
herself from his importunities by flight. Apol- 
lo pursued her; and Daphne, fearful of being 
caught, entreated the assistance of the gods, 
who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crown- 
ed his head Avith the leaA^es of the laurel, and 
for ever ordered that that tree .should be sa- 
cred to his divinity. Some say that Dai)hne 
Avas admired by Leucippus, son of (Enomaus 
king of Pisa, who, to bu in her company, dis- 
guised his sex, and attended her in the Avoods, 
in the habit of a hmitrcss. Leucippus gained 
Dapline's esteem and love ; but A[)ollo, who 
was his poAverful rival, discovered his sex, and 
Leucippus Avas kille4 by the companions of 



DA 

Diana. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452, kc. — Parthefh 

Erotic, c. 15. — Pans. 8, c. 20. A daughter 

of Tiresias, priestess in the temple of Delphi, 
supposed by some to be the same as Manto. 
She Avas consecrated to the service of Apollo 
by the Epigoni, or, according tO others, by the 
goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl^ on ac- 
count of the wildness of her looks and ex- 
pressions, when she delivered oracles. Her 
oracles Avere generally in verse, and Homer, 
according to some accounts, has introduced 
laach of her poetry in his compositions. Diod. 

4. — Paus. 10, c. 5. A famous grove near 

Antioch, consecrated to volui)tuousness and 
luxury. 

Davhnephoria, a festi^val in honour of 
Apollo, celebrated CA^ery ninth year by the 
Bceotians. It Avas then usual to adorn an olive 
bough Avith garlands of laurel and other flow- 
eis, and place on the top a brazCn globe, on 
which Avere suspended smaller ones. In the 
middle Avas placed a number of croAvns, and a 
globe of inferior size, and the bottom Avas 
adorned Avith a sanron coloured garment. The 
globe on the top represented the sun, or Apol- 
lo ; that in the middle was an emblem of the 
moon, and the others of the stars. ThecroAvns, 
which were 65 in number, represented the 
sun's annual revolutions. This bough AAas car- 
ried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth 
of an illustrious family, and Avhose parents 
Avere both living. The youth was dressed in 
rich garments Avhich reached to the ground ; 
his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head 
Avas covered Avith a golden croAvn, and he 
Avore on his feet shoes called fyicraiidce, from 
Ipbicrates, an Athenian, Avho first invented 
theuA. He was called •^=<.zv^<?D-jpo:, laurel-bearer ^ 
and at that time he executed the office of priest 
oi Apollo. He Avas preceded by one of his 
nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned Avith 
garlands, and behind him followed a train of 
virgins Avith branches in their hands. In this 
order the procession advanced as far as the 
temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, Avhere 
sujjplicatory hymns were sung to the god. — 
This festival owed its origin to the folio win <»• 
circumstance : Avhen an oracle advised the 
^tolians, Avho inhabited Arne and the adja- 
cent country, to abandon their ancient pos- 
sessions, and go in quest of a settlement, they 
itivaded the Theban territcu'ies, Avhich at that 
time Avere pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. Af 
the celebration of Apollo's festivals was near, 
both nations, who religiously observed it, laid 
aside all hostilities, and, according to custom^ 
cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon^ 
and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, 
and Avalked in procession in honour of the di- 
vinity. The day that this solemnity was ob- 
served, Poiemates, the general of the Bceotiaw 
army, saw a youth in a dream that presented 
him with a complete suit of armour, and com- 
manded the Bojotians to otter solemn prayer? 
to Apollo, and Avalk in procession Avith laurel 
boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three 
days after this dream, the Bu:otian general 
made a sally, and cut otf the greatest part of 
the besiegers, Avho Avere compelled by tin? 
blow to relinquish their enterprise. Pole- 
niates immediately instituted a novennial fes- 
tival to the god Avho seemed to be the patvoti 
of the Bo?otians. Paus. Boiotic. &c. 



DA 

Daphnis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of 
Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was edu- 
cated by the nymphs. Pan taught him to sing 
and play upon the pipe, and the rausjes inspir- 
ed him with the love of poetry. It is supposed 
he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in 
which his successor Theocritus so happily ex- 
celled. He was extremely fond of hunting; 
and at his death, five of his dogs, from their 
attachment to him, refused all aliments, and 
pined away. From the celebrity of this shep- 
herd, the name of Daphnis has been appro- 
priated by the poets, ancient and modern, to 
express a person fond of rural employments, 
and of the peaceful innocence which accom- 
panies the tending of flocks. JElian. V. H. 10, 
c. 18. — Diod. 4. There was another shep- 
herd on mount Ida of the same name changed 
into a rock, according to Ovid. Met. 4, v. 

275. A servant of Nicocrates, tyrant of 

Cyrene, &c. Polyoen. 8. A grammarian. 

Suet, de Gr. A son of Paris and (Enone, 

Daphnus, a river of Locris, into which the 
body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. 
PLut. de Symp. A physician who prefer- 
red a supper to a dinner, because he suppos- 
ed that the moon assisted digestion. Aiken. 7. 

Daraba, a town of Arabia. 

Darantasia, a town of Belgic Gaul, called 
also Forum Claudii, and now Moiier. 

Daraps, a king of the Gangaridae, he. 
Flacc. 6, V. 67. 

Dardani, the inhabitants of Dardania. 

Also a people of Mcesia very inimical to 

the neighbouring power of Macedonia. Liv. 
26, c. 25, 1. 27, c. 33, 1. 31, c. 28, 1. 40, c. 57.— 
Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Dardania, a town or country of Troas, 
fc-om which the Trojans were called Dardani 
and DardanidcE. There is also a country of 
the same name near lUyricum. This appel- 
lation is also applied to Samothrace, Virg. 
4^ Ovid, passim. — Strab. 7. 

Daroanides, a name given to ^neas, as 
descended from Dardanus. The word, in the 
plural number, is applied to the Trojan wo- 
men. Virg. JEn. 

Dardanium, a promontory of Troas, call- 
ed from the small town of Dardanus, about 
seven miles from Abydos. The two castles 
built on each side of the strait by the emperor 
Mahomet IV. A. D. 1659, gave the name of 
Dardanelles to the place. Strab. 13. 

Dardanus, a son of .Jupiter and Electra, 
who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the 
kingdom of Etruria after the death of his re- 
puted father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, 
and thence to Asia Minor, where he married 
Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of Teu- 
cria.' After the death of his father-in-law he 
ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. 
He built tiie city of Dardania, and was reckon- 
ed the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He 
was succeeded by Ei-ichtnonius. According 
to some, Corybas, his nephew, accompanied 
him to Teucria, where he introduced the 
worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his sub- 
jects to worship Minerva; and he gave them 
two statues of the goddess, Que of which is well 
known by the name of Palladium. Virg. JEn. 
3, V. 167.— Pans. 7, c. 4.—Hygln. fab. 155 and 
275.—J3pollod. a.— Homer. Jl. 20. A Tro- 
jan killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 20, v. 460. 



DA 

Dardarii, a nation near the Palus Mseotis.. 
Pint, in LuciiU. 

Dares, a Phiygiau, who lived during the 
Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of 
which he wrote the history in Greek. This 
history was extant in the age of iElian ; the 
Latin translation, now extant, is universally 
believed to be spurious, though it is attributed 
by some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition 
is that of Smids cum not. var. 4to. and 8vo. 

Arast. 1702. — Homer. II. 5, v. 10 and 27. 

One of the companions of iEneas, descended 
from Amycus, and celebrated as a pugilist at 
the funeral games in honour of Hector, where 
he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in 
Italy. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 369, 1. 12, y. 363. 

Daretis, a country of JMacedonia. 

Daria, a town of Mesopotamia, 

Dariaves, the name of Darius in Persian. 
Strab. 16. 

Dariobrigum, a town of Gaul, now Ven- 
nes in Britany. 

DARiTiE, a people of Persia. Herodot. Of 
c. 92. 

Darius, a noble satrap of Persia, son of 
Hystaspes, who conspired with six other noble- 
men to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the 
crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses. 
On th^ murder of the usurper, the seven con- 
spirators universally agreed, that he whose 
horse neighed first should be appointed king. 
In consequence of tliis resolution, the groom 
of Darius previously led his master's horse to 
a mare at a place near which the seven noble- 
men were to pass. On the morrow, before 
sun-rise, when they proceeded all together, 
the horse recollecting the mare, suddenly 
neighed ; and at the same time a clap of thun- 
der was heard, as if in api)robation of the 
choice. The noblemen dismounted from their 
horses, and saluted Darius king; and a resolu- 
tion was made among them, that the king's 
wives and concubines should be taken from no 
other family but that of the conspirators, and 
that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited 
privilege of being admitted into the king's pre- 
sence without previous introduction. Darius 
was 29 years old when he ascended the throncr-i 
and he soon distinguished himself by his ac- 
tivity and military accomplishments. He be- 
sieged Babylon ; which he took after a siege 
of 20 months, by the artifice of Zopyrus, 
From thence lie marched against the Scythi- 
ans, and in his way conquered Thrace. This 
expedition was unsuccessful ; and, after several 
losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia, 
the king retired with shame, and soon after 
turned his arms against the Indians, whom he 
subdued. The burning of Sardis, which was 
a Grecian colony r incensed the Athenians, and 
a war was kindled between Greece and Persia. 
Darius was so exasperated against the Greeks, 
that a servant every evening, by his order, 
repeated these words : '* Remember, king, 
to punish the Athenians." Mardonius, the 
king's son-in-law, was intrusted with the care 
of the war, but his army was destroyed by 
the Thracians: and Daiius, more animated 
by his loss, sent a more considerable force, 
under the commaifd of Datis and Artapherncs. 
They were conquered at the celebrated bat- 
tle of Marathon, by 10,000 Atlienians; and 
the Persians lost in that expedition no less 



DA 

tjifln 206,000 men . Darius was not dish earten- 
ed by this severe blow, but he resolved to car- 
ry on the wai- in person, and immediately or- 
dered a still larger army to be levied. He 
died in the midst of his preparations, B. C. 
485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th 
year of his age. Herodot. 1, 2, he. — Diod. 
1. — Justin. 1, c. 9. — Plut inArist. — C. JVep. 

in Miltiad. The second king of Persia of 

that name, was also called Ochus or A''othiis, 
because he was the illegitimate son of Artax- 
erxes by a concubine. Soon after the murder 
of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, 
and married Parj'satis his sister, a cruel and 
ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes 
Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. 
He earned on many wars with success, under 
the conductof his generals and of his son Cyrus 
He died B. C. 404, after a reign of 19 years 
and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who 
asked him on his dealh-bed, what had been 
the guide of his conduct in the management 
of the empire, that he might imitate him ? 
The dictates of justice and of religion, replied 
the expii^ing monarch. Justin. 5, c. 11. — 

jyiod. 12. The third of that name was the 

last king of Persia, surnamed Codomanus. He 
was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and de- 
scended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch 
Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not 
nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that 
he would be subservient to his will; but he 
prepared to poison him, when he saw^ him des- 
pise his advice, and aim at independence. Da- 
rius discovered his perfidy, and made him 
drink the poison which he had prepared against 
his life. The peace of Darius was early distur- 
bed, and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge 
the injuries which the Greeks had suffered 
from the predecessors of Darius. The king 
of Persia met his adversary in person, at the 
head of 600,000 men. This army was remark- 
able, more for its opulence and luxury, than 
for the militaiy courage of its soldiers ; and 
Athenajus mentions, that the camp of Darius 
was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 
cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfume the king, 
and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck 
the dishes and meats which appeared on the 
royal table. With these forces Darius met 
Alexander. A battle was fought near the Gran- 
icus, in which the Persians were easily defeat- 
ed. Another was soon after fought near Issus; 
and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead 
on the field of battle, and took among the pri- 
soners of war, the motlier, wife, and children 
of Darius. The darkness of the night favour- 
ed the retreat of Darius, and he saved him- 
self by flying in disguise, on the horse of his 
armour-beai"er. These losses weakened, but 
discouraged not Darius; he assembled another 
more powerful army, and the last decisive bai- 
lie was fought at Arbela. The victory was 
long doubtful; but the intrejiidity of Alexan- 
der, and the superior valour of the Macedo- 
nians, prevailed over the effeminate Persians ; 
and Darius, seiisible of his disgrace and ruin, 
fled towards Media. His misfortunes were 
now completed. Bessus, the governor of 
Bactriana. took away his life, in hopes of suc- 
ceeding him on the throne; and Darius was 
found by the Macedonians in hi? chariot, co- 
vfse'd willi wounds, and almost expiriiig, B. C. 



DA 

381. He asked for water, and exclaimedy 
when he received it from the hand of a Mace- 
donian, " It is the greatest of my misfortunes 
that I cannot reward thy humanity. Beg Alex- 
ander to accept my warmest thanks for the 
tenderness with which he has treated my 
wretched family, whilst I am doomed to perish 
by the hand of a man, whom I have loaded with 
kindness." These words of the dying monarch 
were reported to Alexander, who covered the 
dead body with his own mantle, and honoured 
it with a most magnificent funeral. The trai- 
tor Bessus met with a due punishment from 
the conqueror, who continued his kindness to 
the unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has 
been accused of imprudence, for the impe- 
rious and arrogant manner in which he wrote 
his letters to Alexander, in the midst of his 
misfortunes. In him the empire of Persia was 
extinguished 228 years after it had been first 
founded by Cyrus the Great. Diod. 17. — 
Plut. in Mex. — Justin. 10, 11, &,c. — Curtius. 

A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta, 

and was killed by Artabanus. Herodot. 9, c. 
108. — Diod. 1 1. A son of Artaxerxes decla- 
red successor to the throne, as being the eld- 
est prince. He conspired against his father's 
life, and was capitally punished. Plut.inArtax. 
Dascon, a man who founded Camarlna. 
Thucyd. 6, c. 5. 

Dascylitis, a province of Persia. Id. 1, 
c. 129. 

Dascylus, the father of Gyges. Herodot. 
l,c. 8. 
Dasea, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 27. 
Dasius, a chief of Salapia, who favoured 
Annibal. Liv. 26, c. 38. 

DassaretjE, Dassarit.«, Dassareni, or 
Dassarith, a people of lUyricum, or Mace- 
donia. Plut. in Flam. 

Datames, a son of Camissares, governor of 
Caria, and general of the armies of Artax- 
erxes. The influence of his enemies at court 
obliged him to fly for safety, after he had 
greatly signalized himself by his military ex- 
ploits. He took up arms in his own defence, 
and the king made war against him. He was 
treacherously killed by Milhridates, who had 
invited him under pretence of entering into 
the most inviolable connexion and friendship, 
362 B. C. C. Nep. in Datam. 

DatapHernes, one of the friends of Bes- 
sus. After the murder of Darius, he betrayed 
Bessus into Alexander's hands. He also re- 
volted from the conqueror, and was delivered 
up by the Dahae. Curt. 7, c. 5 and 8. 

Datis, a general of Darius 1st, sent with 
an army of 200,000 foot, and 10,000 horse, 
against the Greeks, in conjunction with Arta- 
phernes. He was defeated at the celebrated 
battle of Marathon, by Miltiades, and some 
time after put to death by the Spartans. C. 
Ktp. in Milt. 

Datos, or Daton, a town of Thrace, on a 
small eminence near the Strymon. There is 
in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from 
which Proserpine, according to some, was 
carried away by Pluto. That city was so rich 
that the ancients generally made use of the 
word Datos, to express abundance. When 
the king of Macedonia conquered it he called 
it Philippif after his own name. Appian. dt 
Civ. 



DE 

Davara, a hill near mount Taurus, in 
Asia Minor. 

Daulis, a nymph fromwhom the city of Dau- 
ILs in Phocis, anciently called »4nacm, received 
its name. It was there that Philomela and 
Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, 
and hence the nightingale, into which Philo- 
mela was changed, is often called Daulias avis. 
Ovid. ep. 15, v. 154. — Strab. 9. — Pans. 10, c. 
4.—Ptol 3, c. 15.— Lit'. 32, c. 18.— •Ptin. 4, c. 3. 

Dauni, a people on the eastern part of Italy, 
conquered by Daunus, from whom they re- 
ceived their name. 

Daunia, a name given to the northern 
parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adriatic. 
It receives its name from Daunus, who settled 
there, and is now called Capitanata. Virg. JEn. 
8, v. 146.— Si/. 9, V. 500, 1. 12, v. 429.— Horat. 

4, od. 6, v. 27. Juturna, the sister of Tur- 

nus, was called Daimia, after she had been 
made a goddess by Jupiter. Virg. ^n. 12, v. 
139 and 785. 

Daunus, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. 
He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where 
he reigned over part of the country, which 
from him was called Daunia, and he was still 
on the throne when Diomedes came to Italy. 

Ptol. 3, c. I.— Mela, 2, c. 4.— Strab. 5. A 

river of Apulia, now Carapelle. Horat. 3, 
od.30. 

Daurifer and Daurises, a brave general 
of Darius, treacherously killed by the Carians. 
Herodot. 5, c. 116, he. 

Davus, a comic character in the Andria of 
Terence. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 40. 

Deb^, a nation of Arabia. Diod. 3. 

Decapolis, a district of Judea from its 10 
cities. Plin. 5, c. 18. 

Decebalus, a warlike king of the Daci, 
who made a successful war against Domitian. 
He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian 's suc- 
cessor, and he obtained peace. His active spi- 
rit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman 
emperor marched against him, and defeated 
him. He destroyed himself, and his head was 
brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Roman 
province, A. D. 103. Dio. 68. 

Drceleum, or ea, now Biala Castro, a 
small village of Attica, north of Athens ; which, 
when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a 
very galling garrison to the Athenians. The 
Peloponnesian war has occasionally been call- 
ed Decelean, because for some time hostilities 
were carried on in its neighbourhood. C. 
JVep. 7, c. 4, 

Decelus, a man who informed Castor and 
Pollux, that their sister, whom Theseus had 
carried away, was concealed at Aphidnse. 
Herodot. 9, c. 73. 

Decemviri, ten magistrates of absolute 
authority among the Romans. The privi- 
leges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction 
among the plebeians ; who, tiiough freed from 
the power of the Tarquins, still saw that the 
administration of justice depended upon the 
will and caprice of their superiors, without 
any m ritten statute to direct them, and con- 
vince them that they were governed with equi- 
ty and impartiality. The tribunes complained 
to the senate, and demanded that a code of 
laws might be framed for the use and benefit 
of the Roman people. This petition was com- 
plied with, and three ambassadors were sent 



DE 

to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, 
to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other 
celebrated legislators of Greece. Upon the 
return of the commissioners, it was universal- 
ly agreed that ten new magistrates called De- 
cemviri, should be elected from the senate, to 
put the project into execution. Their power 
was absolute ; all other offices ceased after 
their election, and they presided over the city 
with regal authority. They were invested 
with the badges of the consul, in the enjoy- 
ment of which they succeeded by turns, and 
only one was preceded by the fasces, and had 
the power of assembling the senate and con- 
firming decrees. The first decemvirs were 
Appius Claudius, T. Genutius, P. Se.xtus, 
Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, A. Manlius, Ser. 
Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romulus, Sp. Posthu- 
mius, A. U. C. 303. Under them the laws 
which had been exposed to public view, that 
eveiy citizen might speak his sentiments, were 
publicly approved of as constitutional, and rati- 
fied by the priests and augurs in the most so- 
lemn and religious manner. These laws were 
ten in number, and were engraved on tables of 
brass ; two were afterwards added, and they 
were called the laws of the twelve tables, leges 
duodecim tabularum, and leges decemvirales. 
The decemviral power, which was beheld by 
all ranks of people with the greatest satisfaction, 
was continued ; but in the third year after their 
creation, the decemvirs became odious, on ac- 
count of their tyranny, and the attempt of 
Ap. Claudius to ravish Virginia, was followed 
by the total abolition of the office. The peo- 
ple were so exasperated against them, that 
they demanded them from the senate, to burn 
them alive. Consuls were again appointed, 

and tranquillity re-established in the state. 

There were other officers in Rome, called de- 
cemvirs, who were originally appointed, in the 
absence of the praetor, to administer justice. 
Their appointment became afterwards neces- 
sary, and they generally assisted at sales call- 
ed subfiastationes, because a spear, hasla, 
was fixed at the door of the place where the 
goods were exposed to sale. They were called 
decemviri litihiis judicandis. The officers 
whom Tarquin appointed to guard the Sibyl- 
line books, were also called decemviri. They 
were originally two in number, called duumvi- 
ri, till the year of Rome 388, when their 
number was increased to ten, five of which 
were chosen from the plebeians, and five from 
the patricians. Sylla increased their number 
to fifteen, culled quindeccmvirs. 

Decetia, a town of Gaul. Cats. 

Decia LEX, was enacted by M. Decius the 
tribune, A. U. C. 442, to empower the people 
to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair 
the fleets. 

L. Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Cjesar's 
camp. Cais. Bell. Civ 1. 

Decineus, a celebrated soothsayer. Strab. 
16. 

Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman consul, 
who, after many glorious exploits, devoted 
himself to the gods Manes for the safely of 
his country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 
yeai's B. C. His son Decius imitated his ex- 
ample, and devoted himself in like manner 
in his fourth consulship, when fighting against 
the Gauts and Samnites,. B. C. 296. His grand- 



DE 



DE 



son also did the same in the war against Pyi- 1 safe to the opposite shore. The hero coasent- 



rhus and the Tarentines, B. C. 28C. This ac 
tion of devoting onesf If. was of infinite service 
to the state. The soldiers were animated by 
the example, and induced to follow whh intre- 
pidity, a commander whoj arrayed in an unu- 
sual dress, and addressing himself to the gods 
with solemn invocation, rushed into the thick- 
est part of the enemy to meet his fate. Liv. 8, 
9, kc.— Val. Max. 5, c. Q.—PoJyb. 2.—Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 824. :Brutus, conducted Caesar to 



the senate-house the day that he was murder 

ed. (Cn. Metius, Q. Trajanus) a native of 

Pannonia, sent by the emperor Philip, to a[^- 
pease a sedition in Moesia. Instead of obey- 
ing his master's command, he assumed the 
imperial purple, and soon after marched 
against him, and at his death became the only 
emperor. He signalized himself against the 
Persians ; and when he marched against the 
Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, 
fVora which he could not extricate himself, 
and he perished with all his army by the darts 
of the barbarians, A. D. 251, after a reign of 
two years. This monarch enjoyed the cliarac- 
ter of a brave man, and of a great disciplina- 
rian ; and by his justice and exemplary life, 
merited the title of Optimus, which a servile 
senate lavished upon him. 

Decurio, a subaltern officer in tlie Roman 
armies. He commanded a decuria, which 
consisted often men, and was the third part of 
a iunna, or the 30th part of a legio of horse, 
which was composed of 300 men. The badge 
of the centurions was a vine rod or sapling, 
and each had a deputy called optio. There 
were certain magistrates in the provinces, 
called deainones municipales, who formed a 
body to represent the Roman senate in free 
and corporate towns. They consisted often, 
whence the name ; and their duty extended 
to watch over the interest of their fellow-citi- 
zens, and to hicrease the revenues of the com- 
monwealth. Their court was called curia 
decurionum, and minor senatus ; and their dc- 
ci-ee?, called decreta decurionum, were marked 
with two D. D. at the top. They genertilly 
styled themselves civitainvi'fiab-escuriales,and 
honorali munidpiorwn senator es. They \\ere 
elected with the same ceremonies as the Ro- 
man senators ; they were to be at least 25 years 
of age, and to be possessed of a certain sura of 
money. The election happened on the ca- 
lends of March. 

Decumates agri, lands in Germany, which 
paid the 10th part of their value to the Romans. 
Tacit, a. 29. 

Deditame.vf.s, a friend of Alexander, made 
governor of Babylonia. Cur!. 8, c. 3. 

Degis, a brother of Decebalus king of the 
Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of 
Domitian. Martial. 5, ep. 3. 

De.tanira, a daughter of (Eneus, king of 
.^tolio. Her beauty procured her many ad- 
mirers, and her father promised to give her in 
marriage to hira only who proved to be the 
Strongest of all his competitors. Hercules ob- 
tained the prize, and married Dejanira, by 
whom he had three children, the most known 
of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once tra- 
velling with her husband, they were stopped by 
the swollen streams of the Evenus, and the 
centaur JNessus offered Hercules to Gonvey her I nymphs of Cyrene., 



ed ; but no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, 
than he attempted to offer violence to Dejani- 
ra, and to carry her away in the sight of her 
husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed,from the 
other shore, a poisoned arrow at the seducer, 
and mortally wounded hira. Nessus, as he ex- 
pired, wished to avenge his death upon his 
murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic, 
which was covered with blood, poisoned and 
infected by the arrow, observing, that it had 
the power of reclaiming a husband from un- 
lawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present j 
and when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, 
she sent him the centaur's tunic, which in- 
stantly caused his death. (Vid. Hercules.) De- 
janira was so disconsolate at the death of her 
husband, which she hadignorantly occasioned, 
that she destroyed herself. Ovid. Met. 8 and 
9. — Diod. 4. — Se nee. in Her nil. — Hygin^. fab. 34. 
Deicoon, a Trojan pi'ince, son of Perga- 
sus, intimate with .tineas. He was killed by 

Agamemnon. Homer/ II. 5, v. 534. A son 

of Hercules and Megara. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Deidamia, a daughter of Lycomedes, king 
of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, 
or iVeoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguis- 
ed at her father's court in women's clothes, 
under the name of Pyrrha. Propert. 2, el. 9. 

— Apollod. 3, c. 13. A daughter of Pyrrhus, 

killed by the Epirots. Polycen. A daugh- 
ter of Adrastus, kingof Argos, called also Hip- 
podamia. 

Deileon, a companion of Hercules in his 
expedition against the Amazons. Place. 5,\. 115. 
Deilochus, a son of Hercules, 
Deimachus, a son of JNeleus and Chloris, 
was killed, with all his brothers, except Nes- 
tor, by Hercules. Apollod. 1, c. 9. The fa- 
ther of Enarette. Id. 1, c. 7. 

Deioces, a son of Phraortes, by whose 
means the Medes delivered themselves from 
the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided a? 
judge among his countrymen, and his great 
popularity and lov^e of equity, raised him to 
the throne, and he made himself absolute, B. 
C. 700, He was succeeded by his son Phraor- 
tes, after a reign of 53 yeai-s. He built Ecba- 
tana according to Herodotus, and surrounded 
it with seven different waKs, in the middle of 
which was the royal palace, Herodot. 1, c. 
96, &ic. — Polycen. 

Deiochus, a Greek captain, killed by Paris 
in tlie Trojan war. Homer. II. 15, v. 341. 

Deione, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. 
Miletus is often called Deionides, on accounL 
of his mother. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 442. 

Deioneus, a king of Phocis, who married 
Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, by whom he 
had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in mar- 
riage to Ixion, who promised to make a present 
to his father-in-law, Deioneus accordingly vi- 
sited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a 
large hole filled with burning coals, by his son- 
in-law, Hygin. fab. 48 and 241. — Apollod. 1, 
c. 7 and 9, 1,2, c. 4. 

Deiopeia, a nymph, the fairest of all the 
fourteen nymphs that attended upon Juno. 
The goddess promised her in marriage to Mo- 
lus, the god of the winds, if he would destroy 
the fleet of^Eneas, which was sailing for Italy. 

Vh's. JEn. 1, V. 75. One of the attendant 

FzV^. G.4,v.343. 



BE 



£)E 



Deiotarcs, a governor of Galatia, made [ a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races. 



king of that province by the Roman people. 
In the civil wars of Fompey and Caesar, Deio- 
tarus followed the interest of the former. Af- 
ter the battle of Pharsalia, Caesar severely re- 
primanded Deiotarus for his attachment to 
Porapey, deprived him of part of his kingdom, 
and left him only the bare title of royalty. 
When he was accused by his grandson, of at- 
tempts upon Caesar's life, Cicero ably defended 
him in the Roman senate. He joined Brutus 
with a large army, and faithfully supported 
the republican cause. His wife was barren ; 
but fearing that her husband might die without 
issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave, 
and tenderly educated, asher own, the children 
of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced 
old age. Strab. 12. — Luean. 5, v. 55. 
Deiphila. Vid. Deipyle. 
DiiPHoBE, a sibyl of Cumae, daughter of 
Glaucus. It is supposed that she led ^Eneas 
to the infernal regions. (Firf. Sibyllas.) Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 36. 

Deiphobus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
who after the death of his brother Paris, 
married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed 
him, and introduced into his chamber her old 
husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to re- 
concile herself. He was shamefully mutilated 
and killed by Menelaus. He had highly dis- 
tinguished himself during the war, especially 
in his two combats with Merion, and in that 
in which he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. 

Virg. JEn. 6, v. 4Qb.— Homer. R. 13. A son 

of Hippolytus, who purified Hercules after the 
murder of Iphitus. Jlpollod. 2, c. 6. 

Deiphon, a brother of Triptolemus, son 
of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres tra- 
velled over the world, she stopped at his fa- 
ther's court, and undertook to nurse him and 
bring him up. To reward the hospitality of 
Celeus, the goddess began to make his son im- 
mortal, and every evening she placed him on 
])urning coals to purify him from whatever 
mortal particles he still possessed The un- 
common growth of Deiphon astonished Me- 
tanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to 
make him so vigorous. She was frightened to 
see her son on burning coals, and the shrieks 
that she uttered disturbed the mysterious ope- 
rations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in 

the flames. Apollod 1, c. 5. The husband 

of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus, king of 
Argos. Id. 2, c. 7. 

Deiphontes, a general of Temenus, who 
took Epidauria, &c. Paus. 2, c. 12. A ge- 
neral of the Dorians, he. Polytzn. 

Deipvle, a daughter of Adrastus, who 
married Tydeus, by whom she had Dioratdes. 
Apollod. 1, c. 8. 

Deipylus, a son of Sthenelus, in the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 5. 

Deipvrus, a Grecian chief, during the 
Trojan war. Horner. II. 8. 

Deldon, a king of Mysia, defeated by 
Crassus. 

Di:,lia, a festival celebrated every fifth 
year in the island of Delos, in honour of 
Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, 
who at his return from Crete, placed a sta- 
tue there, which he had received from Ari- 
adne. At the celebration, they crowned the 
statute oftheeoddp?s with %arlaad«. appointed 



They afterwards led a dance, in which they 
imitated, by their motions, the various wind- 
ings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which The- 
seus had extricated himself by Ariadne's as- 
sistance. There was also another festival of 

the same name yearly celebrated by the Athe- 
nians in Delos. It was also instituted by The- 
seus, who, when he was going to Crete, made 
a vow that if he returned victorious, he would 
yearly visit, in a solemn manner, the temple 
of Delos. The persons employed in this an- 
nual procession were called Ddiastce and The- 
ori. The ship, the same which carried The- 
seus, and had been carefully preserved by the 
Athenians, was called Theoria and Delias. 
When the ship was ready for the voyage, the 
priest of Apollo solemnly adorned "the stern 
with garlands, and an universal lustration was 
made all' over the city. The Theori were 
crowned with laurel, and before them pro- 
ceeded men armed with axes, in commemora- 
tion of Theseus, who had cleared the way 
from Truezene to Athens, and delivered the 
country from robbe , When the ship ar- 
rived at Delos, they offered solemn sacrifices 
to the god of the island, and celebrated a fes- 
tival in his honour. After this, they retired 
to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, where 
all the people of the city ran in crowds to 
meet them. Every appearance of festivity 
prevailed at their approach, and the citizens 
opened their doors, and prostrated them- 
selves before the Deliastae, as they walked in 
procession. During this festival, it was un- 
lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on 
that account the life of Socrates was prolonged 
for thirty days. Xenophon. Memor. ^ in Conv. 
— Plut. in PhcEd. — Senec. ep. 70. 

Delia, a surname of Diana, because she 
was born in Delos. Virg. Ed. S, v. 67. 

Deliades, a son of Glaucus, killed by his 

brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, c. 3. 

The priestesses in Apollo's temple. Homer. 
Hymn, ad Ap. 

Delium, a temple of Apollo. A town 

of Bceotia opposite Calchis, famous for a battle 
fought there, B. C. 424, kc. Liv. 31, c. 45> 
1. 35, c.51. 
Delius, a surname of Apollo, because he 

was born in Delos. Quint, an otiacer of 

Antony, who when he wa« sent to cite Cleo- 
patra before his master, advised her to make 
her appearance in the- most captivating attire. 
The plan succeeded. He afterwards aban- 
doned his friend, and fled to Augustus, who 
received him with great kindness. Horace 
has addressed, 2od. 3. to him. Plut. in Anion 
Delmatius; F1, Jul. a nephew of Constan- 
tine the Great, honoured with the title of Cse- 
sar, and put in possession of Thrace, Mace- 
donia, and Achaia. His great virtues wern 
unable to save him from a violent death, and 
he was assassinated by his own soldiers, kc. 
Delminium, a town of Dalraatia. Fhr 
4, c. 12. 

Delos, one of the Cyclades at the north of 
Naxos, was severally called Lagia, Ortygia, 
Asteria, Clamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle, Cyn- 
thus, and Cynaithus, and now bears the name 
of Sailles. It was called Delos' from S-\©., be- 
cause it suddenly made its appearance on the 
sirrfart. of tJie s»'a. by the. porer of iV'ppfnne, 



DE 

who, according to the mythologists, permlttecl 
Xatona to bring forth there, when she was 
persecuted all over the earth, and could find 
no safe asylum. (Vid. Apollo J The island is 
celebrated for tlie nativity of Apollo and Di- 
ana; and the solemnity with which the festi- 
Tals of these deities were celebrated there, by 
the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands, and 
of the continent, is well known. One of the 
altars of Apollo in the island, was reckoned 
among the seven wonders of the world. It had 
been erected by Apollo, when only four years 
old, and made with the horns of goats, killed 
fcy Diana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful 
to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, 
which was religiously kept pure from blood 
and every pollution. The whole island of De- 
los was held in such veneration, that the Per- 
sians who had pillaged and profaned all the 
temples of Greece, never offered violence to 
the temple of Apollo, but respected it with 
the most awful reverence. Apollo, whose 
image was in the shape of a dragon, deliv- 
ered there oracles during the summer, in a 
plain manner withoutany ambiguity orobscure 
jueaning. INo dogs, as Thucydides mentions, 
were permitted to enter the island. It was 
unlawful for a man to die, or for a child to 
be born there ; and when the Athenians were 
ordered to purify the place, they dug up all 
the dead bodies that had been interred there, 
and transported them to the neighbouring 
islands. An edict was also issued, which com- 
manded all persons labouring under any mor- 
tal or dangerous disease, to be instantly re- 
moved to the adjacent island called Rliane. 
Some mythologists suppose that Asteria, who 
changed herself into a quail to avoid the im- 
portuning addresses of Jupiter, was mctamor- 
phosedinto thisisland, originally called Ortygia 
ab ouTvc, a quail. The people of Delos are descri- 
bed by Cicero Arcad. 2, c. 16 and 18, 1. 4, c. 18, 
as famous for rearing hens. Strab. 8 and 10. — 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 329, 1. 6, v. 333.—Mela,2, c. 7.-- 
Plin. 4, c. V2."Plut. de Solert. Anim. hc.-Thu- 
eyd. 3, 4, he. — Virg. JEn. 3, v. 73. — Piol. 3, c. 
15." Callim ad Del.- Claudian. de A.--Com. Hon. 
Delphi, now Caslri, a town of Phocis, 
situate in a valley at the south-west side of 
mount Parnassus. It was also called Pylho, 
because the serpent Python was killed there; 
and it received the name of Delphi, from 
Delphus, the son of Apollo. Some have also 
called it Parnassia JS'ape, the valley of Par- 
nassus. It was famous for a temple of Apollo, 
and for an oracle celebrated in every age and 
country. The origin of the oracle, though fabu- 
lous, is described as something wonderful. A 
number of goats that were feeding on mount 
Parnassus, came near a place which had a deep 
and long j)erforation. The steam which issued 
from the hole, seemed to inspire the goats, and 
they played and frisked about in such an uncom- 
mon manner, thatthe goat herd was tempted to 
lean on the hole, and see what mysteries the 
place contained. He was immediately seized 
with a fit of enthusiasm, his expressions were 
wild and extravagant, and passed for prophe- 
cies. This circumstance was soon known 
about the country, and many experienced the 
same enthusiastic insjnration. TJie place was 
revered, and a temple was soon after erected 
in honour of Apollo, and a city built. Accord- 
ing to some a«eount?.. Apollo was not <kc first 



DE 

who gave oracles there ; but Terra, iNTeptunc!, 
Themis, and Phoebe, were in possession of 
the place before the son of Latona. The ora- 
cles were generally given in verse ; but when 
it had been sarcastically observed, that the god 
and patron of poetiy was the most imperfect 
poet in the world, the priestess delivered her 
answers in prose. The oracles were always 
delivered by a priestess called Pylhia. (Vid. 
Pythia.) The temple was built and destroy- 
ed several times. It was customary for those 
who consulted the oracle to make rich presents 
to the god Delphi; and no monarch distin- 
guished himself more by his donations than 
Croesus. This sacred repository of opulence 
was often the object of plunder ; and the peo- 
ple of Phocis seized 10,000 talents from it, 
and Nero carried away no less than 500 statues 
of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the 
most illustrious heroes. In another age, Con- 
stantine the Great removed its most splendid 
ornaments to his new capital. It was univer- 
sally believed, and supported, by the ancients^ 
that Delphi was in the middle of the earth ; 
and on that account it was called Terra umbil- 
icus. This, according to mythology, was first 
found out by two doves, which Jupiter had let 
loose from the two extremities of the earth, 
and which met at the place where the temple 
of Delphi was built. Apollon. 2, v. 706. — Diod. 
16. — Plut. de Defect. Orac. he. — Pans. 10, c. 
6, he— Ovid. Met. 10, v. l6S.~Strab. 9. 

Delphicps, a surname of Apollo, from the 
worship paid to his divinity at Delphi. 

Delphinia, festivals at iEgina, in honour 
of Apollo of Delphi. 

Delphinium, a place in Boeotia, opposite 
Eubcea. 

Delphis, the priestess of Delphi. Mar- 
tial. 9, ep. 43. 

Delphus, a son of Apollo who built Del- 
phi, and consecrated it to his father. The 
name of his mother is differently mentioned. 
She is called by some Celeeno, by others Me- 
laene daughter of Cephis, and by others Thyas 
daughter of Castalius, the first who was priest- 
ess to Bacchus. Hygin. 161. — Paus. 10, c. 6, 

Delphyne, a serpent which watched over 
Jupiter. Apollod. 1, c. 6. 

Delta, a part of Egypt, which received 
that name from its resemblance to the form of 
the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lie!! 
between the CanopianandPelusian mouths of 
the Nile, and begins to be formed where the 
river divides itself into several streams. It has 
been formed totally by the mud and sand, 
which are \vashed doM n from the upper parts 
of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient ti-a- 
dition. Cois. Alex. c. 21 . — Strab 15 and 17. — 
Herodot. 2, c. 13, he— Pliri. 3, c. 16. 

Demades, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, 
became an eloquent orator, and obtained much 
influence in the state. He was taken prisoner 
at the battle of Cherontea, by Philip, and in- 
gratiated himself into the favour of that prince, 
by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was 
put to death, with his son, on suspicion of trea- 
son, B. C. 322. One of his orations is extant.^ 
Diod. 16 and 17.— Plut. in Dem. 

Demjenetus, a rhetorician of Syracuse, 
enemy to Timoleon. C. Nep. in Tim. 5. 

Demagoras, one of Alexander's flatterers, 

An historian wlio wrote concerning the 

foundation of Rome. D'aomis. Mat. 1. 



DE 

Djomarata, a daughter of Hiero, fcc. Liv. 
24, c. 22. 

Demaratus, the son and successor of Aris- 
ton on the throne of Sparta, B. C. 526. He 
was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes; 
his royal colleague, as being illegitimate. He 
retired ii>to Asia, and was kindly received by 
Darius son of Hystaspes king of Fersia. When 
the Persian monarch made preparations to in- 
vade Greece, Demaratus, though persecuted 
by theLacedsemonians, informed them of the 
hostilities which hung over their head. Hero- 
dot. 6, c. 75, Lc. 1. 6, c. 50, k-c. A rich citi- 
zen of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiadce. 
When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign 
power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his fa- 
mily, migrated lo Italy, aud settled at Tarqui- 
nii, 658 years before Christ. His son, Lucu- 
mon, was king of Rome, under the name of 
Tarquinius Priscus. Dionys. Hal. A Co- 
rinthian exile at the court of Philip king of 
Macedonia. PLui.inJilex. 

Demarchus, a Syracusan, put to death by 
Dionysius. 

Demareta, the wife of Gelon. Diod. 15. 

Demariste, the mother of Timoleon. 

Dematria, a Spartan mother, who killed 
her son because he returned from a battle 
without glory. Pial. Lac. Inst. 

Demetria, a festival in honour of Ceres, 
called by the Greeks Demtltr. It was then 
customary for the votaries of the goddess to 
lash themselves with whips made with the 
bark of trees. The Athenians had a solemni- 
ty of the same name, in honour of Demetrius 
Poliorcetes. 

Demetrias, a town of Thessaly. — The name 
was common to other places. 

Demetrius, a son of Antigonus and Stra- 
tonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer of 
toivns. At the age of 22, he was sent by his 
father* against Ptolemy, who invaded Syria. 
He was defeated near Gaza; but he soon re- 
paired his loss by a victory over one of the 
generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed 
with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restor- 
ed the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them 
from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and 
expelling the garrison, which was stationed 
there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this 
successful expedition, he besieged and took 
Munychia, and defeated Cassander at Ther- 
mopylae. His reception at Athens, after these 
victories, was attended with the greatest ser- 
vility ; and the Athenians were not ashamed to 
raise altars to him as to a, god, and to qonsult 
his oracles. This uncommon Success raised the 
jealousy of the successors of Alexander; and 
Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, united 
to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hos- 
tile armies met at Ipsus, B. C. 301. Antigo- 
nus was killed in the battle ; and Demetrius, 
after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill 
success raised him many enemies; and the A- 
thenians, who had lately adored him as a god, 
refused to admit him into their city. He soon 
after ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, 
and reconciled himself to Seleucus, to whom 
he gave liis daughter Stratonice in marriage. 
Athens now laboured under tyranny ; and De- 
metrius relieved it, and pardoned the inhabit- 
ants. The loss of his possessions in Asia, rc- 
"nlled him from Greece, and he established 
31 



DE 

himself on the throne of Macedonia, by the 
mui'der of Alexander the son of Cassander. 
Here he was continually at war with the neigh- 
bouring states; and the superior power of his 
adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, 
after he had sat on the throne for seven years. 
He passed into Asia, and attacked some of the 
provinces of Lysimachus with various success; 
but famine and jiestilence deslroyed the great- 
est part of his army, and he retired to the court 
of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met 
with a kind reception, buL ..ostilities were soon 
begun ; and after he had gained some advanta- 
ges over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally 
forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and 
became an easy prey to the enemy. Though 
he WHS kept in confinement by his son-in- 
law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, 
and passed his time in hunting and in every 
laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offer- 
ed Seleucus all his possessions, and even 
his person, to procure his father's liberty; 
but ail proved unavailing, and Demetrius 
died in the 54th year of his age, after a con- 
finement of three years, 286 B. C. His re- 
mains were given to Antigonus, and honour- ' 
ed with a splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, 
and thence conveyed to Demetrias. His pos- 
terity remained in possession of the Macedo- 
nian throne till the age of Perseus, who was 
conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has 
rendered himself famous for his fondness of 
dissipation when among the dissolute, and his 
love of virtue and military glory in the field of 
battle. He has been commended as a great 
warrior, and his ingenious inventions, his war- 
like engines, and stupendous machines in his 
war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to 
that perfect character. He has been blamed 
for his voluptuous indulgences ; and his bio- 
grapher observes, that no Grecian prince had 
more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes. 
His obedience and reverence to his father hav^e 
been justly admired ; and it has been observed, 
that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a 
foreign prince particularly to remark the cor- 
diality and friendship which subsisted between 
him and his son. Plut. in vita. — Diod 17. — 
Justin. 1, c. 17, &c. A prince who suc- 
ceeded his father Antigonus on the throne of 
Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was 
succeeded by Antigonus Doson. Justin. 26, c. 2. 
— Polyb. 2. A son of Philip king of Mace- 
donia, delivered as an hostage to the Romans. 
His modesty delivered hisfatherfrom a heavy- 
accusation laid before the Roman senate. 
When he returned to Macedonia, he was 
falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who 
was jealous of his popularity, and his father too 
credulously consented to his death, B. C. ISO- 

Liv. 40, c. 20. — Justin. 32, c. 2. A Magne- 

sian. A servant of Cassius. A son of 

Demetrius of Cyrene. A freedman of Pom- 

pey. A son of Demetrius, surnamed Slen- 
der. A prince surnamed Sottr, was son of 

Seleucus Pliilopater, the son of Antiochus the 
Great, kiiig of Syria. His father gave him us 
a hostage to the Romans. After the death of 
Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the deceased 
monm'ch's brother, usurped the kingdom of 
Syria, iuid was succeeded by his son .\rUiochus 
Eupator. This usurpation displeased Deme- 
trius, who was detained at Rome ; he procu- 



J 



DE 

ied his liberty on pretence of going to Iiuot, 
and fled to Syria, where the troops received 
him as their lawful sovereign, B. C. 162. He 
put to death Eupator and Lysias, and estab- 
lished himself on his throne by cruelty and 
oppression. Alexander Bala, the son of An- 
tiochus Epiphanes, laid claim to the crown of 
Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, in 
the 12th year of his reign. Strab. 16. — .^p- 

jyian. — Jiistin. 34, c. 3. Tlie 2d, surnamed 

JVica7ior, or Conqueror, w&s son of Soter, to 
whom he succeededbytheassistanceof Ptolemy 
Philometer, after he had driven out the usurp- 
er Alexander Bala, B. C 146. He married 
Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy ; who was, be- 
fore, the wife of the expelled monarch. De- 
metrius gave himself up to luxury and volup- 
tuousness, and suffered his kingdom to be gov- 
erned by his favourites. At that time a pre- 
tended son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, 
seized a part of Syria; and Demetrius, to op- 
pose his antagonist, made an alliance with the 
Jews, and marched into the east, where he 
was taken by the Parthiaiis. Phraates, king 
of Parthia, gave him his daughter Rhodogyne 
in marriage ; and Cleopatra was so incensed at 
this new connexion, that she gave herself up 
to Antiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, and 
married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle 
against the Parthians, and Demetrius regained 
the possession of his kingdom. His pride and 
oppression rendered him odious, and his sub- 
jects asked a king of the house of Seleucus, 
from Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt ; and 
Demetrius, unable to resist the power of his 
enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was then 
in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. Tiie gates 
were shut up against his approach, by Cleopa- 
tra; and he was killed by order of the gover- 
nor of Tyre, wiiither he had fled for protec- 
tion. He was succeeded by Alexander Zebi- 
na, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, 
B. C. 127. Justin. 36, hc.—Ap-pian de Bell. 

Syr. — Joseph. The 3d, surnamed Euce- 

rus, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. After the 
example of his brother Philip, who had seized 
Syria, he made himself master of Damascus, 
B. C. 93, and soon after obtained a victory 
over his brother. He was taken in a battle 
against the Parthians, and died in captivity. 

Joseph. 1. Phalereus, a disciple of Theo- 

phx'astus, who gained such an influence over 
the Athenians, by his eloquence, and the puri- 
ty of his manners, that he was elected de- 
eennial archon, B. C. 317. He so embellished 
the city, and rejidered himself so popular by 
Lis munificence, that the Athenians raised 360 



DE 

strict confinement. Demetrius, tired with hia 
situation, put an end to his life by the bite of 
an asp, 284 B. C. According to some, De- 
metrius enjoyed the confidence ofPhiladelphus, 
and enriched his library at Alexandria with 
200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius, 
on rhetoric, history, and eloquence, are lost ; 
and the treatise on rhetoric, falsely attributed 
to him, is by some supposed to be the cTimpo-^ 
sition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of 
this treatise is that of Glasgow, 8vo. 1743. 
Diog. in vita. — Cic. in Brut. Sfde Offic. 1. — 
Pint, in Exil. A Cynic philosopher, disci- 
ple of Ai)ollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Cali- 
gula. The emperor wished to gain the philo- 
sopher to his interest by a large present; but 
Demetrius refused it with indignation.and said, 
If Caligula wishes to bribe me, let him send me 
his crown. Vespasian was displeased with his 
insolence, and banished him to an island. 1 he 
Cynic derided the punishment, and bitterly 
inveighed against the emperor. He died in a 
great old age ; and Seneca observes, that na- 
ture had brought him forth, to show mankind, 
that an exalted genius can live securely with- 
out being corrupted by the vices of (he sur- 
rounding ivorld, Senec. — Philoslr. in Jipoll. 
One of Alexander's flatterers. A na- 
tive of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek 

poets. An Athenian killed at Mantinea, 

when fighting against the Thebans. Polycen. 

A writer who published an history of the 

irruptions of the Gauls into Asia. A philo- 
logical writer, in the age of Cicero. Cic. ad 

Attic. 8, ep. 11. A stage player. Juv. 3, 

V. 99. Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. Cic. 

in Brut. c. 174. A geographer, surnamed 

the Calatian. Strab. 1. 
Demo, a Sibyl of Cumag. 
Dp;moanassa, the mother of JCgialeus. 
Democ£Des, a celebrated physician of Cro- 
tona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Po- 
lycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from 
Samos to Darius king of Persia, where he ac- 
quired great I'iches and much reputation by 
curing the king's foot, and the breast of Atossa. 
He was sent to Greece as a spy, by the king, 
and fled away to Crotona, where he married 
the daughter of the wrestler Milo. JElian. V. 
H. 8, c. 18.— Herodot. 3, c. 124, &c. 

Demochares, an Athenian, sent witk 
some of his countrymen with an embassy to 
Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch 
gave them audience ; and Vv hen he asked them 
what he could do to please the people of 
Athens .'' Demochares replied, " Hang your- 
self." This impudence raised the indignation 
of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed 



brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the[ 

midst of all this popularity, his enemies raised them, and bade them ask their countrymen^ 



a sedition against him, and he was condemned 
to death, and all his statues thrown down, 
after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 
yeai-s. He fled without concern or mortifi- 
cation to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, w here 
Le met with kindnes.s and cordiality. The 
Egyptian monarch consulted him concerning 
the succession of his children ; and Deme- 
trius advised him to raise to the throne the 
children of Eurydice, in preference to the 
ott'spring of Berenice. This counsel so irri- 
tated Philadeiphus, the son of Berenice, that 
after his father's death he sent the philosopher 
into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in 



which deserved most the appellation oi wise 
and moderate, either they who gave such ill 
language, or he who received it without any 
signs of resentment .'' Senec. de Ira, 3. — 
JElian. V. II. 3, 7, 8, 12— C«c. in Brut. 3, de 

Oral. 2. A poet of Soli, who composed a 

comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plut. in 

Dem. A statuary, who wished to make a 

statue of mount Athos. Vitruv. A general 

of Pompey the younger, who died B. C. 36. 
Democles, a man accused of disaftection 

towards Dionysius, he. Polycen. 6. A 

beautiful youth, passionately loved by Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into ^ 



4 



DE 

caldron of boiling water, rather than sub- 
mit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant. Pint, 
in Dem. 

Democoon, a natural son of Priam, who 
came from his residence at Abydos to protect 
his country against the Gi'eeks. He was, 
after a glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. 
Homer, ll. 4. 
DiiMucRATES, an architect of Alexandria. 

A wrestler. JFMan. V. H. 4, c. 15. 

An Athenian who fought on the side of Da- 
rius, against the Macedonians. Curt. 6, c. 5. 

D£.MocRiTus, a celebrated philosopher of 
Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He ti'avelled 
over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and 
Africa, in quest of knowledge, and r-eturned 
home in the greatest poverty. There was a 
law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour 
of a funeral the man who had reduced him- 
self to indigence ; and Democritus, to avoid 
ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one 
of his compositions called Diacosmus. It was 
received with such uncommon applause, that 
he was presented with 500 talents ; statues 
were erected in his honour ; and a decree pas- 
sed that the expenses of his funeral should 
be paid from the public treasury. He retired 
to a garden near the city, where he dedicated 
his time to study and solitude ; and according 
to some authors he put out his eyes, to apply 
himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. 
He was accused of insanity, and Hippocrates 
\vas ordered to inquire into the nature of his 
disorder. The physician had a conference 
with the philosopher, and declared that not 
Democritus, but his enemies were insane. He 
continually laughed at the follies and vanity of 
mankind, who distract themselves with care, 
and are at once a prey to hope and to anxiety. 
He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the 
loss of his wife, that he would raise her from 
the dead, if he could find three persons who 
had gone through life without adversity, whose 
names he might engrave on tlie queen's mon- 
ument. The king's inquiries to find such per- 
sons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in 
some manner soothed the sorrov/ of his sove- 
reign. He taught his disciples that the soul 
died with the body ; and therefore, as he gave 
no credit to the existence of ghosts, some 
youths, to try his fortitude, dressed themselves 
in a hideous and deformed habit, and approach- 
ed his cave in the dead of night, with whatever 
could create terror and astonishment. The 
philosopher received them unmoved; and 
without even looking at them, he desired them 
to cease making themselves such objects of ri- 
dicule and folly. He died in the 109th year 



DE 



of his age, B. C. 361. His father was so rich, 
that he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, 
as he was marching against Greece. AH the 
works of Democritus are lost. He was the 
author of the doctrine of atoms, and first 
taught that the milky way was occasioned by 
a confused light from a multitude of stars. He 
may be considered as the parent of experi- 
mental philosophy, in the prosecution of which 
he showed himself so ardent that he declared 
he would prefer tlie discovery of one of the 
causes of the works of Jiature, to the diadem 
of Persia. He made artificial emeralds, and 
tinged them with various colours ; he likewise 
dissolved stone?, and softened ivorv Euseb. 



14, c. 27. Diog. in vita.— Mian. V. U. 4, 

c. 20.— Cic. de Finib.— Val. Max. 8, c, 7.— 

Sirab. 1 and 15. An Ephesian, who wrote 

a book on Diana's temple, k,c. D^og. A 

powerful man of >*axos. Htrodot. 1,%. 46. 

DiMODiCE, the wife of Cretheus, king of 
lolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. 
Hi/gin. P. A. 2, o. 20. 

DiMoDocHus, a musician at the court of 
Alcinous; who sang, in the presence of Ulj^s- 
ses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, fcc 

Honitr. Od. 8, v. 44.— Plat, de Mus. A 

Trojan chief, who came with iEneas into Italy, 
where he uas killed. Virg. Mu. 10, v. 413, 

An historian. Plut. de Flum. 

Demoleus, a Greek, killed bv iEneas in the 
Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 260. 

Djemoleon, a centaur, killed by Theseu.s 
at the nuptials of Pirithous. Orid. Met. 12, v. 

356. A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. 

Homer. II. 20, v. 395. 

Demon, an Athenian, nephew to Demos- 
thenes. He was at the head of the govern^ 
ment during the absence of his uncle, and ob- 
tained a decree that Demosthenes should be 
recalled, and that a ship should be sent to 
bring him back. 

Demonassa, a daughter of Amphiaraus, 
who married Thersander. Pans. 9, c. 5. 

Demonax, a celebrated philosopher of 
Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He showed no 
concern about the necessaries of life ; but 
when hungry, he entered the first house he 
met, and there satisfied his appetite. He died 

in his 100th year. A man of Mantinea, 

sent to settle the government of Cyrene. ife- 
rodot. 4, c. 161. 

Demonica, a woman who betrayed Ephe- 
sus to Brennus. Plut. in Parall. 

Demophantus, a general, killed by Anti- 
gonus, he. Pans. 8, c. 49. 

Demophile, a name given to the sibyl of 
Cumffi, who, as it is supposed by some, sold 
the sibylline books ta Taiquin. Farro apiid 
Lad. 1, c. 6. 

Demophilus, an Athenian archon.-— -Ao 
oflScer of Agathocles. Diod. 19. 

Demophon, an Athenian, who assisted 
the Thebans in recovering Cadmea, kc 
Diod. 15. 

Demophoon, son of Theseus and Phsedra, 
was king of Athens, B.C. 1182, and reigned 
33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, 
he visited Thraoe, where he was tenderly re- 
ceived and treated by Phyllis. He retired to 
Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of 
Phyllis, who hanged herself in despair. Ovid. 

Heroid. 2.—Paus. 10, c. 55. A friend of 

yEneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 675. 
Dejiopolis, a son of Themistocles, Plut 
in Them. 
Demos, a place of Ithaca. 
Demosthekes, a celebrated Athenian, son 
of a rich blacksmith, called Demosthenes, and 
of Cleobule. He was but seven years of as,c 
when his father died. His guardians negli- 
gently managed his affairs, and embe;5zled the 
greatest part of his possessions. His educa- 
tion was totally neglected ; and for whatever 
advances he made in learning, he was indebt- 
ed to his industry and application. He became 
the pupil of Isa^usand Plato, and applied him- 
self to 5tudy t!ie orations of Isocrates. At the 



DE 

age of 17 he gave an early proof of his elo- 
quence and abilities against his guardians, from 
whom he obtained the retribution of the 
greatest pail of his estate. His rising talents 
were however impeded by weak lungs, and a 
diificulty of pronunciation, especially of the 
letter p, but these obstacles were soon con- 
quered by unwearied application. To correct 
the stammering of his voice, he spoke with 
pebbles in his mouth; and removed the dis- 
tortion of his features, which accompanied his 
utterance, by watching the motions of his 
countenance in a looking-glass. That his pro- 
imnciation might be loud and full of emphasis, 
he frequently ran up the steepest and most 
uneven walks, where his voice acquired force 
and energy ; and on the sea-shore, when the 
waves were violently agitated, he declaimed 
aloud, to accustom himself to the noise and tu- 
mylts of a public assembly. He also confined 
himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote 
himself more closely to studious pursuits : and, 
to eradicate all curiosity of appearing in pub- 
lic, he shaved one half of his head. In this 
solitary retirement, by the help of a glira- 
roering lamp, he composed the greatest part 
of his orations, which have ever been the 
admiration of every age, though his contem- 
poraries and rivals severely inveighed against 
them, and observed that they smelt of oil. 
His abilities, as an orator, raised him to con- 
sequence at Athens, and he was soon pla- 
ced at the head of the government. In this 
public capacity he roused his countrymen 
from their indolence, and animated them 
against the encroachments of Philip of Mace- 
donia. In the battle of Cheronaea, however, 
Demosthenes betrayed his pusillanimity, and 
saved his life by flight. After the death of 
Philip he declared himself warmly against 
his son and successor, Alexander, whom he 
branded with the appellation of boy; and 
when the Macedonians demanded of the Athe- 
nians their orators, Demosthenes reminded 
his countrymen of the fable of the sheep 
which delivered their dogs to the wolves. 
Though he had boasted that all the gold of 
Macedonia could not tempt him ; yet he suf- 
fered himself to be bribed by a small golden 
cup from Harpalus. The tumults which this 
occasioned, forced him to retire from Athens ; 
end in his banishment, which he passed at 
Troezene and iEgiua, he lived w ith more ef- 
feminacy than true heroism. When Antipa- 
ter made war against Greece, after the death 
of Alexander, Demosthenes wa» publicly re- 
ealled from his exile, and a galley was sent to 
fetch him from iEgina. His return was atten- 
ded with much splendour, and all the citizens 
crowded at the Pirajus to see him land. His 
triumph and popularity, however, were short. 
Anlipater andCraterus were near Athens, and 
demanded all the orators to be delivered up 
into their hands. Denio-ithenes with all his 
adherents fled to the temple of TSeptune ui 
Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of 
safety were banished, he look a dose of poison, 
which he always carried in a quill, and expi- 
red on tlic day that the Thesniophoria were 
celebi-ated, in the 60th year of his age B. C. 
322. The Athenians raised a biazen statue 
to his honour with an inscription translated 
into Ihii distich : 



DE 

Si tibipar menti robur, Vir inagne, fuisstf, 
GrcEcia non Macedcs succubuisset hero. 
Demosthenes has been deservedly called the 
prince of orators ; and Cicero, his successful 
rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect 
model; and such as he wished to be. These 
two great princes of eloquence have often been 
compared together; but the judgment hesi- 
tates to which to give the preference. They 
both arrived at perfection ; but the measure 
by which they obtained it, were diametrically 
opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, 
and with propriety, by his rival j^ilschines, to 
a Siren, from the melody of his expressions. 
No orator can be said to have expressed the 
various passions of hatred, resentment, or in- 
dignation, with more energy than he ; and as a 
proof of his uncommon application, it need 
only be mentioned, that he transcribed eight, 
or even ten times, the history of Thucydides, 
that he might not only imitate, but possess the 
force and energy of the great historian. The 
best editions of his works are tliat of Wolfius, 
fol. Frankof. 1604, that left unfinished by 
Taylor, Cantab. 4to. and that published in 12 
vols. 8vo. 1720, &;c. Lips, by Reiske and his 
widow. Many of the orations of Demosthe- 
nes have been published separately. Plut. 
in vita. — Diod. 16. — Cic. in Oral. &c. — Paus. 

1, c. 8, 1. 2, c. 33. An Atlienian general 

sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily. He at- 
tacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his ef- 
forts were ineft'ectual. After many calamities 
he fell into the enemy's hands, and his army 
was confined to hard labour. The accounts 
about the death of Demosthenes ai-e vaiious ; 
some believe that he stabbed himself, whilst 
others suppose that he w as put to death by the 
Syracusans, B. C. 413. Pint, in A^ic. — Thucyd. 

4, &,c. — Diod. 12. The father of the orator 

Demosthenes. He was very rich, and em- 
ployed an immense number of slaves in the 

business of a sword cutler. Plut. in Bern. • 

A governor of Caesarea, under the Roman em- 
perors. 

Demostratus, an Athenian orator. 

Demuchus, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed 
by Achilles. Homer. It. 20, v. 457. 

Demylus, a tyrant who tortured the philo- 
sopher Zeno. Plut. de Stoic. Rep. 

DzNSELETiE, a pcoplc of Thracc. Cic. Pis. 
34. 

Deobriga, a town on the Iberus in Spain, 
now Miranda de Ebro. 

Deodatus, an Athenian who opposed the 
cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive 
prisoners of Mitylene. 

Deois, a name given to Proseri^ine from her 
mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This 
name Ceres received, because w hen she sought 
hei- daughter all over the world, all wished her 
success in her pursuits, with the word -»)•«,•, 
invenies; a •^»fc», invenio. Ovid. Met.6,y. 114. 

DERiE, a place of Messenia. 

Derbe, a town of Lycaonia at the north of 
mount Taurus in Asia Alinor, now Alab-Dag. 
Cic. Fain. 13, ep. 73. 

Derbice."*, a people near Caucasus, who 
killed all those that had reached their 70th 
year. They buried such as died a natural 
death. Slrab. 

Deuce, a fountain in Spain, whose waters 
were said to be uncommonly cold. 



DE 

Dercennus, an ancient king is Latium. 
lirg.^n. 11, V. 850. 

Derceto and Dercetis, a goddess of Syria, 
called also Ater^atis, whom some suppose to 
be the same as Astarte. She was represented 
as a beautiful woman above the waist, and 
tlie lower part terminated in a fish's tail. Ac- 
cording to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had 
offended; made her passionately fond of a 
young priest, remarkable for the beauty of his 
leatares. She had a daughter by him, and be- 
came so ashamed of her incontinence, that 
she removed her lover, exposed the fruit of 
her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her 
body was transformed into a fish, and her 
child was preserved, and called Semiramis. 
As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and 
represented like a fish, the Syrians anciently 
abstained from fishes. Lucian. de Dea Ser. — 
Plin. 5, c. 13.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 44.— Diod. 2. 

Dercyllidas, a general of Sparta, cele- 
brated for his militaiy exploits. He took 
nine different cities in eight days, and freed 
Chersonesus from the inroads ot the Thracians 
bv building a wall across the country. He 
lived B. C. 399. Diod. 14.— Xenoph. Hist. 
GrtEc. 1, kc. 

Dercyllus, a man appointed over Attica 
by Antipater. C. JVep. in Phoc. 2. ^ 

Dercynus, a son of Neptune kille^by 
Hercules. Apollod 2, c. 5. 

Ders^i, a people of Thrace. 

Dertuona. now Tortona, a town of Ligu- 
ria, between Genoa and Placentia, where a 
Roman colony was settled. Cic. Div. 11. 

Dertose, now Tortosa, a town of Spain 
near the Iberus. 

Dercsi/Ei, a people of Persia. 

Desudaba, a town of Media. Liv. 44, c. 
26. 

Deva, a town of Britain, now Chester, on 
the Dee. 

Deucalion, a son of Prometheus, who 
married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epiraetheus. 
He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his 
age the whole earth was overwhelmed w-ith a 
deluge. The impiety of mankind had irritated 
Jupiter, who res j; red to destroy mankind, 
and immediately the earth exhibited a bound- 
less scene of waters. The highest mountains 
were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants 
of the country ; but this seeming place of se- 
curity was soon over-topped by the rising wa- 
ters, and no hope was left of escaping the uni- 
v^ersal calamity. Prometheus advised his son 
to make himself a ship, and by this means he 
saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The ves- 
sel wsis tossed about during nine successive 
days, and at last stopped on the top of mount 
Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the 
waters had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make 
no mention of a vessel built by tlie advice of 
Prometheus ; but, according to their relation, 
Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on 
the top of Parnassus, or according to llyginus, 
of JEtnn, in Sicily. As soon as the waters had 
retired from the surface of the earth, Deuca- 
lion and his wife went to consult the oracle of 
Themis, and were directed to re])air the loss 
of mankind by throvviug behind them thebor^s 
of their grandmother. This was nothing but 
the stones of the earth ; and after some hesita- 
tion about the meaning of the orncle.they obey- 



DT 

cd. The stones thrown by Deucalion became 
men, and those of Pyrrha, women. Accord- 
ing to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one 
who escaped from tlie universal calamity. 
Alany saved their lives by ascending the high- 
est mountains, or trusting themselves in small 
vessels to the mercy of the waters. This de- 
luge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly, ac- 
cording to the relation of some writers, was 
produced by the inundation of the waters of 
the river Peneus, whose regular course was 
stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and 
Olympus. According to Xenophon, there 
were no less than five deluges. The first hap- 
pened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. 
The second, which w as in the age of Hercules 
and Prometheus, continued but one month. 
During the third, which happened in the reign 
of another Ogyges, all Attica was laid waste 
by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered 
by the waters during the fourth, which hap- 
pened in the age of Deucalion. The last was 
during the Trojan war, and its effects were 
sev^erely felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. 
There prevailed a report in Attica, that the 
waters of Deucalion's deluge had disappeared 
through a small aperture about a cubit wide, 
near Jupiter Olympus's temple ; emd Pausani- 
as, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly of- 
fering of flour and honey was thrown into it 
with religious ceremony. The deluge of De- 
ucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, 
is supposed to have happened 1503 years B. C. 
Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha, Hellen, 
called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphicty- 
on, king of Attica, and also a daughter, Pro- 
togenea, who became mother of ^Ethlius by 
Jupiter. Find. 9, Oli/mp. — Ovid. Met. 1, tab. 
8. — Heroid. 45, v. 167 — Apollod. 1, c. 7. — Faus. 

I, c. 10, 1.5, c. 8. — Juv. 1, V. 81. — Hygin. lab. 
153. — Justin. 2, c. 6. — Diod. 5. — Lucian. de 

Ded Syria. — Virg. G. I, v. 62. One of the 

Argonauts. A son of Minos. Apollod. 3, c. 

1. A son of Abas, 

Deucetius, a Sicilian general. Diod. II, 
Deudorix, one of the Cherusci, led in tri- 
umph by Germanicus. 
Dexamene, one of the Nereides. Homer 

II. 18. 

Dexamenus, a man delivered by Hercules 
fromthe hands of his daughter's suitors, .ipol- 

lod. 2, c. 5. A khig of Olenus in Achaia, 

whose two daughters married the sons of Ac- 
tor. Paus. 5, c. 3. 

Dexippus, a Spartan who assisted the peo- 
ple of Agrigentum, kc. Diod. 13. 

Dexxthea, the w ife of Minos. Apollod. 3, 
c. 1. 

Dexius, a Greek, fatlier of Iphiuous, killed 
by Glaucus in the Trojan war, &,c. Homer. 
11.7. 

Dia, a daughter of Dclon, mother of Piri- 

thous by Ixion. An island in the -^gean 

sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as 
Naxos. l^id. Naxos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 157. 

Another on the coast of Crete, now Stan 

Dia. A city of Thrace. Eub(jea. . 

Peloponnesus. Lusitania. Italy, near 

the Alps. Scythia, neai- the Phasis. 

Caria. Bithynia, and Thessaly. 

DiACTORiDEs, one of Agarista's suitors. 

Herodot. 6, c. 127. The father of Eury- 

dunie; the wile of Leutyrhidcs. /rf. 6, c. 71. 



Dimvs of Megalopolis, a genera! of the 
Achasans, who killed himself when his affairs 
became desperate. Pans. 7, c. 16. 

DiADUMENiANUs, a SOD of Macrlnus, who 
enjoyed the title of Caesar during his father's 
life-time, az-c. 

DiAGON and Diagum, a river of Pelopon- 
nesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and separa- 
ting Pisa from Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 21. 

DiAGONDAS, a Theban who abolished all 
nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 15. 

DiAGORAS; an Athenian philosopher. His 
father's name was Teleclytus. From the 
greatest superstition, he became a most un- 
conquerable atheist ; because he saw a man 
who laid a false claim to one of his poems, and 
who perjured himself, go unpunished. His 
great impiety and blasphemies provoked his 
countiymen, and the Areopagites promised 
one talent to him who brought his head before 
their tribunal, and two if he were produced 
alive. He lived about 416 years before Christ. 
Cic. de JVal. D. I, c. 23, 1. 3, c. 37, i^c.— Val. 

Max. 1, c. 1 An athlete of Rhodes, 460 

years before the Christian era. Pindar cele- 
brated his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, 
which was written in golden lettersin a temple 
©f Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned 
the same day at Olyrapia, and died through 
excess of joy. Cic. Tusc. 5. — Plut. in Pel. — 
Pans. 6, c. 7. 

DiALis, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first 
instituted by Numa. He was never permitted 
to swear, even upon public trials. Varro. L. 
L, 4, c. 15. — Dionys. 2. — Liv. 1, c. 20. 

DiALLUs, an Athenian, who vvi'ote an his- 
tory of all the memorable occurrences of his 
age. 

DiAMASTiGosis, a festival at Sparta in hon- 
our of Diana Orthia, which received that 
name «<« tw fi^»;i-,aw, from whipping, because 
boys w ere whipped before the altar of the 
goddess. These boys, called Bomonicae, were 
originally free born Spartans ; but, in the 
more delicate ages, they were of mean birth, 
and generally oi a slavish origin. This ope- 
•ration was performed by an officer in a se- 
vere and unfeeling manner ; and that no com- 
passion should be raised, the priest stood near 
the altar with a small light statue of the 
goddess, which suddenly became heavy and 
insupportable if the lash of the whip was more 
lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the 
children attended the solemnity, and exhorted 
them not to commit any thing either by 
fear or groans, that might be unworthy of 
Laconian education. These flagellations were 
so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse 
torrents, and many expired under the lash 
of the whip without uttering a groan, or 
betraying any mzu-k.s of fear. Such a death 
was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse 
was buried with much soleniiiity, with a gar- 
land of flowers on its head. The origin of this 
festival is unknown. Some suppose that Ly- 
curgus first instituted it to inure the youths of 
Lacedajmon to bear labour and fatigue, and 
j'ender them insensible to pain and wounds. 
Others maintain, that it was a mitigation of 
an oracle, which ordered that human blood 
should be shed on Diana's altar; and according 
1o their opinion, Orestes first introduced that 
>arbarnuf: custom, afl^r he had brought tlie 



Dl 

statue of Diana Taurica into Greece*. I'her© 
is another tradition which mentions, that Pau- 
sanias, as he was offering prayers and sacri- 
fices to the gods, before he engaged with Mar- 
donius, was suddenly attacked by a number 
of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice, and 
were at last repelled with staves and stones, 
the only weapons with which the Lacedsemo' 
nians were provided at that moment. In com- 
memoration of this, therefore, that whipping 
of boys was instituted at Spaita, and after that 
the Lydian procession. 

Diana was the goddess of hunting. Ac- 
cording to Cicero, there were three of this 
name ; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine^ 
who became mother of Cupid ; a daughter of 
Jupiter and Latona, and a daughter of tJpis 
and Glauce. The second is the most cele- 
brated, and to her all the ancients allude. 
She was born at the same birth as Apollo ; and 
the pains which she saw her motiier suffer^ 
during her labour, gave her such an aversioa 
to marriage, tliat she obtained from her fatlier 
the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, 
and to preside over the travails of women. 
To shun the society of men, she devoted her- 
self to hunting, and obtained the permission 
of Jupiter to have for her attendants 60 of the 
Oc^iides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom, 
likeTW^SN^bjured the use of marriage. She 
is represented w"th a bent bow and quiver, and 
attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn ia 
a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she 
appears with wings, holding a lion in one hand, 
and a panther in the other, wdth a chariot 
drawn by two heifers, or two horses of difler- 
ent colours. She is represented taller by the 
head than her attendant nymphs, her face has 
something manly, her legs are bare, well 
shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered 
with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the 
ancients. Diana received many surnaines> 
particularly from the places where her W'or- 
ship was established, and from the functions 
over which she presided. She was called 
Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when in- 
voked by women in childbed, and Trivia whea 
worshipped in the cross-ways, where her sta; 
tues were generally erected. She was sup- 
posed to be the same as the moon, and Pro- 
serpine or Hecate, and from that circum- 
stance she was called Triformis ; and some of 
her statues represented her Avith three heads, 
that of a horse, a dog, and a boar. Herj)Ower 
and functions under these three characters, 
have been beautifully expressed in these two 
verses : 

Ternt, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, LunOf 
Diaria, 

Jma, suprema, fcras, sceptro,fulgore, sagitld. 

She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Tau- 
rica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was 
supposed to be the same as the Isis of tlie 
Egyptians, w hose worship was introduced into 
Greece with that of Osiris under the name of 
Apolfo. When Typhon Avaged war against 
the gods, Diana is said to have metamorpho- 
sed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The 
goddess is generally known in the figures that 
repvesent her, by the crescent on her head, by 
the dogs which attend her, and by her hunting 
habit. The most famous of her temples was 
that of Kpbc'u?, which was one of the sevea 



DI 

wonders of the world. [Vid Epiieiim."] She 
was there represented with a great number of 
breasts, and other symbols 'which signified the 
earth or Cybele. Though she was the pa- 
troness of chastitji^ij'et she forgot her dignity 
io enjoy the conipSny of Endymion, and the 
very familiar favours which, according to my- 
thology, she granted to Pan and Orion are 
well known. [Vid. Endymion, Pan, Orion.] 
The inhabitants of Taurica were particularly 
attached to the worship of this goddess, and 
they cruelly offered on her altar all the stran- 
gers that were shipwrecked on their coasts. 
Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest 
who had always murdered his predecessor; 
and the Lacedasmonians yearly offered her 
human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who 
changed this barbarous custom for the sacri- 
fice of flagellation. The Athenians generally 
offered her goats, and others a white kid, and 
sometimes a boar pig, or an ox. Among 
plants the poppy and the ditamy were sacred 
to her. She, as well as her brother ApollO; 
had some oracles, among which those of Egypt, 
Cilicia, and Ephesus, are the most knowii. 
Ovid, Fast. 2, v. loo.— Met. 3, v. 156, 1. 7, v. 
94 and 194, hc.—Cic. de Mtt. D. 3.—Horat. 

3, od. 22.— Virg. G. 3, v. 302. ^n. 1, v. 505. 
— Homer. Od. 5. — Paus. 8, c. 31 and ,3% — 
Cntull.—Stal. 8. Silv. I, v. Sl.—Apollod. 1, c. 

4, &c. 1. 3, c. 5, he. 

DiANASA, the mother of Lycurgus. Plut. 
in Lye. 

DiANiuM, a town and promontory of Spain, 
BOW Cape Martin, where Diana was wor- 
shipped. 

DiAsiA, festivals in honour of Jupiter at 
Athens. They received their name =wroTou J»@3 
■Mt Ttj,- «-))j, from Jupiter and misfortune, be-' 
cause, by making applications to Jupiter, men 
obtained relief from their misfortunes, and 
were delivered from dangers. During this fes- 
tival things of all kinds were exposed to sale. 

DiBio, a town of France, now Dijon in 
Burgundy. 

Dic^A and Dic^earchea, a town of Italy. 
Jtal. 13, V. 385. 

Drc^ps, an Athenian who was supernatu- 
rally apprized of the defeat of the Persians in 
Greece. Herodot.8,c. 65. 

Dice, one of the Horae, daughters of Jupiter. 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 3. 

DicEARCHus, a Messenian, famous for bis 
knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathe- 
matics. He was one of Aristotle's disciples. 
Nothingremains of his numerous compositions. 
He had composed an history of the Spartan 
republic, which was publicly read over eveiy 
year, by order of the magistrates, for the im- 
provement and instruction of youth. 

DicENEus, an Egyptian philosopher in the 
age of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia, 
w^here he ingratiated himself with the king of 
the country, and by his instructions softened 
the wildiiess and rusticity of his manners. He 
also gained such an influence over the multi- 
tude, that they destroyed all the vines which 
grew in their country, to prevent the riot and 
dissipation which the wine occa.'- ioned among 
them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws i 
in a book, that they might not lose the benefit ] 
of them after his death. i 

DicoMAS, a king of thr ♦»''♦?;. P/rrf. ?> j 
Anton. 



DI 

DicTiE, and Dict^.us mons, a mountaiii 
of Crete. The island is often known by the 
name of Dictcea area. Virg. JEcl. 6. JEn. 3, 

V. 171. Jupiter was called Dictaius, be- 

cause Avorshipped there, and the same epi- 
thet was applied to Minos. Virg. G. 2, v. 
bm.—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 43.— PtoL 3, c. 17 — 
Sirab. 10. » • - 

DicTAaiNUM and Dictynna, a town of 
Ci'ete, where the herb called dictamnus chieQy 
grows. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 412.— Cic. de JVat. 
D. 2, c. 50. 

Djctator, a magistrate at Rome invested 
with regal authority. This officer; whose ma- 
gistracy seems to have been borrowed from 
the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first 
chosen during the Roman wars against the 
Latins. The consuls being unable to raise 
forces for the defence of the state, because the 
plebeians refused to enlist, if they were not 
discharged from all the debts they had con- 
tracted with the patricians, the senate found 
it necessary to elect a new magistrate with 
absolute and incontrolable power to take care 
of the state. The dictator remained in office 
for six months, after which he was again elect- 
ed, if theaffaii-s of the state seemed to be des- 
perate ; but if tranquillity was re-established, 
he generally laid down his power before the 
time was expired. He knew no superior in 
the republic, and even the laws were subjected 
to him. He was called dictator, because die- 
tus, named by the consul, or quoniam dictis 
ejus parebat populm, because the people im- 
plicity obeyed his command. He was named 
by the consul in the night, viva voce, and his 
election was confirmed by the auguries, though 
sometimes he was nominated or recommend- 
ed by the people. As his power was absolute^ 
he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct 
them against an enemy, and disband them at 
pleasure He punished as he pleased; and 
from his decision there was no appeal, at least 
till later times. He was preceded by 24 lie> 
tors, with the fasces; during his administra- 
tion, all other officers, except the tribunes 
of the people, were suspended, and he was 
the master of the republic. But amidst all 
this independence, he was not permitted to 
go beyond the borders of Italy, and he was al- 
ways obliged to march on foot in his expedi- 
tions ; and he never could ride, in difficult 
and laborious marches, without previously 
obtaining a formal leave from the people. 
He \yas cliosen only when the state was ia 
imminent dangers from foreign enemies or 
inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence 
a dictator was sometimes elected, as also to 
hold the comilia, or to celebrate the public 
festivals, to hold tibials, to choose senators, or 
drive a nail in the capitol, by which super- 
stitious ceremony the Romans believed that 
a plague could be averted or the progress of 
an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable 
and illustrious in the first ages of the republic, 
became odious by the perpetual usurpations oi 
Sylla and J. Caisar ; and after the death of the 
latter, the Roman senate, on tlie motion of the 
consul Antony, passed a decree, which for ever 
after forbade a dictator to e.\ist in Rome. The 
dictator, as soon as elected, cho.se u subordi- 
nate officer, called his master of horse, inagis- 
tfv equilim. This officer was respectable, but 



DI 

jSe was totally subservient to the will of the 
dictator, and could do nothing without his 
•xpress order, though he enjoyed the privi- 
lege of using a horse, and had the same insig- 
nia as the praetors. This subordination, how- 
ever, was some time after removed ; and 
during the second Punic war the master of 
the horse was invested with a power equal to 
that of the dictator. A second dictator was 
also chosen for the election of magistrates at 
Rome, after the battle of Cannae. The dic- 
tatorship was originally confined to the patri- 
cians, but the plebeians were afterwards ad- 
mitted to share it. Titus Latius Flavus was 
the first dictator, A. U. C. 353. Diomjs. 
Hat.—Cic. de Leg. 3.—Dio.—PluL in Fab.— 
J3ppian. 3.—Polyb S.—Paterc. 2, c. 28.— 
Liv. 1, c. 23, 1. 2, c. 18, 1. 4, c. 57, I. 9, c. 38. 

DiCTiDiENSES, certain inhabitants of mount 
Athos. Thucyd. 5, c. 82. 

DiCTYNNA, a nymph of Crete, who first 
invented hunting nets. She was one of Diana's 
attendants, and for that reason the goddess is 
often called Didynnia. Some have supposed 
that Minos pursued her, and that to avoid his 
importunities, she threw herself into the sea, 
and was caught in fishermen's nets, ^'"t^, 
•whence her name. There was a festival at 
Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dicty nnia. — 
Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 12 A city of Crete. 

DiCTYs, a Cretan, who went with Idome- 
neus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he 
wrote an history of this celebrated war, and 
that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his 
tomb, where it remained, till a violent earth- 
quake in the reign of Nero opened the monu- 
ment where he had been buried. This con- 
vulsion of the earth threw out his history of the 
Trojan war, which was found by some shep- 
herds, and afterwards carried to Rome. This 
mysterious tradition is deservedly deemed fa- 
bulous ; and the history of the Trojan war, 
w'hich is now extant, as the composition of 
Dictys of Crete, was composed in the loth 
centuiy, or, according to others, in the age of 
Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of 
the followers of Idomeneus. The edition of 
Dictys is by MasellusVenia,4to. xVlediol. 1477. 

A king of the island of Seriphus, son of 

Magnes an°d Nays. He married tlie nymph 
Clymene, and w^as made king of Seriphus by 
Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, because he 
behaved with wantonness to Danae. VuJ.. Po- 
lydectes. Jipollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 2, c. 4. A cen- 
taur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous, Ovid. 
Mel. 12, V. 334. 

DiDAS, a Macedonian who was employed 
by Perseus to render Demetrius suspected to 
his father Philip. Liv. 40. 

DiDiA LEX, de Sumptibiis, by Didius, A. 
U. C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attend- 
ed public festivals and entertainments, and 
limit the number of guests which generally at- 
tended them, not only at Rome, but in all the 
provinces of Italy. By it, not only those who 
received guests in these festive meetings, but 
the guests themselves, were liable to be fined. 
It was an extension of the Oppian and Fanniau 
laws. 

DiDius, a governor of Spain, conquered 

by Sertorius. Plut. in Sert. A man who 

brought Ca;sar the head of Pompey's eldest 
!*on. Pluf. A governor of Britain, un- 



m 

der Claudius.— —Julianug, a rich Roman, 
who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought 
the empire which the Praetorians had exposed 
to sale, A. D. 192. His great luxury and 
extravagance rendered him odious ; and when 
he refused to pay the money which he had 
promised for the imperial purple, the soldiers 
revolted against him, and put him to death, 
after a short reign. Severus was made em- 
peror after him. 

Dido, called also Elissa, a daughter of 
Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichaeus, 
or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of 
Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the 
throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Si- 
chaeus, to get possession of the immense riches 
which he possessed ; and Dido, disconsolate 
for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly 
loved, and by whom she was equally esteem- 
ed, set sail in quest of a settlement, with a 
number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of 
the tyrant became odious. According to some 
accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of 
her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly de- 
sired ; and by that artifice compelled the ships 
to fly with her, that had come by order of the 
tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichaeus. Dur- 
ing her voyage. Dido visited the coast of Cy- 
prus, where she carried away 50 women, who 
prostituted themselves on the sea shore, and 
gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. 
A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, 
and she bought of the inhabitants as much 
land as could be covered by a bull's hide, cut 
into thongs. Upon this piece of land she 
built a citadel called Byrsa, [Vid. Byrsa.} 
and the increase of population, and the rising 
commerce among her subjects, soon obliged 
her to enlarge her city, and the boundaries of 
her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the 
fame of her enterprise, gained )ier many ad- 
mirers; and her subjects wished to compel 
her to marry larbas, king of Mauritania, who 
threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido 
begged three months to give her decisive an- 
swer; and during that time, she erected a fu- 
neral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn sacrifice, 
to appease the manes of Sichaeus, to whom she 
had promised eternal fidelity. When all was 
prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in 
presence of her people, and by this uncom- 
mon action, obtained the name of Dido, va- 
liant woman, instead of Elissa. According to 
Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused 
by the sudden departure of iEneas, of whom 
she was deeply enamoured, and whom she 
could not obtain as a husband. This poetical 
fiction represents ^iieas as living in the age 
of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of 
near 3«X) years. Dido left Phcenicia 247 years 
after the' Trojan war, or the age of ^neas, 
that is, about 953 years B. C. This chronolo- 
gical error proceeds not from the ignorance of 
the poets, but it is supported by the authority 
of Horace, 

" ^ut famam sequere, aut sibi convenieniia 
finge." 
While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, 
the desperate love of Dido, and the submission 
of iEneas to the will of the gods ; he at the 
same lime gives an explanation of the hatred 
which existed between the republics of Rome 
ajid Cartilage, and informs his readers thst 



Dl 

their mutual enmity originated in their very 
first foundation, and was apparently kindled 
by a more remote cause than the jealousy and 
rJvalship of two flourishing empires. Dido; 
after her death, was honoured as a deity by 
her subjects. Jitslrn. 18, c. 4, ^c. — Palerc. 1, 
c. 6.— Firg. JEn.—Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 2.— 
Heroid. 6. — .9ppian. Alex. — Oros. 4. — Hcro- 
dian. — Dionys. Hal. 

DiDYMA, a place of Miletus. Pmis. 2, c. 

9. An island in the Sicilian sea. Pans. 10. 

c.ll. 
DiDVM^us, a surname of Apollo. 
DiDVMAON, an excellent artist, famous for 
making suits of armour. Virg.Mn. 5, v. 359. 
DjDYME, one of the Cyclades. Ovid. Met. 

>], V. 469. A city of Sicily. Id. Fast. 4, v. 

475. One of the Lipari isles, now Saline. 

A place near Miletus, where the Bran- 
chidae had their famous oracle. 

DinvMUM, a mountain of Asia Minor. 
DiDiMus, a freed man of Tiberius, k,c. 
Tac. Ann. 6, c. 24. A scholiast on Ho- 
mer, surnamed x*A.xarrjf@,, flourished B. C. 
40. He wrote a number of books, which are 
now^ lost. The editions of his commenta- 
ries are, that in 2 vols. 8vo. Venet. apud Aid. 



1528, and that of Paris, 8vo. L330. 

DiKNECEs, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, 
before the battle of Thermopylae, that the 
Persians were so numerous that their arrows 
•^vould darken the light of the sun, observed, 
tliat it would be a great convenience, for they 
then should fight in the shade. Herodot. 7, 
c. 226. 

DiESPiTER, a surname of Jupiter, as be- 
ing the father of light. 

DiGENTiA, a small river M'hich watered 
Horace's farm, in the country of the Sabines. 
Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 104. 

DiGMA, a part of the Piraeus at Athens. 

Dii, the divinities of the ancient inhab- 
itants of the earth were very numerous. 
Every object which caused terror, inspired 
gratitude, or bestowed aflluence, received the 
tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior 
agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees, 
and supposed that the watei-s which commu- 
nicated fertility to his fields and possessions. 
Avere under the influence and direction of 
some invisible power, inclined to favour and 
to benefit mankind. Thus arose a train of 
divinities, which imagination arrayed in uif- 
i'erent forms, and armed with different pow- 
ers. They were endowed with understand- 
ing, and were actuated by the same passions 
which daily ^^ict the human race, and those 
children of superstition were appeased or 
provoked as the imperfect being which gave 
them birth. Their wrath was mitigated by 
sacrifices and incense, and sometimes human 
victims bled to expiate a crime which super- 
stition alone supposed to exist. The sun, from 
its powerful influence and animating nature, 
first attracted the notice, and claimed the 
adoration of the uncivilized inhabitants of the 
eailh. The moon also was honoured with 
sacrifices, and addressed in prayers ; and 
after immortality had been liberally bestowed 
on all the heavenly bodies, mankind classed 
among their deities the brute creatio; , and 
the cat and the sow shared equally with Ja[i\- 
*orhim?^e)t', the father of gods and men^ the 

3.? 



DI 

devout veneration of their votaries. This im- 
mense number of deities have been divided 
into different classes, according to the will and 
pleasure of the raytliologists." The Romans, 
generally speaking, reckoned two classes of 
the gods, ihe dii niajorum gentium, or dii con- 
suhnlcs, and the dii miuorum gentium. The 
former were twelve iu number, six males and 
SIX females. [F/rf. Consentes.] \n the class 
of the latter, were ranked all the gods who 
were worshipped in different parts of the 
earth. Besides these, there were some called 
dii selecti, sometimes classed with the twelve 
greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the 
Genius, the Moon, Pluto, and Bacchus. There 
were also some called denii-gods, that is, who 
deserved immortality by the gi-eatness of their 
exploits, and for their uncommon semces to 
mankind. Among these were Priapus, Ver- 
tumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents 
were some of the immortal gods. Besides 
these, there were some called topici, whose 
worship was established at particular places, 
such as Isis in Egypt, Astarte in Syria, Ura- 
nus at Carthage, &«. In process of time, also, 
all the passions, and the moral virtues, were 
reckoned as powerful deities, and tem])Jes 
were raised to a goddess of concord, peace, 
6I.C. According to the authority of Hesiod, 
there were no less than 30,000 gods that in- 
habited the earth, and were guardians of 
men, all subservient to the power of Jupiter. 
To these succeeding ages have added an al- 
most equal number ; and indeed they were 
so numerous, and their functions so various, 
that w^e find temples erected, and sacrifices 
offered to unknown gods. It is observable^ 
that all the gods of the ancients have lived 
i!pon earth as mere mortals : and even Jupi- 
ter, who was the ruler of heaven, is repre- 
sented by the raythologisls as a helpless 
child ; and we are acquainted with all the 
particulars that attended the birth and edu- 
cation of Juno. In process of time, not 
only good and virtuous men, who had beew 
the patrons of learning, and the supporters 
of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were 
admitted among the gods ; and the Romaa 
senate courteously granted immortality to 
the most cruel and abandoned of their em- 
perors. 

Dii, a people of Thrace, on mount Rho- 
dope. 

DiMASSus, an island near Rhodes. Plin. 
6, c. 31. 

DiNARCHus, a Greek orator, son of Sos- 
tratus, and disciple to Theophrastus, at Athens. 
He acquired much money by his compositions, 
and suffered himself to be bribed by the ene- 
mies of the Athenians, 307 B. C. Of 64 of hir 
orations, only three remain. Cie. dt Orat.2f 

c. 53. A Corinthian ambassador, put to 

death by Polyperchon. Plut. in Plioc. A 

native of Delos, who collected some fables \u 
Crete, he. Dionys. Hal. 

DiNDvMus or A {oruvis) a mountain of 
Phrygia, near a town of the same name in the 
neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from thi» 
[)lace that Cybele was callea Dindymcne, as 
her worship was established there by Jason. 
iilrab. 12.— Slat. I. Sylc. 1, v. V.^tlorat. h 
od. 16, V, 6.— I irg, A-M, 9, v. 617. 
1 Di^iA. -a town of rhryg;!*. Liv 88; c. 



BI 

6. AioWn of Gaul, now Digne in Tro- 

vence. 

DiNiAS, a o;eneral of Cassander. Diod. 19. 

—A man of Pheraj, who seized the supreme 

power at Cranon. Polyczn. % A man who 

wrote an history of Argos. Plut. in Aral. 

DiNJCHE, the wife of Archidamus. Pans. 
3, c. 10. 

Di>6cHARES, an architect, Avho finished 
the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had 
been burnt by Erostratus. 

DiNocRATES, an architect of Macedonia, 
who proposed to Alexander to cut mount 
Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in 
one hand, and in the other a basin, into which 
all the waters of the mountain should empty 
themselves. This project Alexander rejected 
as too chimerical, but he employed the talents 
of the artist in building and beautifying Alex- 
a.idria. He began to build a temple in honom- 
of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
in which he intended to suspend a statue pf 
the queen, by means of loadstones. His death, 
and that of his royal patron, prevented the ex- 
ecution of a work which would have been the 
admiration of future ages. Plin. 7, c. 37. — 
Marcell. 22, c. 40.— Plut. in Alex. A ge- 
neral of Agathocles. A Messenian, who be- 
haved with great effeminacy and wantonness. 
He defeated Philopoemen, and put him to 
death, B. C. 183. Plut. in Flam. 

DiNODocHus, a swift runner. Pans. 6, c. 1. 

DiNOLocHus, a Syracusan, who composed 
14 comedies. JElian. de Anim. 6, c. 52. 

DiNoMENES, a tyrant of Syracuse. Paus. 

3, c. 42. 

DiNON, a governor of Damascus, under Pto- 
lemy, &c, Polyain. 4. The father of Cli- 

tarchus, who wrote an history of Persia in 
Alexander's age. He is esteemed a very au- 
thentic historian by C. JVep. in Conon. — Pint, 
ill Alex. — Diog. 

DjiS'osTHENEs, a man who made himself a 
statue of an Olympian victor. Paus. 6, c. 16. 

DiNosTRATus, a Celebrated geometrician in 
the age of Plato. 

DiocLEA, festivals in the spring at Megara, 
in honour of Diodes, who died in the defence 
of a certain youth, to whom he was tenderly 
attached. There was a contention on his 
tomb, and the youth who gave the sweetest 
kiss, was publicly rewarded with a garland. 
Theocritus has described them in his 12 Idyll. 

V. 27. A town on the coast of Dalmatia. 

Plin. 3, c. 23. 

DiocLKs, a general of Athens, Sic. Polycvn. 
5. A comic poet of Athens. An histo- 
rian, the first Grecian who ever wrote con- 
cerning the origin of the Romans, and the fa- 
bulous history of Romulus. Pint, in Rom. 

• One of the four brothers placed over the 

citadel of Corinth, by Archelaus, ^c. Po- 
ly(pn.6. A rich man of Messenia. Paus. 

4, c. 2. A general of Syracuse. Died. 13. 

DiocLETiANOPoLis, a town of Thessaly, 

Called so in honour of Diocletian. 

Dioci.ETiANUS, (Cains Valerius Jovius) a 
celebrated Roman em|)cror. born of an ob- 
scure family in Dalmatia. He was first a com- 
mon soldier, and by merit and success he gra- 
dually rose to the office of a general, and at 
the death of Nuraerian, he was invested with 
the imperial pun.)le% In his high station lie 



DI 

rewarded the virtues and fidelity of Maximkui^ 
who had shared with him all the subordinate 
offices in the army, by making him his col- 
league on the throne. He created two subor- 
dinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, 
whom he called Cwsars, whilst he claimed for 
himself and his colleague the superior title of 
Augustus. Diocletian has been celebrated for 
his mihtary virtues; and though he was natu- 
rally unpolished by education and study, yet 
he was the friend and patron of learning and 
true genius. He was bold and resolute, ac- 
tive and diligent, and well acquainted with the 
arts which endear a sovereign to his people, 
and make him respectable even in the eyes of 
his enemies. His cruelty, hoAvever, against 
the followers of Christianity has been deser- 
vedly branded with the appellation of unboun- 
ded tyranny, and insolent wantonness. After 
he had reigned 21 years in the greatest pros- 
perity, he publicly abdicated the crown at iS'i- 
comedia, on the first of May, A. D. 304, 
and retired to a private station at Salona. Max- 
imian, his colleague, followed his example, but 
not from voluntary choice ; and when he some 
time after endeavoured to rouse the ambition 
of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume 
the imperial purple, he received for answer, 
that Diocletian took now more delight in culti- 
vating his little gai'den. than he formerly enjoy- 
ed in a palace, when his power was extended 
over all the earth. Heliv»idnine years after 
his abdication in the greatest security and en- 
joyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year 
of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign 
who voluntarily resigned his power ; a philo- 
sophical resolution, "which, in a later age, was 
imitated by the emperor Charles the fifth ot 
Germany. 

DioDoRus, an historian, surnamed Sicuhts, 
because he was born at Argyrain Sicily. He 
wrote an history of Egypt, Persia, Syiia, Me- 
dia, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was 
divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are ex- 
tant, with some few fragments. This valuable 
composition was the work of an accurate in- 
quirer, and it is said that he visited all the pla- 
ces of which he has made mention in his his- 
tory. It was the labour of 30 years, though the 
greater part may be considered as nothing 
more than a judicious compilation from Bero- 
sus, Timaius, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and 
others. The author, however, is too credu- 
lous in some of his narrations, and often wan- 
ders far from the truth. His style is neither 
elegant, nor too laboured ; but it containsgreat 
simplicity, and unaffected correctness. He 
often dwells loo long upon fauulous reports 
and triffing incidents, while events of the great- 
est importance lo history are treated with bre- 
vity, and sometimes passed over in silence. 
His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads, 
and the Roman consuls, will be found very er- 
roneous. The historian flourished about 44 
years B. C. He spent much time at Rome to 
procure information, and authenticate his his- 
torical narrations. The best edition of his 
works, is that of Wesseling, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 

174t). A disci])le of Euclid, in the age of 

Plato. I)iog. in vita. A comic poet. 

A son of Echeajiax, who, with his brothers 
Codius and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesia* 
the tyiant of Ephesus, kc- Polycm. Q. Ae 



DI 

Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life of 

Anaximander. Diog. An orator of Sar- 

des, in the time of the Mithridatic war, A 

stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He 
lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom 
he instructed in the various branches of Greek 
literature. Cic. in Brat. A general of De- 
metrius. A writer, surnamed Periegelus, 

who wrote a descrii)tion of the earth. Pint. ' 
in Them. An African, he. &.c. Pint. 

DioETAS, a general of Achaia, he. Po- 
tyccn. 2. 

Diogenes, a celebrated Cynic philosopher 
of Sinope, banished from his country for 
coining false money. From Sinope, he re- 
tired to Athens, where he became the disciple 
of Antisthenes, who was at the hea«l of the 
Cyuics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit 
him into his house, and even struck him with 
astick. Diogenes calmly bore the rebuke, and 
said, Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall 
you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me 
from your presence, whilst there is any thing 
to be learnt, any information to be gained from 
your conversation and acquaintance. Such 
firmness recommended him to Antisthenes, 
and he became his most devoted pupil. He 
dressed himself in the garment which distin- 
guished the Cynics, and walked about the 
streets with a tub on his head, which served 
him as a house and a place of repose. Such 
singularity, joined to the greatest contempt for 
riches, soon gained him reputation, and Alex- 
ander the Great condescended to visit the phi- 
losopher m his tub. He asked Diogenes if there 
was any thing in which he could gratify or 
©blige him. Get out of my sun-shine, was the 
only answer which the philosopher gave. Such 
an independence of mind so pleased the mo- 
narch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, 
Were I not Alexander, I would wish to he Dio- 
genes. He w^as once sold as a slave, but his 
magnanimity so pleased his master, that he 
made him the preceptor of his children, and 
the guardian of his estates. After a life spent 
in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B. 
C. 324, in the 96th year of his age. He order- 
ed his body to be carelessly thrown into a ditch, 
and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His or- 
ders were, however, disobeyed in this particu- 
lar, and his friends honoured his remains with a 
magnificent funeral at Corinth. 'Ihe inhabi- 
tants of Sinope raised statues to his memory ; 
and the marble figure of a dog was placed on a 
high column erected on his tomb. His biogra- 
pher has transmitted to posterity a number of 
sayings, remarkable for their simplicity and 
moral tendency. The life of Diogenes, how- 
ever, .shrinks from the eye of a strict examina- 
tion ; he boasted of his poverty, and was so ar- 
rogant that many have observed that the vir- 
tues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, 
not from wisdom and sound philosophy. His 
morals were corrupted, and he gave way to the 
most vicious indulgences, and his unbounded 
wantonness has given occasion to some to ob- 
serve, that the bottom of his tub would not bear 
too close an examination, Diog. in vilu. — 
Pint. inJpoph.'^Cic. de J\'ut. D.'S, c. 36, he. 

A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysii)pus. 

He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassa- 
dor to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 
155 years before Christ. He died in the 88th 



DI 

year of his age, after a life of the most exem- 
plary virtue. Some suppose that he was stran- 
gled by order of Antiochus king of Syria, foF 
speaking disrespectfully of his family in one of 

his treatises. Quiniil. 1, c. 1. Athen. 5, c. 

11 —Cic. de Offic. 3, c. 51. A native of A- 

pollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of phi- 
losojjhy and physic. He was pupil to Anaxa- 
goras. Diog. in vita. Laertius, an epicu- 
rean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote 
the lives of the philosophers in ten books, still 
extant. This work contains an accurate account 
of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with 
all their anecdotes and particular opinions. It 
is compiled, however, without any plan, m,e- 
thod, or precision, though much neatness 
and conciseness are observable through the 
whole. In this multifarious biography the au» 
thor does not seem particularly partial to any 
sect, except perhaps it be that of Potaraon of 
Alexandria. Diogenes died A. D. 222. The 
best editions of his works are that of Meibomi- 
us, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1692, and that of Lips. 

8vo. 1759. A Macedonian, who betrayed 

Salamis to Aratus. Pans. 2, c, 8. There 

was a philosopher of that name who attended 
Alexander in his Asiatic expedition for the 
purpose of making out and delineating his 
march, he. 

DiocENiA, a daughter of Celeus. Paus: 

1, c. 38. A daughter of the Cephisus, who 

married Erechtheus. Apollod. 

DioGENUs, a man who conspired with Dym- 
nus against Alexander. Cwt. 6, c. 7. 

DioGNETUs, a philosopher who instructed 
Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing 
dialogues. 

DioMEDA, a daughter of Phorbas, whom 
Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his mis» 
tress, aiXef the loss of Briseis. Homer. 11. 9, 
V. 661. The wife of Deion of Amyclas. 

DioMEDEs, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, 
was king of .^tolia, and one of the bravest 
of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Ho 
engaged Hector and ^neas, and by repeated 
acts of valour obtained much military glory. 
He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium 
fi'om the temple of Minerva at Troy ; and 
assisted in murdering Rhesus, king of Thrace, 
and carrying away his horses. At his return 
from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the 
darkness of the night, and landed in Attica, 
where his companions plundered the country, 
and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his 
long absence, his wife ^giale forgot her mar- 
riage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, 
one of her servants. This lasciviousnessof tlie 
queen was attributed by some to the resent- 
ment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely 
wounded in the arm in a battle before Troy. 
The infidelity of /Egiale was highly displea- 
sing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon 
his native country, which was the seat of his 
disgrace, and the attempts of his wife to take 
away his life, according to some accounts, did 
not a little contribute to hasten his departure. 
He came to that part of Italy which has been 
called Magna Gra^cia, where he built a city 
called Argyrij)pii, and married the daughter of 
Daunus, the king of the country. He died 
there in extreme old age, or, according to a 
certain tradition, he perished by the hand ot' 
his fttlliei'-in-h\w Hi? death wiu; greatly l>v 



or 



m 



mentedbyhiscompanions, who in the excess! posed to hhnself Thueydides for 
of their grief were changed into birds re- but he is not perfectly happy 
sembling swans. These birds took flight into 
a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and be- 
came remarkable for the tameness with wiiicli 
they approached the Greeks, and for the hor- 
ror with which tJiey shunned all other nations. 
They are called the birds of Dioraedes. Al- 
tars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, one 
of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. Virg. 
JEn. 1. V. 756, 1. 11, v. 243, he— Ovid. Met. 
14, fab. \0.—Apollocl. 1, c.8,].3, c.T.—Hy- 

gin. fab. 97, 112 and US— Pans. 2, c. 30. 

A king of Thrace, son of xMars and Cyrene, 
who fed his horses with human flesh. It was 
one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him ; 
and accordingly the hero, attended with some 
of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, 
and gave him to be devoured by his own horses 
which he had fed so barbarously. Diod. 4. — 

Pans. 3, c. 18.— Jlpollod. 2, c. 5. A friend 

of Alcibiades. Plut. in Alcib. A gramma- 
rian. 

DioMEDON, an Athenian general, put to 
death for his negligence at Arginusae. Thucyd. 

8, c. 19. A man of Cyzicus, in the interest 

of Artaxerses. C. Nep. in Ep. 

Dion, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, 
famous for his power and abilities. He was 
related to Dionysius, 'and often advised him, 
together with the philosopher Plato, who at 
liis request had come to reside at the tyrant's 
court, to lay aside the supreme power. His 
great popularity rendered him odious in the 
eyes of the tyrant, who banished him to 
Greece. There he collected a numerous force, 
and encouraged by the influence of his name, 
and the hatred of his enemy, he resolved to 
free his country from tyranny. He entered 
the port of Syracuse only with two ships, and 
in three days reduced under his power an 
empire which had already subsisted for 50 
vears, and which was guarded by 500 ships 

of war, and 100,000 foot, and 10,000 horse. 

The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept 

the power in his own hands, fearful of the 

aspiring ambition of some of the friends of 

Dionysius. He was however shamefully be- 
trayed and murdered by one of his familiar 

friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 

years before the christian era, in the 55th 

year of his age, and four years after his re- 
turn from Peloponnesus. His death was uni- 
versally lamented by the Syracusans, and a 

monument was raised to iiis memory. Diod. 

16. — C. JVcp. in vild. A town of Mace- 
donia. Panx. 9, c. 36. Cassius, a native 

of iXiccCa in Bithynia. His father's name was 

Apronianus. He was raised to the greatest 

offices of ^-tate in the Roman empii'e by Per- 

tinax and his three successors. Naturally fond 

of study, he improved himself by unwearied 

application, and was ten years in collecting 

materials for an history of Rome, which he 

made fiublic in 80 books, after a laborious 

employment of 12 years in composing it. 

This valuable history began with the arrival 

of yEneas in Italy, and was continued down 

lo the reign of the emperor Alexander Se- 

vcrus. The 34 first books are totally lo.st, 

the 2i) following are mutilated, and fragments 

are all that ^\ e j)ossess of the lai^t 20. In the 

compilation of his extensive hi.story, Dion pro- 



a model ; 
m his imita- 
tion. His style is pure and elegant, and his ' 
narrations are judiciously managed, and his 
reflections learned ; but upon the whole he is 
credulous, and the bigotted slave of partial- 
ity, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against 
the republican principles of Brutus and Ci- 
cero, and extols the cause of Cajsar. Seneca 
is the object of his satire, and he represents 
him as debauched and licentious in his mo- 
rals. Dion flourished about the 230th year 
of the christian era. The best edition of his 
works is that of Reimarus, 2 vols. fol. Hamb. 

1750. A famous christian writer, sumamed 

C/irysostom, &c. 

DioN^A, a surname of Venus, supposed to 
be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 

DioNE, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and 
Doris. She was mother of Venus, by Jupiter, 
according to Homer and others, Hesiod, 
however, gives Venus a ditterent origin. [Vid. 
Venus.] Venus is herself sometimes called 
Dione. Virg: 3, ^7i. v. 19. — Homer. 11. 5, V. 
381. — Stat, i, Sylv. 1, v. 86. 

DioNYSiA, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
among the Greeks. Their form and solemni- 
ty were first introduced into Greece from 
Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we 
admit that Bacchus is the same as Isus, the 
Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as tlie 
festivals celebrated by the Egyptians in hon- 
our of Isis. They were observed at Athens 
with more splendour and ceremonious super^ 
stition than in any other part of Greece. 
The years were numbered by their celebra- 
tion, the archon assisted at the solemnity, 
and the priests that officiated were honoured 
with the most dignified seats at the public 
games. At first they were celebrated with, 
great simplicity, and the time was consecrated 
to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel 
of wine adorned with a vine branch, after 
which followed a goat, a basket of figs, and 
the <?»AAM. The worshippers imitated in 
their dress and actions the poetical fictions 
concerning Bacchus. They clothed them- 
selves in fawn skins, fine linen, and mitres, 
they carried thyrsi, tJrums, pipes, and flutes, 
and crowned themselves with garlands of ivy, 
vine, fir, &:c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and 
the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their 
dress, and their fantastical motions. Some 
rode upon asses, and others drove tlie goats to 
slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both 
sexes joined in the solemnity, and ran aboutthe 
hills and country, nodding their heads, dancing 
in ridiculous postures, and filling the air witli 
hideous shrieks and shouts, and ciying aloud, 
Evoe Bacche ! lo ! lo ! Evoe i lacche ! lobac- 
che ! Evohe ! With such solemnities were the 
festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, 
particularly tlie Atlienians. In one of these 
there followed a number of persons carrying 
sacred vessels, one of which contained water. 
After these came a select number of noble vir- 
gins carrying little baskets of gold filled with 
all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious 
part of the solemnity. Serpents w^eresome- 
times put in the baskets, and by their wreath- 
ing and craw ling outthey amused andastonish- 
ed the beholdei-s. After the virgins, followed 
a comjjan)- of men carrying poles, at the end 



DI 

«f which were fastened ?xwi. The heads of 
these men, who were called ?a\x.j*aesy, were 
crowned with ivy and violets, and their faces 
covered with other herbs. They marched sing- 
ing songs upon the occasion of the festivals, 
called <pyj.j^u» xa-fMrct. Next to the <?«>.A.u:?ofo< fol- 
lowed the >J?»^xo« in women's apparel, with 
w^hite striped garments reaching to the 
ground ; their heads were decked with gar- 
lands, and on their hands they wore gloves 
composed of flowers Their gestures and ac- 
tions were like those of a drunken man. Be- 
sides these, there were a number of persons 
called x»/.vj(f«.:« who carried the >.»<qv or musical 
van of Bacchus; without their attendance none 
of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with 
due solemnity, and on that account the god is 
often called x»mT«;. The festivals of Bacchus 
were almost innumerable. The name of the 
most celebrated were the Dionysta -f^ai/^Ts -, at 
Limuffi in Attica. The chief persons that offi- 
ciated were fourteen women called yie^^eM vene- 
rable. They were appointed by one of the 
archons, and before their appointment they 
solemnly took an oath, before the archon or his 
wife, that their body w^as free from all pollu- 
tion. The greater Dionysia, sometimes call- 
ed «f«:s or Tx ^xT »i-j, as being celebrated within 
the. city, were the most famous. They were 

supposed to be the same as the preceding. 

The less Dionysia, sometimes CB.WeArxy.:*.-'' xy^.j;. 
because celebrated in tkecountry, m>' '^from M's; 
a wine press, were to all appearance a pre- 
paration for the greater festivals. They 
were celebrated in autumn. The Diony- 
sia :-e'u?ov<*, observed at Brauron in Attica, 
were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and 
debauchery. The Dionysia v-zr^ixiit were ob- 
served by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus 
ISyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever 

was seen or done during the celebration. 

The Dionysia called M/^op^yt-^, because human 
victims were oftered to the god, or because the 
priests imitated the eating of raw fiesk, were 
celebrated with much solemnity. The priests 
put serpents in their hair, and by the wild- 
ness of their looks, and the oddity of their ac- 
tions, they feigned insanity. Tiie Dionysia 

y^x» oc! v.ere yearly observed in Arcadia, and 
the children who had been instructed in the 
music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were in- 
troduced in a theatre, where they celebrated 
the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the 
spectators with songs, dances, and different 
exhibitions. There were besides these, others 
of inferior note. There was also one observ- 
ed every three years called Dionysia Te4STHe»/.a, 
and it is said that Bacchus instituted Jt him- 
self in commemoration of his Indian expedi- 
tion, in which lie spent three jears. There 
is also another, cclebi-ated every fifth year, as 
mentioned by the sciioliast of Aristoplianes. 

All these festivals in honour of the god of 

witie, were celebrated by the Creeks with 
great licentiousness, and they contributed 
much to the corruption of morals arnpng all 
ranks of people. They were also introduced 
into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. 
Among the Romans both sexes promiscuously 
joined in the celebration during the darkness 
of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, 
and impure actions and indulgences, which 
^oon prevailed at the soleintiity; called aluud 



DI 

for tlie inteiference of the senate, and the cohs^ 
suls Sp. Posthumius Albinus, and Q. Martius 
Philippus, made a strict examination concern- 
ing the propriety and superstitious forms of 
the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution 
which was practised with impunity by no less 
than 7000 votaries of either sex, was beheld 
with horror and astonishment by the consuls, 
and the Bacchanalia w ere for ever banished 
from Rome by a decree of the senate. They 
w^ere again reinstituted there in length of time, 
but not with such licentiousness as before. 

—Virg. JEn. 11, v. 737.— Diod. 

3, V. 533, I. 4, V. 391, 1, 6, vi 



Eurip. in Bacc 
4.—0v4d. Met. 
687. 

DlONVSIDES, 



two small islands near Crete, 

Festivals in honour of Bacchus. FauSi 

3, c. 13. 

DioNv siAs, a fountain. Pans. 4, c. 36. 

DioNvsiDES, a tragic poet of Tarsus. 

DioNvsioDoRus, a famous geometer. P/iti, 

2, c. 109. A Boeotian historian. Diod. 15. 

A Tarentine, Avho obtained a prize at 

Olympia in the lOOtli Olympiad. 

DioNvsioN, a temple of Bacchus in Attica, 
Puus. 1, c. 43. 

DioNvsiPoLis, a town of Thrace. Mela, 2, 
c. 2. 

DioNYSius, 1st, or the elder, was son of 
Hermocrates. He signalized himself in the 
wars which tlie Syracusans carried on against 
the Carthaginians, and taking advantage of the 
power lodged in his hands, he made himself 
absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself 
in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he 
increased the pay of the soldiers, and recalled 
those that had been banished. He vowed 
eternal enmity against Carthage, and experi- 
enced various success in his wars against that 
republic. He was ambitious of being thought 
a poet, and his brother Theodorus was com- 
missioned to go to Olympia, and repeat there 
some verses in his name, with other competi- 
tors, for the poetical prizes. His expectations 
were frustrated, and his poetry was received 
with groans and hisses. He was not, however, 
so unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical 
prize was publicly adjudged to one of his com- 
positions. This victory gave him more plea- 
sure th.an all the victories he had ever obtain- 
ed in the field of battle. His tyranny and 
cruelty at home rendered him odious in the 
eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspi- 
cions that he never admitted hiswife or children 
to his private apartments without a previous 
examination of their garments. He never 
trusted his head to a barber, but always burnt 
his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in 
a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a 
human ear, which measured 80 feet in height 
and 250 in length. It was called the eai* of 
Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous 
cave were all necessarily directed to one com- 
mon tympanum, which had a communication 
with an adjoining room where Dionysius spent 
the greatest part of his time to hear whatever 
was said by those whom his suspicion and 
cruelty had confined in the apartments above. 
The artists that had been employed in making 
this cave were all put to death by order of the 
tyrant, for fear of tiieir revealing to what pur- 
poses a work of such uncommon construction 
was to be ajipropriateU. His impiety and 



Sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious 
credulily. He took a golden mantle from the 
statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of 
Saturn had too warm a covering for the sum- 
mer, and too cold for the winter, and he pla- 
ced one of wool instead. He also robbed JEs- 
culapius of his golden beard, and plunder- 
ed the temple of Proserpine. He died of an 
indigestion in the 63d yeai* of his age, B. C. 368, 
after a reign of 38 years. Authors, however, 
are divided about the manner of his death, and 
some are of opinion that he died a violent 
death. Some suppose that the tyi*ant invent- 
ed the catapulta, an engine which proved of 
infinite service for the discharging of showers 
of darts and stones in tlie time of a siege. 
Diod. 13, 14, &.C. — Justin. 20, c. 1, &c. — Xe- 
noph. Hid. GrcEC. — C. JVej). Timol. — PLut. in 

Diod. The second of that name, surnamed 

the younger, was son of Dionysius the 1st, by 
Doris. He succeeded his father as tyrant of 
Sicily, and by the advice of Dion, his brother- 
in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his 
court, under whom he studied for a while. 
The philosopher advised him to lay aside the 
supreme power, and in his admonitions he was 
warmly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused 
to consent, and soon after Plato was seized 
and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, 
on account of his great popularity, was severe- 
Jy abused and insulted in his family, and his 
wife given in marriage to another. Such a 
violent behaviour was highly resented ; Dion, 
who was banished, collected some forces in 
Greece, and in three days rendered himself 
master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B. 
C. 557. [Vid. Dion.] Dionysius retired to Lo- 
cri, where he behaved with the greatest op- 
pression, and was ejected by the citizens. He 
recovered Syracuse ten years after his espul- 
siion, but his triumph was short, and the Co- 
rinthians, under the conduct of Timoleus, obli- 
ged him to abandon the city. He fled to Co- 
rinthjwhere to supporthimself he kept a school, 
as Cicero observes, that he might still continue 
to be tyrant ; and as he could not command 
over men, that he might still exercise his power 
over boys. It is said that he died from an ex- 
cess of joy when he heard that a tragedy of 
his own composition had been rewarded with 
a poetical prize. Dionysius was as cruel as 
his father, but he did not, like him, possess the 
art of retaining his power. This was seen and 
remarked by the old man, who, when he saw 
his son attempting to debauch the wives of 
some of his subjects, asked him, with the great- 
est indignation, whether he had ever heard of 
his having acted so brutal a part in his younger 
days.^ rs'o, answered the son, because you 
were not the son of a king. Well, my son, 
replied the old man, never shall thou be the 
father of a king. Justin. 21, c. 1, 2, £cc. — 
Diod. \^f,hc.—JFIian. V. //.J), c. S.—Qui7itil. 
8, c. 6. — C. A'ep. in Dion. — Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 2. 

An historian of Halicornassus, who left 

his country and came to reside at Home, 
that he might carefully study all the Greek 
and Liilin writers, whose compositions treat- 
ed of the Roman history. He formed an ac- 
quaintance with all the learned of the age, 
and derived much information from their 
company and conversation. Afler an un- 
ij^ipilted application, during 24 years, he 



DI 

gave to the world his Roman aq^tiquities in 
20 books, of which only the 11 first are now 
extant, nearly containing the account of 312 
years. His composition has been greatly 
valued by the ancients as well as the moderns 
for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his 
chronolog)^, and the judiciousness of his re- 
marks and criticism. Like a faithful histo- 
rian, he never mentioned any thing but what 
was authenticated, and he totally disregarded 
the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace 
the pages of both his predecessors and follow- 
ers. To the merits of the elegant historian, Dio- 
nysius, as may be seen in his treatises, has also 
added the equally respected character of the 
eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician. 
He lived during the Augustan age, and came 
to Rome about 30 years before the Christian 
era. The best editions of his works are that 
of Oxford, 2 vols. fol. 1704, and that of Reiske, 
6 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1774. — —A tyrant of Hera- 
clea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the 
Great. After the death of the conqueror and 
of Perdiccas, he married Amestris, the niece 
of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. 
He was of such an uncommon corpulence that 
he never exposed his person in public, and 
when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors 
he always placed himself in a chair which was 
conveniently made to hide his face and person 
from the eyes of the sj)ectators. When he 
was asleep it was impossible to awake him 
without boring his flesh with pins. He died in 
the 55th year of his age. As his reign was re- 
markable for mildness and popularity, his 
death was severely lamented by his subjects* 
He left two sons and a daughter, and appoint- 
ed his widow queen regent. A surname of 

Bacchus. A disciple of Charemon. A 

native of Chalcis, who Avrote a book entitled 

xT»(r:ts or the origin of cities. A commander 

of the Ionian fleet against the Persians, who 
went to plunder Phoenicia. Herodol. 6, c. 17. 

A general of Antiochus Hierax. A 

philosopher of Heraclea, disciple to Zeno. 
He starved himself to death, B. C. 279, in the 

Slst year of his age. Diog. An epic poet 

of Mitylene. A sophist of Pei'gamus. Strab. 

13. A writer in the Augustan age called 

Fcriegetcs. He wrote a very valuable geo- 
graphical treatise in Greek hexameters, still 
extant. The best edition of his treatise is that 
of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, with the scho- 
lia, and that of Hill, 8vo. Loud. 1(588. A 

Christian writer, A. D. 492, called /Ircopagita, 
The best edition of his vvoiks is that of Ant- ' 

werp, 2 vols. fol. 1634. The music master 

of Epaminondas. C. Atp. A celebrated 

critic. [Vid. Longinus.] A rhetorician of 

Magnesia. A Messenian madman, &,c. 

Pint, in Alex. A native of Thrace, gene- 
rally called the Rhodian, because he lived 
there. He wrote some grammatical treatises 

and commentaries, B. C. 64. Strab. 14. A 

painter of Colophon. 

DiuPHANEs, a man who joined Pelopon- 
nesus to the Achaean league. Pans. 8, c. 30.. 

A rhetorician intimate with Tib. Gracchus, 

Plut. in Gracch. 

DiopiiANTus, an Athenian general of the 
Greek mercenary troops in the service of iNec- 

tanebuskingof Egypt. Diod. 16. A Greek 

orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tib. Grat> 



f)I 



chu'*;. Cic. in Srut.- 



A native of Alexan- 
dria in the fourth century. He wrote 13 books 
of arithmetical questions, of which six are still 
extant, the best edition of which is that in fo- 
lio, Tolosse, 1670. He died in his 84th year, 
but the age in which he lived is uncertain. 
Some place him in the reign of Augustus, 
others under Xero and the Antonines. 

DiopcENus, a noble sculptor of Crete, Plin. 
36, c. 4. 

DiopuLis, a name given to Cabira, a town 
of Paphlagooia, by Pompey. Strab. 12. 

DiuKF.s, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tur- 
nus. He had engaged in the games exhibited 
by iEneas on his father's tomb in Sicily. Virg. 
.E/uS, V. 297,1. 12, V. 509. 

DioRYCTUSj a place of Acarnania, where a 
canal was cut ('n fe»7o-<*') to makeLeucadia an 
fsland. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

DioscoRiDEs, a native of Cilicia, who was 
physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived 
as some suppose in the age of Nero. He was 
originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied 
himself to study, and wrote a book upon med- 
icinal herbs, of which the best edition is that 

of Saracenus, fol. Francof. 1598. A man 

who wrote an account of the republic of La- 
cediemon. A nephew of Antigonus. Diod. 

19. A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the 

age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A disciple 

of Isocrates. An astrologer, sent ambassa- 
dor by J. Cajsar to Achillas, &;c. Cces. Btll. 
Civ. 3, c. 109. 

DioscoRiDis INSULA, an island situate at 
file south of the entrance of the Arabic Gulf, 
and now called Socotara. 

Dioscuri, or sons of Jupiter, a name given 
to Castor and Pollux. There were festivals in 
their honour, called Dioscuria, celebrated by 
the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the La- 
cedcemonians. They were observed with 
much jovial festivity. The people made a 
free use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted 
themselves with sports, of which wrestling 
matches always made a part. 

DioscuRiAS, a town of Colchis. Flin. 6. 
6. 28. 

DiosPAGE, a town of Mesopotamia, riin. 
6, c. 26. 

DiospuLis, or TuEBJF., a famous city of 
Egypt, formerly called Hecatompylos. Ftrf. 
Tlieba?. 

DioTiJiE, a woman who gave lectures upon 
philosophy, which Socrates attended. Plut. 
hi Symp. 

Dio'n.Aius, an Athenian skilled in maritime 
aftKJrs, &.C. Polymi. 5. A stoic who nour- 
ished 85 B. C. 

DioTREPHES, an Athenian olficer, &tc. Thu- 
qjd. 3, c. 75. 

DioxippE, one of the Danaides, ^pollod. 
2, c. 1. 

Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander, who kil- 
ied one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &ic. 

JElian. Au Athenian boxer, kc. Diod. 17. 

A Trojan killed by Turnus. Vir^.JEii. 

1), V. 574. 

Dipjk*, a place of Peloponnesus, where a 
battle was fought between the Arcadians and 
Sj)artans. Herodxjt. 9, c. 35. 

DiPinr.AS, a man sent to Rhodes by the 
Spartans to destroy the Atlieuinn faction there. 
J)iotf. 14. A govemor of Babylon hi t^e 



m 

interest of Antigonus. Id. 19. An hisfo- 

rian. 

DiPHiLus, an Athenian general, A. U. C. 

311. An architect so slow in finishing hii 

works, that Diphilo iardior became a proverb. 
Cic adfratr. 3. A tragic writer. 

DiPHORTDAs, one of the Ephori at Sparta 
Pint, in ,9gts. '^ 

DipoLNiE, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 31 . 

DiPoLis, a name given to Lemnos, as having 
two cities, Hepliaestia and Myrina. 

DipsAS, {antis) a river of Cilicia, flowing 

from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255. 

{adis), a profligate and incontinent woman, 

mentioned by Ovid. Am. 1, v. 8. A kind of 

serpent. Lucan. 9. 

DiPYLox, one of the gates of Athens. 
DiRa:,the daughters of Acheron and Nox,who 
persecuted the souls of the guilty. They are 
the same as the Furies, and some suppose that 
they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on 
earth, and Dirs in heaven. They were rep- 
resented as standing near the throne of Jupi- 
ter, in an attitude which expressed their eager- 
ness to receive his orders, and the power of 
tormenting the guilty on earth with the most 
excruciating punishments. Virti. ^T.n 4, v. 
473, 1. 8, V. 701. 

Dirge, a woman whom Lycus, king of 
Thebes, married after he had divorced An- 
tiope. When Antiope became pregnant by 
Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infi- 
delity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, 
whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. 
Antiope escaped from her confinement, and 
brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount 
Cithaeron. When these children were inform- 
ed of the cruelties to which their mother had 
been exposed, they besieged Thebes, put Ly- 
cus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the 
tail of a wild bull, who dragged her over rocks 
and precipices, and exposed her to the most 
poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her fate^ 
changed her into a fountain, in the neighbour- 
hood of Thebes. According to some accounts, 
Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus, 
before she was confined and exposed to the 
tyranny of Dirce. {Vid. Amphion, Antio|)e.) 
Propert. 3, el. 15, t. 37.— Paus. 9, c. 26.— 
JElian. V. H, 12, e. ^l.—Lu-can. 3, v. 175, 1. 4, 
v. ooO. 

DiRCEjJNA, a cold fountain of Spain, near 
Bilbilis. Martial. 1, cp. 50, v. 17. 

DiRPiiyA, a surname of Jano, from Dij-- 
phya. a mountain of Bceotia, where the goddess 
ha<l a temple. 

Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto 
the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul sup- 
posed themselves descended from that deity. 
Cces. Bell. G. 6.—TacU. 4, Hist. c. 84. 

D/scoRDiA, a malevolent deity, daughter 
of iVox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcai and 
Death. She was driven from heaven by Ju- 
piter, because she sowed dissentions among 
the gods, and was the cause of continual quar- 
rels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetht 
were celebrated, the goddess of discord wa"? 
not invited, and this seeming neglect so irrita- 
ted her, tliat she threw an apple into the miti-' 
of the assembly of the gods with the inscrip 
tion of detur pulcJiriori. This apple U'as th^ 
cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite mis 
ffMtnnes to the C"frpek». (VirfFsvU^ Sh** i» 



DO 

fepresentetl wlUi a pale ghastly look, her gar- 
ment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, an(J 
in her bosom she holds a dagger concealed. 
Her head is generally entwined with serpents, 
and she is attended by Bellona. She is sup- 
posed to be the cause of all the dissentions, 
murders, wai-s, and quarrels, which arise upon 
earth, pubHc as well as private. Virg.JEn. 
g^ y^ 'i02.—Hesiod. Theogn. 225.— Petronius. 

D1THYR.VMBUS, a surname of Bacchus, 
whence the hymns sung in his honour were 
called Dithyrambics. Horat. 4, od. 2. 

DiTTANi, a people of Spain. 

Divi, a name chiefly appropriated" to those 
who were made gods after death, such as he- 
poes, and warriors, or the Lares, and Penates, 
and other domestic gods. 

DiviTiACUs, one of the .^dui, Intimate 
with Ccesar. Cic. 1, de Div. 

DiuM, a town of Eubcea, where there were 

hot baths. Plin. 31, c. 2. A promontory 

of Crete. A town of Macedonia. Liv. 44, 

c. 7. 

DivoDURUM, a town of Gaul, now Mets, in 
Lorrain. 

Divus FiDius, a god of the Sabines, wor- 
shipped also at Rome. Dionys. 

DiYLLus, an Athenian historian. Diod. 16. 
A statuary. Fans. 10, c. 13. 

DoBERES, a people of Paeonia. HerodoL 
6, c. 16. 

DociLis, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned 
by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 19. 

DocJMus, a man of Tarentum, deprived of 
his military dignity by Philip, son of Amyntas, 
for indulging himself with hot baths. PolycBii. 

4. An officerofAntigonus. Z>iorf. 19. An 

officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. Id. 18. 

DoDONA, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, 
or according to others, in Thessaly. There 
was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill 
called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. 
The town and temple of the god were first 
built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge. 
It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle 
of all Greece, and according to the traditions 
of the Egyptians, mentioned by Herodotus, it 
was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as 
he relates, took their flight from the city of 
Thebes, in Egypt, one of which flew to the 
temple of Jupiter Amraon,and the other to Do- 
dona,where with a human voice they acquaint- 
ed the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter 
had consecrated the ground, which in future 
would give oracles. The extensive grove 
which surrounded Jupiters terajile was en- 
dowed with the gift of prophecy, and oracles 
were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, 
and the doves whieh inhabited the place. This 
fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the 
doves, is explained by Herodotus, who ob- 
serves that some Plicenicians carried away 
two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went 
to fix her residence at Dodona, where the ora- 
cle was established. It may further be obser- 
ved, tiiat the fable might have been founded 
upon the double meaning of the word rrt?.uxi, 
which signifies doves in most parts of Greece, 
while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies 
old ivomcn. In ancient times the oracles were 
delivered by the minmiiring of a neighbouring 
fountain, but the cortoni was afterwards chaji- 
ged. Lorge kettles were suspended in the »ir 



DO 

near R hrazen sftatue, which held a lash in its 
uand. When the wind blew strong, the statue 
was agitated, and struck against one of the ket- 
tlesjwhich communicated the motion to all the 
rest, and raised that clattering and discordant 
din which continued for a while, and from 
which tlie artifice of the priests drew their 
predictions. Some suppose that the noise was 
occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and 
boughs of an old oak, which the superstition of 
the people frequently consulted, and from 
which they i)retended to receive oracles. It 
may be observed with more probability that the 
oracles were delivered by the priests, who by 
artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks,, 
gave occasion to the superstitious multitude 
to believe that the trees were endowed with 
the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was 
built with some of the oaks of the forest of 
Dodona, there were some beams Avhich gave 
oracles to the Argonauts, and wai'ned Ihera 
against the approach of calamity. "Within the 
forests of Dodona there were a stream and a 
fountain of cool water, which had the power of 
lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This % 
fountain was totally dry at noon day, and was *?*. 
restored to its full course at midnight, from 
which time till the following noon it began to "» 
decrease, and at the usual hour was again de- ' * 
prived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona 
were originally delivered by men, but after- 
wards by women. {Vid. Dodonides.) Plin. 2, 
c. \03.—Htrodot. 2, c. 51.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— 
Homer. Od. 14. II.— Pans. 7, c. 21.— Strab. 17. 
— Pint. inPyrrh. — Jlpollod. 1, c. 9. — Lucan.Q^ 
V. 42j.—Ovid. Trist. 4,.el. 8, v. 33. 

DoDoNiEus, a surname of Jupiter from Do- 
dona. 

DoDoKE, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa. 

A fountain in the forest of Dodona. Vid. 

Dodona. , 

Dodonides, the priestesses who gave ora- 
cles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. Ac- 
cording to some traditions the temple was ori- 
ginally inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas^ 
who n«rsed Bacchus. Their names were Am- 
brosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, 
Coronis, Tytlie or Tyche. In the latter ages 
the oracles were always delivered by three old 
women, which custom was first established 
when Jupiter enjoyed the company of Dione, 
whom he permitted to receive divine honours 
in his temple at Dodona. The Boeotians were 
the only people of Greece who received their 
oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons whick 
Strabo 1. 9, fully explains. 

Don, a people of Arabia Felix. 
DoLABEM.A P. Conx. a Roman who mar 
ried the daughter of Cicero. Duringthe civil 
warshewarmlv espo'ised the interest of J. 
Caisar, whom he accompanied at the famou* 
battles at Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. He 
was made consul by his patron, though M. 
Antony his colleague oppo.sed it. After the 
death of J. Caesar, he received the government 
of Syria, a? his province. Cassius opposed his 
views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the 
assassination of Trebonius one of Cajsar'.s 
murderers, was declared an enemy to the re- 
j public of Home. He was besieged by Cassiug 
in Laodicea, and when he saw that all was lost, 
he killed himself, in the 27th year of his age 
He wa? of a ?mall statwre; which gave occasion 



DO 

Yo bis father-in-law to ask him once when he 
entered his house, who had tied him so clever- 
ly to his sword.— —A proconsul of Africa. 

Another who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, 
and Boii at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283. 

• The family of the Dolabellae distinguished 

themselves at Rome, and one of them, L. Corn, 
conquered Lusitania, B. C. 99. 

DoricHAON, the father of the Hebrusj &lc. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 696. 
DoLicHE, an island in the ^Egean sea. 

Jlpollod. 2, c. 6. A town of Syria-^ of 

Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 53. 

DoLius, a faithful servant of Ulysses. Horn. 
Od. 4, V. 675. 

DoLOMENA, a country of Assyria. Strab. 
16. 

DoLON, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous 
for his swiftness. Being sent by Hector to spy 
the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by 
Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed 
the situation, schemes, and resolutioas of his 
countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with 
his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, 
as a traitor. Homer. II. 10, v. 314. — Virg. ^n. 

12, v. 349, &c. A poet. Vid. Susai-ion. 

DoLONci, a people of Thrace. Herodoi. 6, 
C.34. 

Dur.oPEs, a people of Thessaly, near mount 
Pindus. Peleus reigned there, and sent them 
to the Trojan war under Phoenix. They be- 
came also masters of Scyros, and, like the rest 
of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. 
Virg. JEn. 2, v. 1.— Place. 2, v. 10.— Liy. 36, c. 
33. — Strab. 9. — Plut. in Cimon. 

DoLopiA, the country of the Dolopes, near 
Pindus, through which the Achelous flowed. 

DoLOPs, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by 
Menelau»> Homer. II. 15, v. 525. 

DoMiDiJcus, a god who presided over mar- 
riage. Juno also was called Domiduca, from 
the power she was supposed to have in mar- 
tiages. 

DominYca, a daughter of Petronius, who 
married the emperor Valens. 

DoMiTiA LEX de Religione, was enacted by 
Domitius Ahenobatbus, the tribune, A. U. C. 
650 It transferred the right of electing priests 
from the college to the people. 

DomitiaLongina, a Roman lady who boast- 
ed of her debaucheries. She was the wife of 
the emperor Domitian. 

DoMiTiANus, Titus Flavins, son of Vespa- 
sian and Flavia Domatilla, made himself em- 
peror of Rome, at the deatli of his brother 
Titus, whom according to some accounts he 
destroyed by poison The beginning of his 
reign promised tranquillity to the people, but 
their expectations were soon frustrated. Do- 
mitian became cruel, and gave way to inces- 
tuous and unnatural indulgences. He com- 
manded himself to be called God and Lord, in 
all the papers which were presented to him. 
He passed the greatest part of the day in 
watching flies and killing them with a bodkin. 
.so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a 
person who asked him who was with the em- 
peror, no body, not even a fly. In the lalter 
part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, 
and his anxieties were increased by the pre- 
dictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly 
by the stings of remorse. He was so distrust- 
ful evftn when alone, that round the terrace, 



DO 

where he usually walked, he built a wall with 
shining stone, that from them he might per- 
ceive as in a looking glass whether any body 
followed him. All these precautions were un- 
availing; he perished by the hand of an assas- 
sin the 8lh of September, A. D. 96, in the 45th 
year of his age, and the I5th of his reign. He 
wasthe last of the 12 Caesars. He distinguished 
himself for his love of learning, and in a little 
treatise, which he wrote upon the great care 
which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent 
baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, 
according to the observations of his biogra- 
phers. After his death he was publicly de- 
prived by the senate of all the honours which 
had been profusely heaped upon him, and even 
his body was left in the open air without the 
honours of a funeral. This disgrace might 
proceed from the resentment of the senators, 
whom he had exposed to terror as well as to 
ridicule. He once assembled that august body 
to know in what vessel a turbot might be most 
conveniently dressed. At another time they 
received a formal invitation to a feast, and 
when they arrived at the palace, they were in- 
troduced into a large gloomy hall hung with 
black, and lighted with a {ew glimmering 
tapers. In the middle were placed a number 
of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the 
name of some one of tlie invited senators. 
On a sudden a number of men burst into the 
room, clothed in black, with drawn swords 
and flaming torches, and after they had for 
some time terrified the guests, they permitted 
them to retire. Such were the amusements 
and cruelties of a man who, in the first part 
of his reign, was looked upon as the father of 
his people, and the restorer of learning and 
liberty. Sud. in vild.~-Eutrop. 7. 

DoMiTiLLA, Flavia, a woman who married 
Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year 
after her marriage, and 11 years after Domi- 
tian. A niece of the emperor Domitian, by 

whom she was banished. 

DoMiTius DoMiTiAJfus, a general of Dio- 
cletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial 
purple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and sup- 
ported the dignity of emperor for about two 

years. He died a violent death. Lucius. 

Vid. MtvobdiVhns. Cn. iEnobarbus, a Ro- 
man consul, who conquered Bituitus the 
Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on tJie 

field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners. 

A grammarian in the reign oi Adrian. He 
was remarkable for his virtues, and his me- 
lancholy disposition. A Roman who re-- 

volted from Antony to Augustus. He was 
at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey 

to fight by the mere force of his ridicule. 

The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties 
and debaucheries. Suet, in JVer. A tri- 
bune of the people, who conquered the Allo- 
broges, Plut. A consul, during whose con- 
sulate peace was concluded with Alexander 

king of Epirus. Liv. 8, c. 17. A consul 

under Caligula. He wrote some few thing* 

now lost. A Latin poet called also Mar- 

sus in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, 
remarkable for little besides their indelicacy, 

Ovid dc. Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 5, Afer, an 

orator, who was precej)tor to Quintilian. He 
disgraced his taltMits by his adulation, and by 
practising the arh of arn tT^f«^rn*pr under Ti- 



DO 

l)erms and his successors. He was made a 
consul by Nero, and died A D. 59. 

^Lius DoNATVs, a grammarian who flour- 
ished A. D. 353. A bishop of Numidia, a 

promoter of the Donatists, A. D. 311.- A 

bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, A. 
D. 356. 

DoNiLAUs, a prince of Gailograecia, ■vvho 
assisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against J. 
Csesar. 

DonOca, a mountain of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. 
57. 

DoNYSA, one of the Cyclades,in the ^gean, 
where green marble is found. Virg. JEn. 3, 
V. 125. * 

DoRACTE, an island in the Persian gulf. 
DoRES, the inhabitants of Doris. Vid. Doris. 
DoRi and Dorica, a part of Achaia near 
Athens. 

Doric us, an epithet applied not only to 
Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. P^irg. 
Mn. 2, V. 27. 

DoRiENSEs, a people of Crete of Cy- 

rene. 

DoRiEUS, a son of Anaxandridas, who went 
with a colony into Sicily because he could not 
bear to be under his brother at home. He- 
Todot. 5, c. 42, he. — Pans. 3, c. 3 and 16, k.c. 
——A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. Pans. 6, c. 7. 
DoRiLAS, a rich Libyan prince, killed in 
the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Md. 5, fab. 4. 

DoRiLAUS, a 'general of the great Mithri- 
dates. 

DoRiON, a town of Thessaly, where Tha- 
myras the musician challenged the Muses to 
a trial of skill. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 182.— Pro - 
pert. 2, el. 22, v. 19.— Lumn. 6, v. 352. 

Doris, a country of Greece, between Pho- 
cis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It received 
its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, 
who made a settlement there. It was called 
Tetrapolis, from the four cities of Pindus or 
Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which 
it contained. To these four some add Lilffi- 
um and Carphia, and therefore call it Hexa- 
polis. The name of Doris has been common 
to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in 
tlie age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, 
which they exchanged for Histiajotis, in the 
age of Dorus. From thence they were driven 
by the Cadmeans, and came to settle near the 
town of Pindus From thence they passed 
into Dryopis, and afterwards into Pelopon- 
nesus. Hercules having re-established Mg\- 
mius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had 
been driven from his country by theLapitha;. 
the grateful king appointed llyilus, the son of 
his patron, to be his successor, and the llcra- 
clidte marched from that part of the country 
to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians 
sent many colonies into different places, which 
bore the same name as their native country. 
The most famous of these is Doris in Jisia 
Minor, of which Halicarnassus was once the 
capital. This part of Asia Minor was called 
Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after 
the exclusion of Halicarnassus. Strab. 9, iic. 
-^Virg. Mil. 2, V. 21.—Plin. 5, c. 29.— Apol- 

lod. 2.—Herodol, 1, c. 144, 1. 8, c 31. A 

goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys She married her brother Nereus, 
by whom she had 50 daughterscallcd Nereides. 
Her name is often used to expreins the gea it. 



DO 

self. Proper!. 1, el. 17, v. 25.— FtVg-. Eel !«., 

— Hesiod. Theog. 240. A woman of Locri, 

daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the 
elder, of Sicily, married the same day witti 

Aristomache. Cic. Tusc. 5. One of the 

50 Nereides. Hesiod. Th. 250.— Homer. 11. 18, 
V. 45. 

DoRiscus, a place of Thrace near the sea,, 
where Xerxes numbered his forces. Herodot. 
7, c. 59. 

DoRiuji, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus. 

4, c. 33. One of the Danaides. Jlpollod. 

DoRius, a mountain of Asia Minor. Paus. 
6, c. 3 

DoRSENNus, a comic poet of great merit 
in the Augustan age. Plin. 14, c. 13. — Horat. 
2, ep. 10, V. 173. 

Douso^ C. Fabiijts, a Roman, who when 
Rome wasin the possession of the Gauls, issued 
from the capitol, which was then besieged, 
to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be 
offered on mount Quirinalig. He dressed 
himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on 
his shoulders the statues of his country gods> 
passed through the guards of the enemy, with- 
out betraying the least signs of fear. When 
he had finished his sacrifice, he returned to 
the capitol unmolested by the enemy, who 
were astonished at his boldness, and did not 
obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. 
LiiK 5, c. 46. 

Dorus, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, ac- 
cording to others, of Deucalion, who left 
Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went 
to make a settlement with some of his com- 
panions near mount Ossa. The country was 
called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. 

Herodot. 1, c. 56, &,c. A city of Phojnicia, 

whose inhabitants are called Dorienses. Paus. 

10, c. 24. 
DoRYASus, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus. 
DoRYCLUs, an illegitimate son of Priam, 

killed by Ajax in the Ti'ojan war. Homer. 

11. 11. A brother of Phineus king of 

Thrace, who married Beroe. Virg. J£n. 5, v.. 
620. 

DuRYLiEUM and Doryl^us, a city of Phry- 
gia. now Eski Skehr. Plin. 5, ♦ c. 29. — Cic. 
Flacc. 17. 

Dorylas, one of the centaurs kUled by 
Theseus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 18<J. 

DoRYLAUS, a warlike person, intimate with 
Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the 
Gnossians, B. C. 125. Strab. lO. 

DoRYssus, a king of Lacedcemon, killed i» 
atr.mult. Paus. 3, c. 2. 

Dosci, a peoj)le in the Euxine. 

DosiAovs, a poet who wrote a piece ot 
poetry in tlie form of an altar (^<«>i«»,) which 
Theocritus has imitated. 

DosiADKS, a Greek, who wrote an history 
of Crete. Diod. 5. 

DosoK, a surname of Antigonus, because 
he promised and never performed. 

DcssENus. Vid. Dorsennus. 

DoTAUAS, a king of Messenia, Lc. Paus. 4, 
c. 3. 

DoTo, one of the Nereides, Virg. JEn. 9, 
V. 102. 

DoTus, a general of the Paphlagonians, ia 
the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 72. 

DoxANDiiR; a man mentioned by Arid. 5^ 
Polif. 



DR 

T!)racaku5, a mountain where Jupiter 
took Bacchus from his thigh, lluocrit. 

Draco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. 
When he exercised the office of archon, he 
made a code of laws, JS. C. 623, for the use of 
the citizens, which, on account of their severi- 
ty, were said to be written in letters of blood. 
By them, idleness was punished with as much 
seventy as murder, and death was denounced 
against the one as well as the other. Such a 
code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a cer- 
tain Athenian to ask of the legislator, why he 
was so severe in his punishments, and Draco 
gave for answer, that as the smallest transgres- 
sion had appeared to him deserving death, he 
could not lind any punishment more rigorous 
for more atrocious crimes. These laws were 
at iirst enforced, but they were often neglect- 
ed on account of their extreme severity, and 
Solon totally abolished them, except that one 
which punished a murderer with death. The 
popularity of Draco was uncommon, but the 
gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. 
When he once appeared on the theatre, he 
was received with repeated applause, and the 
people, according to the custom of the Athe- 
nians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, 
by throwing garments upon him. This was 
done in such profusion, that Draco was soon 
hid under them, and smothered by the too 
i;reat veneration of his citizens. Plat, in Sol. 

A man who instructed Plato in music. 

Id (it Music. 

Dracontides, a wicked citizen of Athens. 
Plut. in Soph. 

DracuS; a general of the Achajans, conquer- 
ed by Mummius. 

Drances, a friend of Latinus, remarkable 
for his weakness and eloquence. He showed 
himself an obstinate opponent to the violent 
measures which Turnus pursued against the 
Trojans. Some have imagined that the poet 
wished to delineate the character and the elo- 
quence of Cicero under this name. Virg. JEn. 
11, V. 122. 

Drangina, a province of Persia. Diod. 17. 

Drapes, a seditious Gaul, &c. Cas. Bell. 
Gail. 8, c. 30. 

-Dravus, a river of Noricum, wliich falls 
into the Danube at Mursa. 

Drepana and Drepanum, now Trapa- 
m, a town of Sicily near mount Eryx, in the 
form of a scythe, whence its name, {^'ft-Miov, 
falx.) Anchises died there, in his voyage to 
Italy with his son i£neas. The Romans under 
CI. Pulcher were defeated near the coast, 
B. C 249, by the Carthaginian general Ad- 
herbal. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 707.— C/f. VeA-. 2, 
c. 57. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 474. A promon- 
tory of Peloponnesus. 

Drilo, a river of Macedonia, which falls 
into the Adriatic at Lissus. 

Drimachus, a famous robber of Chios. 
When a price was set upon his head, he or- 
dered a young man to cut it off and go and re- 
ceive the money. Such an uncommon in- 
stance of generosity so pleased the Chians, 
that they raised a temple to his memory, and 
honoured him as a god. .Allien. 13. 

Drinus, a small river falling into the Save 
and Danube. 

Driupides, an Athenian ambassador sent 
to Darius when the peace with Alexander had 
beenviolated. Curt. 3, c. 13, 



DR 

Drios, a mountain of Arcadia. 

Droi, a people of Thrace. Tfiucyd. 2, 
c. 101. 

Drom^cs, a surname of Apollo in Crete. 

Dkopici, a people of Persia. Herodot. 1, 
c. 124. 

Dropion, a king of Pasonia. Paus. 10, 
c. 13. 

DKaENTics and Druentia, now Durancej 
a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the 
Rlione between Aries and Avignon. SiU 
Hal. 3, V. 468. — Strab. 4. 

Drugeri, a people of Thrace. Plin. 4, 
c. 11. .< 

DRuiD.5:V the ministers of religion among 
the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were 
divided into different classes, called the Bardi, 
Eubages, the V^ates, the Semnothei, the Sar- 
roiiides, and the Saraothei. They were held 
in the greatest veneration by the people. Their 
life was austere and recluse from the world ; 
their dress was peculiar to themselves, and they 
generally appeared w ith a tunic which reached 
a little below the knee. As the chief power 
was lodged in their hands, they punished as 
they pleased, and could declare war and make 
peace at their option. Their power was ex- 
tended not only over private families, but they 
could depose magistrates, and even kings, if 
their actions in any manner deviated from the 
laws of the state. They had the privilege of 
naming the magistrates which annually pre- 
sided ovej" their cities, and the kings were 
created only with their approbation. They 
were intrusted with the education of youth, 
and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sa- 
crifices, were under their peculiar care. They 
taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, 
and believed the immortality of the soul. They 
were professionally acquainted with the art of 
magic, and from their knowledge of astrology,, 
they drew omens, and saw futurity revealed 
before their eyes. In their sacrifices they often 
immolated human victims to their gods, a bar- 
barous custom which continued long among 
them, and which the Roman emperors at- 
tempted to abolish to little purpose. The pow- 
er and privileges u^hichtliey enjoyed were be- 
held with admiration by their countrymen, and 
as their office was open to every rank and every 
station, there were many who daily proposed 
themselves as candidates to enter upon this im- 
portant function. The rigour, however, and 
severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and 
few were willing to attempt a labour, which 
enjoined fhem during 15 or 20 years to load 
their memory with the long and tedious max- 
ims of druidical religion. Their name is de- 
rived from the Greek word ■^ -a-, an oaky be- 
cause the woods and solitary retreats were the 
places of their residence. Cess. Bell. G. 6, c 
IS.— Plin. 16, c. 44.— Diod. 5. 

Druna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, falling 
into the Rhone. 

Drusilla Livia, a daughter of Germa- 
nicus and Agrippina, famous for her debauch- 
eries and licentiousness. She committed in- 
cest with her l>rother Caligula, who was so 
tenderly attached to her, that in a dangerous 
illness he made her heiress of h11 his [)osses- 
sions, and commanded that she should succeed, 
him in the Roman empire. She died A. D- 
di} in the 23d yeacof hf*r age, and wq" deified. 



DR 

by her brother Caligula, who survived her for 

some time. A daughter of Agrippa king of 

Judffia, fcc. 

Druso, an unskilful historian and mean 
usurer, who obliged his debtors, when they 
could not pay him, to hear him read his com- 
positions, to draw from them praises and flat- 
tery. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 86. 

Drusus, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, 
who made himself famous by his intrepidity 
and courage iii the province of lUyricura and 
Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest hon- 
ours of the state by his father, but a blow which 
he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine, pro- 
ved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife 
of Drusus, and in conjunction with her he cau- 
sed him to be poisoned by an eunuch, A. D. 23. 

A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who 

enjoyed offices of the greatest trust under Ti- 
berius. His enemy Sejanus, however, ef- 
fected his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus 
Mas confined by Tiberius, and deprived of 
all aliment. He was found dead nine days 

after his confinement, A. D. 33. A son 

of the emperor Claudijis, who died by 

swallowing a pear thrown in the air. An 

ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. He 
was killed for his seditious conduct. Paterc. 

1, c. 13. Livius, father of Julia Augusta, 

was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself 
with him after the battle of Philippi. Paterc, 

2, c. 71. M. Livius, a celebrated Roman, 

who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian 
laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. 
He was murdered as he entered his house, 
though he was attended with a number of cli- 
ents and Latins, to whom he had proposed the 
privileges of Roman citizens, B. C. 190. Cic. 

ad Her. 4, c. 12. Nero Claudius, a son of 

Tiberius JNero and Livia, adopted by Augus- 
tus. He was brother to Tiberius, who was af- 
terwards made emperor. He greatly signali- 
zed himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul, 
against the Rhceti and Viudelici, and was hon- 
oured with a triumph. He died of a fall fiom 
his horse in the 30th year of his age, B. C. 9. 
He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, and 

Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dion. M. 

Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered As- 
drubal with his colleague Claudius JNero, Ho- 
rat. 4, od. 4.-^Virg. JEn. 6, v. 824.- Caius, 

an historian, who being one day missed from 
his cradle, was found the next on the highest 
part of the house, with his face turned towai-ds 

the sun. Marcus, a praetor, &.c. Cic. ad 

Her. 2, c. 13. The plebeian family of the 

Drusi produced eight cojisuls, two censors, and 
one dictator. The surname of Drusus was giv- 
en to the family of the Livii, as some suppose, 
because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of 
that name. Virg. in 6 JEn. v. 824, mentions 
the Drusi among the illusti-ious Romans, and 
that perhaps more particularly because the 
wife of Augustus was of that family. 

Dhyades, nymphs that presided over the 
woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey, 
were ofl'ered lothem, and sometimes the vota- 
ries sacrificed a goat. They were not general- 
ly considered immortal, but as genii, whose 
lives were terminated with the tree over 
which they were supposed to preside. — Virg. 



DU 

king of Thrace, son of Dryas, He cut his leg^ 
as he attempted to destroy the vines, that no 
libations might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, in 
lb. V. 345. 

Drvas, a son of Hippolocus, who was father 
to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles to the 
Theban Avar, where he perished. Stat. Theb. 

8, v. 355. A son of Mars, who went to the 

chase of the Calydonian boar, dpollod. 1, c.8. 

A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithous, 

who killed Rhcetus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 296. 
A daughter of Faunus, who so hated th* 



sight of men, tliat she never appeared in pub- 
lic. A son of Lycurgus, killed by his own 

father in a fury. Apollod. 3, c. 5. A son of 

iEgyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. 
Id. 2, c. 1. 
Drym^sa, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 33^ 
Drvmo, a sea nymph, one of the attendants 
of Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 536. 

Drymus, a town between Attica and Bceo- 
tia. 

Dryope, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape 
Venus assumed, to persuade all the females of 
the island to murder the men. Flacc. 2, v., 

174. A virgin of CEchalia, whom Andrae- 

mon married after she had been ravished by 
Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, 
who, when scarce a year old, was with his 
mother changed into a lotus. Ovid. Met. 10, 

V. 331. A nymph J mother of Tarquitus by 

Faunus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 551.— —A nymph 
of Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury, ac- 
cording to Homer, hymn, in Pari. 

Dry6p£ia, an anniversary day observed at 
Asine in Argolis, in honour of Dryops the son 
of Apollo. 

Dryopes, a people of Greece near mount 
(Eta. They afterwards passed into the Pelo- 
ponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of 
Asine and Hermione in Argolis. When they 
were driven from Asine, by the people of Ar- 
gos, they settled among the Messenians, and 
called a town by the name oftheir ancient ha- 
bitation Asine. Some of their descendants 
went to make a settlement in Asia Minor to- 
gether with the lonians. Herodot, 1, c. 146, L 
8, c. 31.— Paus 4, c. M.—Strab. 7, 8, 13. — 
Plin. 4, c. 1. — Virg. ^n. 4, v. 146. — Lucan, 
3, V. 179. 

Dryopis and Dryopida, a small country 
at the foot of mount (Eta in Thessaly. Its true 
situation is not well ascertained. According to 
Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some 
time in the possession of the Hellenes, after 
they were driven from Histiajotis by the Cad- 
means. Herodot. 1, c. 56. 

DuYOPS,a son of Priam. A son of Apol- 
lo. Paus. 4, c. 34. A friend of iEneas, kil- 
led by Clausus in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 345. 
Drypetis, the younger daughter of Da- 
rius, given in marriage to Hephajstion by 
Alexander. Diod. 18. 

DuBis, or Alduadubis, the Daux, a river 
of Gaul, falling into the Saone. 

DuBRis, a town of Britain, supposed to be 
Doi'er. 

DucETius, a Sicilian general, who died By 
C. 440. 

DoiLLiA Lex, was enacted by M. Duillius, 
a tjibune, A. U. C. 304. It made it a capital 
crime to leave the Roman people without its 



«. 1, V. 11. 
PKVi^ATJADES, a patronymic of Lycurgus, I tribunes, or to create any new magistrate with 



DU 

ont a sufficient cause. Liv. 3, c. 66. Ano- 
ther, A. U. C. 392, to regulate what interest 
ought to be paid for money lent. 

C. DuiLLius Nepos, a Roman consul, 
the first who obtained a victory over the na- 
val power of Carthage, B. C. 260. He took 50 
of the enemy's ships, and was honoured with a 
naval triumph, the ijrst that ever appeared at 
Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by 
permitting him to have music playing and 
torches lighted, at the public expense, every 
day while he w^as at supper. There were 
some medals struck in commemoration of this 
victory, and there still exists a column at Rome, 
which was erected on the occasion. Cic. de 
Senec. — Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 12. 

DuLicHiuM, an island of the Ionian sea, 
opposite the Achelous. It was part of the 
kingdom of Ulysses. Ovid Trist. 1, el. 4, c. 
€7. JWe^ 14, v. 226. R. A. 212.— Martial. U, 
ep.-70, v. 3. — Virg. Eel. 6, v. 76. 

Ddmnorix, a powerful chief among the 
_^dui. CcES. Bell. G. 1, c. 9. 

DtJNAX, a mountain of Thrace. 

DuRATios PicTo, a Gaul, who remained in 
perpetual friendship with the Roman people. 
C(Bs. Bell. G. 8, c. 26. 

DuRis, an historian of Samos, who flourish- 
ed B. C. 257. He wrote the life of Agathocles 
of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, an history 
of Macedonia, kc. Strab. 1. 

DuRius, a large river of ancient Spain, now 
called the Duero, which fails into the ocean 
near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a course 
of nearly 300 miles. Sit. 1, v. 234. 

DuRocAssEs, the chief residence of the 
Druids in Gaul, now Brev.x. Cces. Bell. G. 
6, c. 13. 

D[TR«NiA, a town of the Samnites. 

Dusii, some deities among the Gauls. 
August, de C. D. 15, c. 23. 

Duumviri, two noble patricians at Rome, 
first appointed by Tarquin to keep the Sybil - 
line books, which were supposed to contain the 
fate of the Roman empire. These sacred 
books were placed in the capitol, and secured 
in a chest under the ground. They were con- 
sulted but seldom, and only by an order of the 
senate, when the armies had been defeated in 
war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened 
by an invasion, or by secret seditions These 
priests continued in their original institution 
till the year U. C. 388, when a law was pro- 
posed by the tribunes to increase the number 
to ten, to be chosen promiscuously from patri- 
cian and plebeian families. They were from 
their number called Decemviri, and sometime 
after Sylla increased them to fifteen, known by 

the name of Quindecemviri. There were 

also certain magistrates at Rome, called Du- 
umviri perduelliones sive capitales. They were 
first created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such 
as were accused of treason. This office was 



DY 

abolished as unnecessary, but Cicero complains 
of their revival by Labienus the tribune. Grot, 
pro Rabir. Some of the commanders of the 
Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, es- 
pecially when there were two together. They 
were first created, A. U. C. 542. There were 
also in the municipal towns in the provinces 
two magistrates called Duumviri munitipales. 
They were chosen from the Centurions, and 
their office was much the same as that of the 
two consuls at Rome. They were sometimes 
I preceded by tw o lictors with the fasces. Their 
! magistracy continued for five years, on which 
j account they have been called Quinquennales 
magisiratus 

Dyagondas, a Theban legislator who 
abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Les: 
2, c. 15. ^* 

Dyardenses, a river in the extremities of 
India. Curt 8, c. 9. 

DymjE, a town of Achaia. Liv. 27, c 31, 1 
32, c. 22.— Paws. 7, c. 17. 

DYMiEi, a people of ^tolia. Diod. 19. 

Dymas, a Trojan, who joined himself to 
^neas when Troy was taken, and was at last 
killed by his countiymen, who took hi;n to be 
an enemy because he had dressed himself ia 
the armour of one of the Greeks he had slain. 

Virg. JEn. 2, v. 340 and 428. The father 

of Hecuba. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 761. 

Dymnus, one of Alexander's officers. He 
conspired with many of his fellow soldiers 
against his master's life. The conspiracy was 

discovered,and Dymnus stabbedhimself before 
he was brought before the king. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

DvNAMENE, one of the Tsereides. Homer. II 
18, V. 43. 

Dynaste, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 

DvRAS, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the 
foot of mount CEta, and falls into the bay of 
Malia. Herodot. 7, c. 198. 

Dyraspes, a river of Scythia. Ovid. Pont 
4, el. 10, V. 53. 

Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among the 
inhabitants of that neighbourhood. 

Dyrrachium, now Durasso, a large city 
of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea, 
founded by a colony from Corcyra, B. C. 623. 
It was anciently called Epidamnus, which the 
Romans, considering it of ominous meaning, 
changed into Dyrrachium. Cicero met with 
a favourable reception there during his exile 
Mela, 2, c. 'd.—Paus. 6, c. lO.—Plut.~Cic 3* 
Mt. 22. 

Dysaules, a brotlier of Celeus, who in- 
stituted the mysteries of Ceres at Celea?. Pans 
2, c. 14. 

Dyscinetus, an Athenian arcbon. Pavt 

4, c. 27. 

Dysorum, a mountain of Thrace. Herodot 

5, c. 22. 

Dyspontiij a people of Elis. Pans. 6, c. 22.. 



EA 

EANES, a man supposed to have killed Pa- 
troclus, and to have fled to Peleus in 
Tliessaly. ,Sirab. 9. 



m EA 

Eanus, the name of Janus among the an- 
cient Latins. 

Earinus, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domi* 
tian, Slat. 3; Sylv. 4. 



EC 

Easium, atown of Acheiia in Peloponnesus. 
Paus. 7, c. 6. 

Ebi)03ie, a festival in honour of Apollo at 
Athens on the seventh day of every lunar 
month, ft \\ as usual to sing hymns in honour 
of the god, and to carry about boughs of laurel. 

' There wasalso another of the same naine, 

celebrated by private families the seventh day 
after the birth of every child. 

Ebon, a name given to Bacchus by the peo- 
ple of Neapolis. Macrob. 1, c. 18. 

Eboua, a town of Portugal, now Evora. 

Eboracum, York in England. 

Ebudjc, the western isles of Britaia> now 
Hebrides. 

Eburoices, a people of Belgium, now the 
county of Liege. Cces. B. G. 2, c. 4, 1. 6, c, 5. 

' ^The Eburovices Aulerci, were the people 

of Evereux in Normandy. Coes. ib. 3, c. 17. 

Ebusus, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in 
circumference, which produces no hurtful 
animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the 
Mediterranean, and now bears the name of 
Yvica, and is famous for pasturage and for figs. 

Plin. 3, c. 5. A man engaged in the Rutu- 

lian war. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 299. 

Ecbatana, (orum) now Hamedan, the 
capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces 
king of Media. It w^as surrounded with seven 
walls, which rose in gradual ascent; and were 
painted in seven diiferent colours. The most 
distant was the lowest, and the innermost, 
which was the most celebrated, contained the 
royal palace. Parmenio Avas put to death there 
by Alexander's orders, and Hephaestion died 
there also, and received a most magnificent 
burial. Herodof. 1, c.98.—Strab. U.~Curl 

4, c. 5, 1. 5, c. 8, L 7, c. 10.— Diod. 17. A 

town of Syria, where Cambyses gave himself 
a mortal wound when niountingon horseback. 
ficrodot. 3.—FtoL 6, c. 2.— Curl. 5, c. 8. 

EcECHiaiA, tlie wife of Iphitus. Paus. 5, 
c. 10. 

EcETUA, a town of the Volsci. Lit. 2, c. 
25, 1.3, c. 4. 

EciiFXRATES, a Thessalian, who offered 
violence to Phoebas, tlie priestess of Apollo's 
temple of Delphi. From this circumstance 
a decree was made, by which no woman was 
adiniited to the office of priestess before the 
age of fifty. Diod. 4. 

EcuEDAMiA, atown of Phocis. Pans. 10, 

EciiELATus, a man who led a colony to 
Africa. Slrab. 8. 

EcHp:i.rA5 a fortified town in Sicily. 

EcHELus, a Trojan chief, killed by Patro- 

dus. Another, son of Agenor, killed by 

Achilles. Homer. Jl. I(5aiid20. 

EcMEMBRoTus, an Arcadian, who obtained 
the prize at the Pythian games. Pans. 10, c. 7. 

EciiEMON, a son of Priam, killed by Dio- 
medes. Horner. II. 5, v. 160. 

EcHEMUs, an Arcadian, who conquered the 
Dorians when they endeavoured to recover 
Peloponnesus under Ilillus. Pans. 8, c. 5. 

A king of Arcadia, who joinet^Lrislo- 

menes against the Spartans. ^w 

EcHENEus, a Pheacian. Homer. Od. 7. 

EcHErHRo.v, one of JNestor's sons. Jipollod. 

1, c. 9. A son of Priam. Id. A sou of I 

Hercules. Paus. 8, c. 24. I 

EcHEPoEis, a Trojan, son of ThasiuS; killed | 
^»y Antilochus. Homer. If. 4,. v. 4&8, i, 



ED 

KCHESXRATUS, a son of Agis 1st, kuig or 
Sparta, who succeeded his father, B. C. 105a 
Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

EcHEVETHENSES, a pcople of Tegea in Ar- 
cadia. Pans. 8, c. 45. 

EcniDNA, a celebrated monster, sprung 
from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, 
the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented 
as a beautiful woman in tho upper parts of the 
body, but as a serpent below the waist. She 
was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, 
Cerberus, the Hydra, Lc. According to He- 
rodotus, Hercules had three children by her, 
Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. Herodot. 3, 
c. h>8.—Hedod. Theog.—jipollod. 2.~~Pam.S, 
c. \8.—0vid. Met. 9, v 158. 
EcHiDORus, a river of Thrace. Ptol 3. 
EcHiNADEs or EcHiN.?i, five small islands 
near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river 
Achelous. They have been formed by the 
inundations of that river, and by the sand and 
mud which its waters carry down, and now 
bear the name of Curzolari. Plin. 2, c. 85. — 
Herodot. 2, c 10.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 588. — 
Strab. 2. 
EcHiNON, a city of Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Echinus, an island in the iEgean. A 

town of Acarnania of Phthiotis. Liv. 32* 

c.33. 

EcHiicusA, an island near Eubcea, called 
afterwards Cimolus. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

EcHioN, one of those menwho sprung from 
the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was 
one of the five who survived the fate of his bro- 
thers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city 
of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by- 
giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. 
He was father of Pentheus by Agave. He 
succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of 
Thebes, as some have imagined, and from 
that circumstance Thebes has been called 
EchimiicR, and the inhabitants jBc/ttomt/o;. Ovid. 

Met. 3, v. 311. Prist. 5, el 5, v. 53. A 

son of Mercury and Antianira, who was the 
herald of the Argonauts. Place. 1, v. 400. ■ 
A man who often obtained a prize in running. 

Ovid. Met. 8, v. 292. A musician at Rome 

in Domitian's. age. Jav. 6, v. 76. A statu- 
ary. A painter. 

EcHioxiDEs, a patronymic given to Pentheus 
as descended from Echion. Ovid. Met. 3. 

EcHioNius, an epithet applied to a person 
born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of 
Echion. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 515. 

Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, 
who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Ce- 
phisus. She was one of Juno's attendants, and 
became the confidant of .lupiters amours. 
Her loquacity however displeased .lupiter; 
and she was deprived of the power of speech 
by JunO; and only permitted to answer to the 
questions v, hich were put to her. Pan had 
formerly been one of her admirers, but be 
never enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she 
had been punished by Juno, fell in love with 
iNarcissus, and on being despised by him, she 
pined away, and was changed into a stone, 
which still retained the pou erof voice. Ovid. 
Met. 3, v. 358. 

EcNoMos, a mountain of Sicily, now Licata,. 
Ej)es3a and Edesa, a town of Syria. 
EnKss.t I'ORTus, a harbour of Sicily near 
Pachynr. Cic. Vcrr. 5, c. 34- 



EI 



Sdeta, or Leria, a town of Spain aiougj 

the river Sucro. Plm. 3, c.3. Liv. 28, c. 

.24.— 5*7. 3, V. 371. . 1 

Edissa and iEoESSA, a town of Macedonia 
taken by Caranus, and called ^gae, or ^eas. 
Vid. iEdessa. 

Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also 
Edonus. From this mountain that part of 
Thrace is often called Edonia which lies be- 
tween the Strymon and the Nessus, and the 
epithet i3 generally applied not only to Thrace, 
but to a cold northern climate. Virg. JF.n. 12, 
Vi 235.— P/m. 4, c. 11. — Lii/ian. 1, v. 674, 

Edosi or Edones, a people of Thrace, near 
the Strymon. £pollod. 3, c. 5. 

EooNiDES, a name given to the priestesses 
of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festi- 
vals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid. Met. 
11, V. 69. 

Edylius, a mountain which Sylla seized 
to attack the people of Cheroneea. Flat in Syll. 

Eetion, the father of Andromache, and 
of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. 
He was killed by Achilles. From him the 
word Eetioneus is applied to his relations or 
descendants. Homer. 11. 12. The comman- 
der of the Athenian fleet conquered by the 
Macedonians under Clytus, near the Echi- 
tiades. Diod. 18. 

Egklidus, a river of Etruria. Virg. Mn. 8, 
V. 610. 

Egjeria, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, where 
Diana was particularly worshipped, Egeria 
was courted by JNuma, and according to Ovid 
she became his wife. This prince frequently 
visited her, and that he might more success- 
fully introduce his laws and new regulations 
into the state, he solemnly declared before 
the Roman people, that they were previously 
sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria. 
Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate at 
the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, 
and was changed into a fountain by Diana. 
She is reckoned by many as a goddess who 
pi'esided over the pregnancy of women, and 
6ome maintain that she is the same as Lucina, 
or Diana. lir. 1, c. \9.—0vid. Met. 15, v. 
ft47._KiV^. JEn. 7, v. '71b.— Martial. 2, ep. 6, 
V. 16. 

Egesaretus, a Thessalian of Larissa, who 
fevoured the interest of Ponipey during the 
civil wars. Cks. 3. Civ. c. 35. 

Egesinus, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. 
Cic. Acad. 4, c. 6. 

Egesta, a daughter of Hippotes the Tro- 
jan. Her father exposed her on the sea, for 
fear of being devoured by a marine monster 
which laid waste the country. She was car- 
ried safe to Sicily, where she was ravished 

by the river Crinisus. A town of Sicily. 

Vid. TEgesta. 

Eon ATI A MAxiMii.i,A,a woman who accom- 
panied her hiisband into banishment under 

JSerO; &.C. Tacit. Jinn. 16, c. 71. A town. 

Vid. Gnatia, 

y. EoNATius, a crafty and perfidious Ro- 
man in the reign of Nero, who committed the 
greatest crimes for the sake of money. Tacit. 
Jlist. 4, c. 10. ^ 

EioN, a commercial place at the mouth of 
the Strymon. Paus. H, c 8. 

EiOiNEs, a village of JPeloponnestr? on the 
sea coast 



EL 

EioSEtS, a Greek killed by Hector in the 
Trojan Avar. Homer. JL ^— *— A Thracian, 
father to Rhesus. Id. 10. 

Elabontas, a river near Antioch. Strab. 

ELiEA, a tov*rn ofiEolia. Liv. 36, c. 43. — 
Paus. 9, c. 5. — — An island in the Propontis. 

EljEus, a part of Epirus. A surname of 

Jupiter. A town of the Tbracian Cher- 

sonesus. Liv. 31, c. 16, 1. 32, c. 9. 

Elagabalds, the surname of the sun at 
Emessa. 

Er.AiTEs, a grove near Canopus in Egypt. 

Elaids, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 8. 
c. 41. 

ELAPHiiEA, a surname of Diana in Elis. 
Id. 6, c.22. 

Elaphus, a river of Arcadia. Id. 8, c. 36, 

Elaphebolia, a festival in honour of Di- 
ana the Huntress. In the Celebration a cake 
was made in the form of a deer, *>£**©>, and 
offered to the goddess. It owed its institution 
to the following circumstance ; when the Pho- 
cians had been severely beaten by the Thessa- 
lians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a 
certain Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combus- 
tible materials, and burn their v/ives, children, 
and ett'ects,, rather than submit to the enemy. 
This resolution was unanimously approved by 
the women, who decreed Deiphantus a crowQ 
for his magnanimity. When every thing was 
prepared, before they fired the pile, they en- 
gaged their enemies, and fought with such des- 
perate fury, ih at they totally routed them, and 
obtained a complete victory. In commemora- 
tion of this unexpected success, this festival 
was instituted to Diana, and observed with the 
greatest solemnity, so that even one of the 
months of the year, March, was called Ela- 
phebolion from this circumstance. 

Elaptonius, a youth who conspired against 
Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Eeara, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter.^ 

Apollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of Orchome- 

nus king of Arcadia. Strab. 9. 



Elatea, the largest town of Phocis, nealP 
the Cephisus. Paus. 10, c. 34. 

Elatia, a town of Phocis. Liv. 28, c. 7- 
OfThessaly. /J. 42, c. 64. 



Elatus, one of the first Ephori of Sparta^ 

B. C. 760. Plut. in Lye. The father of 

Cencus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 497. A moun- 
tain of Asia of Zacynthus. The father 

of Polyphemus the Argonaut, by Hipseia* 

Apollod. 3, c. 9. The son of Areas king of 

Arcadia, by Erato, who retired to Phocis. Id.- 

ih. — Pans. 8, c. 4. A king in the army of 

Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 6. 
One of Penelope's suitors, killed by 



Eumeus. Homer . Od. 22, v. 267. 

Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the 
Loire, now the Allier. 

Elba, a town of Campania, whence the- 
followers of Zeno were called the Eleaiic sect 
Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42. Tusc. 2, c. 21 and 22. 
JV. D. 3, c. 33. of (Eolia. 

Electra, one of the Oceanides, wife of 
Atlas, and mother of Dai-danus, by Jupiter 

Ovid. Fad 4, v. 31. A daughter of Atlas 

and Pleione. She was changed into a con- 
stellation. Apollod. 3, c. 10 and 12. One 

of the Danaides. Id. 2, c. 1. — —A daughter 
of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first in- 
cited her hrothT Orj^^tn." fr» iftrrnirr. hfsfa- 



EL 

tier's death by assassinating his mother Cly- 
temnestra. Orestes gave her in marriage to 
his friend Pylades, and she became mother of 
two sons, Strophius and Medon. Her ad- 
ventures and misfortunes form one of the 
interesting tragedies of the. poet Sophocles. 
Hygin. fab. 122.— Paus. 2, c. l6.—.HClian. 

V. H. 4 c. 26, &c. A sister of Cadmus. 

Facts' 9, c. 8. A city and river of Mes- 

senia in Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 33. 

©ne of Helen's female attendants. Id. 10, 

c. 25. 

Electro, a gate of Thebes. Paus. 9, c. 8. 

Electrides, islands in the Adi-iatic sea., 
which received their name from the quantity 
•f amber, (ekctrum) which they produced. 
They were at the mouth of the Po, accord- 
ing to Apollonius of Rhodes, but some histori- 
ans doubt of their existence. Plin. 2, c. 26, 
1. 37, c. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 7. 

Electrvon, a king of Argos, son of Per- 
,seus and Andromeda. He was brother to Al- 
cffius, whose daughter Anaxo he married, and 
ty her he had several sons and one daughter, 
Alcmene. He sent his sons against the Tele- 
"boans, who had ravaged his country, and they 
were all killed except Lycimnius. Upon this 
Electryon promised his crown and daughter 
in marriage to him who could undertake to 
punish the Teleboans for the death of his sons. 
Amphitryon offered himself, and succeeded. 
Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand 
of his son-in-law. [Vid. Amphitiyon and 
Alcmena.] Apollod. 2, c. A.— Paus. 

Elei, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. 
They were formerly called Epei. In their 
country was the temple of Jupiter, where also 
were celebrated the Olympic games of which 
they had the superintendence. Their horses 
were in great repute, hence Elei equi and Eka 
palma. Propert. 3, el. 9, v. IS.— Paus. 5.— 
Luca7i. 4, V. 293. 

Eleleus, a surname of Bacchus, from the 
word si^t^'f, which the Bacchanals loudly re- 
peated during his festivals. His priestesses 
were in consequence called Eleleis-ides. Ovid. 
Met 4, V. 15. . 

Eleon, a village of Boeotia. Another m 

Phocis. , . r^v 

Eleontum, a town of the Thracian Cher- 

sonesus. . . 

Elephantis, a poetess who wrote lascivi- 
ous verses. Martial. 12, ep. 43. A prin- 
cess by whom Danaus had two daughters. 

Apollod. 2. An island in the river Nile, in 

Upper Egypt, with a town of the same name, 
which is often called Ekphanlina by some au- 
thors. Strah. n.—Herodot. 2, c. 9, &c. 

Elephaktophagi, a people of Ethi- 
opia. 

Elephenor, son of Chalcedon, was one ol 
Helen's suitors. Homer. II. 2, v. 47. 

Eleporus, a river of Magna Grfficia. 

Eleuchia, a daughter of Thespius. j?po/- 

Eleus, a city of Thrace. A nver of Me- 

aia. A king of Elis. Paus. 5, c. 3. 

Eleusinia, a great festival observed every 
fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also 
by the Pheneataj, Lacedaemonians, Parrha- 
sians, and Cretans ; but more particulai-iy by 
the peo[)le of Athens, every fifth year, at 
i!,lfMtc>« ir, Attica, whore it was introduced by 



EL 

Euraolpus, B. C. 1356. It was the most cele- 
brated of all the religious ceremonies of 
Greece, whence it is often called by way of 
eminence /^ r^ t* the mysterks. It was so su- 
perstitiously observ^ed, that if any one ever re- 
vealed it, it was supposed that he had called di- 
vine vengeance upon his head, and it was un- 
safe to live in the same house with him. Such 
a wretch was publicly put to an ignominious 
death. This festival was sacred to Ceres uni 
Proserpine ; every thing contained a mystery, 
and Ceres herself was known only by the name 
of «/>£•:« from the sorrow and grkf {x.e®') 
which she suffered for the loss of her daughter. 
This mysterious secrecy was solemnly obser- 
ved, and enjoined to all the votaries of the 
goddess ; and if any one ever appeared at the 
celebration, either intentionally or through 
ignorance, without proper introduction, he 
was immediately punished with death. Per- 
sons of both sexes and all ages were initiated 
at this solemnity, and it was looked upon as so 
heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of 
religion, that it was one of the heaviest accu- 
sations which contributed to the condemna- 
tion of Socrates. The initiated were under 
the more particular care of the deities, and 
therefore their life was supposed to be atten- 
ded with more happiness and real security 
than that of other men. This benefit was not 
only granted during life, but it extended be- 
yond the grave, and they were honoured with 
the first places in the Elysian fields, while 
others were left to wallow in perpetual filth 
and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation 
were so extensive, particular care was taken 
in examining the character of such as were 
presented for initiation. Such as were guilty 
of murder, though against their will, and sucii 
as were convicted of witchcraft, or any hein- 
ous crime, were not admitted, and the Athe- 
nians suffered none to be initiated but such ae 
were members of their city. This regulation, 
which compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pol- 
lux, to become citizens of Athens, was stiictly 
observed in the first ages of the institution- 
but afterwards all persons, barbarians except- 
ed, were freely initiated. The festivals were 
divided into greater and less mysteries. The 
less were instituted from the following cir- 
cumstance. Hercules passed near Eleusis 
while the Athenians were celebrating the 
mysteries, and desired to be initiated. As thif 
could not be done, because he was a stranger, 
and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease 
him on account of his great power, and the 
services which he had dc^ne to the Athenians, 
another festival was instituted without viola- 
ting the laws. It was called i"»zp«, and Hercu- 
les was solemnly admitted to the celebration 
and initiated. The?e less mysteries were ob- 
sei-ved at Agros near the Ilissus. The greater 
were celebrated at Eleusis, from which place 
Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In later time.'? 
the smaller festivals were preparatory to 
the greater, and no person could be initiated 
at Eleusis without a previous purification at 
Agrai. This purification they performed by 
keeping themselves pure, chaste, and unpol- 
luted during nine days, after which they came 
and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing 
garlands of flowers, called t<TfM-», or «'^^-^-, and 
having under their foot A**,- >u,-:r,v, Jupiter's 



EL 

skin, which was the skin of a victim offered to 
that god. The person who assisted was called 
vifxvo; from i^tup, ivater, which was used at the 
purification, and they themselves were called 
/"■T**, the iniliated. A yeai* after this initiation 
at the less mysteries they sacriliced a sow to 
Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, and 
the secrets of the festivals were solemnly re- 
vealed to them, from which they were called 
*?o,'o« and vTtTTTcti, inspectors. The institution 
was performed in the following manner. The 
candidate?, crowned with myrtle, were admit- 
ted by night into a place called mu?'/.«» stixs,- (he 
mystical temple, a vast and stupendous build- 
ing. As they entered the temple they purified 
themselves by washing their hands in holy 
water, and received for admonition that they 
were to come with a mind pure and undefiled, 
without which the cleanness of the body would 
be unacceptable. After this the holy myste- 
ries were read to thena, from a large book 
called TTiTcwftx, because made of tuo stones, 
TTiTixi, fitly cemented together. After this the 
priest, called isqi(^oe>-y,i, proposed to them cer- 
tain questions, to which they readily answer- 
ed. After this, strange and amazing objects 
presented themselves to their sight, the place 
often seemed to quake, and to appear sud- 
denly resplendent with fire, and immediately 
covered with gloomy darkness and horror. 
Sometimes thundei*s were heard, or flashes of 
lightning appeared on every side. At other 
times hideous noises and bowlings were heard, 
and the trembling spectators were alarmed 
by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This 
was called icvtov«x, intuition. After this the 
initiated were dismissed with the barbarous 
words of »>>?, e,«;7£«?. The garments in which 
they were initiated, were held sacred, and 
of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms 
and incantations. From this circumstance, 
therefore, they were never left oft' before they 
were totally unfit for wear, after which they 
were appropriated for children or dedicated 
ta the goddess. The chief person that at- 
tended at the initiation was called lepc^xi-rs;;, the 
revtaler of sacred things. He was a citizen 
of Athens, and held his office during life, 
though among the Celeans and Philiasians it 
was limited to the period of four years. He was 
obliged to devote himself totally to the service 
of the deities ; his life was chaste and single, 
and he usually anointed his body with the 
juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme 
coldness, to extinguish, in a great degree, the 
natural heat. The Hierophantes had three 
attendants ; the first was called W^^r-s, torch 
bearer, and was permitted to marry. The 
second was called >»«?>?, a cryer. The third 
administered at the altar, and was called csu 
^^/Au,. Tho Hierophantes is said to have been 
a type of the powerful creator of all things, 
A ^^=uzo5 of the sun, K.fu; of Mercury, and 
itTTi ^io.wto of the moon. There were, besides 
these, other inferior officers, who took par- 
ticular care that every thing was performed 
according to custom. The first of these, called 
^xTiKtv;, was one of the archons ; he offered 
prayers and sacrifices, and took care that 
there was no indecency or irregularity during 
the celebration. Besiaes him there were four 

otliei*s, called tmut^^rou, curators, elected by {petition of the less mysteries. It became cus- 
the people. One of them was chosen from [tomary, therefore, to celebrate them asecondk 
34 



EL 

the sacred family of the Eumolpidae, the other 
was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were 
from among the citizens. There were also ten 
persons who assisted at this and every other 
festival, called iiei^cm, because they offered sa- 
crifices. This festival was observed in the 

month of Boedromion or September, and con- 
tinued nine days, from the 15th till the 23d. 
During that time it was unlawful to arrest any 
man, or present any petition, on pain of for- 
feiting a thousand drachmas, or, according to 
others, on pain of death. It was also unlaw- 
ful for those who were initiated to sit upon 
the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or 
ueazels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a 
chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Ly- 
curgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of 
tbis law was to destroy all distinction between 
the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The 
first day of the celebration was called »yeef^s, 
assembly, as it might be said that the worship- 
pers first met together. The second day was 
called »'-x oe fj.-jT»', to the sea, you that are 
initiated, because they were commanded to 
purify themselves by bathing in the sea. On 
the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet, 
were offered ; as also barley from the field of 
Eleusis. These oblations were called ©vs*, 
and held so sacred, that the priests themselves 
were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to 
partake of them. On the fourth day they 
made a solemn procession, in which the 
xa^arjcv, holy basket of Ceres, was carried 
about in a consecrated cart, while on every 
side the people shouted %««§» ^/^ims. Hail Ce- 
res ! After these followed women, called 
«,-ciajOi who carried baskets, in which were 
sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a ser- 
pent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy, boughs, certain 
cakes, &c. The fifth was called H tmv }m,u^x^mv 
y,!*ifa, the torch day, because on the following 
night the people ran about with torches in their 
hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to 
Ceres, and contend which should offer the big- 
gest in commemoration of the travels of the 
goddess, and of her lighting a torch in the 
flames of mount ^tna. The sixth day was 
called i!^'/?',, from lacchus, the son of Jupiter 
and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in 
her search of Proserpine, with a torch in his 
hand. From that circumstance his statue had 
a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn 
procession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. 
The statue, with those that accompanied it, 
called ijf.^ayj^*, were crowned with myrtle. 
In the way nothing was heard but singing and 
the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries dan- 
ced along. The way through which they issued 
from the city, was called i^pa o-oj, the sacred 
way; the resting place lip^cruxi), from a_^g-/r€e 
which grew in the neighbourhood. They also 
stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, where 
they derided those that passed by. After they 
had passed this bridge they entered Eleusis by 
a place called A<y<r?wi im^ix, the mystical entrance. 
On the seventh day were sports, in which the 
victors were rewarded with a measure of bar- 
ley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleu- 
sis. The eighth day was called E:7«J»;,f«iit 'yfu^j 
because once ^sculapius, at his return from 
Epidaiu'us to Athens, was initiated by the re- 



EL 

time upon this, that such as had not hitherto 
been initiated, might be lawfully admitted. 
The ninth and last day of the festival was call- 
ed n?.>i /uo;/o:««, earthen vessels, because it was 
usual to fill two such vessels with wine, one of 
which being placed towards the east, and the 
other towards the west, which, after the re- 
petition of some mystical words, were both 
thrown down, and the wine being spilt on the 
ground, was ottered as a libation. Such was 
the manner of celebrating the Eleusian mys- 
teries, which have been deemed the most sa- 
cred and solemn of all the festivals observed by 
the Greeks. Some have supposed them to be 
obscene and abominable, and that from thence 
proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They 
were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the reign 
of Adrian, where they were observed with 
the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps 
with more freedom and licentiousness. They 
lasted about 1800 years, and were at last abol- 
ished by Theodosius the Great. JEUan. V. H. 
12, C.24. — Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 14. — Pans. 10, c. 
31, ^c.—Plut. 

Ei.Eusis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, 
equally distant from Megara and the Piraeus, 
celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. [Vid. 
Eleusinia.] It was founded by Triptolemus. 
Ovid. 4. Fast. 5, v. 501.— Pans. 9, c. 24. 

Eleuther, a son of Apollo. One of 

the Curetes, from whom a town of Bceotia, and 
another in Crete, received their name. Pans. 
9, c. 2 and 19. 

Eleuthek^, a village of Bceotia, between 
Megara and Thebes, w"here Mardonius was 
defeated with 300,000 men. Plin. 4, c. 7, 1. 
34, c. 8. 

Eleutheria, a festival celebrated at Pla- 
taea in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the 
assertor of liberty, by delegates from almost 
all the cities of Greece. Its institution origina- 
ted in this : after the victory obtained by the 
Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius, 
the Persian general, in the country of Plataea, 
an altar and statue were erected to Jupiter 
Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from 
the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further 
agreed upon in a general assembly, by the ad- 
vice of Aristides, the Athenian, that deputies 
should be sent every fiftii year from the differ- 
ent cities of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria/es- 
tivals of liberty. The Platseans celebrated also 
an anniversary festival in memory of those who 
had lost their lives in that famous battle. The 
celebration was thus : at break of day a 
procession was made, with a trumpeter at the 
head, sounding a signal for battle. After him 
followed chariots loaded with myrrh,garlands, 
and a black bull, and certain free young men, 
as no signs of servility were to appear during 
the solemnity, because they in whose honour 
the festival was instituted had died in the de- 
• fence of their country. They carried liba- 
tions of wine and milk in large eared vessels, 
with jars of oil and precious ointments. Last 
of all appeared the chief magistrate, who 
though not permitted at other times to touch 
iron, or wear garments of any colour but 
white, yet appeared clad in purple ; and tak- 
ing a water pot out of the city chamber, pro- 
ceeded throiigii the middle of the town with a 
eword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. 
Tiierc he drew water from a 



neighbouring 



EL 

spring, and washed and anointed the naoiia- 
ments ; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a 
pile of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal 
Mercury, and inviting to the entertainment the 
souls of those happy heroes who had perished 
in the defence of their country. After this he 
filled a bowl with wine, saying, I drink to those 
who lost their lives in the defence of the liber- 
ties of Greece. There was also a festival of 
the same name observed by the Samians in 
honour of the god of Love. Slaves also, when 
they obtained their liberty, k^^pt a holiday, 
Avhich they called Elewtheria. 

Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina, froos 
her presiding over the delivery of pregnant 
women. Pindar. Olymp. 6. 

Eleutherocilices, a people of Ciliciay 
never subject to kings. Cic. 15, ad Fam. ep. 
4, 1. 5, ad Alt. 20. 

Eleutheros, a river of Syria, falling into 
the Mediterranean. Plin. 9, c. 10. 

Eticius, a surname Of Jupiter, worshipped 
on mount Aventine. Onid. Fast. 3, v. 328. 

Eliensis and EnACA,asect of philosophers 
founded by Phaedon of Elis, who w^as origin- 
ally a slave, but restored to liberty by AI- 
cibiades, Diog. — Strab. 

Elimea, or Elimiotis, a district of Ma- 
cedonia, or of lllyricum according to others. 
Liv. 42, c. 53, 1. 45, c. 30. 

Elis, a country of Peloponnesus at the 
west of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, ex- 
tending along the coast, and watered by the 
river Alpheus. The capital of the country, 
called Elis, now Belvidere, became large and 
populous in the age of Demosthenes, though 
in the age of Homer it did not exist. It was 
originally governed by kings, and received its 
name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis 
was famous for the horses it produced, whose 
celerity was so often known and tried at the 
Olympic games. Strab. 8. — Plin. 4, c. 5.— 
Pans. 5.~0vid. Met. 5, v. 494.— Cic. Fam. 
13, ep. 26. ae I>iv. 2, c. 12.— Liv. 27, c. 32. 
— Virg. G. 1, V. 59, 1. 3, v. 202. 

Eliphasii, a people of Peloponnesus. 
Polyb. n. 

Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more commonly 
known by the name of Dido. Vid. Dido. 
Elissus, a river of Elis. 
Ellopia, a town of Euboea. An an- 
cient name of that island. 

Elorus, a river of Sicily on the eastern 
coasts, called after a king of the same name. 
Herodot. 7, c. 145. 

Elos, a city of Achaia, called after a ser- 
vant maid of Atharaas of the same name. 
ELOTiE. Vid. Helotaj. 
Elpenor, one of the companions of Ulys- 
ses, changed into a hog by Circe's potions, and 
afterwards restored to his former shape. He 
fell from the top of ahouse where he was sleep- 
ing, and was killed. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 252. — 
Homer. Od. 10, v. 552, 1. 11, v. 51. 

Elpinice, a daughter of Miltiades, wlio 
married a man that promised to release from 
confinement her brother and husband, whom 
the laws of Athens had made responsible for 
the fine imposed on his father. C. JVep. in 
Cim. 
Ei.uiNA, a surname of Ceres. 
Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Oviii. 
Met. 5, fnb. 3. 



EM 

Elymais, a country of Persia, between the 
Persian gulf and Media. The capital of the 
country was called Elymais, and was famous 
for a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus 
Epiphanes attempted to plunder. The Ely- 
means assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars 
against the Romans. None of their kings are 
named in history. Siraho. 

Elymi, a nation descended from the Tro- 
jans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. 
Fans. 10, c. 8. 

Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes in 
Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 73. 

Elyrus, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c. 16. 
Elysium, and Elysii Campi, :i place or isl- 
and in the infernal regions, where, according 
to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of 
the virtuous were placed aft^r death. There 
happiness was complete, the pleasures were 
innocent and refined. Bovvers, for ever green , 
delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were 
the most striking objects. The air was whole- 
some, serene, and temperate ; the birds con- 
tinually warbled in the groves, and the inhabi- 
tants were blessed with another sun and other 
stars. The employment of the heroes who 
dwelt in these regions of bliss were various ; 
the manes of Achilles are represented as wag- 
ing war with wild beasts, while the Trojan 
chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in 
managing horses, or in handling arms. To 
these innocent amusements some poets have 
added continual feasting and revelry, and they 
suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with 
all the incontinence and voluptuousness which 
could gratify the low desires of the debauchee. 
The Elysian fields were, according to some, in 
the Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, 
in the Atlantic. Others place them in the 
island of Leuce ; and, according to the author- 
ity of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. Ac- 
cording to Lucian, they were near the moon ; 
or in the centre of the earth if we believe Plu- 
tarch. Virg. Mn. 6, v. G38.— Homer. Od. 4.— 
Findar. — Tibull. 1, el. 3, v. 57. — Lucian. — 
Flut. de Consul. 

Emathia, a name given anciently, and 
particularly by the poets, to the countries 
^vhich formed the empires of Macedonia and 
Thessaly. Virg. G. 1, v. 492, 1. 4, v. 390.— 
Lucan. 1, v. 1, 1. 10, v. 50, 1. 6, v. 620, 1. 7, v. 
427.— Orirf. Met. 5, v. 314. 

Emathion, a son of Titan and Aurora, who 
reigned in Macedonia. The country was cal- 
led Emathia from his name. Some suppose 
that he was a famous robber, destroyed by 
Hercules. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 313. — Justin. 7, c. 

1. A man killed at the nuptials of Perseus 

and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 100. 

Emathion, a man killed in the wars of Tur- 
Rus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 571. 

Embatum, a place of Asia, opposite Chios. 

Estbolima, a town of India. Curt. 8, c. 12. 

Emerita, a town of Spain, famous for dy- 
ing wool. Plin. 9, c. 41. 

Emessa and Emissa, a town of Phoenicia. 

EMODA,a mountain of Iidia. 

Empedocles, a philosnrher, noet, and his- 
torian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who ilourished 
444 B. C. He was ihe disciple of Telau- 
ges the Pythajjcrean, and warmly adopted 
the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a 
f «»em upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very 



EN 

much commended, in which he spoke of the 
various bodies which nature had given him. 
He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, 
a bird, a .fish, and lastly Empedocles. His 
poetry Avas bold and animated, and his verses 
were so universally esteemed, that they were 
publicly recited at the Olympic games with 
those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was 
no less remarkable for his humanity and social 
virtues than for his learning. He showed him- 
self an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and re- 
fused to become the sovereign of his country. 
He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alle- 
viated the anxieties of his mind as well as the 
pains of his body with music. It is reported 
that his curiosity to visit the flames of the cra- 
ter of lEXnSi, proved fatal to him. Some main- 
tain that he wished it to be believed that he 
was a god, and that his death might be un- 
known, he threw himself in the crater and 
perished in the flames. His expectations, 
however, were frustrated, and the volcano, by 
throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to 
the world that Empedocles had perished by 
fire. Others report that he lived to an ex- 
treme old age, and that he was drowned in the 
sea. Horat. 1, ep. 12, v. 20. — Cic. de Orat. 1, 
c. 50, &.C. — Diog. in vita. 

Emperamus, a Lacedaemonian general in 
the second Messenian Mar. 

Empoclus, an historian. 

Emporia Punica, certain places near the. 
Syrtes. 

Empori;e, a town of Spain in Catalonia, 
now jimpurias. Liv. 34, c. 9 and 16, 1. 26, 
c. 19. 

Enceladus, a son of Titan and Terra, the 
most powerful of all the giants who conspired 
against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter's 
thunders, and overwhelmed under mount JEt- 
na. Some suppose that he is the same as Ty- 
phon. According to the poets, the flames of 
JEtna. proceeded from the breath of Encela- 
dus ; and as often as he turned his weary side, 
the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and 
shook from its very foundations. Virg. JEn. 
3, V. 578, k.c. A son of ^S^gyptus. 

Encheleje, a town of Illyricum, where 
Cadmus was changed into a serpent. Lucan. 
3, V. 189.— S/rc&. 7. 

Endeis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. 
She married ^acus king of Egina, by whom 
she had Peleus and Telamon. Pans. 2, c. 29, 
—ApoUod. 3, c. 12. 

Endera, a place of -Ethiopia. 

Endymion, a shepherd, son of .(Ethlius and 
Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter 
to grant to him to be always young, and to 
sleep as much as he would ; whence came the 
proverb of Endymionis so7nmim dor7)iire, to 
express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked 
as he slept on mount Latmos, and was so 
struck with his beauty that she came dowu 
from heaven every night to enjoy his company. 
Endyraion married Chromia, daughter of Ito- 
nus, oraccording to some, Hyperipna, daughter 
of Areas, by vvhom he had three sons. Pa^on, 
Epeus, and iEolus, and a daughter called Eu- 
rydice ; and so little ambitious did he show 
liimself of sovereignly, that he made his crown 
1 he prize of the best racer among his sons, nn 
honourable distinction which was gained by 
Epeus. The fable of Endymion'? amours with 



EN 

Diana, or the moon , arises from his knowledge 
of astronomy, and as he passed the night on 
some high mountain, to observe the heavenly 
bodies, it has been reported that he was court- 
ed by the moon. Some suppose that there 
were two of that name, the son of a king of 
EHs, and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. 
The people of Heraclea maintained that En- 
dymion died on mount Latmbs, and the Eleans 
pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Pe- 
loponnesus. Propert. 2, el. 15. — Cic. Tusc. 
1. — Juv. 10. — Theocrit. 3. — Pans. 5, c. 1, 1. 6, 
C.20. 

Eneti, or Heneti, a people near Paphlago- 
nia. 

Engyum, uowGangi, a town of Sicily freed 
from tyranny by Timoleon. Cic. Ver. 3, c. 43, 
1. 4, c. 44.— Ital. 14, v. 230. 

Enienses, a people of Greece. 

Eniopeus, a charioteer of Hector, killed by 
Diomedes. Homer. II. 8, v. 120. 

Enipeus, a river of Thessaly flowing near 

Pharsalia. Lucan. 6, v. 373. A river of 

Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the 
daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. 
Neptune assumed the shape of the river god 
to enjoy the company of Tyro. Ovid. Am. 3, 
el. 5. — Strab. 

Enispe, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 25. 

Enna, now Castro Jannif a town in the mid- 
dle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, where Pro- 
serpine was carried away by Pluto. Mela, 2, 
c. I.—Cic. Ver. 3, c. 49, 1. 4, c. 104.— Ovid. 
Fast. 4, V. 522.— Liv. 24, c. 37. 

EjjNiA, was the wife of Macro, and after- 
wards of the emperor Caligula. Tacit. Ann. 
6, 0. 45. 

Q. Ennius, an ancient poet, born at Ru- 
dii in Calabria, He obtained the name and 
privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius 
and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is 
rough and unpolished, but his defects, which 
are more particularly attributed to the age in 
which he lived, have been fully compensated 
by the energy of his expressions and the fire of 
his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends 
him, and Virgil has shown his merit, by intro- 
ducing many whole lines from his poetry into 
his own compositions, which he calls pearls 
gathered from the dunghill. Enn 'US Avrote in 
heroic verse 18 books of the annals of the Ro- 
man republic, and displayed much knowledge 
of the world, in some dramatical and satirical 
compositions. He died of the gout, contracted 
by frequent intoxication, about 169 years be- 
fore the christian era, in the 70th year of his 
age. Ennius was intimate with the great men 
of his age ; he accompanied Cato in his ques- 
torship in Sardania, and was esteemed by him 
of greater value than the honours of a tri- 
umph ; and Scipio, on his death bed, ordered 
his body to be buried by the side of his poeti- 
cal friend. This epitaph was said to be writ- 
ten upon him : 
Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam ! 

Hie vestrum pinxit maxima facta putrum. 
Nemo me lacrymisdecoret, neque funerajlet it 

Faxit : cur ? volilo virus per era virum. 
Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of 
Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appel- 
lation of the Homer of Latium. 01 the tra- 
gedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he 
wrote, nothing remains but fragments hap];)ily 



EP 

collected from the quotations of ancient a«« 
thors. The best edition of these is by Hesse- 
lius, 4to. Arast. 1707. Ovid. 2, Trist. v. 424. 
—Cic. de Finib I, c. 4, de Offic. 2, c. 18.— 
Quintit. 10, c. 1. — Lucret. 1, v. 117, &c. — C. 
A''ep. in Catone. 

Ennomus, a Trojan prince, killed by Achil- 
les. Homer. II. 2, v. 365, 1. 1 1, v. 422. 

EnnosigjEus, terrce concussoTy a surname of 
Neptune. Juv. 10, v. 182. 

Enope, a town of Peloponnesus, near Py- 
los. Paus. 3, c. 26. 

Enops, a shepherd loved by the nymph 
Neis, by whom he had Satnius. Homer. II. 14. 
The father of Thestos. A Trojan kill- 
ed by Patroclus. //. 16. 

Ends, a maritime town of Thrace. 

Enosichthon, a surname of Neptune. 

EnotoccetjE, a nation whose ears are de- 
scribed as hanging down to their heels. Strab. 

Entella, a town of Sicily inhabited by 
Campanians. Ital. 14, v. 205. — Cic. Ver. 3, 
V.43. 

Entellus, a famous athlete among the 
friends of ^neas. He was intimate with Eryx, 
and entered the lists against Dares, whom he 
conquered in the funeral games of Anchises, 
in Sicily. Virg. JFn. 5, v. 387, &.c. 

Enyalius, a surname of Mars. 

Envo, a sister of Mars, called by the Latin.*; 
Bellona, supposed by some to be daughter of 
Phorcys and Ceto. Ital. 10, v. 203. 

EoNE, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 

EoRDiEA, a district at the west of Macedo- 
nia. Liv. 31, c. 39, 1. 33, c. 8, 1. 42, c. 63. 

Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, 
whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the 
eastern parts of the world. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 
406. A. A. 3, V. 537, 1. 6, v. 418.— Virg. G. 1, 
V.288, 1. 2, V. 115. 

Eous, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid. 
Met. 2, V. 153, &c. 

Epagris, one of the Cyclades, called by 
Aristotle Hydrussa. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

EpAminondas, a famous Theban descend- 
ed from the ancient kings of Bcpotia. His fa- 
ther's name was Polymnus. He has been ce- 
lebrated for his private virtues and military ac- 
complishments. His love of truth was so great 
that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. 
He formed a most sacred and ipviolable friend- 
ship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in a 
battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered 
Thebes from the power of Laced<emon. This 
was the signal of war. Eparainondas was set 
at the head of the Theban armies, and defeat- 
ed the Spartans at the celebrated battle of 
Leuctra, about 371 years B. C Epaminondas 
made a proper use of this victorious campaign, 
and entered the territories ofLacedajmon with 
50,0(X) men. Here he gained many friend* 
and partisans ; but at his return to Thebes he 
was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of 
his country. While he was making the The- 
ban arms victorious on every side, he neglect- 
ed the law which forbade any citizen to retain 
in his hands the supreme power more than one 
month, and all his eminent services seemed 
unable to redeem him from death. He paid 
implicit obedience to the laws of his country, 
and only begged of his judges that it might be 
inscribed on his tomb that he had sufi'ered 
death for saving his country from ruin. This 



EP 

animated reproach was felt ; he was pardoned, 
and invested again with the sovereign power. 
He was successful in a war in Thessaly, and 
assisted the Eleans against the Lacedaemoni- 
ans. The hostile armies met near Mautinea, 
and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting 
in the thickest of the enemy, he received a 
fatal wound in the breast, and expired ex- 
claiming, that he died unconquered, when he 
heard that the Bojotians obtained the victory, 
in tlie 48th year of his age, 363 years before 
tlhrist. The Thebans severely lamented his 
deatb ; in him their power was extinguished, 
for only during his life they had enjoyed free- 
dom and independence among the Grecian 
states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as 
virtuous, and he refused with indignation the 
rich presents which were oflfered to him by 
Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is repre- 
sented by his biographer as an elegant dancer 
and a skilful musician, accomplishments high- 
ly esteemed among his countrymen. Plut. in 
Parall. — C. J^ep. in vita. — Xenoph. Qucesl. 
GrcBC. — Diod. 15. — Polyb 1. 

EpANTELii, a people of Italy. 

Epaphroditus, a freedman punished with 
death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. 

Suet, in JVer. A freedman of Augustus sent 

to spy Cleopatra. Plut. A name assumed 

by Sylla. 

Epaphus, a son of Jupiter and lo, who found- 
ed a city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, 
in honour of his wife, who was the daughter 
of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, 
who became mother of iEgyptus and Danaus 
by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at 
Memphis. Herodot. 2, c. 153. — Ovid. Met. 1, 
T. 699, kc. 

Epasnactus, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, 
kc. Cces. Bell G. 8, c. 44. 

Epebolus, a soothsayer of Messenia, who 
prevented Aristodemus from obtaining the 
sovereignty. Pans. 4, c. 9, &c. 

Epei and Elei, a people of Peloponnesus. 
Plin. 4, c. 5. 

Epetium, now Viscio, a town oflllyricum. 

Epecs, a son of Endymion, brother to 
Paeon, who reigned in a part of Peloponnesus. 
His subjects were called from him Epi. Pans. 

5, c. 1. A son of Panopeus, who was the 

fabricator of the famous wooden horse which 
proved the injin of Troy. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 264. 
—Justin. 20, c. 2.— Pans. 10, c. 26. 

Ephesus, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin 
mentions, by the Amazons, or by Androchus, 
son of Codrus, according to Strabo ; or by 
Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is 
famous for a temple of Diana, which was 
reckoned one of the seven wonders of the 
world. This temple was 425feet long and200 
feet broad. The roof was supported by 127 
columns, sixty feet high, which had been pla- 
ced there by so many kings. Of these columns, 
36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, 
one of which was tiie work of the famous Sco- 
pas. This celebrated building was not totally 
.completed till 220 years after its foundation. 
Ctesi[)hon was the chief architect. There was 
above the entrance a huge stone, which, ac- 
cording to Pliny, had been placed there by 
Diana herself. /The riches which were in the 
temple were immense, and the goddess who 
presided over it was wor.«l»ipped with the must 



EP 

awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was 
burnt on the night that Alexander was born, 
[Vid. Erostratus] and soon after it rose from 
its ruins with more splendour and magni- 
ficence. Alexander offered to rebuild it at bis 
own expense, if the Ephesians would place 
upon it an inscription which denoted the name 
of the benefactor. This generous offer was 
refused by tlie Ephesians, who observed, iu 
the language of adulation, that it was impro- 
per that one deity should raise temples to the 
other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephe- 
sus to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife ; 
but after his death the new appellation was 
lost, and the town was again known by its 
ancient name. Though modern authors are 
not agreed about the ancient ruins of this 
once famed city, some have given the barbar- 
ous name of Ajasalouc to Avhat they con- 
jecture to be the remains of Ephesus. The 
words literoe. Epfvesicp are applied to letters 
containing magical powers. Pliii. 36, c. 14.—- 
Strab. 12 and 14. — Mela, 1, c. 17. — Pans. 7, c. 
2. — Plut in Mex. — Justin. 2, c. 4. — Callim. in 
Dian.—Ptol. b.—Cic. de JYat. D. 2. 

EphetjE, a number of magistrates at Athens 
first instituted by Demophoon, the son of The- 
seus. They were reduced to the number of 
51 by Draco, who, according to' some, first 
established them. They were superior to the 
Areopagites, and their privileges were great 
andnumerous. Solon, however, lessened their 
power, and intrusted them only with the trial 
of manslaughter and conspiracy against the 
life of a citizen. They were all more than 
fifty years old, and it was required that their 
manners should be pure and innocent, and 
their behaviour austere and full of gravity. 

Ephialtes or Ephialtus, a giant, son of 
Neptune, who grew nine inches every month. 

[Vid. Aloeas.] An Athenian, famous for 

his courage and strength. He fought with the 
Persians against Alexander, and was killed at 

Halicamassus. Diod. 17. A Trachinian 

who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes 
by a secret path to attack the Spartans at 
Thermopylae. Pans. 1, c. 4. — Herodot. 7, c. 
213. 

EpHoRi, powerful magistrates at Sparta, 
who were first created by Lycurgus ; or, ac- 
cording to some, by Theopompus, B. C. 760. 
They were five in number. Like censors in 
the state, they could check and restrain the 
authority of the kings, and even imprison 
them, it guilty of irreguleu-ities. They fined 
Archidamus for marrying a wife of small sta- 
ture, and imprisoned Agis for his unconsti- 
tutional behaviour. They were much the 
same as the tribunes of the people at Rome, 
created to watch with a jealous eye over the 
liberties and rights of the populace. They 
had the management of the public money, and 
were the arbiters of peace and war. Their 
office was annual, and they had the privilege 
of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the 
greater and less assemblies of the people. The 
former was composed of 9000 Spartans, all in- 
habitants of the city ; the latter of 30,000 La- 
cedajmonians, inhabitants of the inferior towni 
and villages. C. JS'ep. in Pau-s. 3. — .iristot. 
Pol 2, c. 7. 

Ephorus, an orator and historian of Cumar 
in J^oiia, abonl 3.32 years before Christ. He 



EP 

was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he 
wrote an history which gave an account of all 
the actions and battles that had happened be- 
tween the Greeks and barbarians for 750 
years. It was greatly esteemed by the an- 
cients. It is now lost. QuintiL 10, c. 1. 

Ephyra, the ancient name of Corinth, 
which it received from a nymph of the same 
name, and thence Ephyreus is applied to 
Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony. 
Virg. G. 2, V. 264.— Otic/. Met. 2, v. 239.— 
Lucan. 6, v. 17. — Stat. Theb. 4, v. 59.—Jlal. 

14, V. 181. A city of Threspotia in Epirus. 

Another in Elis. ^tolia. One of 

Cyrene's attendants. Virg. G. 4, v. 343. 

Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mother 

and wife of CEdipus. Pans. 9, c. 5. A 

daughter of ^geus, mother of Thestaius by 
Hercules. 

Epicerides, a man of Cyrene, greatly es- 
teemed by the Athenians for his beneficence. 
Demost. 

Epicharis, a woman accused of conspira- 
cy against Nero. She refused to confess the 
associates of her guilt, though exposed to the 
greatest torments, &.c. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 51. 

Epicharmus, a poet and Pythagorean phi- 
losopher of ^icily, who introduced comedy 
at Syi-acuse, in the reign of Hiero. His com- 
positions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote 
some treatises upon philosophy and medicine, 
and observed that the gods sold all their kind- 
nesses for toil and labour. According to Aris- 
totle and Pliny, he added the two letters j^and 
a to the Greek alphabet. He flourished about 
440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th 
year of his age. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 58. — Diog. 
Sand S.—Cic. ad Mic. 1, ep. 19. 

Epicles, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. 
Homer. II. 12, v. 378. 

Epiclides, a Lacedaemonian of the fami- 
ly of the Eurysthenidae. He was raised to the 
throne by his brother Cleomcnes 3d. in the 
place of Agis, against the laws and constitu- 
tion of Sparta. Paus. 2, c. 9. 

Epicrates, a Melesian, servant to J. Cae- 
sar. A poet of Ambracia. JElian. The 

name is applied to Pompey, as expressive of 
supreme authority. Cic. Att. 2, ep. 3. 

Epictetus, a stoic philosopher of Hiero- 
polis in Phrygia, originally the slave of Epa- 
phrodKus, the freedman of Nero. Though 
tJriven from Rome by Domitian, he returned 
after the emperor's death, and gained the es- 
teem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like 
the stoics, he supported the doctrine of the 
immortality of the soul, but he declared him- 
self strongly against suicide, which was so 
warmly adopted by his sect. He died in a 
very advanced age. The earthen lamp of 
which he made use, was sold some time after 
his death at 3000 drachmas. His Enchiridion 
is a faithful picture of the stoic philosophy, 



and his dissertations, which were delivered to 
his pupils, were collected by Arrian. His 
style is concise and devoid of all ornament, 
full of energy and useful maxims. The value 
of his compositions is well known from the 
saying of the emperor Antoninus, who thanked 
the gods he could collect from the writings of 
Epictetus wherewith to conduct life with hon- 
our to himself and advantage to his country. 
There are several good editions of the works 



EP 

of Epictetus, with those of Cebes and othersf ^ 
the most valuable of which, perhaps, will he 
found to be that of Reland, Traject. 4to. 1711 ; 
and Arrian's by Upton, 2 vols. 4to. Lond. 1739. 
EpicuRUS, a celebrated philosopher, son of 
Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gargettus 
in Attica. Though his parents were poor, and 
of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to 
school, where he distinguished himself by the 
brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 12, 
when his preceptor repeated to him this verse 
from Hesiod, ^ 

In the beginning of things the Chaos was 
created. 
Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it ? 
To this the teacher answered, that he knew 
not, but only philosophers. '• Then," say* 
the youth, " philosophers henceforth shall in- 
struct me." After having improved himself, 
and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited 
Athens, which was then crowded by the fol- 
lowers of Plato, the Cynics, the Peripatetics, 
and the Stoics. Here he established himself, 
and soon attracted a number of followers by 
the sweetness and gravity of his manners, and 
by his social virtues. He taught them that the 
happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, 
not such as arises from sensual gratification, or 
from vice, but from the enjoyments of the 
mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine 
was warmly attacked by the philosophers of 
the different sects, and particularly by the 
Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the 
gods by representing them as inactive, given 
up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the af- 
fairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusa- 
tions of his adversaries by the purity of his 
morals, and by his frequent attendance on 
places of public worship. When Leontium, 
one of his female pupils, was accused of prosti- 
tuting herself to her master and to all his dis- 
ciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of 
the accusation by silence and an exemplary 
life. His health was at last impaired by con- 
tinual labour, and he died of a retention of 
urine, which long subjected him to the most 
excruciating torments, and whicli he bore with 
unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 
270 years before Christ, in the 72d year of 
his age. His disciples showed their respect 
for the memory of their learned preceptor, by 
the unanimity which prevailed among them. 
While philosophers in every sect were at war 
with mankind and among themselves, the fol- 
lowers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, and 
lived in the most solid friendship. The day of 
his birth was observed with universal festivity, 
and during a month all his admirers gave 
themselves up to mirth and innocent amuse- 
ment. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, 
Epicurus is the only one whose writings de- 
serve attention for their number. He wrote 
less than 300 volumes, according to Dio- 



no 

genes Laertius; and Chrysippus was so jealous 
of the fecundity of his genius, that no sooner 
had Epicurus published one of his volumes, 
than he immediately composed one, that he 
might not be overcome in the number of his 
productions. Epicurus, however, advanced 
truths and arguments unknown before ; but 
Chrysippus said, what others long ago had said, 
without showing any thing which might be 



EP 

called originality. The followers of Epicurus 
were numerous in every age and country, his 
doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the 
world, and when the gratification of the sense 
was substituted to the practice of virtue, the 
morals of mankind were undermined and de- 
stroyed. Even Rome, whose austere simpli- 
city had happily nurtured virtue, felt the at- 
tack, and was corrupted. When Cyneas spoke 
of the tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman 
senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods 
that all the enemies of the republic might be- 
come his followers. But those were the feeble 
•flForts of expiring virtue ; and when Lucretius 
introduced the popular doctrine in his poetical 
composition, the smoothness and beauty of the 
numbers contributed, with the effeminacy of 
the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of 
the world. Diog. in vita. — JElian. V. H. 4, 
c. IS.—Clc. de .Yai. D. 1, c. 24 and25.— ru5c. 
3, 49. definib. 2, c. 22. 

Epicydes, a tyrant of Syracuse, B. C. 213. 

Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on the 
Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. The 
Romans planted there a colony which they 
called Di/rrachiu77i, considering the ancient 
name {ad damnum) ominous. Paus. 6, c. 10. 
— Plin. 3, c. 23. — Plautus, Mtn. 2, ax:t. I, 
V. 42. 

EpidaphiVe, a town of Syria, called also 
Antioch. Germanicus, son of Drusus, died 
there. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 83. 

Epidauria, a festival at Athens in honour 
of .^sculapius. A country of Peloponnei-u=. 

Epidaurus, a town at the north of Argolis 
in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the wor- 
ship of iEsculapius, who had there a famous 
temple. It received its name from Epidaurus, 
a son of Argos and Evadne. It is now called 
Pidaura. Strab. 8.—Virg. G. 3, v. 44.— Paus. 

3, c. 2\.—Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Dalraa- 

tia, now Ragusi Vecchio. of Laconia. 

EpiDiuM, one of the western isles of Scot- 
land, or the Mull of Cantyre according to 
^ome. Ptoltm. 

Epidius, a man who wrote concerning un- 
usual prodigies. Plin. 16, c. 25. 

Epidot.«, certain deities who presided 
over the birth and grouch of children, and 
were known among the Romans by the name 
of Dii aveminci. They were worshipped by 
1 he Lacedaemonians, and chiefly invoked by 
iJjose who were persecuted by the ghosts of 
the dead, he. Paus. 2, c. 17, Lc. 

Epigenes, a Babylonian astrologer and his- 
torian. Pli^. 7, c. 56. 

Epigeus, a Greek killed by Hector. 

Epigoni, the sons and descendants of the 
Grecian heroes who Avere killed in the first 
Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is fa- 
mous in ancient history. It was undertaken 
fen years after the first. The sons of those 
who had perished in the first war, resolved to 
uvenge the death of their fathers, and march- 
ed against Thebes, under the command of 
Thersander : or, according to others, of Alc- 
ma3on, the son of Amphiaraus. The Argives 
were assisted by the Corinthians, the people of 
Messenia, Arcadia, and Megara. The The- 
bans had engaged all their neighbours in their 
quarrel, as in one common cause, and the two 
hostile armies met and engaged on the banks 
of the Glissas. The fight was obstinate and 



EP 

bloody, hot victory declared for the Epigoni, 
and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with 
Leodamas their general, while others retired 
into Thebes, where they were soon besieged, 
and forced to surrender. In this war iEgialeuB 
alone was killed, and his father Adrastus was 
the only person who escaped alive in the 
first war. This whole war, as Pausanifeis ob- 
serves, was written in verse ; and Callinus, 
who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them 
to Homer, which opinion has been adopted 
by many writers. For my part, continues 
the geographer, I own that next to the Iliad 
and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a 
finer poem. Paus. 9, c. 9 and 25.— Jlpollod. 
1 and 3. — Diod. 4. This name has been appli- 
ed to the sons of those Macedonian veterans 
who in the age of Alexander formed connex- 
ions with the women of Asia. 

EpiGoNus, a mathematician of Ambracia. 

Epigranea, a fountain of Bceotia. Plin 
4,c. 7. 

Epii and Epei, a people of Ells, 

Epilaris, a daughter of Thespius. .^pol- 
led, n 

Epimelides, the founder of Corone. Paus. 
4, c. 34. 

Epimenes, a man who conspired against 
Alexander's life. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Epimenides, an epic poet of Crete, con- 
temporary with Solon. His father's name 
was Agiasarchus, and his mother's Blasta. He 
is reckoned one of the seven wise men, by 
those who exclude Periander from the num- 
ber. While he was tending his flocks one 
day, he entered into a cave, where he fell 
asleep. His sleep continued for 40, or 47, or 
according to Pliny 57 years, and when he 
awoke he found every object so considerably 
altered, that he scarce knew where he was. 
His brother apprized him of the length of his 
sleep to his great astonishment. It is supposed 
that he lived 289 years. After death he was 
revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the 
Athenians, whom he had delivered from a 
plague, and to whom he had given many good 
and useful counsels. He is said to be the first 
who built temples in the Grecian communities. 
Cic. de Div. 1, c. 34.— Dfog. in vita— Paus. 1, 
c. \4.—Plut in Solon.— Val. Max. 8, c. 13.— 
Strab. 10.— Plin. 7, c. 12. 

EpiMETHEus, a son of Japetus and Cly- 
mene, one of the Oceanides, who inconside- 
rately married Pandora, by w^hom he had 
Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion. He had the cu- 
riosity to open the box which Pandora had 
brought with her. [Vid. Pandora,] and from 
thence issued a train of evils, which from that 
mom.ent have never ceased to afflict the human 
race. Hope was the only one which remained 
at the bottom of the box, not having suflicient 
time to escape, and it is she alone which com- 
forts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus 
was changed into a monkey by the gods, and 
sent into the island of Pithacusa. Apollod. |1, 
c. 2 and l.—Hygin. fab. — Hesiod. Theog. [Vid. 
Prometheus.] 

EpiMETHis, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the 
daughter of Epimetheus. Oiid. Met. 1, v. 390. 

Epiuchus, a son of Lycurgus, who receiv- 
ed divine honours in Arcadia. 

EpiuxE, the wife of ili^sculapius. Paus. 2 
c. 29. 



EQ 

Epiphanea, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, 
now Surpendkar. PUn. 5, c. 27.—Cic. adFam. 

15, ep. 4. Another of Syria on the Eupra- 

tes. PUn. 6, c. 24. 

Epiphanes, (illustrious,) a surname given to 

the Antiochus's, kings of Syria. A surname 

of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house 
of the Lagidae. Slrab. 17. 

Epiphanius, a bishop of Salamis, who 
was active in refuting the writings of Origen ; 
but his compositions are more vahiable for the 
fragments v.hich they preserve than for their 
own intrinsic merit. The only edition is by 
Dionys. Petavkis, 2 vols. Paris, 1622. The 
bishop died A. D. 403. 

EpiPOL^ffi, a district of Syracuse, on the 
north side, surrounded by a wall, by Diony- 
sius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, 
employed 60;000 men upon it, so that in 30 
days he finished a wall 4 1-4 miles long, and 
of great height and thickness. 

Epirus, a country situate between Mace- 
donia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It was for- 
merly governed by kings, of whom Neopto- 
lemus, son of Achilles, was on*' of the first. 
It was afterwards joined to the empire of Ma- 
cedonia, and at last became a part of the Ro- 
man dominions. It is now called Laria. Strab. 
'7.— Mela, 2, c. 3.—PtoL 3, c. 14.— Plin. 4, c. 
l.—rirg. G. 3, V. 121. 

Epistrophus, a son of Iphitus king of 
Phoci3,who went to the Trojan war. Homer. II 

Epitades, a man who first violated a law 
©f Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be made, 
Plut. hi Agid. 

Epitus. Vid. Epytus. 

EpiuM, a town of Pelopohnesus on the bor- 
ders of Arcadia. 

Epuna, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of 
a man's union with a mare. 

Epopeus, a son of Neptime and Canace, 
who came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and carri- 
ed away Antiope, daughter of Nycteus king 
of Thebes. This rape was follov/ed by a war, 
in which Nycteus and Epoj)eus were both kil- 
led. Pans. 2, c. &.—Apcllod. 1, c. 7, he. 

A son of Aloeus, grandson to Phcebus. 

He reigned at Corinth. Paus. 2, c. 1 and 3. 
One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who at- 
tempted to abuse Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 
619. 

Eporedorix, a powerful person among 
the iEdui, who commanded his couutryraen 
in their war against the Sequani. C(zs. Bell. 
G.7,c. 67. 

Epulo, a Rutulian killed by Achates. Virg. 
JEn. 12, V. 459. - 

Epvtides, a patronymic given to Periphas 
the son of Epytus, and the companion of As- 
canius. Virg. JEn. 5, v. §47. 

Eprius, a king of Alba. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 

44. A king of Arcadia. A king of Mes- 

senia, of the family of the Heraclidae. The 

father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. 
Homer. II. 17. 

Equajusta, a town of Thessaly. 

Equicolus, a Rutulian engaged in the wars 
of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. 

Equiria, festivals established at Rome by 
Romulus, in honour of Mars, when horse ra- 
ces and games were exhibited in the Campus 
Martius. Varro de L. L. 5, c, 3.~ Ovid. Fast. 
2, V. 859. 



ER 

EQUOTUxicb'M, now Castel Franco, a lit- 
tle town of Apulia, to which, as some sup- 
pose, Horace alludes in this verse, 1 Sat. 5, 
V. 87. 

"Mansuri appidulo, versu quod dicere non 
est." 

Eracon, an oflScer of Alexander, impri- 
soned for his craelty. Curt. 10. 

ERiEA, a city of Greece, destroyed in the 
age of Strabo, 3. 

Erana, a small village of Cilicia on mount 
Amanus. Cic. Fam. 15, ep. 4. 

Erasenus, a river of Pehaponnesus, flow- 
ing for a little space under the ground in Ar- 
golis. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 275.— Plin. 2, c. 13. 

Erasippus, a son of Hercules and Lysippe. 

Erasistratus, a celebrated physician, 
grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He 
discovered by the motion of the pulse the love 
which Antiochus had conceived for his mo- 
ther-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded 
with 100 talents for the cure by the father of 
Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleed- 
ing and violent physic. He died B. C. 267. 
Val. Max. 5, c. 7. — Plut. in Demetr. 

Erato, one of the Muses, who presided 
over lyiic, tender, and amorous poetry. She 
is represented as crowned with ro^es and 
myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and 
a lute in her left, musical instruments of 
which she is considered by some as the in- 
ventress. Love is sometimes placed by her 
side holding a lighted flambeau, while she 
herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener 
with a gay and animated look. She was in- 
voked by lovers, especially in the month of 
April, which, among the Romans, v/as more 
particularly devoted to love. Apollod. 10. — 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. SI.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 2, v. 

425. One of the Nereides. Apollod. 1, c. 

2. One of the Dryades, wife of Areas, king 

of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 4. One of the Da- 

naides who married Bromius. A queen of 

the Armenians, after the death of Ariobar- 
zancs, &-C. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. 

Eratosthenes, son of Agalus, was a na- 
tive of Cyrene, and the second intro' >d with 
the care of the Alexandrian librijy. H« 
dedicated his time to grammatical criticism 
and philosophy, but more particularly to poe- 
try and mathematics. He has been called 
a second Plato, the cosmographer, and the 
geometer of the world. He is supposed to be 
the inventor of the armillary sphere. With 
the instruments with which the muiyficence of 
the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexan- 
dria, he was enabled to measure the obliquity 
of the ecliptic, which he called 20 1-2 degrees. 
He also measured a degree of the meridian, 
and determined the extent and circumference 
of the earth with great exactness, by means 
adopted by the moderns. He starved him- 
self after he had lived to his 82d year, B. C. 
194. Some few fragments remain of his 
compositions. He collected the annals of the 
Egyptian kings by order of one of the Ptole- 
mies. 'Cic. ad Attic. 2, ep. 6. Varro de 

R. R. 1, c. 2. 

Eratostratus, an Ephesian, who burnt 
the famous temple of Diana, the same night 
that Alexander the Great was born. This 
burning, as some writers have observed, was 
not prevented or seen by the goddess oif the 



ER 

place, who was then present at the labours of 
Olympiag, and the birth of the con(iueror of 
Persia. Eratostratus did this villany merely 
to eternize his name by so uncommon an ac- 
tion. Plat, in .^lex.— ral. Max. 8, c. 14. 

Eratus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. 

Apollod. A king of Sicyon, who died B. C. 

1671. 

Erbessus, a town of Sicily north of Agri- 
gentum, now Monit Bibiiio. Liv. 24, c. 30. 

Erchia, a small village of Attica, the birth 
place of Xenoplion. Laert. 2, c. 48. 

Erebus, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and 
Darkness. He married INlght, by whom he 
had the light and the day. The poets often 
used tlie word Erebus to signify hell itself, and 
particularly that part where dwelt the souls 
of those who had lived a virtuous life, from 
whence they passed into the Elysiau fields. 
Cic. de Kat. D. 3, c. n.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 26. 

Erechtheds, a son of Pandion 1st, was 
the sixth king of Athens. He was father of 
Cecrops 2d, Metion, PandoruS; and four 
daughters, Creusa, Orithya, Pocris, and 
Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war against 
Eleusis he sacriticed Othonia, called also 
Chthonia, to obtain a victory which the ora- 
cle promised for such a sacriiice. In that war 
he killed Euraolpus, Neptune's son, who was 
the general of the enemy, for which he w^as 
struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune's 
request. Some say that he was drowned in the 
sea. After death he received divine honours 
at Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died 
B. C. 1347. According to some accounts, he 
first introduced the mysteries of Ceres at 
Eleusis. Ovid. 6, v. 877.— Ptfus. 2, c. 2o.~ 
Apollod.^, c. 15. — Cic. pro Sext. 21. — Tusc. 
1, c. 48.— j\at. D. 3, c. 15. 

Erechthides, a name given to the Athe- 
nians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid. 
Met. 7, v. 430. 

Erembi, a people of Arabia. 

Eremus, a country of ^Ethiopia. 

Erenea, a village of Megara. Pam. 1, 
c. 44. 

Eressa, a town of -^Eolia. 

Eresus, a town of Lesbos, where Theo- 
phrastus was born. 

Eretria, a city of Euboea on the Euripus, 
anciently called Melantis aud .irotria. It 
WEis destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins 
were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It 
received its name from Eretrius, a son of 
Phaeton. Pans. 7, c. 8, kc.—Mela, 2, c. 7.— 
Plin.4, c. 12.— C. JVep.in Mill. 4. 

Eretum, a town of the Sabines near the 
Tiber, whence came the adjective Eretinus. 
Virg. JE>-. 7, V. lU.—TibulL 4, el. S, v. 4. 

Ereuthalion, a man killed by Nestor 
in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians. 
Homer. II. 

Ergane, a river whose waters intoxicate 
as wine. A surname of Minerva. Paus. 5, 
c. 14. 

Ergenxa, a celebrated soothsayer of Etru- 
ria. Pers. 2. v. 26. 

EuciAS, a Rhodian, who wrote an history of 
his country. 

Erginus, a king of Orchomenos, son of 

Clymeims. He obliged the Thebans to pay 

him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his 

father had been killed by a Theban. Her- 

35 



ER 

J cules attacked his servants, who came to raise 
I the tribute, and mutilated them, and he af- 
I terwards killed Erginus, who attempted to 
I avenge their death by invading Bceotia with 

an army. Paus. 9, c. 17. A river of 

Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 2. A son of Neptune. 



One of the four brothers who kept the 
Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. Pa- 
li/ten. 6. 

Ekgin.vus, a man made master of the 
ship Argo by the Argonauts, after the death 
of Typhis. 

Eribcea, a surname of Juno. Homer. 11. 

5. The mother of Ajax Telamon. So- 

pJiocl. 

Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine, &c. 
Orpheus. 

Ericetes, a man of Lycaonia, killed by 
Messapus, iu Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 749. 

Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous 
for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and me- 
dicine. Lncan. 6, v. 507. One of the 

Furies. Ovid. — Hesiod. 21, v. 151. 

Ekichthonius, the fourth king of Athens, 
sprang from the seed of Vulcan, which fell up- 
on the ground when that god attempted to of- 
fer violence to Minerva. He was very deform- 
ed, and had the tails of serpents instead of 
legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which 
she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with 
strict injunctions not to examine its contents. 
Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity 
to open the basket, for which the goddess pun- 
ished her indiscretion by making her jealous of 
her sister Herse. [Vid. Herse.] Erichthoii 
was young when he ascended the throne of 
Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B. C. 
1437. The invention of chariots is attributed 
to him, and the manner of harnessing horses 
to draw them. He was made a constellation 
after death under the neune of Bootes. Ovid, 
Met. 2, v. b^.—Hygin. fab. 166.— Apollod. 
3, c. 14.— Paus. 4, c. 2.— Virg. G. 3, v. 113. 

A son of Dardanus who reigned in Troy, 

and died 1374 B. C. after a long reign oi 
about 75 years. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 

Ericinium, a town of Macedonia. 

Ericusa, one of the Lipari isles, now 
Alicudi. 

Eridands, one of the largest rivers of Italy, 
rising in the Alj)s and falling into the Adriatic 
by several mouths ; now called the Po. It 
was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, 
the sisters of Phaeton, were changed into 
poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the 
king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to 
the Rhino and Danube. An Eridanus is men- 
tioned in heaven. Cic. in Aral. 145. — Clau- 
dian de Cons. Hon. 6, v. 175. — Ovid. Met. 
2, fab. 3. — Paus. 1, c. 3. — SlraJ). 5. — Lucan. 
2, V. 409.— Virg. G. 1, v. 482.— JEn. 6, v. 659. 

Erigone, a daughter of Icarius, who hung 
herself wlien she heard tliat her father had 
been killed by some shepherds whom he had 
intoxicated. She was made a constellation, 
now known under the name of Virgo. Bac- 
chus deceived her by changing himself into 
a beautiful grape. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4. — • 
Stat. 11. Theh. v. 644.— Virg. G. 1, v. 33.— 

Apollod. 3, c. 14— Hygin. fab. 1 and 24. A 

daughter of J^gistiius and Clytemnestra, wh© 
had by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who 
shared thr regal power with TimasemiS) lUe 



ER 

legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. Paus. 
2, c. \S.—Paterc. 1, c. 1. 

Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog- 
star, because looking towards Erigone, he. 
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 723. 

Erigunus, a river of Thrace. A pain- 
ter. Plin. 35, c. 11. 

Erigvus, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander's 
officers. Curt. 6, c. 4. 

Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage, con- 
temporary with Zeno. Diog. 

Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
Tacit. Ann. ll,c. 16. 

Erinna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with 
Sappho. Plin. 34 c. 8. 

Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eurae- 
nides. The word signifies the fury of the 
mind, «e«; vou?. [Vid. Eumenides,] Virg. JEn. 
2, V. 337.— — A surname of Ceres, on account 
of her amour with Neptune under the form of 
ahorse. Paus. 8, c. 25 and 42. 

Eriopis, a daughter of Medea. Paus. 
2, c. 3. 

Eriphanis, a Greek woman famous for 
her poetical compositions. She was extreme- 
ly fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy 
his company she accustomed herself to live in 
the woods. Aihen. H. 

Eriphidas, a Lacedaemonian, who being 
sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assem- 
bled the people, and beheaded 500 of the ring- 
leaders. Diod. 14. 

Eriphyle, a sister of Adrastus king of 
Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was 
daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When 
her husband concealed himself that he might 
not accompany the Argives in their expedition 
against Thebes, where he knew he was to per- 
ish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by 
Polynices with a golden necklace which had 
been formerly given to Hei-mione by the god- 
dess Venus, and she discovered where Am- 
phiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle 
compelled him to go to the war ; but before he 
departed, he charged his son Alcmaeon to mur- 
der his mother as soon as he was informed of 
his death. Amphiaraus- perished in the expe- 
dition, and his death was no sooner known than 
his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle 
was murdered by the hands of her son. Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 445. — Homer. Od. 11. — Cic.in Verr. 
4, c. 18.— Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c.6 and T.—Hy- 
gin.faX). 73. — Paus. 5, c. 17. 

Eris, the goddess of discord among the 
Greeks. She is the same as the Discocdia of 
the Latins. Vid. Discordia. 

Erisicthon, a Thessalian, son of Triops, 
who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. 
This impiety irritated the goddess, who af- 
flicted him with continual hunger. He squan- 
dered all his possessions to gratify the cravings 
of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own 
limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra 
had the power of transforming herself into 
whatever animal she pleased, and she made 
use of that artifice to maintain her father, who 
sold her, after which she assumed another 
ghape and became again his property. Oind. 
Met. fab. 18. 

EuiTHiJs, a eon of Actor, killed by Per- 
seus. Ovid. Met. 5. 

Ekixo, a Roman knight condemned by the 
people for having whipped his son to death. 
ii:encc, 1, da Clem. 14. 



ER 

ErocHus, a townof Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 8. 

Eropcs, or^'EROPAS, a king of Macedonia, 
who when in the cradle succeeded his fa- 
ther Philip 1st, B. C. 602. He made war 
against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. 
Justin. 7, c. 2. 

Eros, a servant of whom Antony demand- 
ed a sword to kill himself Eros produced 
the instrument, but instead of giving it to his 
master, he killed himself in his presence. 

Plut. in Anton. A comedian. Cic. pro 

Rose. 2. A son of Chronos or Saturn, god 

of love. Vid. Cupido. 

Erostratus. Vid. Eratostratus. 

Erotia, a festival in honour of Eros the 
god of love. It was celebrated by the Thes- 
pians every fifth year with sports and games, 
when musicians and others contended. If any 
quarrels or seditions had arisen among the 
people, it was then usual to oflfer sacrifices 
and prayers to the god, that he would totally 
remove them. 

Errvca, a town of the Volsci in Italy. 

Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. Vid. Herse. 

Erxias, a man who wrote an history of 
Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the per- 
son who wrote an history of Rhodes. 

Eryalus, a Trojan chief, killed by Patro- 
clus. Hoin.IL 16, v.41h 

Erymas, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 
JEn. 9, V. 702. 

Erybium, a town at the foot of mount Par- 
nassus. 

Erycina, a surname of Venus from mount 
Erj^x, where she \\<\A a temple. She was also 
worshipped at Rome under this appTellation. 
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 814.— Horat. 1. Od. 2, v. 33. 

Erymanthis, a surname of Callisto, as an 

inhabitant of Erymanthus. Arcadia is also 

known by that name. 

Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and town 
of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a pro- 
digious boar, which he carried on his shoul- 
ders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified 
at the sight, that he hid himself In a brazen ves- 
sel. Paus. 8, c. 24.----Virg. ACn. 6, v. 802.— 
Plin. 4, c. 6.— Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 8, 1. 4, c. 22.— 
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 499. 

Erymn^, a town of Thessaly. Paus. 8, c. 
24. — rOf Magnesia. 

Erymneus, a Peripatetic philosopher who 
flourished B. C. 126. 

EuYMUs, a huntsman of Cyzicus. 

Ervthea, an island between Gades and 
Spain, where Gerjon reigned. Plin. 4, c. 
22.— Mela, 3, c. 6.—Propert. 4, el. 10, v. 1.— 

Sil. 16, V. 195.— Olid. Fast. 5, v. 649. A 

dangiiter of Geryon. Paus. 10, c. 37. 

Erythini, a town of Paphlagonia. 

Ervtur^, a town of Ionia, opposite Chios, 
once the residence of a Sibyl. It was built by 
Neleus, the son of Codrus. Paiis. 10, c. 12. 

—Liv. 4^, c. 28, 1. 38, c. 39 A town of 

Bceotia. Id.6,c. 21. One hi Libya, 

another in Locris. 

Ervthr^el'm mare, a part of the ocean 
on the coast of Arabia. As it has a commu- 
nication withthe Persian gulf, and that of Ara- 
bia or the Red Sea, it has often been mistaken 
by ancient writers, who by the word Ery- 
threan, understood indiscriminately either the 
Red Sea or the Persian gulf It received this 
name either from Erythras, or from \\\e red- 



ET 

ness{»e»3^e!>?, ruber) of its sand or waters. Curt. 
S, c. 9.—Plin. 6, c. 23.— Herodot. 1, c. 180 and 
189, L 3, c. 93, 1. 4, c. 37.— Mela, 3, c. 8. 

Erythras, a son of Hercules. Apollod. 
A sonof Perseus and Andromeda, drown- 
ed in the Red Sea, which from him was called 
Erylhrczum. Arrian. Ind. 6, c. 19. — Mela, 3. 
c. 7. 

Erythrion, a son of Athamas and The- 
mistone. Apollod. 

Erythros, a place of Latium. 

Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who rely- 
ing upon his strength, challenged all strangers 
to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. 
Hercules accepted his challenge after many 
had yielded to his superior dexterity, and 
Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on 
the mountain, where he had built a temple to 
Venus. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 402. An Indian kil- 
led by his subjects for opposing Alexander, kc. 

Curt. 8, c. 11. A mountain of Sicily, now 

Giuliano near Drepanum, which received its 
name from Eryx, who was buried there. This 
mountain was so steep that the houses which 
were built upon it seemed every moment rea- 
dy to fall. Dasdalus had enlarged the top, and 
enclosed it with a strong wall. He also conse- 
crated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, 
which so much resembled life, that it seemed 
to exceed the power of art. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 
478.— Hi/gm. tab. 16 and 260.— Lu'. 22, c. 9.— 
Mela, 2, c. 7.—Paus. 3, c. 16. 

_ Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully 
killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. 
Herodot. 4, c. 160. 

EsERNus, a famous gladiator. Cic. 

EsQ,uiLi.gE, and Esquilinus mons, one of 
the seven hills of Rome, which was joined 
to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey 
generally came to devour the dead bodies of 
criminals who had been executed there, and 
thencp they w*ere called Esquilbvz alites. 
Liv,2,c. U.—Horat.5, epod. v. 100.— Tacit. 
Ann. 2, c. 32. 

EssENDONJES, a people of Asia, above the 
Palus Ma30tis, who eat the flesh of their pa- 
rents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded 
the head and kept it as sacred. Mela, 2, c. 1. 
— Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Essui, a people of Gaul. 
^ EsTiiEoTis, a district of Thessaly, on the 
river Peneus. 

EsuLA, a town of Italy, near Tibur. Horat. 
3, Od. 29, V. 6. 

EsTiAiA, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of 
which it was unlawful to carry away any thing 
or communicate it to any body. 

Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. 
After the death of his wife, he married a wo- 
man who made herself odious for her tyranny 
over her step-daughter Phronima. Etearchus 
i^ave ear to all the accusations which were 
brought against his daughter, and ordered her 
to be thrown into the sea. She had a son cal- 
led Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. He- 
rodot. 4, c. 154. 

Eteocx.es, a son of CEdipus and Jocasta. 
After his fathers death, it was agreed betv.enn 
him and his brother Polynices, timt they should 
Itoth share the royalty, and reign alternately 
each a year. Eteocles by right of seniority 
first ascended the throne, but after the first 
year of hi? reign was expired, he reftised to 



ET 

give up the crown to his brother according to 
their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving 
to punish such an open violation of a solemn 
engagement, went to implore the assistance of 
Adrastus, king of Argos. He received that 
king's daughter in marriage, and was soon af- 
ter assisted with a strong army, headed by sev- 
en famous generals. These hostile prepara- 
tions were watched by Eteocles, who on his 
part did not remain inactive. He chose seven 
brave chiefs to oppose tiie seven leaders of the 
Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates 
of the city. He placed himself against his 
brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus 
to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Mega- 
reus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopaeus, 
and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood 
was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, 
and it was at last agreed between the two broth- 
ers that the war should be decided by single 
combat. They both fell in an engagement con- 
ducted with the most inveterate fury on either 
side, and it is even said that the ashes of these 
two brothers, who had been so inimical one to 
the other, separated themselves on the burn- 
ing pile, as if even after death, sensible of re- 
sentment, and hostile to reconciliation. Stat. 
Theh.— Apollod. 3, c. 5, hc.—JEschyl. Sept. 
atUe Theb. — Eurip in JPhcenis. — Pans. 5, c. 

9, 1. 9, c. 6. A Greek, the first who raised 

altars to the Graces. Paus. 

Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of the 
army of Adrastus, in his expedition against 
Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disin- 
terestedness and mananimity. He was killed 
by Megareus, the son of Creon, under the 
walls of Thebes. Eurip. — Apollod. 3, c. 6. 
A son of Iphis. 



ExEocRETiE, an ancient people of Crete. 

Eteones, a town of Bceotia on the Asopus. 
Stat. Theb. 7, v. 266. 

Eteokeus, an officer at the court of Mene- 
laus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. He 
was son of Boethus. Homer. Od. 4, v. 22. 

Eteonicus, a Lacedaemonian general, who, 
upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquer- 
ed at Arginusse, ordered the njessengers of 
this news to be crowned, and to enter Mity- 
lene in triumph. This so terrified Conon, 
who besieged the town, that he concluded that 
the enemy had obtained some advantageous 
victory, and he raised the siege. Diod. 13. — 
Polycen. 1. 

Etesi.®, periodical northern winds of a 
gentle and mild nature, very common for five 
or six weeks in the months of spring and au- 
tumn. Lucret. 5, v. 741. 

Ethalion, one of the Terrhene sailors 
changed into dolphuis for carrying away Bac- 
chus. O^nd. Met. 3, V. 647. 

Etheleum, a river of Asia, the boundary of 
Troas and Mysia. Slrab. 

Ethoda, a daughter of Amphion and 
Niobe. 

Ethemo.n, a person killed at the marriage 
of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 163. 

Etias, a daughter of .apneas. Paus. 
c. 22. 

ETrs, a town of Peloponnesus. Id.ib. 

EtrCria. Vid. Hetruria. 

Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, 
inous for their superstitions and enchantments 
i^id. Hetruria. Cic. ad. fom. 6, ep. 0.— I»r 
2, c. 34. 



3, 



fa- 



EV 

Etylus, the father of Theocles. Id. 6, 
«. 19. 

EvADNE, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of 
Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, 
and married Capaneus one of the seven chiefs 
who went against Thebes. When her hus- 
band had been struck with thunder by Jupi- 
ter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his 
ashes had been separated from those of the 
rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his 
burning pile and perished in the flames. Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 44T.—Propert. 1, el. 15, v. 21. 

—Stat. Theb. 12, v. 800. A daughter of 

the Strymon and Neaera, She married Ar- 
gus, by whom she had four children, jipol- 
lod. 2. 

EvAGEs, a poet famous for his genius but 
not for his learning. 

EvAGORAs, a king of Cyprus who retook 
Salamis, which bad been taken from his father 
by the Persians. He made war against Ar- 
taxerxes, the king of Persia, with the assist- 
ance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, 
and obtained some advantage over the fleet of 
his enemy. The Persians however soon re- 
paired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself 
defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be 
tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to 
be stripped of all his dominions except the 
town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon 
after this fatal change of fortune, by an eunuch, 
374 B. C. He left two sons, Nicoeles, who 
succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived 
his nephew Evagoras of his possessions Eva- 
goras deserves to be commended for his sobri- 
ety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he 
was guilty of any political error in the manage- 
ment of his kingdom, it may be said that his 
love of equity was a full compensation. His 
grandson bore the same name, and succeeded 
his father Nicoeles. He showed himself op' 
pressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advan- 
tage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his 
power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, 
who gave him a government more extensive 
than that of Cyprus, but his oppression ren- 
dered him odious, and he was accused before 
his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. 
C. Mp. 12, c. %—Diod. \A.—Paus. 1, c. 3.— 

Jusiin. 5, c. 6. A man of Ells who obtained 

a prize at the Olympian games. Paus. 5, c. 

8. A Spartan famous for his services to the 

people of Elis. Id. 6, c. 10. A son of Ne- 

leus and Chloris. Jipollod. 1, c. 9. A son 

of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. A king of Rhodes. 

An historian of Lindos. Another of 

Thasos, whose works proved sei-viceable to 
Pliny in the completion of his natural history. 
P/m. 10. 

EvAGORE, one of th j Nereides. Apollod. 
Evan, a surname c ^ Bacchus, which he 
received from the wild ejaculation of Evmi ! 
Evan .' by his priestesses. Ovul. Met. 4, v. 15. 
— Virg. Jtln. r>, V. 517. 

EvANDER, a son of the prophetess Cai*- 
mente, king of Arcadia. An accidental mur- 
der obliged him to leave iiis country, and he 
came to Italy, where he drove the Aborigines 
from their ancient possessions, and reigned in 
that part of the country where Rome was af- 
J terwards founded. He kindly received Her- 
cules wlien he returned from the conquest of 
Geiyon ; and he was the iirst who raised him 



EU 

altars. He gave .^neas assistance against tb« 
Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hos- 
pitality. It is said that he first brought the 
Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced 
there the worship of the Greek deities. He 
was honoured as a god after death by his sub- 
jects, who raised him an altar on mount Aven- 
tine. Paus. 8, c. 43.— Liu. 1, c. I.—Iial.l, 
V. 18. — Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 7. — Ovid. Fast. 1, 

v. 500, 1. V. 9\.— Virg. JEn. 8, v 100, he. 

A philosopher of the second academy, who 
flourished B. C. 215. 

EvANGELus, a Greek historian. A comic 

poet. 

EvANGORiDES, a man of Elis, who wrote an 
account of all those who had obtained d prize 
at Olyraj/ia, where he himself had been victo- 
rious. Pans. 6, c. 8. 

EvATHES, a man who planted a colony in 

Lucania at the head of some Locrians. A 

celebrated Greek poet. An historian of Mi- 
letus. A philosopher of Saraos. A wri- 
ter of Cyzicus. A son of (Enopion of 

Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Paus. 
7, c. 4. 

EvARCHTTs, a river of Asia Minor flowing 
into the Euxine on the confines of Cappadocia^ 
Flac.6,Y. 102. 

Evas, a native of Phrygia, who accompa- 
nied iEneas into Italy, where he was killed by 
Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 702. 

Evax, an Arabian prince who wrote to Ne- 
ro concerning jewels, &.C. P/m. 25, c. 2. 

EuBAGES, certain priests held in great vene- 
ration among the Gauls and Britons. Vid. 
Druida;. 

EuBATAS, an athlete of Cyrene, whom tht 
courtezan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce 
Paus. Eliac. 1. 

EuEius, an obscene writer, &.c. Ovid. Tri^t. 
2, V. 415. 

EuBCEA, the largest island in the .^Egean 
sea after Crete, now called Negropont. It is 
separated from the continent of Bceotia, by the 
narrow stcaits of the Euripus, and was an- 
ciently known by the different names of Ma- 
cris, Oche, Ellopia, Chalcis, Mantis, j9sopis. 
It is 150 miles long, 37 broad in its most ex- 
tensive parts, and 365 in circumference. The 
principal town was Chalcis, and it was reported 



that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island 
had been formerly joined to the continent. Eu- 
boea was subject to the power of the Greeks ; 
some of its cities, however, remained for some 
time independent. Plin.4, c. 12. — Strab. 10. 

— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 155. One of the three 

daughters of the river AsterioH, who was one 

of the nurses of Juno. Paus. 2, c. 17. One 

of Mercury's mistresses. A daughter of 

Thespius. .Apollod. 2. A town of Sicily 

near Hybla. 

Euisoicus, belonging to Eubcea. The epi- 
thet is also applied to the country of Cuma?, 
because that city was built by a colony from 
Chalcis, a town of Eubcea. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 
^dT.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 2, 1. 9, v. 710. 

EuBOTE, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 

EuBOTEs, a son of Hercules. Id. 2. 

EubiJle, an Athenian virgin, daughter of 
Leon, sacrificed with her sister, by order of 
the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her 
country, which laboured under a famine 
^Elia7i. V. II. 12, c. 18. 



EU 

EuBULiDES, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil 
and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was 
one of his pupils, and by his advice and encou- 
ragement to perseverance he was enabled to 
conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing 
the letter R. He severely attacked the doc- 
trines of Aristotle. I>wg. An historian 

who wrote an account of Socrates, and of 

Diogenes. Laertius. A famous statuary of 

Athens. Pans. 8, c. 14. 

EuBiJLDS, an Athenian orator, rival to De- 
mosthenes. A comic poet. An historian 

who wrote a voluminous account of Mithra:^. 
A philosopher of Alexandria. 

AucERUS, a man of Alexandria accused of 
adultery with OctaWa, that Nero might have 
occasion to divorce her. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 60. 

EucHENOR, a son of iEgyptus and Arabia. 
ApoUod. 

EucHiDES, an Athenian who went to Delphi 
and returned the same day, a journey of about 
107 miles. The object of his journey was to 
obtain some sacred fire. 

EucLiDEs, a native of Megara, disciple of 
Socrates, B. C. 404. When the Athenians had 
forbidden all the people of Megara on pain of 
death to enter their city, Euclides disguised 
himself in women's clothes to introduce him- 
self into the presence of Socrates. Diog. in 

Socrate. A mathematician of Alexandria, 

who flourished 300 B. C. He dlstingubhed 
himself by his writings on music and geome- 
try, but particularly by 15 books on the ele- 
ments of mathematics, which consist of prob- 
lems and theorems with demonstrations. This 
work has been greatly mutilated by commen- 
tators. Euclid was so respected in his life- 
time, that king Ptolemy became one of his 
pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexan- 
dria, which became so famous, that from his 
age to the time of the Saracen conquest, no 
mathematician was found but what had studied 
at Alexandria. He was so respected that Pla- 
to, himself a mathematician, being asked con- 
cerning the building of an altar at Athens, re- 
ferred his inquiries to the mathematician of 
Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid's 
writings is that of Gregoiv, fol. Oson. 1703. 
Val. Max. 8, c. 12.— C/c. deOrat. 3, c. 72. 

EucLus, a prophet of Cyprus, who fore- 
told the birth and greatness of the poet Ho- 
mer, according to some traditions. Paus. 10, 
c. 12. 

EccRATE, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 

EucRixES, the father of Procles the histo- 
rian. Paus. 2, c. 21. 

EccRiTus. Vld. Evephenus. 

EtcTEMOx, a Greek of Cumaj, exposed to 
great barbarities. Curl. 5, c. 5. An astro- 
nomer who flourished B. C. 431. 

EucRESFi, a people of Peloponnesus. 

EuD.E.Mox, a general of Alexander. 

EcDAMiDAS, a son of Archidamus 4th, 
brother to Agis 4tb. He succeeded on tlie 
Spartan throne, after his brother's death, B. 
C. 330. Paus. 3, c. 10. A son of Archida- 
mus, king of Sparta, who succeeded B. C. 268. 

The commander of a garrison stationed 

at TrcEzene by Cralprus. 

El'damus, a son of Agesilaus of the Hcrac- 

lidae. He s'lcceeded his father. A learned 

naturalist and philosoi)her. 

EcDEMUs, the physician of Livia,. the wiff 



EV 

of Drusus, he. Tacit, .inn. 4, c. 3. -An 

orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopce- 
men. An historian of Naxos. 

EuDociA, the wife of the emperor Theodo- 
sius the younger, who gave the public some 
compositions. She died A. D. 460. 

EuDociMus, a man who appeased a mutiny 
among some soldiers by telling them that an 
hostile army was in sight. Polyaen. 

EuDoRUA, one of the Nereides. One of 

the Atlantides. 

EuDuRus, a son of Mercury and Polimela, 
who went to the Trojan war with Achilles, 
Homer. II. 16. 

EuDoxi Specula, a place in Egypt. 

EuDoxiA, the wife of Arcadius, he A 

daughter of Theodosius the younger, who 
married the emperor Maximus, and invited 
Genseric the Vandal over into Italy. 

EuDoxus, a son of ^schines of Cnidus, 
who distinguished himself by his knowledge of 
astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was 
the first who regulated the year among the 
Greeks, among whom he first brought from 
Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astrono- 
my. He spent a great part of his life on the 
top of a mountain, to study the motion of the 
stars, by whose appearance he pretended to 
foretell the events of futurity. He died in his 
53d year, B. C. 352. Lucan. 10, v. 187.— 

Diog. — Pefroti. 88. A native of Cyzicus, 

who sailed all round the coast of Africa from 
the Red Sea, and entered the Mediterranean 

by the columns of Hercules. A Sicilian, 

son of Agathocles. A physician. Diog. 

EvELTHON, a king of Salamis in Cyprus. 

EcEMERiDAS, an historian of Cnidus, 

EvEMERUs, an ancient historian of Mess*- 
nia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled 
over Greece and Arabia, and wrote an history 
of the gods, in which he proved that they all 
had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. 
Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost. 

EvENOR, a painter, father to Parrhasius. 
Plin. 35, c. 9. 

EvENus, an elegiac poet of Paros. A 

river running through iEtolia, and falling into 
the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Eve- 
nus, son of Mars and Sterope, who being una- 
ble to overcome Idas, who had promised him 
his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he sur- 
passed him in running, grew so desperate, 
that he threw himself into the river, which 
afterwards bore his name. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 

104. — Sttab. 7. A son of Jason and Hyp- 

sipyle, queen of Lemnos. Homer. II. 7, v. 467. 

Evephenus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
whom Dionysius condemned to death because 
he had alienated the people of Metapontum 
from his power. The philosopher begged 
leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, 
and promised to return in six months. Diony- 
sius consented by receiving Eucritus, who 
pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not 
return in time. Evephenus returned at the 
appointed moment, to the astonishment of 
Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus 
from tiic death which threatened him. The 
tyrant was so pleased with lliese two friends, 
that iie pardoned Evephenus, and begged to 
shai'e their friendship and conrKleiice./*o/^ie/».5. 

EvERES, a son of Peteralaus, the only one 
of his family who did not peri?h in a battle 



EU 

against Electryon. Jlpollod. 2. A son of 

Hercules and Parthenope. The father of 

Tiresias. £pollod. 

EvERGETiE, a people of Scythia, called also 
Erimaspi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 

EvERGETES, a suiviame signifying benefac- 
tor , given to Philip of Macedonia, and to An- 
tigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was 
also commonly given to the kings of Syria and 
Pontus, and we often see among the former an 
Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a 
Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman 
emperors also claimed that epithet, so expres- 
sive of benevolence and humanity. 

EvESPERiDEs, apeopleof Africa. Herodoi: 
4, c. 171. 

EuGANEi, a people of Italy on the borders 
of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by 
the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. 
Sil. 8, v. G04.—Liv. I, c. 1. 

EuGEON, an ancient historian before the 
Peloponnesian war. 

EuGENius, an usurper of the imperial title 
after the death of Valentinian the 2d, A. D. 392. 

EuHEMERUs. Vid. Evemerus. 

EuHYDRUM, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, 
e. 13. 

EuHYUs and Evius, a surname of Bacchus, 
given him in the war of the giants against Ju- 
piter. Horat. 2, Od. 11, v. 17. 

EviPPE, one of the Danaides who married 
and murdered Imbras. — . — Another. Apollod. 

2, c. 1. The mother of the Pierides, who 

were changed into magpies. Ovid. Met. 5, 
V. 303. 

Evippus, a son of Thestius, king of Pleu- 
pon, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase 

of the Calydonian boar. Apollod. 1, c. 7. 

A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer. II. 16, 
V. 417. 

EuLiMENE, one of the Nereides. 

EuAtachius, a Campanian who wrote an 
history of Annibal. 

Eum^eus, a herdsman and steward of Ulys- 
ses, who knew his master at his return home 
from the Trojan war after 20 years absence, 
and assisted him in removing Penelope's suit- 
ors. He was originally the son of the king of 
Scyros, and upon being carried away by pi- 
rates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who 
rewarded his fidelitv and services. Homer. 
Od. 13, V. 403, 1. 14', V. 3, 1. 15, v. 288, 1. 16 
and 17. 

EuMEDEs, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who 
came to Italy with iEneas, where he was kill- 
ed by Turnus. Virg.^n. 12, V. MQ.—Ovid. 
Trist. 3, el. 4, v. 27. 

EuMELis, a famous augur. Stat. 4. Sylv. 8, 
r. 49. 

EuMELTJS, a son of Admetus, king of Pherai 
in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, 
and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian 
army. "He distinguished himself in the games 
made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. II. 2 
and 23. A man whose daughter was chan- 
ged into a bird. Ovid. Met. 7, c. 390. A 

man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom 
he learned the art of agriculture. Pans. 7, 

c. 18. One of the followers of ^neas, who 

first informed his friends that his fleet had 
been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virg. 

.fEn. 5, V. G65. One of the Bacchiadae, who 

wrote, among other thing?; a poetical history 



EU 

of Corinth, B. C. 750, of which a small frag^- 

ment is still extant. Paus. 2, c. 1. A king 

of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B. C. 
304. 

EuMENEs, a Greek officer in the army of 
Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the 
most worthy of all the officers of Alexander 
to succeed after the death of his master. He 
conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of 
which he obtained the government, till the 
power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him 
to retire. He joined his forces to those of 
Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neop- 
tolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands 
of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed 
during the war, his remains received an hon- 
ourable funeral from the hand of the conquer- 
or ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the 
ashes of a man who once was his dearest 
friend, sent his remains to his relations in 
Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Anti- 
pater and conquered him, and after the death 
of Perdiccas, his ally, his arms were directed 
against Antigonus, by whom he was con- 
quered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of 
his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to 
disband the greatest part of his army to se- 
cure himself a retreat, and he fled with only 
700 faithful attendants to Nora, a fortified 
place on the confines of Cappadocia, where 
he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He 
supported the siege for a year with courage 
and resolution, but some disadvantageous 
skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, 
grown desperate, and bribed by the oflfers of 
the enemy, had the infidelity to betray hira 
into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, 
from shame or remorse, had not the courage 
to visit Eumenes ; but when he was asked by 
his officers, in what manner he wished him to 
be kept, he answered, Keep him as carefully 
as you would keep a lion. This severe com- 
mand was obeyed ; but the asperity of Anti- 
gonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, 
delivered from the weight of chains, was per- 
mitted to enjoy the company of his friends. 
Even Antigonus hesitated whether he shoidd 
not restore to his liberty a man with whom he 
had lived in the greatest intimacy while both 
were subservient to the command of Alex- 
ander, and these secret emotions of pity and 
humanity were not a little increased by the 
petitions of his son Demetrius for the release 
of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition pre- 
vailed ; and when Antigonus recollected what 
an active enemy he had in his power, he or- 
dered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison ; 
(though some imagine he was murdered with- 
out the knowledge of his conqueror.) His 
bloody commands were executed B. C. 315. 
Such was the end of a man who raised himself 
to power by merit alone. His skill in public 
exercises first recommended him to the notice 
of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment 
and fidelity to the royal person, and particu- 
larly his military accomplishments, promoted 
him to the rank of a general. Even his ene- 
mies revered him ; and Antigonus, by whose 
orders he perished, honoured his remains with 
a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to 
his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been 
observed that Eumenes had such an universal 
influence over the successors of Alexander, 



-of Hyrcaaia. 

EuMENiDEs and Eumenes, a man mention- 
ed Ovid. 3. Trist. el. 4, v. 27. 

EuMi.viDEs, a name given to tiie Furies by 
the ancients. They sprang from the drops of 
blood which flowed from the wound which 
Ccelus received from his son Saturn. Accord- 
ing to others they were daughters of the earth, 
and conceived from the blood of Saturn. 
Some make them daughters of Acheron and 
Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and 
Terra, according to Sophocles, or as Epirae- 
nides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. Ac- 
cording to the most received opinions, they 
were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and 
Aleclo, to w hich some add Nemesis. Plutarch 
mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of 
Jupiter arid Necessity. They were supposed 
to he the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, 
and llierefore appeared stern and inexorable ; 
always employed in punishing the guilty upon 
earth, as well as in tiie iiifernal regions. They 
inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, 
pestilence, and di.ssentions, and by the secret 
stings of conscience ; and in hell they punished 
the guilty by continual (lagellation and tor- 
ments. They were f.lso called Furies, Erin- 
nyes, and Diroi, and the appellation of Eume- 
uides, which signifies benevolence and corapas- 



EU 

that none during his life time dared to assume 
the title of king; and it does not a little reflect 
to his honour, to consider that the wars he 
carried on were not from private or interested 
motives, but for the good and welfare of his 
deceased benefactor's children. Plut. S/- C.JVep. 
in Tita. — Diod. 19 — Justin. 13. — Curt. 10. — 
Arian. A king of Pergamus, who succeed- 
ed his uncle Phileta^rus on the throne, B. C. 
263. He made war against Antiochus the son 
of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by 
seizing upon many of the cities of the kings of 
Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, ' 
and made war against Prusias, king of Bithynia. 
He was a great patron of learning, and given 
much to wine. He died of escess in drinking, 
after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded 

by Attains. Strab. 15. The second of that 

name succeeded his father Attains on the 
throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom 
was small and poor, but he rendered it power- 
ful and opulent, and his alliance with the 
Romans did not a little contribute to the in- 
crease of his dominions after the victories ob- 
tained over Antiochus the Great. He carried 
his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and 
died B. C. 159, after a reign of 38 yeai-s, lea%-- 
ing the kingdom to his son Attains 2d. He has 
been admii-ed for his benevolence and mag- 
nanimity, and his love of learning greatly en- 
riched the famous library of Pergamus, which 
had Been founded by his predecessors in imita- 
tion of the Alexandrian collection of thePtolo- 
mies. His brothers were so attached to him, 
and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted 
among his body guards to show their fraternal 
fidelity. Strab. 13. — Justin. 31 and 34. — Po- 

lyb. A celebrated orator of Athens about 

the beginning of the fourth century. Some of 

his harangues and orations are extant. An 

historical writer in Alexander's army. 

El MENiA, a city of Phrygia, built by Atta- 
ins in honour of his brother Eumenes. A 

city of Thrace, of Cari.a. Ptin. 5, c. 29. 



EU 



slon, they received after they had ceased to 
persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered 
them sacrifices, and erected a temple in hon- 
our of their divinity. Their worship was al- 
most universal, and people presumed not to 
mention their names or fix their eyes upon 
their temples. They were honoured with sac- 
rifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a 
temple, which when entered by any one guil- 
ty of crime, suddenly rendered him furious, 
and deprived him of the use of his reason. 
In their sacrifices the votaries used branches of 
cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and ju- 
niper, and the victims were genei-ally turtle 
doves and sheep, with libations of wine and 
honey. They w-ere generally represented with 
a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and 
bloody gai-ment; and serpents wreathing round 
their heads instead of hair. They held a burn- 
ing torch in\)ne hand, and a whip of scorpions 
in the other, and were always attended by- 
terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they 
were seated around Pluto's throne, as the 
ministers of his vengeance. Mschyl. in Eumen. 
— Sopkocl. in (Edip. Col. 

EuiMENiDiA, festivals in honour of the Eu- 
menides, called by the Athenians Ti^u.** dw., 
venerable (roddesses. They were celebrated 
once every year with sacrifices of pregnant 
ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the 
most eminent youths, and libations of honey 
and wine. At Atliens none but free-born 
citizens were admitted, such as had led a life 
the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only 
were accepted by the goddesses who punished 
all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner. 

EuMENius, a Trojan killed by Camilla in 
Italy^ Virg. Mn. 11, v. G66. 

EU3I0LPE, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 

EuMOLPid:, the priests of Ceres at the cele- 
bration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes 
relating to impiety or profanation were re- 
ferred to their judgment, and their decisions, 
though occasionally severe, were considered 
as generally impartial. The Eumolpid«e were 
descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, 
who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus 
king of Athens. He became so powerful after 
his appointment to the priesthood, that he 
maintained a war against Erechtheus. This 
war proved fatal to both ; Erechtheus and Eu- 
molpus were both killed, and peace was re- 
established amon^ their descendants, on con- 
dition that the priesthood should ever remain 
in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal pow- 
er in the house of Erechtheus. The priest- 
hood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 
1200 years ; and this is still more remarkable, 
because he who was once appointed to the 
holy oiiice, was obliged to remain in perpe- 
tual celibacy. Paus. 2, c. 14. 

Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Nep- 
tune and Chione. He was thrown into the 
sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her 
shame from her father. Neptune saved his 
life, and carried him into j^thiopia, where he 
vv as brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards 
by a woman of the country, one of whose 
daughters he married. An act of violence to 
hissister-in-law obliged him to leave -(i^thiopia, 
and he lied to Thrace w^ith his son Ismarus, 
where he married the daughter of Tegyrius, 
the king of the country. This connc.\iou with 



EU 

the royal family, rendered him ambitious ; he 
conspired against his father-in-law, and fled, 
when the conspiracy was discovered, to Atti- 
ca, where he was initiated in the mysteries of 
Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or 
High Priest. He was afterwards reconciled to 
Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He 
made war against Erechtheus, the king of 
Athens, who had appointed hira to the office 
of high priest, and perished in battle. His de- 
scendants were also invested with the priest- 
hood, which remained for about 1200 years in 
that family. Vid. Eumolpidae. Apollod. 2, c. 
5, &,c. — Hygin. fab. 73. — JHod. 5. — Paus. 2, c. 
14. 

EuMONiDES, aTheban, &ic. Plut. 

EunjEus, a son of Jason by Hypsipyle, 
daughter of Thoas. Homer. II. 7. 

EuNAPius, a physician, sophist, and histo- 
rian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the 
reign of Valentinian and his successors, and 
wrote a history of the Caesars, of which few 
fragments remain. His life of the philosophers 
of his age is still extant. It is composed with 
fidelity and elegance, precision and correct- 
ness. 

EuNoMiA, a daughter of Juno, one of the 
Horae. Apollod. 

EuNOMLs, a son of Prytanes, who succeed- 
ed his father on the throne of Sparta. Paus. 

2, c. 36. A famous musician of Locris, rival 

to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical 

prize at Delphi. Strab. 6. A man killed by 

Hersules. Jlpollod. A Thracian, who ad- 
vised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by 
his ill success in his first attempts to speak in 

public. Plut in Dcm. The father of Ly- 

Gurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. Plut. in 
Lye. 

EuNus, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the 
minds of the servile multitude by pretended 
inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut 
with sulphur in his raouth, and by artfully 
conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to 
the astonishment of the people, who believed 
him to be a god, or something more than hu- 
man. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 
slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw him- 
self at the head of 50,000 men. With such a 
force he defeated the Roman armies, till Per- 
penna obliged him to surrender by famine, and 
exposed on a cross the greatest part of his fol- 
lowers, B. C. 132. Plut. in Serf. 

EuoNYMos, one of the Lipari isles. 

EuoRAS, a grove of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 10. 

EuPAGiUM, a town of Peloponnesus. 

EuPALAMON, one of the hunters of the 
Galydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. 

EuPALAMus, the father of Daedalus and of 
Matiadusa. Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

EuPATOR, a son of Antiochus. The sur- 
name of FAipalor was given to many of the 
Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &.c. Strab. 

EuPATOKiA, a town of Paphlagonia, built 
by Mithridates, and called afterwards Pom- 
peipolis by Pompey. Plin. 6, c. 2. Ano- 
ther called Magnopolis in Pontus, now TeJie- 
nikeli. Strab. 22. 

EuPEiTHEs, a prince of Ithaca, father to 
Antinous. In the former part of his life he 
had fled before the vengeance of the Thespro- 
tians, whose territories he had laid waste in the 



EU 

pursuit of some pirates. During the absence 
of Ulysses he was one of the most importun- 
ing lovers of Penelope. Homer. Od. 16. 

EuPHAEi, succeeded Androcles on the 
throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first 
Messenian war began. He died B. C. 730. 
Paus. 4, c. 5 and 6. 

EuPHANTus, a poet and historian of Olyn- 
thus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Auti- 
gonus king of Macedonia. Diod. in End. 

EuPHEMEj a woman who was nurse to the 
Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Patw. 

EuPHEMUs, a son of Neptune and Europa, 
who was among the Argonauts, and the hun- 
ters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift 
and light that he could run over the sea with- 
out scarce wetting his feet. Pindar. Pyth 4. 

— Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Paus. 5, c. 17. One of 

the Greek captains before Troy. Homer. II. 2, 
V. 353. 

EupHORBUS, a famous Trojan, son of Pan- 
thous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom 
Hector killed. He perished by the hand of 
Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple 
of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of 
the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or trans- 
migration of souls, affirmed that he had been 
once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollect- 
ed many exploits which had been done while 
it animated that Trojan's body. As a further 
proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight 
the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 160.— Pau^. 2, c. 17.— Ho- 
mer. 16 and 17. A physician of Juba, king 

of Mauritania. 

EuPHORioK, a Greek poet of Chalcis in 
Euboea, in the age of Antiochus the Great. 
Tiberius took him for his model for correct 
writing, and was so fond of him that he hung 
his pictures in all the public libraries. His fa- 
ther's name was Polymnetus. He died in his 
56th year, B. C. 220. Cicero de Nat. D. 2, c. 

64, calls him Obscurum. The father of 

jEschylus bore the same name. 

EupHRANOR, a famous painter and sculptor 

of Corinth. Plin. 34, c. 8. This name was 

common to many Greeks. 

Euphrates, a disciple of Plato who go- 
verned Macedonia with absolute authority in 
the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself 
odious by his cruelty and jjedantry. After the 
death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Par- 

menio. A stoic philosopher in the age of 

Adrian, who destroyed himself, with the em- 
peror's leave, to escape the miseries of old 
age, A. D. 118. Dio. A large and cele- 
brated river of Mesopotamia, risuig from 
mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging 
itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. 
It is very rapid in its course, and passes 
through the middle of the city of Babylou, 
It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a 
certain season of the year, and, like the Nile, 
in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. 
Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and chang- 
ed the course of the waters when he besieged 



U.—Mela, 1, c.2, 1. 3, c. 8. 
-Virg. G. 1, v. 609, I. 4, v. 



Babylon. Strab. 
—Plin. 5, c. 24.- 
560. 

Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who 
enslaved his country by bribery. Diod. 15. 

EuPHRosYNA, one of the Graces, sister to 
Aglaia and Thalia. Paus. 9, c. 35. 



EU 



fioPL/EA, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, 
Bear Neapolis. Stat. 3, Silv. 1, 149. 

EupoLiS; a comic poet of Athens, who 
flourished 435 years before the Christian era, 
and severely lashed the vices and immoralities 
of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 
dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a 
dog so attached to him, that at his death he 
refused all aliments, and starved himself on 
his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put 
Eupolisto death because he had ridiculed him 
in a comedy which he had written against the 
Baptag; the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and 
the impure ceremonies of their worship ; but 
Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea figiil 
between the Athenians and the Lacedaemo- 
nians in the Hellespont, and that on that ac- 
count his countrymen, pitying his fate, de- 
creed that no poet should ever after go to war. 
Horat. 1, Sat. 4, 1. 2, Sat. 10.— Cic. ad Mtic. 
6, ep. I. — JElian. 
EupoMPUs, a geometrician of Macedonia. 

A painter. Plin. 34, c. 8. 

EuRiANASSA, a town near Chios. Plin. 5, 
C.31. 

EuRiPiDESj a celebrated tragic poet, born 
at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerx- 
es was defeated by the Greeks. He studied 
eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under So- 
crates, and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He 
applied himself to dramatical composition, and 
his writings became so much the admiration 
of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks 
who had accompanied Nicias in his expe- 
dition against Syracuse, were freed from 
slavery, only by repeating some verses from 
the pieces of Euripides. The poet often re- 
tired from the society of mankind, and con- 
fined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, 
where he wrote and finished his most excel- 
lent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were 
looked "upon by Euripides with jealousy, and 
the great enmity which always reigned be- 
tween the two poets, gave an opportunity to 
the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule 
them both on the stage with success and hu- 
mour. During the representation of one of the 
tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeas- 
ed with some lines in the composition, desired 
the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard 
the reproof with indignation ; he advanced for- 
ward on the stage, and told the spectators that 
he came there to instruct them, at)d not to re- 
ceive instruction. Another piece, in which he 
called riches the summum bonum and the admi- 
ration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfac- 
tion, but the poet desired the audience to lis- 
ten with silent attention, for the conclusion of 
the whole would show them the punishment 
v/hich attended the lovers of opulence. The 
ridicule and envy to which he was continiially 
exposed, obliged him at last to remove f:om 
Athens. He retired to the court of Arche- 
laus king of Macedonia, where he received 
the most conspicuous marks of royal munifi- 
cence and friendship. His eurl was as deplor a- 
ble as it was uncommon. It is said that the 
dogs of Archelaus n.et him in his solitary 
walks, and tore iiis body to pieces 407 year:- 
before the christian era. In the 7Sth year of 
his age Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of 
which only 19 are extant ; the most approved 
of wliich are his PhoenissaE?, Orestes, Medea, 

36 



EU 

Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Ipliigenia 
in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules and 
the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in ex- 
pressing the passions of love, especially the 
more tender and animated. To the pathos he 
has added sublimity, and the most common 
expressions have received a perfect polish 
from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, 
he Avas noble and majestic, and his deport- 
ment was always grave and serious. He was 
slow in composing, and laboured with dilficul- 
ty, from which circumstance afoolisli and ma- 
levolent poet once observed, that he had writ- 
ten 100 verses in three days, while Euripides 
had written only three. True, says Euripides, 
but there is this difference between your poetry 
and mine; yours will expire in three days, 
but mine shall live for ages to come. Euripi-' 
des was such an enemy to the fair sex, that 
some have called him huroyw^; woman haters 
and perhaps from this aversion arise the im- 
pure and diabolical machinations which appear 
in his female characters; an observation, hov/* 
ever, which he refuted by saying he had faith- 
fully copied nature. In spite of all his antipathy 
he was married twice, but his connexions were 
so injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce 
both his wives. The best editions of this great 
poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols, 4to. Oxon. 
1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo. 
2 vols. 1597 ; and that of Barnes, fol. Cantab. 
1694. There are also several valuable editions 
of detached plays. Diod. 13. — Val. Max. 3, c. 
7.— Cic. In. 1, c. 50* Or. 3, c. 7 — Arcad. 1, 4. 
Qffic. 3 ; Finib. 2. Tusc. 1 and 4, &c. 

EuRipns, a narrow strait wdiich separates 
the island' of Eubcea from the coast of Bceotia. 
Its flux and reflux, which continued regular 
during 18 or 19 days, and were uncommonly 
unsettled the rest of the month, was a mattef 
of deep inquiry among the ancients, and it is 
said that Aristotle thr^w himself into it be- 
cause he was unable to find out the causes of 
that phaenomenon. Liv. 28, c. 6. — Melui 2, c. 
7.— Plin. 2, c. 95.Strab. 9. 

EuRisTHENES. Vld. Eurystheues. 

EuRoMus, a city of Caria. Liv. 32, c. 33, !. 
33, c. 30. 

EuROPA, one of the three grand divisions of 
the earth, known among the ancients, extend- 
ing, according to modern surveys, about SOOi^ 
miles from north to south, and 2500 from east 
to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is 
superior to the others in the learning, power, 
and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded 
on the east by the JEgean sea, Hellespont, 
Euxiue, Palus Maeotis, and the Tenais in a 
northern direction. The Meditej-ranean di- 
vides it from Africa on the south, and on the 
west and north it is washed by the Atlantic 
and Northern Oceans. It is supposed to re- 
ceive its name from Eiiropa, who was carried 
there by Jupiter. Mela, 2, c. 1. — Plin. 3, 

c. 1; Sic. Lucan.3, v. 275. — Virg. JF,\i. 7, 

V. 222. A daughter of Agenor king of Phoe- 
nicia and Telephassa. Siie was so beautiful, 



that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and 
the better to seduce her, he assumed the shape 
of a bull, an^ mingled with the licrds of Age- 
nor; while Europa, with her female atten- 
dants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. 
Europa caressed the beautiftd animal, and at 
last had the courage <o sit upon his back. The 



EU 

*;o(l took advantage of her situation, and with 
precipitate steps retired towards the shore, 
and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, 
and an'ived safe in Crete. Here he assumed 
his original shape, and declared his love. The 
nymph consented, though she had once made 
vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became 
the mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhada- 
manthus. After this distinguished amour with 
Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. 
This monarch seeing himself without children 
by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours 
with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, 
Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own chil- 
dren. Some suppose that Europa lived about 
1552 years before the christian era. Ovid. 
Met. 2, fab. 13— Mosch. Idyl.—Apollod. 2, c. 

6, 1. 3, c. 1. One of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 

Th. 356. A part of Thrace near mount 

Hasmus. Justin. 7, c. 1. 

EubopjEus, a patronymic of Minos the son 
of Europa. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 23. 

EuROPS, a king of Sicyon, son of ^gialeus, 
who died B. C. 1993. Fans. 2, c. 5. 

EuRoPUS, a king of Macedonia, &:c. Justin. 

7, c. 1. A town of Macedonia on the Ax- 

ius. Plin. 4, c. 10. 

EuROTAS, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta? 
who married Lacedsemon. He was one of 
the first kings of Laconja, and gave his name 
to the river which flows near Sparta. ApoUod. 

3, c. 16. — Paus. 3, c. 1. A river of Laco- 

nia, flowing by Sparta. It was called by way of 
eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, 
and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful 
god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives, grew 
on its banks in great abundance. Strab. 8. — 
Paus. 3, c. \.—Liv. 35, c. ^9.— Virg. Ed. 6, 

V. 82. — Ptol. 4. A river in Thessaly near 

mount Olympus, called also Tilaresus. It 
joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to 
incorporate with it. Strab. 6. — Plin. 4, c. 8. 

EuROTO, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
JlpoUod. 

EuRus, a wind blowing from the eastern 



Latins sometimes 
Trist. 1, el. 2. Met. 



parts of the world. The 
called it Vulturnus. Ovid. 
11, he. 

EuRYALE, a queen of the Amazons, wlio 

assisted jJ^etes, fcc. Flacc. 4. A daughter 

of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune. A 

daughter of Prcetus king of Argos. One of 

the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod. 
Theog. V. 207. 

EuRYALus, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs 
who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. 
Homer. II. 2. An illegitimate son of Ulys- 
ses and Evippe. Sophocl. A son of Melas, 

taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. JSpollod. 1, 

c. 8. A Trojan who came with iEneas 

into Italy, and rendered himself famous for 
his immortal friendship Avilh Nisus. Vid. 

I^isus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 179. A pleasant 

place of Sicily near Syracuse. Liv. 25, c. 25. 

A Lacedaemonian general in the second 

Messenian war. 

EuRYBATKs, a herald in the Trojan war 
who took Briseis from Achilles by order of 
Agamenmon. Homer. II. 1, v. 32. — Ovid. 
Heroid. 3. A warrior of Argos, often victo- 
rious at the Nemean games, &.c. Paus. 1, c. 
•J9. One of the Argonauts. 

fijjRYBiA, the mother of Lucifer and all 



EU 

the stars. Hesiod. A daughter of Pontw 

and Terra, mother of Astraeus, Pallas, an* 

Perses, by Crius. A daughter of Thespius- 

.^pollod. 

EuRYBiADES, a Spartan general of the Gre- 
cian fleet at the battles of Artemisium and Sa- 
lamis against Xerxes. He has been charged 
with want of courage, and with ambition. He 
ottered to strike Themistocles when he wished 
to speak about the manner of attacking the 
Perjfians, upon which the Athenian said, Strike 
me, but hear me. Herodot. 8, c. 2, 74, Lc — 
Plut.in Them. — C. JVep. in Them. 

EuRYBius, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, 
killed in a war between his countrymen and 

the Athenians. Apollod. 2, c. 8. A son of 

Nereus and Chloris. Id. 1, c. 9. 

EuRYCLEA, a beautiful daughter of Ops of 
Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and 
gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated 
her with much tenderness and attention. Ho' 
mer. Od. 19. 

EuRYCLES, an orator of Syracuse who 
proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to 
death, and to confine to hard labour all the 

Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Plut. 

A Lacedaemonian at the battle of Actium on 

the side of Augustus. Id. in Anton. A 

soothsayer of Athens. 

EuRYCRATEs, a king of Sparta, descended 
from Hercules. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

EuRYCRATiDAs, a SOU of Auaxander, he. 
Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

EuRYDAMAS, a Trojau skilled in the in- 
terpretation of dreams. His two sons were 
killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. 

Homer. II. 5, v. 148. One of Penelope's 

suitors. Od. 22, v. 283. A wrestler of Cy- 

rene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed 
to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallow- 
ed without showing any signs of pain, or discon- 
tinuing the fight. Mlian. V. H. 10, c. 19. 

A son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 

EuRYDAME, the wife of Leotychides, king 
of Sparta. Herodot. 

EuRYDAMiDAS, a king of Lacedaemon, of 
the family of the Proclidae. Paus. 3, c. 10. 

EuRYDxcE, the wife of Amyntas, king of 
Macedonia. She had by her husband Alex- 
ander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter 
called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her 
daughter's husband, to whom she offered 
her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire 
against Amyntas, who must have fallen a 
victim to her infidelity, had not Eur)'one dis- 
covered it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander 
ascended the throne after his father's death, 
and perished by the ambition of his mother. 
Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate ; 
but Philip, who was the next in succession, 
secured himself against all attempts from his 
mother, and ascended the throne with peace 
and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to 
Iphicrates the Athenian generalfor protection. 
The manner of her death is unknown. C. JYep. 

in Iphic. 3.' A daughter of Amyntas, who 

married her uncle Aridaeus, the illegitimate 
son of Philip. After the death of Alexander 
the Great, Aridaeus ascended the throne of 
Macedonia, but he was totally governed by 
the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cas- 
sander, and joined her forces with his to 
march against Polyperchon and Olyrapiaf* 



EU 

Earydice was forsaken by her troops, Aridoeus 
tvas pierced through with arrows by order of 
Olympias, who commanded Eurydice* to de- 
stroy herself either by poison, the sword, or 

the halter. She chose the latter. The 

wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before 
AristcBus, who wished to offer her violence, 
she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and 
died of the wound. Orpheus was so discon- 
solate that he ventured to go to hell, where, 
by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from 
Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, pro- 
vided he did not look behind before he came 
upon earth. He violated the conditions, as his 
eagerness to see his wife rendered him forget- 
ful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for 
ever taken from him, [Fit/. Orpheus.] Virg. 
G. 4,v. 457, he— Pans. 9, c. ^O.—Ovid. Met. 

10, v. 30, &;c. A daughter of Adrastus. 

Apollod. 3, c. 12. One of the Danaides who 

married Dyas. Jd. 2, c. 1. ^The wife of 

Lycurgus, king of iS^emaea in Peloponnesus. 

Jd. 1, c. 9. -A daughter of Actor. Id. 

A wife of jEneas. Paus. 10, c. 26. A daugh- 
ter of Amphiaraus. Id. 3, c. 17. A daugh- 
ter of Antipater, who married one of the Pto- 
lemies. Id. 1, c. 7, -A daughter of king 

Philip. Id. 5, c. 17. A daughter of Lace- 
daemon. Id. 3, c. 13. A daughter of Cly- 

menus, who married Nestor. Homer. Od. 

A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltia- 
des. Plut. in Demetr. 

EuRYGASiA, a wife of (Edipus. j9poUod. 

EuRYLEON, a king of the Latins, called also 
Ascani'js. 

EuRYLocHus, one of the companions of 
Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the 
potions of Circe. His prudence however for- 
sook him in Sicily, where he carried away the 
flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious 
crime he was shipwrecked. Homer. Od. 10, 

V. 205, 1. 12, v. 195. -^Ovid. Met. 14, v. 287. 

• ^A man who broke a conduit which con- 
veyed water into Cyrrhae, &c. Polymn. 6. 

A man who discovered the conspiracy which 
was made against Alexander by Hermolaus 
and others. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

EuRiMACHUs, a powerful Theban who seized 
Plata?a by treachery, he. One of Penelo- 
pe's suitors. A son of Antenor. A lover 

of Hippodamia. Pans. 

EuRY.MEDE, the wife of Glaucus king of 
Ephyra, Apollod. 

EuRYMEDON, the father of Peribcea, by 
whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer. Od. 

7, A river of Pamphylia, near which the 

Persians were defeated by the Athenians un- 
der Ciraon, B. C. 470. Liv. 33, c. 41, 1. 37, c. 

23. A man who accused Aristotle of pro^ 

pagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum. 

Eui^YMKNEs, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 
Jpollod. 

EuRVNoME, one of the Oceanides, mother 

of the Graces. Hesiod, A daughter of A- 

poUo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle. 

A woman of Lemnos, he. Place. 2, v. 136. 

The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. jlpol- 

lod. 3, c. 9. The mother of Asopus by Ju- 
piter. Id. 3, c. 12. One of Penelope's fe- 

jnale attendants. Homer. Od. 17, v. 515.—: — 
An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to 
Nicias in Sicily. Pint, in j\'ic. 

EuKVNuMus, owe of tiic deities of UpU. 
Paws, 10, c. 28. 



EU 

EuRToNE, a daughter of Amyntas king ef 
Macedonia, by Eurydice. 

EuRYPON, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. 
His reign was so glorious, that his descendants 
were called Eurypontida. Paus. 3, c. 7. 

EuRYPiLE, a daughter of Thespius. 

EuRYPYLUs, a sou of Telephus and Asty- 
oclie, was killed in the Trojan wen- by Pyrrhu*. 
He made his court to Cassandra. Homer. II. 

11. A Grecian at the Ti'ojan war. Honur. 

II. 2. A prince of Olenus who went with 

Hercules against Laomedon. Paus. 7, c. 19. 

-A son of Mecisteus who signalized himself 

in the war of the Epigoui against Thebes. 

Apollod. 3. A son of Temenus king of Mes- 

senia, who conspired against his father's life. 
Id. 3, c. 6. A son of Neptune killed by Her- 
cules. Id. 2, c. 7. -One of Penelope's suit- 
ors. Id 3, c. 10. — =--^AThessalian who became 
delirious for looking into a box which fell to his 
share after the plunder of Troy. Paus. 7, c. 

19. A soothsayer in the Grecian camp be- 

foi'e Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apol- 
lo, how his countrymen could return safe 
home. The result of his inquiries was the in- 
junction to offer an human sacrifice. Virg, 
^n.2,v.U4.-^0vid, 

EuRYSTHENEs, a SOU of Aristodcmus, who 
lived in perpetual dissention with his twin bro- 
ther Procles, while they both sat on the Spar- 
tan throne. It was unknown which of the two 
was born first ; the mother, who wished to 
see both her sons raised on the throne, refused 
to declare it, and they were both appointed 
kings of Sparta by order of the oracle of Del- 
phi, B. C. 1102. After the death of the two 
brothers, the Lacedaemonians, who knew not 
to what family the right ojf seniority and suc- 
cession belonged, permitted two kings to sit 
on the throne, one of each family. The dC'? 
scendants of Eurystbeues were called Eurys- 
tkenida; and those of Procles, Proclidce. If 
was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for 
two kings of the same fajnily to ascend the- 
throne together, yet that law was Sometimes 
violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurys- 
thenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded 
hiip. His descendants were called. Agidce, 
There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of 
the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the 
Proclidce. The former were the more illus- 
trious. Herodol. 4, c. 147, 1. 6, c. 52, — Paus. 
3, c, 1. — C. JVep. in ^ges. 

EurysthenidjK. P'id. Eurysthenes. 

EuRYSTHEUS, a king of Arg03 and My- 
cenas, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the 
daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth 
by two months, that he might come into the 
world before Hercules the sou of Alcmena, 
as the younger of the two was doomed by 
order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will 
of the other. [F^icl. Alcmena.] This natural 
right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, 
who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, 
and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, 
imposed upon him the most dangerous and 
uncommon enterprises well known by the 
name of the twelve labours of Hercules. The 
success of Hercules in achieving those peri- 
lous laboui's ajarnied Eurystheus in a greater 
degree, and he furnished himself with a brar 
zen vessel, where he might secure himself ^. 
safe retreat in case of danger. After the deathj 



EU 

of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties 
against his children, and made war against 
Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he had given 
them support, and treated them with hospi- 
tality. He was killed in the prosecution of 
this war by Hylhis the son of Hercules. His 
head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Her- 
cules, who mindful of the crnelties which her 
son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the 
eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurys- 
theus was succeeded on the throne of Argos 
by Atreus his nephew. Hygin. fab. 30 and 32. 
— Mpollod. 2, c. 4, he. — Pans. 1, c. 33, 1. 3, c, 
6.— Odd. Met. 9, fab. 6.— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 
292. 

EuRVTi:, a daughter of Hippodamus, who 

married Parthaon. JpoHod. The mother 

of Hallirhotius, by Neptune. Id. 

F,VRYTEJE„ a town of Achaia. Pans, 7, c. 
18. 

EuRYTiii.E, a daughter of Thespius. A 

daughter of Leucippus. Apollod. 

EujavTHEMis, the wife of Thestius, Mpol- 
lod. 

EuRYTHioN and EuRYTioN, a centaur whose 
insolence to;_Hippodamia was the cause of the 
quarrel between the Lapithse and Centaurs, 
iit the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. J2.— 
Pards. 5, c. 10. — Hesiod, Theog. A herds- 
man of Geiyon killed by Hercules. Apollod. 

2. A king of Sparta, who seized upon 

Mantinea by stratagem. Polyotn. 2. One 

of the Argonauts. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 311. A 

son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during 
the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by iEne- 

as. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 495. A silversmith. 

td. 10, V. 499 A man of Heraclea convict- 
ed of adultery. His punishment was the 
cause of the abolition of the oligarchical 
power there. Arislot. 5, Polit. 

EuRYTis, (idos) a patronymic of lole 
daughter of Eurytus. Ovid. Met. 9. fab. 11. 

EuuYTUs, a son of Mercury, among the Ar- 
gonauts. Place. 1, V. 439. A king of CEcha- 

lia, father to lole. He offered his daughter 
to him who shot a bow better than himself. 
Hercules conquered him, and put him to 
death because he refused him his daughter as 
the prize of his victory, ^mllod. 2, c. 4 and 

7. A son of Actor, concerned in the wars 

between Augias and Hercules, and killed by 
the hero. A son of Augias killed by Her- 
cules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate 
the Isthmian games, Jlpollod. A person kill- 
ed in htJiitingthe Calydonian boar. A son 

of Hippocoon. Id. 3, c. 10. A giant killed 

by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against 
the gods. 

EusECiA, an empress, wife to Constantius, 
&c. She died A. D. 360, highly and deserved- 
ly lamented. 

EusEBius, a bishop of Caesarea in great 
favour with the emperor Constantine, He 
was concerned in the theological disputes of 
Arius and Athanasius, and distinguished him- 
self by his writings, which consisted of an ec- 
clesiastical history, the life of Constantine, 
Chrouicon, Evangelical preparations, and 
other numerous treatises, most of which are 
now lost. Tlie best edition of his Praeparatio 
find Denion.stratio Evangelica, isby Vigerus, 2 
vols, folio ; Rotliomagi, 1628 ; and of his eccle- 
fiiuslical history by Reading, (olio Cantab. 1720, 



EU 

EusEBius, a surname of Bacchus. 

EusEPDs and Pedasus, the twin sons of 
Bucolion killed in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 6. 

EusTATHius, a Greek commentator on the 
works of Homer. The best edition of this 
very valuable author, is that published at Basil, 
3 vols, folio, 1560. It is to be lamented the de- 
sign of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence 
in 1735, and published in the first five books of 
the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin transla- 
tion of these excellent commentaries is among 

the desiderata of the present day. A man 

who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, 
entitled de hmeniotand Ismenes amoribus, edit- 
ed by Gaulrainus, 8vo. Paris, 1617. 

EuT^A, a town of Arcadia. Paws. 8, c. 27, 

EuTELiDAS, a famous statuary of Argos. 
Id. 6, c. 10. 

Euterpe, one of the Muses, daughter to 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over 
music, and was looked upon as the inventress 
of the flute and of all wind instruments. She 
is represented as crowned with flowers and 
holding a flute in her hands. Some mytholo- 
gists attributed to her the invention of tragedy, 
more commonly supposed to be the production 

of Melpomene. Vid. Musk. The name 

of the mother of Themistoclos according to 
some. 

EVTHYCRATES, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of 
Lysippus, He was peculiarly happy m the 
propoilions of his statues. Those of Hercules 
and Alexander were in general esteem, and 
particularly that of Medea, which was carried 
on a chariot by four horses. Plin. 34, c. 8.— — 
A man who betmyed Olynthus to Philip. 

EuTHYDEMus, an orator and rhetorician 
who greatly distinguished himself by his elo- 
quence, he, Sirab. 14. 

EuTHYMUs, a celebrated boxer of Locri in 
Italy, he. Paus. 6, c. 6. 

EuTRAPELUs, a man described as artful and 

fallacious by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 31.- A 

hair-dresser. Martial. 7, ep. 82. 

EuTRAPELus, (Volumn.) a friend of M. An- 
tony, &.C. Cic. Farn. 32. 

EuTROPius, a Latin historian in the age of 
.Tulian, under whom he carried arms in the 
fatal expedition against the Persians, His 
origin as well as his dignity are unknown ; 
yet some suppose, from the epithet of Claris- 
simus prefixed to his history, that he was a 
Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the 
history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to 
the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom 
the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise 
on medicine without being acquainted with 
the art. Of all his works the Roman history 
alone is extant. It is composed with concise- 
ness and precision, but without elegance. The 
best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, 
Cu7n notis variorum, 8vo. L. Bat, 1729 and 

1762. A famous eunuch at the court of Ar- 

cadius the so» of Theodosius the Great, he. 

EuTYCHiuE, a woman who was thirty times 
brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 
twenty of her children. Plin. 7, c. 3. 

EuTYCniDEs, a learned servant of Atticus, 
he. Cic. 15. ad Mtic- — -A sculptor. 

EuxANTHius, a daughter of Minos and 
Dexithea. .^pollod. 

EuxExi DAS, a painter, &c. P/m, 35. 

EuxENCs, a man who wrote a poetical 



EU 

history of the fabulous ages of Italy, Dionys. 
Hal. 1. 

EuxiNDS PoNTDs, a sca between Asia and 
Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor 
and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently 
called «;«o-, inhospitable, on account of the 
savage manners of the inhabitants on its coasts. 
Commerce with foreign nations, and the plan- 
tation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gra- 
dually softened their roughness, and the sea 
was no longer called Axenus, but Euxenus,. 
hospitable. The Eusine is supposed by Hero- 
dotus to be 13S7 .'uiles long and 420 broad. 
Strabo calls It 1100 miles long and in circum- 
ference 3125, It abounds in all varieties of 
fish, and receives the tribute of above 40 
rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the 
eastei*!! parts, whence some have imagined 
that it had a subterraneous communication 
with the Caspian. It is called the Black sea, 
from the thick dark fo?s which cover it. Ovid. 



EX 



el. 4, V, 54.--5iraA, 2, 
-Plin. 3. — Herodot. 4, 



Trist. 3, el, 13, 1. 4, 
kc. — Mela, 1, c. 1. 
c. 85. 

EusiPPE, a woman who killed herself be- 
cause the ambassadors of Sparta had offered 
violence to her virtue, &c. 

ExADius, one of the Lapithae at the nuptials 
of Pirithous Homer. II. 1, v, 264, — Ovid, 
Met. 12, V.266, 

Ex^THES, a Parthian who cut off the head 
of Crassus, kLC. Polyczn. 7. 

ExAGONus, the ambassador of a nation in 
Cyprus, who came to Rome and talked so much 
of the power of lierbs, serpents, he. that the 
consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel 
full of serpents. These venomous creatures, 
so far from hurting him, caressed him and 
harmlessly licked him with their tongues. 
Plin. 28, c. 3. 

ExoMATR^:, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
Flacc. 6, v. 144. 



FA 



FA 



FABARIA, festi\'als at Rome in honour of'ged the enemy without the command of the 
Carna \v\ff. tS .Tanns;. whp.n hftana ( fah{F\ dictator. He was five times consul, twice dic- 
tator, and once censor. He triumphed over 
seven different nations in the neighbourhood 
of Rome, and rendered himself illustrious by 

his patriotism. Rusticus, an historian ia 

the age of Claudius and Nero. He was inti- 
mate with Seneca, and the encomiums which 
Tacitus passes upon his style, makes us regret 

the loss of his compositions. Marcellinusi 

It was proposed, but did I an historian in the second century. A Ro- 
man lawyer, whom Herat. 1, sat. 2, v. 134, 
lidicules as having been caught in adultery. 
Q. Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first 



Carna wife oi" Janus, when beans (fabce) 
were presented as an oblation. 

Fabaris, now Far/a, a river of Italy in the 
territories of the Sabines, called also Farfar- 
us. Orid.Met. 14, v. 334.— Virg. JEy}. 7, v. 715. 

Fabia. Vid. Fabius Fabricianus. 

Fabia lex, de ambiiu, was to circumscribe 
the number of Sect at ores, or attendants which 
were allowed to candidates in canvassing for 
some high office 
not pass, 

Fabia, a tribe at Rome, Horat. 1, ep. 7 
v. 52. A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, 



Cicero's vvife. 

Fabiani, some of the Luperci at Rome, in- 
stituted in honour of the Fabian familv. 



surnamed Verrucosus, from a wart on his lip, 
and Agnicula. from his inoffensive manners. 
From a dull and unpromising childhood he 



Fabii, a noble and powerful family at i burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and 
Rome, who derived their name from faba, aj was gradually raised by merit to the highest 
bean, because some of their ancestors culti- offices of the state. In his first consulship, he 
vated this pulse. They were said to be de- obtained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal 
scended from Fabius, a supposed son of Her- j battle of i'hrasymenus, occasioned his election 
cules by an Italian nymph ; and they were \ to the dictatorship. In this important office 
once so numerous, that they took upon them-j be began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting 



selves to wage war against the Veientes. The} 
came to a general engagement near the Cre- 
mera, in which all the family, consisting 
of 3U6 men, were totally slain, B. C. 477. 
There only remained one, whose tender 
age had detained him at Rome, and from 
him arose the noble Fabii in the following 
ages. The family was divided into six diffe- 
rent branches, the Jlmbusli, the Maximi, the 
Vibulani; the Bnleones, the Dorsones, and the 
Pictures, the three fiist of which are frequently 
mentioned in the Roman history, but the 
others seldom. fJionys. 9, c. 5 — Lii\ 2, c. 46, 
Lc.—Flor. I, c. 2.— Odd. Trist. 2, v. 235.— 
Virg. J£n. (>, v. S45. 

Fabius Maximus Rullianus, was the first of 
the Fabii who obtained the surname oi Maxi- 
mus, for luisening the power of the populace 
at elections. He was master of horse, and 
his victories over tiie Samnites iu that capaci- 
ty, nearly cott him his life, because he eiiga- 



him in the open field like his predecessors, 
but he continually harassed his army by coun- 
termarches and ambu.^cades, for which he re- 
ceived the surname of Cunctator or delayer. 
Such operations for the commander of the Ro- 
man armies, gave offence to some, and Fabius 
was even accused of cowardice. He, however, 
still pursued the measures which prudence and 
refiection seemed to dictate as most salutary to 
Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master 
of horse I'aised to share the dictatorial dignity 
with himself, by means of his enemies at 
home. Wlienhehad laid down his office of 
dictator, his L-uccessors, for a while, followed 
his plan ; but the rashness of V'arro, and his 
contempt for the operations of Fabius, occa- 
sioned the fatal battle of Cannae. Tarentum 
was obliged to surrender to his arms after the 
battle of Canna?, and on that occasion the Car- 
thaginian enemy observed (hat Fabius was (he 
Annibal of Rome. When lie had made an 



FA 

agre«ment with Annibal for the ransom of the 
captives, which was totally disapproved by the 
Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay 
the money, rather than foifeit his word to the 
enemy. The bold proposal of young Scipio 
to go and carry the war from Italy to Afiica, 
was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dan- 
gerous. He did not, however, live to see the 
success of the Roman arras under Scipio, and 
the conquest of Carthage by measuree which 
he treated with contempt and heard v/ith in- 
dignation. He died in the 100th year of his 
age, after he had been live times consul, and 
twice honoured with a triumph. The Romans 
were so sensible of his great raei'it and ser- 
vices, that the expenses of his funeral were 
defrayed from the public treasury. Plut. -m 

vild — Flor. 2, c. 6. — Lio. — Polyb. His son 

bore the same name, and showed himself 
worthy of his noble father's virtues. During 
his consulship he received a visit from his 
father on horseback in the camp : the son or- 
dered the father to dismount, and the old man 
cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son, and say- 
ing, I wished to know whether you knew what 
it is to be consul. He died before his father, 
and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a 
philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over 

the dead body of his son. Plut. in Fabio, 

Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an histori- 
cal account of his country, from the age of 
Romulus to the year of Rome 536. He flour- 
ished B. C. 225. The work which is now ex- 
tant, and which is attributed to him, is a spu- 
rious composition. A loquacious person 

mentioned by Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 14. A Ro- 
man consul, surnaraed Ambustus, because he 

was struck with lightning. A lieutenant of 

Caesar in Gaul. Fabricianus, a Roman as- 
sassinated by his wife Fabia, that she might 
more freely enjoy the company of a favourite 
youth. His son was saved from his mother's 
cruelties, and when he came of age he avenged 
his father's death by murdering his mother 
and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance 
of the action, and patronized the parracide. 

Plut. in Parall. A chief priest at Rome 

when Brennus took the city. Plut. A Ro- 
man sent to consult the oracle of Delphi, while 
Annibal was in Italy. Another chosen dic- 
tator merely to create new senators. A 

lieutenant of Lucul lus, defeated by Mithridates. 

A son of Paulus JCmilins, adopted into the 

family of the Fabii. A Roman surnamed 

Allobrogicus, from his victory over the Allo- 

broges, iiic. Flor. 2, c. 17. Another chosen 

general figainstthe Carthaginians in Italy. He 
lost all his forces in a battle', and fell wounded 
by the side of Annibal. Plut. in Parall. 



A consul with J. Cccsar, who conquered Pom- 

poy's adherents in Spain. A high priest 

who wrote some annals, and made war against 
Viriathus in Spain. Liv. 30, c. 26. — Flor. 3, 
c. 2. Oor.so. Hrf. Dorso. 

Fakrateria, a colony and town of the 
Volsci in Latium. Hal. 8, c. 398. — Cic. Fam. 
9, ep. 24. 

FAnuicius, a Latin writer in the reign of 
l^cro, who employed his pen in salirishig and 
deliuning the senators. His works were burnt 

by order of A'ero. Caius Luscinv.s, a cele- 

>»ral.cd Roman, who, in his first consulship ob- 
iain'.Ml .-cvrriil victories o\crthe Saranites aii<l 



FA 

Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. 
The riches which were acquired in those bat- 
tles were immense ; the soldiers were liberal- 
ly rewarded by the consul, and the treasury 
was enriched with 4(X) talents. Two years af- 
ter Fabricius went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, 
and refused with contempt the presents, and 
heard with indignation the offers, which might 
have corrupted the fidelity of a less virtuous 
citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the 
magnanimity of Fabricius ; but his astonish- 
ment was more powerfully awakened when he 
opposed him in the field of battle,' and when 
he saw him make a discover}^ of the perfidious 
offer of his physician, who pledged himself to 
the Roman general for a sum of money to poi- 
son his royal master. To this greatness of soul 
were added the most consummate knowledge 
of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of 
mannei-s. Fabricius never used rich plate at his 
table ; a small salt-cellar, whose feet were of 
horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared 
in his house. This contempt of luxury and use- 
less ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire 
among the people ; and during his censorship 
he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, 
who had been twice consul and dictator, be- 
cause he kept in his house more than ten 
pound weight of silver plate. Such were the 
manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who ob 
served,that he wished ratherto command those 
that had money than possess it himself. He 
lived and died in the greatest poverty. His 
body was buried at the public charge, and the 
Roman people were obliged to give a dowry 
to his two daughters, when they had arrived to 
marriageable years. Val. Max. 2, c. 9, 1. 4, c. 
4^.— Flor. 1. c. 18.— Cic. 3, de Offic.—Plut.iH 

Pyrrh. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 844. A bridge at 

Rome built by the consul Fabricius, over th« 
Tiber. Horat. 2. Ser. 3, v. 36. 

Fabulla, a prostitute, he. Juv. 2, v. 68. 

Facelina, a small place on the north of Si* 
cily, where Diana had a temple. Serviui ail 
Virg. Mn. 9, v. 111.— Hygin. 261. 

Fadus, a Rutulian killed in the night by Eu- 
ryalus. Virg. JFm. 9, v. 344. 

FjesIjl^, now Fitsale, a town of £truna« 
famous for its augurs. Cic. Mur. 24. — Ital. 
8, v.AlQ.—Sallust. Cat. 27. 

Falcidia lex was enacted by the tribune 
Falcidius, A U.C. 713, concerning wills and 
the rights of heirs. 

Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Fallero- 
na, of which the inhabitants were called Fa- 
lerienses. Plin. 3^ c. 13, 

Falejui, (or ium) now Palari, a town of 
Etruria, of which the inhabitants are culled 
Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of th^ir 
laws from Falerii. The place w as famous for 
its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. 
Vid. Falisci. Martial. 4, ep. 46. — Liv. 10, c. 
12 and m.-^Ovid. Fast. 1, v, 84.~PoTit. 4, el. 
8, v. 41.— Cct^o R. It. 4 and 14.— Hcrvius m 
Virg. Mn. 7, v. 695.— P/in. 3, c. 5. 

Falkrina, a tribe at Rome. Liv. 9, c. 20, 

Falernus, a fertile mountain and plain of 
Campania, famous for its wine, which the Ro- 
man poets have greatly celebrated. Ua\^)l, 
c. 14. — Martial. VI, ep. 57. — Virg. G. 2, v. 9ti. 
—Horat. 1, od. 20, v. 10. 2 6W. 4, v. 15.— 
Sirab. 5, — Flor. 1, c. 15. 

I'vLisci; a peop'e of Eiraria, originally u 



FA 

Macedonian colony. When they were be/ieg- 
cd by Camillus, a school-master went out of 
the gates of the city with his pupils, and be- 
trayed them into the hands of the Roman ene- 
my, tniit by such a possession he might easily 
oblige the place to surrender. Camillus heard 
the proposal with indignation, and ordered the 
man to be stripped naked and whipped back 
to the town by those whom his perfidy wished 
to betray. This instance of generosity opera- 
ted upon the people so powerfully, that they 
surrendered to the Romans. Pint, in Camil. 

Faliscus Gratius. Vid. Gratius. 

Fama, (fame) was worshipped by the an- 
cients as a powerful goddess, and generally 
represented blowing a trumpet, ^c. Stat. 
3, Theb. 427. 

Fannia, a woman of Minturnae, who hospi- 
tably entertained Marius in his flight, though 
he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, 
and divorced her from her husband. 

Fannia les, de Sumptibus, by Fannius the 
consul, A. U. C. 593. It enacted that no per- 
son should spend more than 100 asses a day 
at the great festivals, and 30 asses on other 
days, and ten at all other times. 

Fannii, two orators of whom Cicero speaks 
in Brut. 

Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by 
Horace because his poems and picture were 
consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount 
Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such 
as possessed merit. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 21. 
A person who killed himself when appre- 
hended in a conspiracy against Augustus. 
Mart. 12, ep. 80 Caius, an author in Tra- 
jan's reign, whose history of the cruelties of 
Nero is greatly regretted. 

Fanum Vacun^e, a village in the country of 
the Sabines. Horat. 1, ep. 10, v. 49. 

Farfarus, a river of the Sabines, falling 
into the Tiber, above Capena. Ovid. Met. 14, 
T.330. 

Fascelis, a surname of Diana, because her 
statue was brought from Taurica by Iphige- 
nia in a bundle of sticks, (fascis,) and placed 
at Aricia. 

Fascellina, a town of Sicily near Panof- 
mus. Sit. 14, V. 261. 

Faucula, a prostitute, who privately con- 
veyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. 
Liu. 26, c. 33. 

Faventia, a town of Spain. PUn 3, c. 1. 

Of italy. Ital. 8, v. 597. PUn. 14, c. 15. 

Martial. 2, ep. 74. 

Faveria, a town of Istria. Liv. 41, c. 11. 



Faula, a mistress of Hercules. 

Fauna, a deity among the Romans, daugh- 
ter of Picus, and originally called Marica. 
Her marriage with Faunus procured her the 
name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futu- 
rity that of Falua and Falidica. It. is said 
that she never saw a man after her marriage 
with FaunuS; and that her uncommon chastity 
occasioned her being ranked among the god's 
after death. She is the same, according to 
some, as Bona Mater. Some mythologists 
accnseher of dmnkermess, and say that she 
i'<pired under the blows of her husband, for 
an immoderate use of wine. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
47, &.C. — Warro.— Justin. 43, c. 1 

Faunalia, festivals » 
Faunus. 



FE 

FauN'i, certain deities of the country, re- 
presented as having the legs, feet, and ears of 
goats, and the rest of the body human. They 
were called satyrs by the Greeks. The pea- 
sants offered them a lamb or a kid with great 
solemnity. Virg. G. I, v. 10. — Ovid. Met. 6, 
v. 392. 

Fauncs, a son of Picus, who is said to have 
reigned in Italy about 1300 years B. C. Hi» 
bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to 
the tradition that he was son of Wars. He 
raised a temple in honour of the god Pan, cal- 
led by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the 
Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality to- 
Vk-ards strangers with a liberal hand. His great 
popularity, and his fondness for agriculturer 
made his subjects revere him as one of their 
country deities after death. He was repre- 
sented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and 
was consulted to give oracles. Dionys. 1, c. 7. 
—Virg. ^n. 7, v. 47, 1. 8, v. 314, 1. 10, v. 55.— 
Horat. 1, od. 17. 

Favo, a Roman mimic, w^ho at the funeral 
of Vespasian imitated the manners and ges- 
tures of the deceased emperor. Suet, in Visp. 
19. 

Favorinus, a philosopher and eunuch un- 
der Adrian, &c. 
Fausta, a daughter of Sylla. &c. Horat. 

1. Sat. 2, V. 64. The wife of the emperor 

Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and 
vices. 

Faustina, the wife of the emperor Anto- 
ninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her 
daugiiter, of the same name, blessed with beau- 
ty, liveliness, and wit, became the most aban- 
doned of her sex. She married M. Aurelius. 

The third wife of the emperor Helioga- 

balus bore that name. 

Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans., 
supposed to preside over cattle. Horat. 4. od. 
5, v. 17. ^ 

Faustulus, a shepherd ordered to expose 
Romulus and Remus. He privately brought 
them up at home. Liv. 1, c. 4. — Justin. 43, c. 
2. — Plut. in Rom. 

Faustus, an obscure poet under the first 
Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pie- 
ces, Thebae and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, 7, 
V. 12. 

Februus, a god at Rome, who presided 

over purifications. The Feralia, sacrifices 

which the Romans offered to the gods Manes, 
were also called Februa, whence the name of 
the month of February, during which the ob- 
lations were made. 

Feciales, a number of priests at Rome, 
employed in declaring war and making peace. 
When the Romans thought themselves in- 
jured, one of the sacerdotal body was em- 
powered to demand redress, and after the al- 
lowance of 33 days to consider the matter, 
war was declared if submissions were not 
made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear 
into the territories of the enemy in proof oi' 
intended hostilities. Liv. 1, c. 3, 1. 4, c. 30. 

Felginas, a Roman knight killed by Pom- 
pey at Dyrrachium. C(es. 3, Bell. Civ. 

Felix, M. Antosrs, a freed man of 
Claudius Caisar, made governor of .Iud;ca, 
Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Sue- 
Rome in honour of j tonius tlie husband of three queens, aa he mar- 
' rled the two Diusillac. one grand-daughter oi 



FE 

Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish 
princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his 
third wife is unknown. Suet, in CI. 18. — Ta- 
tU. Ann. 12, c. 11. 

Feltkia, a town of Italy at the north of 
Venice. 

Fene STELLA, a Roman historian in the age 

of Augustus. He died at Cumae. One of 

the gates at Rome. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 578. 

Fenni or FiNNi, the inhabitants of Finnin- 
gia or Eningia, considered as Finland. Ta- 
ait. G. 46.—Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Feralia, a festival in honour of the dead, 
observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of Fe- 
bruary. It continued for 11 days, during 
•which time presents were carried to the graves 
of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and 
the temples of the gods were shut. It was 
universally believed that the manes of their 
departed friends came and hovered over their 
graves, and feasted upon the provisions that 
the hand of piety and affection had procured 
for them. Their punishments in the infernal 
regions were also suspended, and during that 
time they enjoyed rest and liberty. 

Ferentinum, a town of the Hernici, at the 
east of Rome. The inhabitants were called 
Ferentinafes or Ferentini. Sil. 8, v. 394. — 
Liv. 1, c. 50, 1. 9, c. 43 and 44. 

Ferentum, or Forentum, atown of Apulia, 
HOW Forenza. Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 15. — Liv. 9, 
c. 16 and 20. 

Feretrius, a surname of Jupiter, aferen- 
do, because he had assisted the Romans, or a 
feriendo, because he had conquered their ene- 
mies under Romulus. He had a temple at 
Rome, built by Romulus, where the spoils call- 
ed opima were always carried. Only two 
generals obtained these celebrated spoils after 
the age of Romulus. Liv. 1, c. 10. — Plut. in 
Rom.—C. Mp. in Ait. 20. 

FERiiE LATiNiE, festivals at Rome insti- 
tuted by Tarquin the Proud. The principal 
magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually as- 
sembled on a mount near Rome, w here they 
idtogether with the Roman nriagistrates offered 
a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which thej' carried 
home some part after the immolation, after 
theyhad sworn mutual friendship and alliance. 
It continued but one day originally, but in pro- 
cess of time four days were dedicated to its 
celebration. Dionys. Hal. 4, c. 49. — Cic. Ep. 
6. — Liv. 21, &LC. The ferias among the Ro- 
mans were certain days set apart to celebrate 
festivals, and during that time it was unlawful 
for any person to work. They were either 
jiublic or private. The public weie of four 
different kinds. The ferice stativcB were cer- 
tain immoveable days always marked in the 
calendar, and observed by the whole city with 
much festivity and public rejoicing. The/emc 
conceptivcB were moveable feasts, and the day 
apppointed for the celebration was always 
previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. 
Among these were the fcrice, Latinw, which 
were first established by Tarquin, and observed 
by the consuls regularly before they set out 
for the provinces ; the Compitalia, Lc. The 
ferioi imperative, were appointed only by the 
command of the consul, dictator, or pnetor, as 
a f)ublic rejoicing for some important victory 
gained over the enemy of Rome. The /ma 
XuTfdincz Avcre regular days, ii\ which the 



FI 

people of the country and neighbouring towns 
assembled together and exposed their respec- 
tive commodities to sale. They were called 
INundinae because kept every ninth day. The 
feriiz privates, were observed only in families, 
in commemoration of birth days, marriages, 
funerals, and the like. The days on which the 
ftri{R were observed were called by the Ro- 
mans J\sti dies, because dedicated to mirth» 
relaxation, and festivity. 

Feronia, a goddess at Rome, who presid- 
ed over the woods and groves. The name is 
derived aftrendo: because she gave assistance 
to her votaries, or perhaps from the town Fe- 
ronia, near mount Soracte, where she had a 
temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacri- 
fice to her, and to wash the face and hands in 
the waters of the sacred fountain, which flowed 
near her temple. It is said that. those who 
were filled with the spirit of this goddess could 
walk barefooted over burning coals without 
receiving any injury from the flames. The god- 
dess had a temple and a grove about three miles 
from Anxur, and also another in the district of 
Capena. Liv. 33, c. 26.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 697 
and 800.— F«no de L. L. 4, c. 10.— ltd. 13.— 
Strab. 5.—Horai. 1. Sat. 5, v. 24. 

Fescennia, (iorum or ium,) a town of 
Etruria, now Galese, where the Fescennine 
verses were first invented. These verses, the 
name of which conveys an idea of vulgar ob- 
scenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken 
extempore, in which the actors exposed before 
their audience the failings and vices of their 
adverearies, and by a satirical humour and mer- 
riment endeavoured to raise the laughter of 
the company. They were often repeated at . 
nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were 
used for the genei'al diversion, as also at har- 
vest-home, w hen gestures were made adapted 
to the sense of the unpolished verses that were 
used. They were proscribed by Augustus as 
of immoral tendency. Plin. 3, c. 5. — Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. mb.~Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 145. 

FEsijLi^:, or F^sul^, a town of Etruria> 
where Sylla settled a colony. Cic. Cat. 3, 
c. 6. 

Festus, a friend of Domitian, uiio killed 

himself in an illness. Martial. }.ep.79. 

Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as 
governor of Judae,a, under Claudius. 

FiBRENus, a river of Italy, falling into the 
Liris through Cicero's farm at Arpinum. 6x7. 
8; v. 400.— Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1. 

FicANA, a town of Latlnra, at the south of 
Rome near the Tiber. Liv. 1, c. 33. 

FicARiA, a small island on the east of Sar- 
dinia, now SerjJtidera. Pirn. 3, c. 7. 

FicuLEA or FicuLNEA, a town of Latium 
beyond mount Sacer at the north of Rome. 
Cicero had a villa theie, and the road that led 
to the town was called Ficul.ncrisis, afterwards 
JVtnnentana Via. Cic. 12. Alt. 34. — Lii. 1, c. 
38, 1. 3, c. 52. 

FiDENA, an inland town of Latium, uhose 
inhabitants are called Fidcnales. The place 
was conquered by the Romans B. C. 435. 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 773. — Juv. 1, v. 44 — Liv. 1, c. 
14,15, and 27, 1. 2, c. 19, 1. 4, c. 17 and 21. 

FiDENTU, a town of Gaul on the south of 
the Po, between Placentia and Parma. Veil. 
2, c. 2S.—Plin. 3, c. 15.— Cic. In. 2, c.54. 

FiDi:s, the goddess of faith, oath?, and 



FL 

honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa 
was the first who paid her di\ine honours. 

FiDicijLiE, a place of Italy. VcU. Max. 7, 
c. 6. 

FiDics Dius, a divinity by whom the Ro- 
mans generally swore. He was also called 
Sancus or Sanctus and Semipater, and he was 
solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June, 
which was yearly consecrated to his service. 
Some suppose him to be Hercules. Ovid. 
Fast. 6, V. 213.— Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10.— Di- 
onys. Hal. 2 and 9. 

Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged 
Mithridates in Pritane, and failed in his at- 
tempts to take him prisoner. He was desert- 
ed by his troops for his cruelty, upon which 
he killed himself. Plut. in Lxicull. 

FiRMUM, now Fermo, a town of Picenum 
on the Adriatic, the port of which was called 
CasUllum Firmanum. Cic. 8, Att. 12. — Plin. 
7, c. 8. — Velleius. 1, c. 14. 

M. FiRsiius, a powerful native of Seleucia 
who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at 
last conquered by Aurelian. 

FiscELLCs, a part of the Apennine moun- 
tains in Umbria, where the Nar rises. Hal. 8, 
V. 518.— J'/i/i. 3, c. 12. 

Flacilla Antonia, a Roman matron in 
Nero's age, &.c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 7. 

Fi.ACCus, a consul who marched against 
Sylla, and was assassinated by Frimbria. Plut. 

A poet. l^id. Valerius. A governor 

of Egypt who died A. D. 39. Verrius, a 

grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of 
Augustus, and supposed author of the Capito- 

line marbles. A name of Horace. Vid. 

Horatius. 

^LiA Flacilla, the mother of Arcadius 
and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a 
prefect of Gaul. 

Flaminia Lex agraria, by C. Flaminius 
the tribune, A. U. C. 525. It required that 
the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls 
Senones had been expelled, should be divided 
among the Roman people. 

Flaminia Via, a celebrated road which led 
from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. It 
received its name from Flaminius, who built 
it, and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus 

against Ann ibal. Agate of Rome opening 

to the same road, now delpopolo. 

C. Flaminius, a Roman consul of a turbu- 
lent disposition, who was drawn into a battle 
near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice 
of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, 
Avilh an immense number of Romans, B. C. 
217. The conqueror wished to give a burial 
to his body, but it was not found in the heaps 
of slain. While the tribune of the people, he 
proposed an agrarian law against the ad- 
vice of his friends, of the senate, and of iiis 
own father. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 17. — Liv. 22, 
c. 3, }iat.—Polyb.—Flor. 2, c. 6.—Val. Max. 
1; c. 6. 

T. Q. Flaminius or FlamixInus, a cele- 
brated Roman raised to the consulship, A. U. 
C. 656. He was trained in the art of war 
against Annibal, and he showed himself ca- 
pable in eveiy respect to discharge with ho- 
nour the great oiBce with which he was in- 
trusted. He wa£ sent at the head ot the Ro- 
nan troops against Philip, king of Mace- 
donia, and in his expedition he met with 



FL 

uncommon success. The Greeks gi'adually 
declared themseWes his firmest supporters, 
and he totally defeated Philip on the confines 
' of Epirus, and made all Locris, Phocis, and 
Thessaly, tributary to the Roman power. 
He granted peace to the conquered monarch, 
and proclaimed all Greece free and indepen- 
dent at the Isthmian games. This cele- 
brated action procured the name of patrons 
of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly 
paved their way to universal dominion. 
Flaminius behaved among them with the 
greatest policy, and by his ready compliance 
with their national customs and prejudices, 
he gained uncommon popularity, and received 
the name of fatlier and deliverer of Greece. 
He was afterwards sent ambassador to king 
Prusias, who had given refuge to Annibal, 
and there his prudence and artifice hastened 
out of the world a man who had long been 
the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was 
found dead in his bed, after a life spent ia 
the greatest glory, in which he had imitated 
with success the virtues of his model Scipio. 

Plut. in vild. — Flor. Lucius, the brother 

of the preceding, signalized himself in the 
wars of Greece. He was expelled from the 
senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother's 
colleague in the censorship, an action which 
was highly resented by Titus. Plat, in Flam. 

Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at the head 

of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, 
B. C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and 
cutting them to pieces. 

Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flanates^ 
in Liburnia, on the Adriatic, now the golf of 
Carnjero. Plin. 3, c. 19 and 21. 

Flavia lex agraria, by L. Flavius, A. 
U. C. 693, for the distribution of a certaia 
quantity of lands among Pompey's soldiers, 
and the commons. 

Flavianum, a town of Etruria, on the 
Tiber, called also Flavinium. Virg. JEn. 7, r. 
696.— Sil. 8, V. 492. 

Flavinia, a town of Latium, which as- 
sisted Turn us against JEaeas. (^irg. JEn. 7, 
v. 696. 

Flavius, a senator who conspired mtk 

Piso against ^'ero, kc. Tacit. A tribune 

of the people deposed by J. Caesar. A Ro- 
man who informed Gracchus of the violent 

measures of the senate against him. A 

brother of Vespasian, ^. A tribune who 

wounded one of Annibal's elephants in an 

engagement. A schoolmaster at Rome in 

the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 6, v. 72. One of 

the names of the emperor Domitian. Juv. 
4, V. 37. 

Flevus, the right branch of the Rhine, 
which formed a large lake on its falling int» 
che sea, called Flevo, now Zuider-Zee. It was 
afterwards called Htliam, now Ulie, when its 
breadth became more contracted, and a fort 
erected there obtained the name of Flevutit 
Frisiorum. Tacit. An. 2, c. 6, 1. 4, v. 73. — Plin. 
4,c. 15.— jtfe/fl, 3; c. 2. 

Fl(3ra, the goddess of flowers and gar- 
dens amongthe Romans, the same as the Chlo- 
ris of the Giv^eks. Some suppose that she was 
origiuali} acommon courtezan, who left to the 
Romans the immense riches which she had ac- 
quired by prostitution and lasciviousness,in re- 
membranre of which a yearly festival was in 



FO 

itiluted in her honour. She was worshipped 
even among the Sabines, long before the loun- 
dation of Rome, and likewise among the Pho- 
ceans, who built Marseilles long before the ex- 
istence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the 
first who raised her a temple in the city ot 
Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, 
and that she received from him the privileges 
of presiding over flowers, and of enjoying per- 
petual youth. [Fid. Floralia.] She was repre- 
sented as crowned with flowers, and holding in 
her hand the horn of plenty. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 
195, hc.—Varro de R. R. l.—Ladant. \, c. 

20. A celebrated courtezan passionately 

loved by Pompey the Great. She was so beau- 
tiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pol- 
lux at Rome was adorned with paintings, her 
picture was drawn and placed among the rest. 

Another courtezan, &c. Juv. 2, v. 49. 

Floralia, games in honour of Flora at 
Rome. They were instituted about the age 
of Romulus, but they were not celebrated 
with regularity and proper attention till the 
year U. C. 580. They were observed yearly, 
and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded 
licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished 
once to be present at the celebration, and that 
when he saw that the deference for his pre- 
sence interrupted the feast, he retired, not 
choosing to be the spectator of the prostitution 
of naked women in a public theatre. This be- 
haviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, 
tliat the venerable senator was treated with the 
most uncommon applause as he retired. Val. 
Max. 2, c. IQ.— Varro de L. L. l—Faierc. 
c. l.—Plin. 18, c. 29. 

' Florentia, atownof Italy on the Arnus, 
now Florence, the capital of Tuscany. Tacit, 
^n. 1, c. 79.— FZor. 3, c. 21.— Piwi. 3, c. 5. 

Florl\nus, a man who wore the imperial 
purple at Rome only for two months, A. D.27d. 
Florus, L. Anna3us Julius, a Latin historian 
of the same family which produced Sen- 
eca and Lucan, A. D. 116. He wrote an 
abridgment of Roman annals in four books, 
composed in a florid and poetical style, and ra- 
ther a panegyric on many of the great actions 
of the Romans, than a faithful and correct re- 
cital of their history. He also wrOte poetry, 
and entered the lists against the emperor 
Adrian, who satirically reproached him vyith 
frequenting taverns and places of dissipation. 
The best editions of Florus are Duker's, 2 vols. 
8vo. L Bat. 1722 and 1744; and that of J. 

Frid. Fischer, 8vo. Lips. 1760. Julius, a 

friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius 
Nero in his militaiy expeditions. The poet 
has addressed two epistles to him. 

Fluoma, a surname of Juno Lucina, who 
under that appellation was invoked by theKo- 
num matrons to stop excessive discharges of 
blood. Ftst. de V. fig. 

Folia, a woman of Ariminum, famous for 
her knowledge of poisonous herbs, and for her 
petulance. Ilorat. ep. 5, v. 42. 

FoNS SoLis, a fountain in the province of 
Cyrene, cool at mid-day and warm at the rising 
and setting of the sun. Hervdot. 4, c. 181. 

FoNTANus, a poet mentioned by Ovid. 
Pont. 4, el. 16. 

FoNiEiA, a vestal virgin. Cic. 
FoNTKius Capito, au intimate friend of 
Horace. 1 i>at. 5, v. 32. A Roman who 



FO 

raised commotions in Germany after the death 

of Nero. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 7. A man who 

conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of 
Antony. Flut. in Ant. 

Formic, a maritime town of Campania at 
the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently the 
abode of the Leestrygones,and it became known 
for its excellent wines, and was called Mamur- 
rarum urbs, from a family of consequence and 
opulence who lived there. Liv. 8, c. 14, 1. 38, 
C.36.— Hora^. 1. od. 20, v. 11, 1. 3. od. 17, 
Sat. 1, 5, v. 'Sl.—Plin. 36, c. 6. 

FoRMiANUM, a villa of Cicero near For- 
mife, near which the orator was assassinated 
Cic. Fam. 11, ep. 27, 1. 16, ep. 10.— Tacit. Ann. 
16, c. 10. 

FoRMio, now Risano, a river of Istria, the 
ancient boundary of Italy eastward, afterwards 
extended to the Arsia. Plin. 3, c. 18 and 19. 

Fornax, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called 
Fornacalia, were first instituted by Numa. 
Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 525. 

Fuuo Appii, a people of Italy, whose cap- 
ital was called Forum Appi. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

FortOna, a powerful deity among the an- 
cients, daughter of Oceanus accordiijg to Ho- 
mer, or one of the Parcae according to Pindar. 
She was the goddess of fortune, and from her 
hand were derived riches and poverty, plea- 
sures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. 
She was worshipped in different parts of 
Greece, and in Achaia; her statue held the. 
horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged 
Cupid at its feet. In Boeotia she had a statue 
which represented her as holding Plutus the 
god of riches in her arms, to intimate that for- 
tune is the source whence wealth and honours 
flow. Bupalus was the first who made a statue 
of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he 
represented her with the poplar star upon her 
head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. The 
Romans paid particular attention to the god- 
dess of Fortune, and had no less than eight 
ditferent temples erected to her honour in 
their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first who 
built her a temple, and from that circumstance 
it is easily known when her worship was first 
introduced among the Romans. Her most 
famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in La- 
tium, where presents and offerings were re- 
gularly sent from every part of the country. 
Fortune has been called Pherepolis, the pro- 
tectress of cities, Acrea, from the temple of 
Corinth on an eminence, cuS-.s. She was called 
Prenesline at Prajneste in Italy, where she had ; 
also a temple. Besides she was worshipped 
among the Romans under different names, such 
as Female fortune, Vhile fortune. Equestrian, 
Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &.c. On the 1st of 
April, which was consecrated to Venus among 
the Romans, the Italian widows and marriage- 
able virgins assembled in the temple of Virile 
fortune, and after burning incense and strip- 
ping themselves of their garments, they entrea- 
ted the goddess to hide from the eyes of their 
husbands whatever defects there might be on 
their bodies. The goddess of Fortune is rep- 
resented on ancient monuments with a horn oi 
jilenty, and sometimes two in her hands. She 
is blind-folded, and generally holds a wheel ia 
her hand as an emblem of her inconstancy. 
Sometimes she appears with wings, and tread< 



FO 

upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder 
in her hand. Dionys. Hal. 4. — Ovid. Fast. 
6, V. 569. — Plut. de fort. Rom. and in Cor. — 
€ic. de Div. 2. — Liv. 10. — £i(gustin. de. Civ. 
D. 4. — Flor. i. — Val. Max. 1, c. 5. — Lucan. 

FoRTUNATiE INSUL.?;, islands at the west of 
Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are sup- 
posed to be the Canary isles of the moderns, 
thought to be only two in number, at a little 
distance one from the other, and 10,000 sta- 
dia from the shores of Libya. They Avere 
represented as the seats of the blessed, where 
the souls of the virtuous were placed after 
death. The air was wholesome and temperate, 
the earth produced an immense number of va- 
rious fruits without the labours of men. When 
they had been described to Sertorius in the 
most enchanting colours, that celebrated ge- 
neral expressed a wish to retire thither, and 
to remove himself from the noise of the 
world, and the dangers of war. Strab. 1. — 
Plut. in Sertor. — Horat. 4, od. 8, v. 27. — Epod. 
16.—Plin. 6, c. 31 and 32. 

FoRULi, a town of the Sabines built on a 
stony place, Strab. 5. — Virg. Mn. 7, v. 714. 

FoRUM-APPii, a town of Latium on the 
Appia v!a. Cic. 1, Att. 10.— Horat. 1, Sat. 3, 

V. 3. Augustum, a place at Rome. Ovid. 

Fast. 5, V. 652. Allieni, a town of Italy, 

now Ferrara. Tacit. H. 3, c. 6. Aureliaj a 

town of Etruria, now Montalto. Cic. Cat. 1, 

c. 9. Claudii, another in Etruria, now Ori- 

olo. Cornelii, another, now Imola, in the 

Pope's dominions. Plin. 3, c. 16. — Cic. Fam. 

12, ep. 5. Domitii, a town of Gaul, now 

Frontignan, in Languedoc. Voconii, a town 

of Gaul, now Gonsaron, between Antibes 
and Marseilles. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17.—— 
Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul, south of 

the Po. Popilii, another at the south of 

Ravenna, on the Adriatic. Flaminii, a 

town of Umbria, now San Giavane. Plin. 

3, c. 14. Gallorum, a town of Gaul To- 

gata, now Caslel Franco, in the Bolognese. 
Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 30. Also a town of Ve- 
nice, called Forajuliensis urbs, now Friuli. 

Cic. Fam. 12, ep. 26. .lulium, a town of 

Gaul Narbonensis, now Frejus, in Provence. 

Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17. — Strab. 4. Lebno- 

rum, a town of Insubria. Polyh. Sempro- 

nii, a town of Umbria, he. Many other pla- 
ces bore the name of Forum wherever there 
was a public market, or rather where the praj- 
tor held his court of justice, (ferum vel con- 
ventus,) and thence they were called some- 
times conventusas well as/om, into which pro- 
vinces Avere generally divided under the ad- 
ministration of a separate governor. Cic. 
Ver. 2, c. 20, I. 4, c. 48, 1. 5, c, 11.— Fa^m, 5, 
Fam. 3, ep. 6 and 8.— Attic. 5, ep. 21. 

Fosi, a people of Germany near the Elbe, 
considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacit. 
G.36. 

Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio between 
Corsica and Sardinia, called also Tephros. 

Plin. 3, c. 6. Drusi or Druslani, a canal, 

eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from 
the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of 
I he Waal. Suet. Claud. I.— Tacit. Hist. 5, 

c. 23. Mariana, a canal cut by Marius 

from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cim- 
orian war, and now called Galejon. Some- 



FU 

times the word is used in the plural, Fossce' 
as if more than one canal had been formed by 
Marius. Plin. 3, c. 4.— Strab. 4.— Mela, 2, 
c. 5. 

Foss^ Philtstin^e, one of the mouths of 
the Po. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 9. 

Franci, a people of Germany and Gaul, 
whose country was called Francia. Claudian. 

Fraus, a divinity worshipped among the 
Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She 
presided over treachery, &c. 

Fregella, a famous town of the Volsci 
in Italy, on the Liris, destroyed for revolting 
from the Romans. Ital. 5, v. 452.— Liy 
8, c. 22, 1. 27, c. 10, he— Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 
76. ^ 

FregenjE , a town of Etruria. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Frentan^i, a people of Italy, near Apu- 
lia, who receive their name from the river 
Frento, now Fortore, which runs through 
the eastern part of their country, and falls 
into the Adriatic opposite the islands of Dio- 
mede. Plin. 3, c. 11.— Liv. 9, c. 45.— Sil. 8, 
V. 520. 

Fretum, (the sea) is sometimes applied 
by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits 
of Messina. Cos. C. 1, c. 2Q.—Flor. 1, c. 26. 
—Cic. 2. Att. 1. 

Frigidus, a river of Tuscany. 

Frisii, a people of Germany near the 
Rhine, now the Prisons or Friesland. Tacit. 
A. 1, c. 60.— Hist. 4, c. 15 and 72.— G. 34. 

Sex. Jul. Frontinus, a celebrated geo- 
metrician, who made himself known by the 
books he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems, 
dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his 
death that no monument should be raised 
to his memory, saying, Memoria nostri du- 
rabit, si vitam meruimus. The best edition of 
Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1779. 

Fronto, a preceptor of M. Antoninus, by 

whom he was greatly esteemed. Julius, a 

learned Roman, who was so partial to the 
company of poets, that he lent them his house 
and gardens, which continually re-echoed the 
compositions of bis numerous visitors. Juv. 1 , 
Sat. v. 12. 

Frusino, a small town of the Volsci on one 
of the branches of the Liris. Juv. 3, v. 223. — 
Liv. K), c. l.—Sil. 8, v. 399.— Cir. Ait. 11, 
ep. 4 and 13. 

FCciNus, a lake of Italy in the country of 
the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted 
to be drained by J. Caesar and afterwards by 
Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employ- 
ed for eleven years to perforate a mountain to- 
convey the water into the Lids, but with no 
permanent success. The lake surrounded by 
a ridge of high mountains is now called Celano, 
and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumfe- 
i"ence, and not mo?e than 12 feet deep on an 
average. Plin. 36, c. 15. — Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 
56.— Firg.^n. 7, v. 751>. 

FuFiDius, a wretched usuper, &.c. Horat. 1. 
Sat. 2. 

FuFius Geminus, a man greatly promo- 
ted by the interest of Livia, he. Tacit. Ann. 
5, c. 1 and 2. 

Fugat.ia, festivals at Rome to celebrate the 
flight of the Tarquins. 

FulgVnatks, (sing. Fulginas) a people 
of Umbria, whose cihief town was Fulginnn,»j . 



FU 



now Foligno. Sil. It. 8, v. 462.-P/m. 1, c. 4, 

^' VfuI^ginus, a brave officer in Caesar's le- 
«rions, &.C. Ccts. Bell. Civ. 
"^ FuUoRA, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over li^^htning. She was addressed to save 
her vottries from the effects of violent storms 
of thunder. Mg. de Civ. B. 6, c. 10. 

FuLLiNUM and Fulginum, a small town ot 

Urabria. -, ^ ^ • x^j 

FuLvix LEX was proposed but rejected, 
A U C 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended 
to make all the people of Italy citizens of 

■^TutviA, a bold and ambitious woman who 
married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards 
Curio, and at last M. Antony. She took a 
part in all the intrigues of her husband s trium- 
virate and showed herself cruel as well as re- 
vengeful. When Cicero's head had been cut 
off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to 
be brought to her, and with all the insolence 
of barblrity, she bored the orators tongue 
with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her 
to marry Cleopatra, upon which she attempt- 
ed to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Au- 
gustus to take up arms against her husband 
When this scheme did not succeed, she raised 
a faction against Augustus, in which she en- 
gaged L. Antonius her brother-in-law, and 
when all her attempts proved fruitless, she 
retired into the east, where her husband receiv- 
ed her with great coldness and indifference 
This unkindoess totally broke her heart, and 
she soon after died, about 40 years before the 
christian era. Plut. in Cic. ^ Anton.— ^A 
woman who discovered to Cicero the designs 
of Catiline upon his life. Plut. m Ctc, 

Fulvius, a Roman senator, intimate with 
Augustus. He disclosed the emperor's secrets 
to his wife, who made it public to all the Ro- 
man matrons, for which he received so severe 
a reprimand from Augustus, that he and his 

wife hanged themselves in despair. -A 

friend of C. Gracchus who was killed in a sedi- 
tion with his son. His body was thrown into 
the river, and his widow was forbidden to put 
on mourning for his death. Plut. in Gracc/i 

Flaccus Censor, a Roman who plundered 

a marble temple of Juno, to finish the buildmg 
of one which he had erected to Fortune. He 
was always unhappy after this sacrilege. Ltv 

25 c 2 Ser. Nobilior, a Roman consul 

who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. 
After he had acquired much glory against the 
Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked at his re- 
turn with 200 Roman ships. His grandson 
Marcus was sent to Spain, where he greatly 
signalized himself. He was afterwards re- 
warded with the consulship. 

FuNDANUs, a lake near Fundi in Jtaiy, 
which discharges itself into the Mediterranean. 
Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 69. 

Fundi, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the 
Appianroad, at the bottom of a small deep 
bay called Lacus Fundanus. Horal. 1, Sat. 5, 
V M^Liv. 8, c. 14 and 19, I. 38, c. 36.— 
Plin. 3, c. 5.— Cic. Rail. 2, c. 25.-r-Tacit. Ann. 
4, c. 59.— S/m6.5. 



FU 

FuRiiE, the three daughters of Nox and 
Acheron, or of Pluto and Froserpine, accord- 
ing to some. Vid. Eumenides. 

FuRii, a family which migrated from Me- 
dullia in Latium, and came to settle in Rome 
under Romulus, and was admitted among the 
patricians. Camillus was of this family, and it 
was he who first raised it to distinction. Pint, 
in Caniill. 

FuRiA LEX de Testamentis, by C. Furius the 
tribune. It forbade any person to leave as a 
legacy more than a thousand asses, except te 
the relations of the master who manumitted, 
with a few more exceptions. Cic. 1. — Verr. 
42. — Liv. 35. 

FuRiNA, the goddess of robbers, worshipped 
at Rome. Some say that she is the same 
as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furi- 
ualia. Cic. de Kat. 3, c. S.—Varro de L. L. 
5, c. 3. 

FuRius, a military tribune with Camillus. 
He was sent against the Tuscans by his col- 
league. A Roman slave who obtained big 

freedom, and applied himself with unremit- 
ted attention to cultivate a small portion of 
land which he had purchased. The uncom- 
mon fruits which he reaped from his labours 
rendered his neigbbours jealous of his prosper- 
ity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal 

of witchcraft, but honourably acquitted. 

M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, who 
wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was univer- 
sally celebrated for the wit and humour of his 
expressions. It is said that Virgil imitated 
his poetry and even borrowed some of his 
lines. Horace however has not failed to ridi- 
cule his verses. Quintil. 8, e. 6, hc.—Horat. 
2, Sat. 6, V. 40. 

FuRNius, a man accused of adultery with 
Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &ic. Ta- 
cit. Hist. 4, V. 52. A friend of Horace, 

who was consul, and distinguished himself 
by his elegant historical writings. 1 Sat. 10, 
V. 36. 

Arist. Fuscus, a friend of Horace, as con- 
spicuous for the integrity and propriety of his 
manners, as for his learning and abilities. 
The poet addressed his 22 Od. Lib. 1 and 1 

Ep. 10, to him. Corn, a praetor sent by Do- 

mitian against the Daci, where he perished. 
jMy.4, V. 112. 

FusiA LEX de Comiiiis, A. U. C. 527, 
forbade any business to be transacted at the 
public assemblies on certain days, though 

among the fasti. Another A, U. C. 690, 

which ordained that the votes in a public 

assembly should be given separately. Ca- 

ninia, another by Camillus and C. Caninius 
Galbus, A. U. C. 751, to check the manumis- 
sion of slaves. 

Fusius, a Roman orator. Cic. 2. de Oral. 

c. 22. A Roman killed in Gaul, while he 

presided there over one of the provinces. 

Co£s. Bell. G. T, c. 3. A Roman actor, 

whom Horace ridicules. 2 Sat. 3, v. 60. He 
intoxicated himself; and when on the stage, 
he fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, 
where he ought to have been roused and mo- 
ved by the cries of a ghost} but in vain. 



GA 

GABLES, a people of Aquitain. Plm. 4, 
c. 19. 

Gabaza, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana, 
Curt. 8, c. 4. 

Gabellus, now La Secchia, a river falling 
in a northern direction into the Po, opposite 
Ihe Mincius. Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Gaeene and Gabienb, a country of Persia. 
Diod. 19. 

Gabli or Gabina. Vid. Gabina. 

Gabienus, a friend of Augustus, beheaded 
by order of Sexl. Pompey. It is maintained 
that he spoke after death. 

Gabii, a city of the Volsci, built by the 
kings of Alba, but now no longer in existence. 
It was taken by the artifice of 5extus, the son 
of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the 
inhabitants by deserting to them, and pretend- 
ing that his father had ill treated him. Romu- 
lus and Remus were educated there, as it was 
the custom at that time to send there the 
young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity 
of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar 
mode of tucking up their dress, whence Gabi- 
nus cinctus. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 773, 1. 7, v. 612 
and 6821— Lii). 5, c. 46, 1. 6, c. 29, 1. 8, c. 9, 1. 
10, c. 7.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 709.— P/u/. m Ro- 
vml. 

GlBiiVA, the name of Juno, worshipped at 
Gabii. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 682. 

GabInia lex de Comitiis, by A. Gabinius, 
the tribune, A. IJ. C. 614. It required that in 
the public assemblies for electing magistrates, 
the votes should be given by tablets, and not 

viva voce. Another for convening daily the 

senate from the calends of February, to those 

of March. Another, de Comitiis, which 

made it a capital punishment to convene any 
clandestine assembly, agreeable to the old law 

of the twelve tables. Another, de Militia, 

by A. Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It 
granted Pompey the power of carrying on the 
war against the pirates, during three years, 
and of obliging all kings, governors, and states, 
to supply him with all the necessaries he want- 
ed, over all the Mediterranean sea, and in the 
maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from 
the sea. Another, de Usurd, by Aul, Gabi- 
nius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It ordained 
that no action should be granted for the re- 
covery of any money borrowed upon small in- 
terest, to be lent upon larger. This was an 
usual practice at Rome, which obtained the 

name of vcrsuram facere. Another against 

fornication. 

Gabinianus, a rhetorician, in the reign of 
Vespasian. 

Gabinius, a Roman historian. Aulius, 

a Roman consul, who made war in Juda)a,and 
re-established tranquillity there. He suffered 
himself to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy 
Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was ac- 
cused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Ci- 
cero, at the request of Pompey, ably defended 
him. He was banished, and died about 40 
years before Christ, at Salona. A lieuten- 
ant of Antony. A consul, who behaved 

with uncommon rudeness to Cicero. 

Gades {iwn,) Gadis (is) and Gadira, a 
small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish 
coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. 
It was sometimes called Tartessus, and Erylhia 
according to Pliov, and is now known by the 



GA 

name of Cadis. Geryon, whom Hercules kill- 
ed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, sur- 
named Gaditanus, had there a celebrated 
temple, in which all his labours were engraved 
with excellent workmanship. The inhabi- 
tants were called Gadifani, and there women 
were known for their agility of body, and 
their incontinency. Herat. 2, od. 2, v 11 — 
Stat. 3, Sylv. 1, v. 183.— Lir. 21, c. 21, 1. 24, c. 
49, 1. 26, c. 43.— Plin. 4, c. 2a.—Sirab. 3.— 
Cic.pro Gab. — Justin. 44, c. 4. — Pans. 1, c. 
35.— Ptol. 2, c. A.—Paterc. 1, c. 2. 

Gaditancs, a surname of Hercules, from 
Gades. Vid. Gades. 

G^SATiE, a people on the Rhone, who as- 
sisted the Senones in taking and plundering 
Rome under Brennus. Strab. 5. 

diTULiA, a country of Libya, near the 
Garamantes, which foi-med part of king Masi- 
nissa's kingdom. The country was the fa- 
vourite retreat of wild beasts, and is now call- 
ed Bildulgerid. Sallust. in Jug. — SU, 3, v 
287.— Plin. 6, c. 4. 

G^TiJLicos, Cn. Lentulus, an oflScer in the 
age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 42. 

A poet who wrote some epigrams, in 

which he displayed great genius, and more 
wit, though he often indulged in indelicate ex- 
pressions. 

Gala, father of Masinissa, was king of Nu- 
midia. 

Galaerii, a nation near Thrace. 
Galactophagi, a people of Asiatic Scythia. 
Homtr. II. 3. 
GAL.a:sus. Vid. Galesus. 
Galanthis, a servant maid of Alcmena, 
whose sagacity eased the labours of her mis- 
tress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth 
of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife 
of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid of Luciua ; 
who immediately repaired to the house of 
Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, 
sat near the door with her legs crossed, and 
her fingers joined. In this posture she uttered 
some magical wo)ds, which served to prolong 
the labours of Alcmena, and render her 
state the more miserable. Alcmena had al- 
ready passed some days in the most excrucia- 
ting torments, when Galanthis began to sus- 
pect the jealousy of Juno ; and concluded that 
the old woman, who continued at the door al- 
ways in the same unchanged posture, was the 
instrument of the anger of the goddess. With 
such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, 
and with a countenance expressive of joy, she 
informed the old woman that her mistress had 
just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose 
from her posture, and that instant Alcmena 
was safely delivered. The uncommon laugh 
which Galanthis raised upon this, made Luci- 
na suspect that she had been deceived. She 
seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her on 
the ground ; and while she attempted to resist, 
she was changed into a weazel, and condemn- 
ed to bring forth her young, in the most ago- 
nizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had 
uttered falsehood. This transformation al- 
ludes to a Vulgar notion among the ancients, 
who believed this of the weazel, because she 
carries her young in her mouth, and continu- 
ally shifts from place to place. The Boeotians 
paid great veneration to the weazel, which, as 
they supposed, facilitated the labours of Ale- 



GA 

Mian, H. Mint. 2.— Ovid. Met. 9, 



-An island 
— A moun- 



Vid. 



Ttnena. 
feb. 6. 

Galata, a town of Syna.- 

near Sicily. A town of Sicily 

tain of Phocis. ^ ^ , .. 

Galaxy, the inhabitants of Galatia 
Galatia. 

GiLATiEA and Galath^a, a sea nymph, 
daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was pas- 
sionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, 
whom she treated with cold,:|ess and disdain ; 
while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her 
unbounded affection. The happiness of these 
two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the 
Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieces with 
a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the 
bosom of Galatsea. Galataea was inconsola- 
ble for the loss of Acis, and as she could not 
restore him to life, she changed him into a 
fountain. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 789.— Firg. Mn. 

9, V. 103. The daughter of a Celtic king, 

from whom the Gauls were called Galatae. 

Ammimi. 15. A country girl, &c. Virg. 

Ed. 3. 

Galatia, or Gallogr;ecia, a countiy of 
Asia Minor, between Phrygia, the Euxine, 
Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its 
name from the Gauls, who migrated there un- 
der Brennus, some time after the sacking of 
Rome. Strah. \2.~Justin. 37, c. A.—Liv. 38, 
c. 12, 40— Lwcaw. 7, v. bAO.— Cic. 6, Mt. 5.— 

Plin. 5, c. S2.—Ptol. 5, c. 4. The name of 

ancient Gaul among the Greeks. 

Galaxia, a festival, in which they boiled a 
mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called 
TxKctt.t'i by the Greeks. 

Galba, a surname of the first of the Sul- 
pitii, from the smallness of his stature. ^ The 
v^ord signifies a small worm, or, according to 
some, it implies, in the language of Gaul, fat- 
ness, for which the founder of the Sulpitian 

family was remarkable. A king among the 

Gauls, who made war against J. Ceesar. Cas. 
Belt. Gall. 2, c. 4. A brother of the em- 
peror Galba, who killed himself, &c. A 

mean buflToon, in the age of Tiberius. Juv. 5, 
V. 4. Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who de- 
fended the cause of adulterers witii great 
warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Ho- 
race ridicules him, 1. Sat. 2, v. 46. Servius 

Sulpicius, a Roman who rose gradually to the 
greatest offices of the state, and exercised his 
power in the provinces with equity and un- 
remitted diligence. He dedicated the great- 
est part of his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly 
to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disap- 
probation of the emperor's oppressive com- 
mand in the provinces, was the cause of new 
disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to 
death, but he escaped from the hands of the 
executioner, and was publicly saluted empe- 
ror. When he was seated on the throne, he 
suftered himself to be governed by favourites, 
who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens 
to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were 
sold at a high price, and the crime of murder 
was blotted out, and impunity purchased with 
a large sum of money. Such irregularities in 
the emperor's ministers, greatly displeased the 
people ; and when Galba refused to pay the 
soldiers the money which he had promised 
them, when he was raised to the throne, they 
assassinated him in the 73d year of his age. 



GA 

and in the felghth of his reign, and proclaimed 
Otho emperor in his room,, January 16th, A. D. 
69. The virtues which had shone so bright in 
Galba, when a private man, totally disappear- 
ed when he ascended the throne ; and he who 
showed himself the most impartial judge, for- 
got the duties of an emperor, and of a father 
of his people. Suet on. ^ Pint, in vita. — 

Tacit. A learned man, grandfather to the 

emperor of the same name. Suet, in Galb. 4. 

Sergius, a celebrated orator before the 

age of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Ro- 
man people, and implored their protection, 
by which means he saved himself from the 
punishment which either his guilt or the per- 
suasive eloquence of his adversaries, M. Cato 
and L. Scribonius, urged as due to him. Cic. 
de Orat. 1, c. 53. ad Her. 4, c. 5. 

Galenus Claudius, a celebrated, physician 
in the age of M. Antoninus and his successors, 
born at Pergamus, the son of an architect. 
He applied himself with unremitted labour 
to the study of philosophy, mathematics, 
and chiefly of physic. He visited the most 
learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt ; and 
at last came to Rome, where he soon render- 
ed himself famous by his profession. Many, 
astonished at his cures, attributed them to ma- 
gic, and said that he had received all his know- 
ledge from enchantments. He was very inti- 
mate with Blarcus Aurelius, the emperor, 
after whose death he returned to Pergamus, 
where he died in his 90th year, A. D. 193. 
He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the great- 
est part of which were burnt in the temple of 
Peace at Rome, where they had been deposi- 
ted. Galenus confessed himself greatly in- 
debted to the writings of Hippocrates, for his 
medical knowledge, and bestowed great en- 
comiums upon him. To the diligence, appli- 
cation and experiments of those two celebra- 
ted physicians, the moderns are indebted for 
many useful discoveries ; yet, often their opin- 
ions are ill-grounded, their conclusions hasty, 
and their reasoning false. What remains of 
the works of Galen, has been published, with- 
out a Latin translation, in five vols, fol, Basil. 
1538, Galen was likewise edited, together 
with Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols, fol. 
Paris 1679, but very incorrect, 

GaleoljE, certain prophets in Sicily, Cic. 

Galeria, one of the Roman tribes. 

The wife of Vetellius, Cas. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 
60. Fustina, the wife of the emperor An- 
toninus Pius, 

Galerius, a native of Dacia, made empe- 
ror of Rome, by Diocletian, Vid. Masi- 
raianus. 

Galesus, now Galeso, a river of Calabria 
flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The po- 
ets have celebrated it for the shady groves in 
its neighbourhood, and tlie fine sheep which 
feed on its fertile banks, and w hose fleeces 
were said to be rendered soft when they bath- 
ed in the stream. Martial. 2, ep. 43, 1, 4, 
ep. 2S.— Virs. G. 4, v. 126.— Horat. 2, od. 

6j V. 10. A rich person of Latin m, killed 

as he attempted to make a reconciliation be- 
tween the Trojans and Rutulians, when As- 
canius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrr- 
heus ; which was the prelude of all the en- 
mities between the hostile nations. Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 335. 



GA 

GaTuIlma, a celebrated country of Syria, 
often mentioned in scripture. 

Galinthiadia, a festival at Thebes, in hon- 
our of Calinthias, a daughter of Prcetus. It 
was celebrated before the festival of Hercules, 
by whose orders it was first instituted. 

Galli, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, 
and inclined to war. They were very super- 
stitious ; and in their sacrifices they often im- 
molated human victims. In some places, they 
had large statues made with twigs, which they 
filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They 
believed themselves descended from Pluto ; 
and from that circumstance they always reck- 
oned their time not by the days, as other nations, 
but by the nights. Their obsequies were splen- 
did, and not only the most precious things, but 
even slaves and oxen, were burnt on the fune- 
ral pile. Children, among them, never ap- 
peai-ed in the presence of their fathers, before 
they were able to bear arms in the defence of 
theu- country. Cces. Bell. G. — Stmb. 4.— Ta- 
cit. Vid. Gallia. The priests of Cybele, 

who received that name from the river Galljus, 
in Phrygia, where they celebrated the festi- 
vals. They mutilated themselves before they 
were admitted to the priesthood, in imitation 
of Aty s, the favourite of Cybele. ( Vid. Atys.) 
The chief among them was called Archigal- 
lus, who in his dress resembled a woman, and 
carried, suspended to his neck, a large collar 
with two representations of the head of Atys. 
Vid. Corybantes, Dactyli, &.c. Diod. 4. — 
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 36. — Lucan. 1, v. 466. — Lu- 
can. de Dea Syria. 

Gallia, a large country of Europe, called 
Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were 
called Galli, Celliberi, and Celtoschylhce, by 
themselves Celtce, by the Greeks Galatce. An- 
cient Gaul was divided into four different parts 
by the Romans, called Gallia, Belgica, Narbo- 
nensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia Belgi- 
ca, was the largest province, bounded by Ger- 
many, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German 
ocean ; and contained the modern country of 
Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy, with part of the 
Low Couuti'ies, and of Champagne, and of the 
isle of France. Gallia JVarbonensis, which 
contained the provinces now called Langue- 
doc, Provence, Dauphine, Savoy, was bounded 
by the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, by A- 
quitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean. 
Jiquilania Gallia, now called the provinces of 
Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, Berry, Perigord, 
Quercy, Limosin, Gascogny, Auvergne, he. 
was situated between the Gerumna, the Pyre- 
nean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia Cellica, 
or Lugduntnsis, was bounded by Belgium, 
Gallia iNarbonensis, tiie Alps, and the ocean. 
It contained the country at present known by 
the name of Lyonuois, Touraine, Franche 
Co.nite, Seuenois, Switzerland, and part of 
Normandy. Besides these grand divisions, 
there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpi- 
na, or Citerior ; Transalpina or Ulterior, 
which refers to that part of Italy which was 
conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed 
the Alps. By Gallia Cisalpina, the Romans 
undeislood that part of tJaul which lies in Ita- 
ly ; and by Traiutipiua, that which lies be- 
yond the Al])3, in regaid only to -the inhabi- 
tants of Rome. Gallia 6V5p«t/a?irt and Traiis- 
vadana, is applied to a part of Italy tonquer- 



GA 

cd by some of the Gauls, and then it means 
the country on this side of the Po, or beyond 
the Po, with respect to Rome, By Gallia To- 
gata, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul^ 
where the Roman gowns, togce, were usually 
worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted 
to the rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia 
Nai'bonensis, was called Braccata, on account 
of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for 
their thighs. The epithet of Comata, is ap- 
plied to Gallia Celtica, because the people 
suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon 
length. The inhabitants were great warriors, 
and their valour overcame the Roman armies, 
took the cities of Rome, and invaded Greece, 
in different ages. They spread themselves 
over the greatest part of the world. They 
were very superstitious in their religious cere- 
monies, and revered the sacerdotal order, as 
if they had been gods. ( Vid. Druidee.) They 
long maintained a bloody war against the Ro- 
mans ; and Caesar resided 10 years in their 
country before he could totally subdue them. 
CcBs. Bell. Gall. — Fans. 7, c. 6. — Strab. 5, &.e. 

Gallicanos mons, a mountain of Cam- 
pania. 

Gallicus Ager, was applied to the coun- 
try between Picenum and Ariminum, whence 
the Galli Senones were banished, and which 
Vv'as divided among the Roman citizens. Liv. 
23, c. 14, 1. 39, c. 44— C-ic. Cat. 2.— Goes. Civ. 
1, c. 29. Sinus, a part of the Mediterra- 
nean on the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf 
of Lyons. 

Gallienus, Publ. Lucinius, a son of the 
emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly 
with his father for seven years, and ascended 
the throne as sole emperor, A. D. 260. In his 
youth he showed his activity and military 
character, in an expedition against the Ger- 
mans and Sarmatae ; but when he came to the 
purple he delivered himself up to pleasure 
and indolence. His time was spent in the 
greatest debauchery ; and he indulged him- 
self in the grossest and most lascivious manner, 
and his palace displayed a scene, at once o[ ef- 
feminacy and shame, voluptuousness and im- 
morality. He often appeared with his hair 
powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed ti-an- 
quillity at home, while his provinces abroad 
were torn by civil quarrels and seditions. He 
heard of the loss of a rich province, and of the 
execution of a malefactor, with the same indif- 
ference ; and when he was apprized that E- 
gypt had revolted, he only observed, that he 
could live without the produce of Egypt. He 
w asof a disposition naturally inclined to raille- 
ry and the ridicule of others. When his wife had 
been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered 
the malefactor to be placed in the circus, in 
expectation of being exposed to the ferocity 
of a lion. While the wretch trembled at tlie 
expectation of instant death, the executioner, 
by order of the emperor, let loosife % capon 
upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised 
upon this, and the emperor observed, that he 
who had deceived others, should expect to be 
deceived himself. In Ihe midst of these ridi- 
culous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by 
the revolt of two of his officers, who had an- 
sumed the imi)erial purple. This intelligence 
rouhcd him from his lethargy ; he marclicd 
ngain^^t his antagonists,, and put all the rebels 



GA 

to the sword, without showing the least favour 
either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties 
irritated the people and the army; emperors 
were elected, and no less than thirty tyrants 
aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus re- 
solved boldly to oppose his adversaries ; but 
in the midst of his preparations, he was assas- 
sinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 
50th year of his age, A. D. 268. 

Gallinaria Svlva, a wood near Cumae in 
Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers. ' 
Juv. 3, V. 307. 

Gallipolis, a fortified town of the Salen- 
tines, on the Ionian sea. 

GALLOGRiECiA, a country of Asia Minor, 
near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inhab- 
ited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the 
name of Gallogrczciy because a number of 
Greeks had accompanied them in their emi- 
gration. Strab. 2. 

C. Gallonius, a itoman knight appointed 
over Gades, &-c. 

P. Gallonius, a luxurious Roman, who, 
as was observed, never dined well, because 
he Avas never hungry. Cic. de Fin. 2, c. 8 
and 28. 

Gallus, Vid. Alectryon. -A general of 

Otho, he. Plul. A lieutenant of Sylla. 

An officer of M. Antony, &c. Caius, 

a friend of the great African us, famous for 
his knowledge of astronomy, and his exact 
calculations of eclipses. Cic. de Senec 



iElius, the 3d governor of Egypt in the age of 

Augustus. Cornelius, a Roman knight, who 

rendered himself famous by his poetical, as 
well as military talents. He was passionately 
fond of the slave Lycoris or Cytheris, and cel- 
ebrated her beauty in his poetry. She proved 
ungrateful, and forsook him to follow M. An- 
tony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write 
his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as the other 
poets of his age, was in the favour of Augustus, 
by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He 
became forgetful of the favours he received ; 
he pillaged the province, and even conspired 
against his benefactor according to some ac- 
counts, for which he was banished by the em- 
peror. This disgrace operated so powerfully 
upon him, that he killed himself in despair, 
A. D. 26. Some few fragments remain of 
his poetry, and it seems that he particularly 
excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said, 
that Virgil wrote an eulogium on his poetical 
friend, and inserted it at the end of his Geor- 
gics ; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear 
of offending his imperial patron, of whose fa- 
vours Gallus had shown himself so undeserv- 
ing, and instead of that he substituted the 
beautiful episode about Aristasus and Eury- 
dice. This eulogium, according to some, 
was suppressed at the particular desire of 
Augustus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. — Virg. Ed. 6 
and 10— Ovid. Amat. 3, el. 15, v. 29. 



Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul, 
in the age of Augustus, of whose orations 

Seneca has preserved some fragments. A 

Roman who assassinated Decius, the emperor, 
and raised himself to the throne. He showed 
himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with 
the greatest indifference the revolt of his pro- 
vinces, and the invasion of his empire by the 
barbarians He was at last assassinated by his 
.^oldicrs, A. P. 263. Flavins Claudius Con- 



stantlnus, a brother of the emperor Julian, 
raised to the imperial throne under the title of 
Cajsar, by Constantius his relation. He con- 
spired against his benefactor, and was publicly 

condemned to be beheaded, A. D. 354. A 

small river of Phrygia, whose waters were 
said to be very efficacious, if drank in modera- 
tion, in curing madness. Plin. 32, c. 2. — Ovid, 
Fast. 4, V. 361. 

Gamaxus, an Indian prince, brought in 
chains before Alexander for revolting. 

Gamelia, a surname of Juno, as Game- 
lius was of Jupiter, on account of their pre- 
siding over marriages. A festival privately 

observed at three different times. The first 
was the celebration of a marriage, the second 
was in commemoration of a birth-day, and the 
third was an anniversary of the death of a 
person. As it was observed generally on the 
1st of January, marriages on that day were 
considered as of a good omen, and the month 
was called Gamelion among the Athenians. 
Cic. de Fin. 2, c 31. 

Gandarit^, an Indian nation. 

Gangama, a place near the Palus Maeotis. 

GangariDjE, a people near the mouths of 
the Ganges. They were so powerful that 
Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some 
attribute this to the weariness and indolence 
of his troops. They were placed by Valer. 
Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. Jusiin. 
12, c. 8.— Curt. 9, c. 2.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 27.— 
Flacc. 6, V. 67. 

Ganges, a large river of India, falling into 
the Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the 
boundary of Alexander's victories in the east. 
It inundates the adjacent country in the sum- 
mer. Like other rivers, it was held in the 
greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and 
this superstition is said to exist still in some 
particular instances. The Ganges is now dis- 
covered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, 
and to run upwards of 2000 miles before it 
reaches the sea, receiving in its course the 
tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are supe- 
rior to the Thames, and often equal to the 
great body of the waters of the Rhine. Lucan. 
3, V. IZO.—Slrab. b.—Plin. 6, c. Ql.—Cwt. 8, 
c. 9.— Mela, 3, c. 7.— Virg. JEn. 9, v. 31. 

Gannascus, an ally of Rome, put to death 
by Corbulo, the Roman general, &,c. Tacit. 
Ann. 11, c. 18. 

GANYMisDE, a goddess, better known by the 
name of Hebe. She was worshipped under 
this name in a temple at Philus in Pelopon- 
nesus. Pans. 2, c. 13. 

Ganymedes, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, 
son of Tros, and brother to llus and Assara- 
cus. According to Lucian, he was son of 
Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by 
Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather tending 
his father's flocks on mount Ida, and he be- 
came the cup-bearer of the gods in the place 
of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away 
by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and un- 
natural desires of Jupiter. He is generally 
represented sitting on the back of a flying 
eagle in the air. Pans. 6, c, 24. — Homer. It. 
20, V. 2S\.— Virg. JEn. 5, v. 252.— Or/rf. Met. 
10, v. Ibb.—Horat. 4, od. 4. 

Gar.t.ticum, a town of Africa. 

Garamantes (sing. Garamas,) a people in 
the interior parts of Africa, now called the 



.-^*v- 



GA 

deserts of Zaara. They lived in common, and 
acknowledged as their own only such children 
as resembled them, and scarce clothed them- 
selves, on account of the warmth of their cli- 
mate. Virg. Mn. 4, v. 198, 1. 6, v. 795.— Lu- 
ean. 4, v. 334.— Strab. 2.—Plin. 5, c. 8.—Sil. 
It. 1, v. 142,1. 11, V. 181. 

Garamantis, a nymph who became mo- 
ther of larbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus, by Ju- 
piter. Virg. ^11. 4, v. 198. 

Garamas, a king of Libya, whose daughter 
was mother of Ammon by Jupiter. 

Garatas, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, 
on the banks of which Pan had a temple. 
Paus. 8, c. 44. 

Gareat^, a people of Arcadia. Pam. 8, 
e. 45. 

Gareathyra, a town of Cappadocia. 
Strab. 12. 

Garganus, now St. Angela, a lofty moun- 
tain of Apulia, which advances in the form of 
a promontory into the Adriatic sea. Virg. 
«Sln 11, v. 257. — Lucan. 5, v. 880. 

Gargaphia, a valley near Plataea, with a 
fountain of the same name, where Actaeon was 
torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 156. 

Gargaris, a king of the Curetes, who 
first found the manner of collecting honey. 
He had a son by his daughter, whom he at- 
tempted in vain to destroy. He made him his 
successor. Justin. 44, c. 44. 

Gargarus, (plur. a, orum,) a town and 
mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous 
for its fertility. Virg. G. 1, v. J03. — Macrob. 
5, c. 20.— Strab. 13.— Plin. 5, c. 30. 

Gargettus, a village of Attica, the birth 
place of Epicurus. Cic, Fani. 15, ep. 16. 

Gargittius, a dog which kept Geryon's 
flocks. He was killed by Hercules. 

Gargilius Martialis, an historian. 

A celebrated hunter. Horat.l, ep. 6, v. 57. 

Gabites, a people of Aquitain,in Gaul. 

Garumna, a river of Gaul, now called 
Garonne, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, 
and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. 
It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the 
persevering labours of Lewis 14th, a commu- 
BJcation with the Mediterranean by the canal 
of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles 
through hills, and over vallies. Mela, 3, c. 2. 

Gastron, a general of Lacedaemon, &,c. 
Polycen. 2. 

GATHE.aE, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
6.34. 

Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia. Id. lb. 

Gaugamela. a village near Arbela beyond 
the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his 3d 
victory over Darius. Curt. 4, c. 9. — Strab. 2 
and 16. 

Gaulus and Gauleon, an island in the 
Mediterranean sea, opposite Libya. It pro- 
duces no venomous creatures. Plin. 3, c. 8 

Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, famous 
for its wines. Lucan. 2, v. 667. — Sil. 12, v. 
160.— 67a/. 3, Sylv. 5, v. 99. 

Gaus andGAOs, a man who followed the 
interestofArtaxerxes, from whom he revolt- 
ed, and by whom he was put to death. Diod. 
35. 

Gaza, a famous town of Palestine, once 
well fortified, as being the frontier place on 
the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after 
a siege of two months. Diod. 17. 
38 



GE 

Gebekx A, a town and mountain of Gaul, 
Lucan. 1, v. 435. 

Gedrosia, a barren province of Persia, 
near India. Strab. 2. 

Geganii, a family of Alba, part of which 
migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One of 
the daughters, called Gegani, was the first of 
the vestals created by Numa. Plui. in JVum. 

Gela, a town on the southern parts of Si- 
cily, about 10 miles from the sea, according to 
Ptolemy, which received its name from a small 
river in the neighbourhood, called Gelas. It 
was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 
years before the Christian era. After it had 
continued in existence 404 years, Phintias, ty- 
rant of Agrigentum, carried the inhabitants to 
Phintias, a town in the neighbourhood, which 
he had founded, and he employed the stones 
of Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was 
also called Gela. The inhabitants were called 
Gelemes, Geloi, and Gelani. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 
702.— Paw;?. 8, c. 46. 

Gelanor, a king of Argos, who succeeded 
his father, and was deprived of his kingdom 
by Danaus the Egyptian. Paus. 2, c. 16. 
Vid. Danaus. 

Gellia Cornelia lex, de Civitate, by 
L. Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentujus, A. U. C. 
681. It enacted, that all those who had been 
presented with the privilege of citizens of 
Rome by Pompey, should remain in the pos- 
session of that liberty. 

Gelhas, a native of Agrigentum, famous 
for his munificence and his hospitality. Died. 
\3.—Val.Max. 4, c. 8. 

Gellius, a censor, he. Pint, in Pomp. 
A consul who defeated a party of Ger- 
mans in the interest of Spartacus. Plid. 

Aulus Gellius. a Roman grammarian in 
the age of M. Antoninus, about 130 A. D. 
He published a work which he called JVoctes 
Mtic(E, because he composed it at Athens 
during the long nights of the winter. It is a 
collection of incongruous matter, which con- 
tains many fragments from the ancient writers, 
and often serves to explain antique monu- 
ments. It was originally composed for tho 
improvement of his children, and abounds 
with many gi'ammatical remarks. The beit 
editionsof A. Gellius are, that of Gronovius, 
4to. L. Bat. 1706, and that of Conrad, 2 vols. 
8vo. Lips. 1762. 

Gelo and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes, 
who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 
years before the Christian era. He conquer- 
ed the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his 
oppression popular by his great equity and 
moderation. He reigned seven years, and his 
death was universally lamented at Syracuse. 
He was called the father of his people, and 
the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demi- 
god. His brother Hiero succeeded him. 
Paus. 8, c. 42.—Herodol. 7, c. 153, kc.—Diod. 

11. A man who attempted to poison Pyrr- 

hus. A governor of Bceotia. A son of 

Hiero the younger. Paus. 6, c. 9. A gene- 
ral of Phocis, destroyed with his troops by the 
Thessalians. Paus. 10, c. 1. 

Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela. Virg. Mn. 
3, V. 701. 

Gelones and Geluni, a people ofScythia, 
inured from their youth to labour and fatign* 
They paint themselves to appear more l»rrl' 



GE 



descended from 
Virg. G. 2, V. 15. 
1. — Claudian in 



Mela, 1, c. 16. 



ble in battle. They were 
Gelonus, a son of Hercules. 
-.^Ew, 8, V. 725.— Mela, 1, c 
Ruf. 1, V. 315. 

Gelds, a port of Caria. 

Gemini, a sign of the zodiac which repre- 
sents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda. 

Geminius, a Roman, who acquainted M. 
Antony with the situation of bis affairs at 

Rome, &ic. An inveterate enemy of Ma- 

rius. He seized the person of Marius, and 
carried him to Minturnae. Plut. in Mario. 
-Afriend of Pompey, from whom he re- 



ceived a favourite mistress, called Flora. Plut. 
Geminus. an astronomer and mathematician 
of Rhodes, B.C. 77. 

GsMONi;^, a place at Rome where the car- 
casses of criminals were thrown. Suel. Tib. 
53 and 61.— Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 74. 

Genabum, a town of Gaul, now Orleam, 
■on the Loire. Cces. 5. C. 7, c. 3.—— Lxtcan. 
1, V. 440. 

Genauni, a people of Vindelicia. Horat. 
4, Od. 14, V. 10. 

Geneva, an ancient, populous, and well 
fortified city, in the country of the Allobroges 
xm the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva. 

Genisus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the 
Argonauts, he. Place. 3, v. 45. 

Genius, a spirit or dsmon, which, accor- 
ding to the ancients, presided over the birth 
and life of every man. Vid. Daemon. 

Genseric, a famous Vandal prince, who 
passed from Spain to Africa, where he took 
Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Van- 
clal kingdom in Africa, and in the course of 
his military expeditions, invaded Italy, and 
sacked Rome in July 455. 

Gektius, a king of Illyricum, who impri- 
soned the Roman ambassadors at the request 
of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence 
was highly resented by the Romans, and Gen- 
tiu3 was conquered by Anicius, and led in tri- 
umph with his family, B. C. 169. Lii\ 43, c. 
19, &c. 

Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town of 
Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was re 
built by the Romans. Lzt\21, c. 32, 1.28, c. 
46, 1. 30, c. 1. 

Genucius, a tribune of the people. - - A 
consul. 

Genijsus, now Semno, a river of Macedo- 
nia falling into the Adriatic above Apollonia. 
Lucan. 5, v. 462, 

Genutia lex, de magistralibus, by L. Ge- 
nutius the tribune, A U. C. 411. It ordained 
that no person should exercise the same mag- 
istracy within ten years, or be invested with 
two offices in one year. 

Georgica, a poem of Virgil in four books. 
Tfie first treats of ploughing the ground; the 
second of sowing it; the third speaks of the 
management of cattle, &:c. and in the fourth, 
the poet gives an account of bees, and of the 
manner of keeping them among the Romans. 
The word is derived from ytx terra and le-yov 
opus, because it particularly treats of husband- 
ry. The work is dedicated to Maecenas the 
great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. 
The author was seven years in writing and 
polishing it, and in that composition he showed 
how much he' excelled all other writers. 
He imitated Hesiod, who wrote a poem nearly 



GE 

on the same subject, called Opera and Hits. 

Georgius Pisida. Vid. Pisida. 

Gephyra, one of the cities of the Seleu- 
cidas in Syria. Strab. 9. 

G1&VRYKS.1, a people of Phoenicia, who 
passed with Cadmus into Bceotia, and from 
thence into Attica. Herodot.5, c. 57. 

Ger^stus, a port of Eubcea. Liv. 31, c. 45. 

Gerania, a mountain between Megara and 
Coi'inth. 

Gerantk-se, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, 
c. 2. 

Geresticus, a harbour of Teios in Ionia, 
Liv. 37, c. 27. 

Gergithum, a town near Cumae in .^o- 
lia. Plin. 5, c. 30, 

Gergobia, a town of Gaul. Cces. B. G. 
7, c. 9. 

Gerion, an ancient augur. 

Germakia, an extensive country of Eu- 
rope, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants 
were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and al- 
ways proved a watchful enemy against the 
Romans. Cajsar first entered their country, 
but he rather checked their fury, than con- 
quered them. His example was followed by 
his imperial successors or their generals, who 
sometimes entered the country to chastise the 
insolence of the inhabitants. The ancient 
Germans were very superstitious, and, in 
many instances, their religion was the same as 
that of their neighbours, the Gauls; whence 
some have concluded that these two nations 
were of the same origin. They paid uncom- 
mon respect to their women, who, as they 
believed, were endowed with something moi*e 
than human. They built no temples to their 
gods, and paid great attention to the heroes 
and warriors which their country had produ- 
ced. Their rude institutions gradually gave 
rise to the laws and manners which still pre- 
vail in the countries of Europe, which their 
arms invaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose 
age even letters were unknown among them, 
observed their customs with nicety, and has 
delineated them with the genius of an histo- 
rian, and the reflection of a philosopher. Ta- 
cit, de Morib. Germ. — Mela, 1, c. 3, 1. 3, c. 3. 
—Cces. Bell. G.— Strab. 4. 

Germanicus Cjesar, a son of Drusus and 
Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He was 
adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to 
the most important offices of the state. When 
his grandfather Augustus died, he was employ- 
ed in a war in Germany, and the affection of 
the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. 
He refused the unseasonable honour, and ap- 
peased the tumult which his indifference occa- 
sioned. He continued his wars in Germany, 
and defeated the celebrated Arminius,and was 
rewarded with a triumph at his return to 
Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the 
east, and sent him to appease the seditions of 
the Armenians. But the success of Germani- 
cus in the east was soon looked upon with an 
envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was 
meditated. He was secretly poisoned at 
Daphne, near Antioch, by Piso, A. D, 19, 
in the thirty-fourth year of his age. The news 
of his death was received with the greatest 
grief, and the most bitter lamentations, and 
Tiberius seemed to be the only one who 
rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus, He had 



GE 

married Agrippina, by whom he had nine 
children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the 
name of his illustrious father. Germanicus 
has been commended, not only for his milita- 
ry accomplishments, but also for his learning, 
humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the 
midst of war, he devoted some moments to 
study, and he favoured the world witli two 
Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a trans- 
lation of Aratus in Latin vei*se. Sueton. 

This name was common in the age of the em- 
perors, not only to those who had obtained vic- 
tories over the Germans, but even to those 
who had entered the borders of their country 
at the head of an army. Domitian applied the 
name of Germanicus^ which he himself had 
vainly assumed, to the month of September 
in honour of himself. Suet in Dom. 13. — 
Martial. 9, ep. 2, v. 4. 

Germanii, a people of Pereia. Herodot. 1, 
c. 125. 

Gerrh^, a people of Scythia, in whose 
country the Borysthenes rises. The kings of 
Scythia were generally buried in their territo- 
ries. Id. 4, c. 71. 

Gerus and Gerrhus, a river of Scythia. 
Id. 4, c. 56. 

Geronthrje, a town of Laconia, where a 
yeai'ly festival, called Geron/Arcea, was observ- 
ed in honour of Mars. The god had there a 
temple with a grove, into which no woman 
was permitted to enter during the time of the 
solemnity. Paus. Lacon, 

Gervon and Geryones, a celebrated mon- 
ster, born from the union of Cbrysaor with 
Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as 
having three bodies and three heads. He 
lived in the island of Gades, where he kept 
numerous flocks, which were guarded by a 
two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by Eury- 
thion. Herculusjby order of Eurystheus, went 
to Gades, and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and 
Eurythion, and carried away all his flocks and 
herds to Tirynthus. Hesiod. Theos- 187. — 
Virg. ^m. 7, v. 661, 1. 8, v. 202.— Ital. 1, v. 
Til .-—Apollod. 2.—Lucret. 5, v. 28. 

Gessat^, a people of Gallia Togata. .FliU. 
in Marc ell. 

Gessoriacum, a town of Gaul, now Bou- 
logne, in Picardy. 

Gesses, a river of Ionia. 
Geta, a man who raised seditions at Rome 
in Nero's reign, &g. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 72. 



Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, bro- 
ther to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age 
he was moved with compassion at the fate of 
someof thepartisansoflSigerand Albinus,Avho 
had been ordered to be executed ; and hb fa- 
ther, struck with his humanity, retracted his 
sentence. After his father's death he reigned 
at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but Car- 
acalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous 
of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned; 
and when this could not be effected, he mur- 
dered him in the armsofhis mother Julia, who, 
in the attempt of defending the fatal blows 
from his body, received a wound in her arm, 
from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, 
A. D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23d 
year of his age, and the Romans had reason 
to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, 
while they groaned under tlie cruelties and 
«ppression of Caracalla. 



Gl 

Getje, ( Getes, sing.) a people of European 
Sc>lhia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was ban- 
ished in their country, describes them as a sa- 
vage and warlike nation. The word Geticus^ 
is frequently used for Thracian. Ovid, de 
Pont. Prist. 5, el. 7, v. ni.—Strah. 7. Stat. 2. 
—Sylv. 2, V. 61, 1. 3, s. 1, v. ll.—Luean. 2, v. 
54, 1. 3, V. 95. 

Getulia. Vid. Gaetulia. 
GiGAKTEs, the sons of Ccelus and Terra, 
who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the 
bloodof the wound which Ccelus received from 
his son Saturn ; whilst Hyginus calls them 
sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are re- 
presented as men of uncommon stature, with 
strength proportioned to their gigantic size. 
Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gy- 
ges, had 50 heads and 100 ai-ms, and ser- 
pents instead of legs. They were of a terrible 
aspect, their hair hung loose about their 
shoulders, and their beard was suffered to 
grow untouched. Pallene and its neighbour- 
hood was the place of their residence. The 
defeat of the Titans, with whom they are of- 
ten ignorantly confounded, and to whom they 
were nearly related, incensed them against 
Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone 
him. The god was alarmed, and called all the 
deities to assist him against a powerful enemy, 
who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning 
woods for their weapons, and who had already 
heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with, 
more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight 
of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled 
with the greatest consternation into Egypt,, 
where they assumed the shape of different- 
animals to screen themselves from their pur- 
suers. Jupiter, however, remembered that 
they were not invincible, provided he called a 
mortal to his assistance ; and by the advice of 
Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his cause. 
With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants 
were soon put to flight and defeated. Some 
were crushed to pieces under mountains or 
buried in the sea ; and others were flayed alive/ 
or beaten to death with clubs. (Vid. Encela- 
dus, AloideSj Porphi/rion, Typkon, Otus, Ti- 
taiies, fcc.) The existence of giants has beea 
supported by all the writers of antiquity, 
and received as an undeniable truth. Homer 
tells- us, that Tityus, when extended on the 
ground, covered nine acres ; and that Poly- 
phemus eat two of the companions of Ulysses 
at once, and walked along the shores of Sicily, 
leaning on a staff which might have served 
for the mast of a sliip. The Grecian heroes,, 
during the Trojan war, and Turnus in Italy, 
attacked their enemies by throwing stones^ 
which four men of the succeeding ages would 
be unable to move. Plutarch also mentions, 
in support of the gigantic stature, that Serto- 
rius opened the grave of Antasus in Africa, and 
found a skeleton which measured six cubits ins 
length. Apollod. 1, c. 6. — Paus. 8, c. 2, &,c. — 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 151. — Pint, in Sertor. — Hygin. 
fab. 28, kc— Homer. Od. 7 and 10.— Virg. G.. 
1, V. 280, ^n. 6, V. 580. 
GiGARTUM, a town of Pheenicia. 
Gjsis, one of the female attendants of Pa- 
rysatis, who was privy to the poisoning of Sta- 
tira. Plut. m Artax. 

GiLDo, a governor of Africa, in the ceigUi 
of Arcadius. He died A. D. 3t>8. 



^p 



GL 

tiiLLO, an infamous adulterer, in Juvenal's 
age. Juv. 1, V. 40. 

GiNDANES, a people of Libya, who fed on 
the leaves of the lotus. Herodot. 4, c. 176. 

GiNDES, a river of Albania flowing into the 

Cvrub. Another of Mesopotamia. Tibul. 

4,' el. 1, V. 141. 

GiNGE. Vid. Gigis. 

GiNGUNUM, a mountain of Umbria. 

Gippius, a Roman who pretended to sleep, 
that his wife might indulge her adulterous pro- 
pensities, &.C. 

Gisco, son of Hamilcon the Carthaginian 
general, was banished from his country by the 
influence of his enemies. He was afterwards 
recalled, and empowered by the Carthagi- 
nians to punish, in what manner he pleased, 
those who had occasioned his banishment. 
He was satisfied to see them prostrate on the 
ground, and to place his foot on their neck, 
showingthatindependenceandforgivenessare 
two of the most brilliant virtues of a great 
mind. He was made a general soon after, in 
Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 
years before the christian era 5- and by his suc- 
cess and intrepidity, he obliged the enemies of 
his country to sue for peace. 

Gladiatorii ludi, combats originally ex- 
hibited on the grave of deceased persons at 
Rome. They were first introduced at Rome 
by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, 
A. U. C. 488. It was supposed that the 
ghosis of the dead were rendered propitious 
by human blood ; therefore at funerals, it 
was usual to murder slaves in cool blood. In 
succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to 
oblige them to kill oi^e another like men, 
than to slaughter them like brutes, therefore 
the bai"barity was covered by the specious 
show of pleasure and voluntary combat. 
Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient 
slaves, were trained up for combat; but 
when the diversion became more frequent,and 
was exhibited on the smallestoccasion,to pro- 
cure esteem and popularity, many of the Ro- 
man citizens enlisted themselves among the 
gladiators, and INeroat one show exhibited no 
less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The 
people were treated with these combats not 
only by the great and opulent, but the very 
priests had their Ludi pontificales, and Ludi 
sacerdotales. It is supposed that there were no 
more than three pair of gladiators exhibited 
by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, in- 
creased with the luxury and power of the city ; 
and the gladiators became so formidable, that 
Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to 
take up arms, and the success to defeat the 
Roman armies, only with a train of hisfellow- 
suflferers. The more prudent of the Romans 
were sensible of the dangers which threatened 
the slate, by keeping such a number of despe- 
rate men in arms, and therefore, many salu- 
tary laws were proposed to limit their number 
as wei! as to settle the time in which the show 
could be exhibited with safctyand convenience. 
Under the emperors, not only senators and 
knights, but even women engaged among the 
gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority 
of their sex. When there were to be any 
.shows, hand-bills were circulated to give no- 
tice to the people, and to mention the place, 
number, time, and every circumEtance re- 



GL 

quisite to be known. When they were first 
brought upon the arena, they walked round 
the place with great pomp and solemnity, and 
after that they were matched in equal pairs 
with great nicety. They first had a skirmish 
with wooden liles, c&\\edrudesor arma lusoria. 
After this the effective weapons, such as 
swords, daggers, &c. called arma decreloria 
were given them, and the signal for the en- 
gagement was given by the sound of a trum- 
pet. As they had all previously sworn to fight 
till death, or sufter death in the most excru- 
ciating torments, the fight was bloody and ob- 
stinate, and when one signified his submission 
by surrendering his arms, the victor was not 
permitted to grant him his life without the 
leave and approbation of the multitude. This 
was done by clenching the fingers of both hands 
between each other, and holding the thumbs 
upright close together, or by bending back 
their thumbs. The first of these was called 
pollicempremerej and signified the wish of the 
people to spare the life of the conquered. The 
other sign, called poUicem vertere, signified 
their disapprobation, and ordered the victor 
to put his antagonist to death. The victor 
was generally rewarded with a palm, and other 
expressive marks of the people's favour. He 
was most commonly presented with a piZetts 
and rudis. When one of the combatants re- 
ceived a remarkable wound, the people ex- 
claimed habet, and expressed their concern by 
shouts. The combats of gladiators were some- 
times different, either in w^eapons or dress, 
whence they were generally distinguished into 
the following ordei"s : The secutcres were 
ai'med v/ith a sword and buckler, to keep 
off the net of their antagonists, the retiarii. 
These last endeavoured to throw their net 
over the head of their antagonist, and in that 
manner to entangle him, and prevent him 
from striking. If this did not succeed, they 
betook themselves to flight. Their dress was 
a short coat with a hat tied under the chin 
with broad ribbon. They wore a trident ia 
their left hand. The threces, originally Thra- 
cians, were armed with a faulchion, and small 
round shield. The myrmiUones, called also 
gain, from their Gallic dress, were much the 
same as the secutores. They were, like them, 
armed with a sword, and on the top of their 
head-piece they wore the figure of a fish, em- 
bossed, called f^ef^^ti©', whence their name. 
The hoplomachi, were completely armed from 
head to foot, as their name implies. The 
satmiiies, armed after the manner of the Sam- 
nites, wore a large shield broad at the top, 
and growing more narrow at the bottom, more 
conveniently to defend the upper parts of the 
body. The essedarii, generally fought from 
the essedum, or chariot used by the ancient 
Gauls and Britons. The andabaim, ««?««•, 
fought on horseback, with a helmet that cov- 
ered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence 
andabalarum more pugiuire, is to fight blind- 
folded. The merldiani, engaged in the after- 
noon. The postulatiiii, were men of great 
skill and experience, and such as were gene- 
rally produced by the emperors. The fiscales 
were maintained out of the emperor's treasury, 
Jiscus. The dimachfzri fought with two swords 
in their hands, whence their name. After 
these cruel exhibitions had been continued f»r 



GL 

the amusement of the Roman populace, they 
were abolished by Constantine the Great, near 
600 years after their first institution. They 
were, however, revived under the reign of 
Constantius and his two successors, but Ho- 
norius for ever put an end to these cruel bar- 
barities. 

Glanis, ariverof Cumae. Of Iberia. 

Of Italy. Ital. 8, v. 454. 

Glanum, a town of Gaul, now St. Remi, 
in Provence. 

Glaphyre and Glaphyra, a daughter of 
Archelaus the high-priest of Bellona in Cap- 
padocia, celebrated for her beauty and in- 
trigues. She obtained the kingdom of Cap- 
padocia for her two sons from M. Antony, 
whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of 
her husband. This amour of Antony with 
Glaphyra, highly displeased his wife Fulvia, 
who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity, 
by receiving from her the same favours which 

Glaphyra received from Antony. Her 

grand-daughter bore the same name. She was 
a daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia, 
and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by 
whom she had two sons. After the death of 
Alexander, she married her brother-in-law 
Archelaus. 

Glaphyrus, a famous adulterer. Juv. 6, 
V. 77. 

Gt.auce, the wife of Actagus, daughter of 

Cychrseus. Apollod. A daughter of Cre- 

theus, mother of Telamon. One of the 

ISereides. A daughter of Creon, who mar- 
ried Jason. {Vid. Creusa.] One of the Da- 
naides. ApoUod. 

Glaucia, a surname of the ServiHan fami- 
ly. Cic. Oral. 3. 

Glaucippe, one of the Danaides. Apol- 
lod. 

Glaocippus, a Greek, who wrote a trea- 
tise concerning the sacred rites observed at 
Athens. 

Glaucon, a writer of dialogues at Athens. 
Diog. in vit. 

Glauconome, one of the Nereides. 

Glaucopis, a surname of Minerva, from 
the blueness of her eyes. Homer. — Hesiod. 

Glaucus, a son of Hippolochus, the son of 
Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Tro- 
jan war, and had the simplicity to exchange 
liis golden suit of armour with Diomedes 
for an iron one, whence came the proverb 
of Glauciet Diomedes pennut alio, to express 
a foolish purchase. He behaved with much 
courage, and was killed by Ajax. Virg. 
JEn. t), v. 483.— Martial. 9, ep. 96.— f/bmer. 

//. 6. A fisherman of Antbedon in Bceolia, 

son of Neptune and Nais, or according to 
others of Polybius the son of Mercuiy. 
As he was fishing, he observed that all the 
fishes which he laid on the grass received 
fresh vigour as they touched the ground, and 
immediately escaped from him by leaping 
into the sea. He attributed the cause of it 
to the grass, and by tasting it, he found him- 
self suddenly moved with a desire of living in 
the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, 
and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and 
Tethys, at the request of the gods. After 
this transformation he became enamoured of 
the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was 
leverely punished by Circe. [Vid. Scylla.] 



GL 

He is represented like the other sea deities 
with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and shag- 
gy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He 
received the gift of prophecy from Apollo, 
and according to some accounts he was the 
interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Ar- 
gonauts in their expedition, and foretold them, 
that Hercules, and the two sons of Leda, 
would one day receive immortal honours. 
The fable of his metamorphosis has been ex- 
plained by some authors, who observe that 
he was an excellent diver, who was devoured 
by fishes as he was swimming in the sea. 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905, hc.—Hygin. fab. 199.— 
Mhen. 7. — ipollon. l.—Diod. 4. — Bristol, de 
Rep. Del— Pans. 9, c. 22. A son of Sisy- 
phus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter 
of Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bceotia. 
He prevented his mares from having any com- 
merce with the stallions, in the expectatioa 
that they would become swifter in running, 
upon which Venus inspired the mares with 
such fury that they tore his body to pieces as 
he returned from the games which Adrastus 
had celebrated in honour of his father. He 
was buried at Potnia. Hygin. fab. 250. — Virg. 

G. 3, V. 3Qri .—Apollod. 1 and 2. A son of 

Minos the 2d, and Pasiphae, who was smoth- 
ered in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant 
of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where 
he was, and received for answer, that the 
soothsayer who best described him an ox, 
which Mas of three different colours among hii? 
flocks, vvould best give him intelligence of his 
son's situation. Poiyidus was found superior to 
all the other soothsayers, and was commanded 
by the king to find the young prince. When 
he had found him, Minos confined him with 
the dead body, and told him that he never 
would restore his liberty, if he did not restore 
him to life. Poiyidus was struck with the 
king's severity, but while he stood in astonish- 
ment, a serpent suddenly came towards the 
body and touched it. Poiyidus killed the ser- 
pent, and immediately a second came, who 
seeing the other without motion or signs of life, 
disappeared, and soon after returned with a 
certain herb in his mouth. This herb he laid 
on the body of the dead serpent, who was im- 
mediately restored to life. Poiyidus, who had 
attentively considered what passed, seized the 
herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the 
dead prince, who was instantly raised to life. 
Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but he 
refused to restore Poiyidus to liberty, before he 
taught his son the art of divination and prophe- 
cy. He consented with great reluctance, and 
when he was at last permitted to return to Ar- 
golis, his native country, he desired his pupil 
to spit in his mouth. Glaucus willingly con- 
sented, and from that moment he forgot all the 
knowledge of divination and healing which he 
had received from the instruction of Poiyidus. 
ilyginus ascribes the recovery of Glaucus to 
^sculapius. Apollod. 2, C.S.— Hygin. 136 and 

251, &;c. A son of Epytus, who succeeded 

his father on the throne of Messenia, about 10 
centuries before the Augustan age. He intro- 
duced the worship of Jupiter among the Do- 
rians, and was the first who offered sacrifices 
to Machaon the son of iEculapius. Paus. 

4, c. 3. A son of Antenor, killed by 

Agamemnon. Didys. Cret. 4. An Ar- 



GO 

gonaut, the only one of the crew who was 
not wounded in the battle against the Tyrrhe- 
nians. Athtn. 7, c. 12. A son of Im- 

brasus, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, 
y 343. A son of Hippolytus, Avhose de- 
scendants reigned in Ionia.- An athlete of 

Euboea. Paus. 6, c. 9. A son of Priam. 

JlpoUod. 3. A physician of Cleopatra. Plut. 

in Anton. A warrior, in the age of Pho- 

cion. Id. in Phoc. A physician exposed 

on a cross, because Hephaestion died while un- 
der his care. Id. in Alex. An artist of 

Cliois. Pans. A Spartan. Id. A grove 

of Bosotia. Id. A bay of Caria, now the 

gulf of Macri. Id. An historian of Rhe- 

gium in Italy. A bay and river of Libya. 

Of Peloponnesus. Of Colchis, falling 

into the Phasis. 

Glautias, a king of Illyricum, who educa- 
ted Pyrrhus. 

Glicon, a physician of Pansa, accused of 
having poisoned the wound of his patron, he. 
Suet, in Aug. 11. 

Glissas, a town of Bceotia with a small 
river in the neighbourhood. Paus.9., c. 19. 

Glycera, a beautiful woman, celebrated 

by Horace 1, .od. 19, 30. A courtezan of 

Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that some 

attributed to her the invention of them. A 

famous courtezan, whom Harpalus brought 
from Athens to Babylon. 

Gf.v CERIUM, a harlot of Thespis who pre- 
sented her countrymen with the painting of 

Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her. 

The mistress of Pamphilus in Terence's Andria. 

Glycon, a man remarkable for his strength. 
Herat. 1, ep. 1, v. 30. A physician who at- 
tended Pansa, and was accused of poisoning 
kis patron's wound. Suet. Aug. 11. 

Glympes, a town on the borders of the La- 
cedaemonians and Messenians. Polyb. 4. 

Gnatia, a town of Apulia, about thirty 
miles from Brundusium, badly supplied with 
water. Horat. 1, Sat. 5. 

Gnidus. Vid. Cnidus. 

Gnossis and Gnossia, an epithet given to 
Ariadne, because she lived, or was born at 
Gnossus. The crown which she received 
from Bacchus, and which was made a con- 
stellation, is called Gnossia Stella. Virg. G. 
1, V. 222. 

Gnossus, a famous city of Crete, the resi- 
dence of king Minos. The name of Gnossia 
tellus, is often applied to the whole island. 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 23.— Slrab. 10.— Homer. Od. 

GoBANiTio, a chief of the Arverni, uncle 
to Vercingetorix. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. 

GoBAR, a governor of Mesopotamia, who 
checked the course of the Euphrates, that it 
might not run rapidly through Babylon. Plin. 
6, c. 26. 

GoBAREs, a Persian governor, who surren- 
dered to Alexander, &ic. Curl. 5, c. 31. 

GoBRYAS, a Persian, one of the seven no- 
blemen who conspired against the usurper 
Smerdis. Vid. Darius. Herodot. 3, c. 70. 

GoLGi, (orum) a place of Cyprus, sacred 
to Venus Golgia, and to Cupid. Paus. 8, c. 5. 

GoMPHT, a town of Thessaly, near the 
springs of the Peneus at the foot of the Pindus. 

GoKATAS, one of the Antigoni. 

GoNiADES, nymphs in the neighbourhood 
#f the river Cytherus. Slrab. 8. 



GO 

GoNiPPUS and Panormus, two youths of 
Andania, who disturbed the Lacedaemonians 
when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. Paus. 
4, c. 27. 

GoNNi and Gonocondylos, a town of Thes- 
saly at the entrance into Tempe. Liv. 36, c. 
10, 1. 42, c. 54.— Slrab. 4. 

GoNOEssA, a town of Troas. Senec. in 
Troad. 

GoNussA, a town of Sicyon. Paus. 

GoRDiiEi, mountains in Armenia, where 
the Tigi-is rises, supposed to be the Ararat of 
scripture. 

GoRDiANUs, M. Antonius Africanus, a 
son of Metius Marcellus, descended from 
Trajan, by his mother's side. In the greatest 
affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an 
example of piety and virtue. He applied 
himself to the study of poetry, and composed 
a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus 
Antoninus, and M. Aurelius. He was such an 
advocate for good-breeding and politeness, 
that he never sat dawn in the presence of his 
father-in-law, Annius Severus, who paid him 
daily visits, before he was promoted to the 
praBtorship. He was sometime after elected 
consul, and went to take the government of 
Africa, in the capacity of proconsul. After he 
had attained his 80th year in the greatest 
splendour and domestic tranquillity, he was 
roused from his peaceful occupations by the 
tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was 
proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops 
of his province. He long declined to accept 
the imperial purple, but the threats of imme- 
diate death gained his compliance. Maximi- 
nus marched against him with the greatest 
indignation ; and Gordian sent his son, with 
whom he shared the imperial dignity, to op- 
pose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed : 
and the father, worn out with age, and grown 
desperate on account of his misfortunes, stran- 
gled himself at Carthage, before he had been 
six weeks at the head of the empire, A. D. 
236. He was universally lamented by the army 

and people. M. Antonius Africanus, son of 

Gordian Us, was instructed by Serenus Samno- 
ticus, who left him his library, which con- 
sisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened 
understanding, and his peaceful disposition, re- 
commended him to the favour of the emperor 
Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Home, 
and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alex- 
ander Severus. He passed into Africa, in the 
character of lieutenant to his father, who 
bad obtained that province, and seven years 
after he was elected emperor, in conjunction 
with him. He marched against the partisans 
ofMaximinus, his antagonist, in Mauritania, 
and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th 
of June, A. D. 236, after a reign of about six 
weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but 
he has been justly blamed by his biographers, 
on account of his lascivious propensities, which 
, reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of 
old age, though he was but in his 46th year at 

the time of his death. M. Antonius Pius, 

grandson of the first Gordian, was but 12 years 
old when he was honoured whh the title of 
Cassar. He was proclaimed emperor, in the 
Kith year of his age, and his election was at- 
tended with universal marks of approbation. 
In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia 



GO 

Sabina Tranquillina, daughter of Misitheus, a 
man celebrated for his eloquence and public 
virtues. Misitheus was intrusted with the 
most important offices of the state by his son- 
in-law ; and his administration proved how de- 
~ servinghe wasof the confidence and aft'ection 
of his imperial master. He corrected the va- 
rious abuses which prevailed in the state, and 
restored the ancient discipline among the sol- 
diers. By his prudence and political sagacity, 
all the chief towns in the empu-e were stored 
with provisions, which could maintain the 
emperor and a large army during 15 days upon 
any emergency. Gordian was not less active 
than his father-in-law ; and when Sapor, the 
king of Persia, had invaded the Roman pro- 
vinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet 
him, and in his way defeated a large body of 
Goths, in Mcesia. He conquered Sapor, and 
took many flourishing cities in the east, from 
his adversary In this success the senate de- 
creed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as 
the guardian of the republic. Gordian was as- 
sassinated in the east, A. D. 244, by the means 
of Philip, who had succeeded to the \irtuous 
Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign 
power by murdering a w^arlike and amiable 
prince. The senate, sensible of his merit, ho- 
noured him with a most splendid funeral on 
the confines of Persia, and ordered that the 
descendants of the Gordians should ever be 
free, at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and 
burdens of the state. During the reign of 
Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of 
the sun, in which the stars appeared in the 
middle of the day. 

GoRDiuM, a town of Phrygia. Justin. 11. 
c. l.—Liv. 38, c. \Q.—Curt. 3, c. 1. 

GoRDiDs, a Phrygian, who, though origi- 
nally a peasant, was raised to the throne. Du- 
ring a sedition, the Phrj^gians consulted the 
oracle, and were told that all their troubles 
would cease as soon as they chose for their 
king, the first man they met going to the tem- 
ple of Jupiter mounted on a chariot. Gor- 
dius was the object of their choice, and he im- 
mediately consecrated his chariot in the tem- 
ple of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke 
to the draught tree, was made in such an artful 
manner that the ends of the cord could not be 
perceived. From this circumstance a report 
was soon spread, that the empire of Asia was 
promised by the oracle to him that could untie 
the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest 
of Asia, passed by Gordium ; and as he wished 
to leave nothing undone which might inspire 
his soldiers with courage, and make his ene- 
mies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, 
he cut tlie knot with his sword ; and from that 
circumstance asserted that the oracle was real- 
ly lultilled, and that his claims to universal 
empire were fully justified. Jmlin. 1 1, c. 7. — 
Curl. 3, c. 1. — .irrian. 1. A tyrant of Co- 
rinth. Arislot. 

GoKGASus, a man who received divine ho- 
nours at Pherae in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30. 

Gorge, a daughter of Gilneus, king of Ca- 
lydon, by Althea, daughter of Thestius. She 
married Andremon, by whom she had Oxiius, 
who headed the Heraclidae when they made 
an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb 
was seen at Amphissa in Locris. Pans. 10, c. 
3B.—Apollod. 1 and 2.~0dd. Met. 8, v. 542. 
■ One of 'he Danaide^. ,^^oUod, 2, c. 1. 



GO 

GoRGiAS, a celebrated sophist and orator^ 
son of Carmantides, surnamed Leontinus, be- 
cause born at Leontium in Sicily. He was 
sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance 
of the Athenians against the Syracusans, and 
was successful in his embassy. He lived to 
hb 108th year, and died B. C. 400. Onlj 
tw^o fragments of his compositions are extant. 
Pans. 6, c. 17.— Cic. In Orat. 22, he. Seneet. 

15, in Brut. 15.— quintil. 3 and 12. An 

officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. An Athe- 
nian, who wrote an account of all the 
prostitutes of Athens. Athen. A Macedo- 
nian, forced to war with Amyntas, ^c. Curt. 
7, c. 1. 

GoRGo, the wife of Leonidas king of Spar- 
ta, &c. The name of the ship which car- 
ried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa, 

GoRGoNEs, three celebrated sisters, daugh- 
ters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were 
Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal 
except Medusa. According to the mytholo- 
gists, their hairs ^vere entwined with serpents, 
their hands were of brass, their wings of the 
colour of gold, theur body was covered with 
impenetrable scales, and their teeth were as 
long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they 
turned to stones all those on whom they fixed 
their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her 
hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded 
from the resentment of Minerva, in whose 
temple Medusa had gratified the passion of 
rseptune, who was enamoured of the beauti- 
ful colour of her locks, which the goddess 
changed into serpents. ^Eschylus says, that 
they had only one tooth and one eye between 
them, of which they had the use each in her 
turn ; and accordingly it was at the time that 
they were exchanging the eye^ that Perseus 
attacked them, and cut off Medusa's head. 
According to some authors, Perseus, when he 
went to the conquest of the Gorgpns, was 
armed with an instrument like a scythe by 
Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass 
by Miner\'a, besides winged shoes, and a hel- 
met of Pluto, which rendered all objects clear- 
ly visible and open to the view, while the 
person wiio w^ore it remained totally invisible. 
With weapons like these, Pei-seus obtained an 
easy victory ; and after his conquest returned 
his arms to the different deities whose favours 
and assistance he had so recently experienced. 
The head of Medusa remained in his hands ; 
and after he had finished all his laborious ex- 
peditions, he gave it to Minerva, who placed 
it on her ajgis, with which she turned into 
stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It 
is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, 
Perseus took his flight in the air towards 
.-Ethiopia ; and that the drops of blood which 
fell to the ground from Medusa's head were 
changed into serpents, which have ever since 
infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse 
Pegasus also arose from the blood of Medusa; 
as well as Chrysaor with his golden sword' 
The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the 
ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod. 
iEschylus makes them inhabit the easteru 
parts of Scythia ; and Ovid, as the most re- 
ceived opinion, supports that they lived in the 
inland parts of Libya, near the lake of Triton, 
or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus 
and others explain the fable of the Gorgons, 
by supposing that they were a warlike race of 



GR 

women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, 
with the help of a large army, totally destroy- 
ed. Hesiod. Theog. ^ Scut. — £pollon. 4. — 
Apollod. 2, c. 1 and 4, he. — Homer. II. 5 and 
11. — Virg. Xn. 6, Uc. — Diod. 1 and 4. — Paws. 
2, c. 20, &ic. — JEschyl. Prom. Act. 4. — Pindar. 
Pyth. 7 and 12. Olymp. 3. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
618, &-C. — PalcBphat. de Phorcyn. 

GoRGOMiA, a surname of Pallas, because 
Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquer- 
ed the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple 
with Neptune. 

GoRGoNius, a man ridiculed by Horace for 
his ill smell. Horat. I, Sat. 2, v. 27. 

GoRGOPHONE, a daughter of Perseus and 
Andromeda, who married Perieres king of 
Messenia, by whom she had Aphareas and 
Leucippus. After the death of Perieres, she 
married CEbalus, who made her mother of 
Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first vvhoai 
the mythologists mention as having had a se- 
cond husband. Pans. 4, c. 2. — Apollod. 1, 2, 
and 3. One of the Danaides. JipoUod. 2, 

G. 1. 

GoRGoPHONUa, a son of Electryon and 
Anaxo. Apollod. 2, c.4, 

GoRGoPHORA, a surname of Minerva, from 
her aegis, on which was the head of the Gor- 
gon Medusa. Cic. 

GoRGus, the son of Aristomenes the Mes- 
seniau. He was married, when young, to a 
virgin, by his father, who had experienced the 
greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and 
had been enabled to conquer seven Cretans 
who had attempted his life, he. Paus. 4, c. 

19. A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum. 

A man whose knowledge of metals pro- 
ved very serviceable to Alexander, he. 

GoRGYTHioN, a son of Priam, killed by 
Teucer. Homer. II. 8. 

GortUjE, a people of Eubcea, who fought 
with the Medes at the battle of Arbela. Curt. 
4, c. 12. 

GoRTV^N, Gortys, and Gortina, an inland 
town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of 
this place, that Annibal, to save his money, 
practised an artifice recorded in C. JVep. in 
Jan. 9.—Plin. 4, c. 12.—Lucan. 6, v. 214, 1. 7, 
V. 214.— Virg. JEn. 11, v. 773. 

GoRTVNiA, a town of Arcadia in Pelopon- 
nesus. Paus. 8, c. 28. 

GoTTHi, a celebrated nation of Germany, 
called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and 
Gultones. They were warriors by profession, 
as well as all their savage neighbours. They 
extended their power over all parts of the 
world, and chiefly directed their arms against 
the Roman empire. Their first attempt 
against Rome was on the provinces of Greece, 
whence they were driven by Constantine. 
They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of 
their most celebrated kings, A. D. 410. From 
becoming the enemies of the Romans, the 
Goths gradually became their mercenaries ; 
and as they were powerful and united, they 
soon dictated to their imperial masters, and 
introduced disorders, anarchy, and revolutions 
in tiic wejt of Eui'ope. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 2, 

&.C. 

Gracchus, T. Scmpronius, father of Ti- 
berius and Caius Gracchus, twice consul, and 
once censor, was distinguished by his integrity, 
y? well as his j)rudeni;e and superior ability- 



GR 

either in the senate or at the head of the ar- 
mies. He made war in Gaul, and met with 
much success in Spain. He married Sempro- 
nia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of 
great virtue, piety, and learning. Cic. de 
Orat. 1, c. 48. Their children, Tiberius and 
Caius, who had been educated under the 
watchful eye of their mother, rendered them- 
selves famous for their eloquence, seditions, 
and obstinate attachment to the interests 
of the populace, wliich at last proved fatal to 
them. With a winning eloquence, affected 
moderation, and uncommon popularity, Tibe- 
rius began to renew the Agrarian law, which 
had already caused such dissentions at Rome. 
{Vid. Agraria.) By the means of violence, 
his proposition passed into a law, and he was 
appointed commissioner, with his father-in- 
law Appius Claudius, and his brother Caius, 
to make an equal division of the lands among 
the people. The riches of Attains, which were 
left to the Roman people by will, were distri- 
buted without opposition ; and Tiberius en- 
joyed the triumph of his successful enterprise, 
wlien he was assassinated in the midst of his 
adherents by P. Nasica, while the populace 
were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve 
the office of tribune the following year. The 
death of Tiberius checked for a while the 
friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by 
ambition and furious zeal, attempted to remove 
every obstacle which stood in his way by force 
and violence. He supported the cause of the 
people with more vehemence, but less modera- 
tion, than Tiberius; and his success served 
only to awaken his ambition, and animate his 
resentment against the nobles. With the pri- 
vileges of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter 
of the republic, and treated the patricians with 
contempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin 
of Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the tem- 
ple of Diana, where his friends prevented him 
from committing suicide. This increased the 
sedition, and he was murdered by order of the 
consul Opimius, B. C. 121, about 13 years after 
the unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body 
was thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was 
forbidden to put on mourning for his death. 
Caius has been accused of having stained his 
hands in the blood of Scipio Africanus the 
younger, who was found murdered in his bed. 
Plut. in vita. — Cic. in Cat. 1. — Lucan. 6, v. 796. 

— Ftor. 2, c. 17, 1. 3, c. 14, he. Seraj)ronius, 

a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for 
his adulteries with Jiilia the daughter of Au- 
gustus. He was assassinated by order of Ti- 
berius, after he had been banished 14 years. 
Julia also shared his fate. Tacit. Atm. 1, c. 53. 

■ A general of the Sabines, taken by Q. 

Cincinnatus. A Roman consul, defeated 

by Annibal, he. C. J\cp. in Ann. 

Gradivus, a surname of Mars among the 
Romans, ])erhaps from K^«^««viM, brandishing a 
spear. Though he had a temple without the 
walls of Rome, and though Numa had estab- 
lished the Salii, yet his favourite residence was 
supposed to be among the fierce and savage 
Thracians and Getaj, over whom he particu- 
larly presided. Virg. ^n. 3, v. 35. — Homer. 
Il.—Liv. 1, c. 20, 1. 2, c. 45. 

Gr^eci, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid. 
Graecia. 

Gr^cia; a celebrated country of Europe^ 



GR 

bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south 
by the MediteiTaiiean sea, east by the ^gean, 
and north by Thrace and Dalraatia. It is 
generally divided into four large provinces : 
Macedonia, Epinis, Achaia or Hellas, and 
Peloponnesus. This country has been reck- 
oned superior to every other part of the earth, 
on account of the salubrity of the air, the 
temperature of the climate, the fertility of the 
soil, and, above all, the fame, learning, and arts 
of its inhabitants. The Greeks have severally 
been called Achseans, Argians.Dauai, Delopes,, 
Hellenians, lonians. Myrmidons, and Pelas- 
gians. The most celebrated of their cities 
were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, 
Sicyon, Mycenaj, Delphi, Trozeno, Salarais, 
Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose 
history is darkened in its primitive ages with 
fabulous accounts and traditions, supported 
that they were the original inhabitants of the 
country, and born from tiie earth where they 
dwelt ; and they heard with contempt the pro- 
bable conjectures, which traced their origin 
among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the 
colonies of Egypt. In the first periods of their 
history, the Greeks were governed by mon- 
archs ; and there were as many kings as there 
were cities. The monarchical power gradu- 
ally decreased ; the love of liberty established 
the republican government ; and no part of 
Greece, excej)t Macedonia, remained in the 
hands of an absolute sovereign. The expedi- 
tion of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks 
respectable among their neighbours , and in 
the succeeding age the wars of Thebes and 
Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and 
demi-gods to display their valour in the field 
of battle. The simplicity of the ancient Greeks 
rendered them virtuous ; and the establish- 
ment of the Olympic games in particular, 
where the noble reward of the conqueror was 
a laurel crown, contributed to their aggran- 
dizement, and made them ambitious of fame, 
and not the slaves of riches. The austerity of 
their laws, and the education of their youth, 
particularly at Lacedsemon, rendered them 
brave and active, insensible to bodily pain, 
fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. 
The celebrated battles of Marathon, Ther- 
mopylae, Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, suffi- 
ciently show what superiority the courage of 
a little army can obtain over millions of un- 
disciplined barbarians. After many signal vic- 
tories over the Persians, they became elated 
with their success ; and when they found no 
one able to dispute their power abroad, they 
turned their arms one against the other, and 
leagued with foreign states to destroy the most 
flourishing of their cities. The Messenian 
and Peloponnesian wars are examples of the 
dreadful calamities v/hich arise from civil dis- 
cord and long prosperity, and the success with 
Wiiich the gold and the sword of Philip and of 
his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally 
proved that when a nation becomes indolent 
and dissipated at home, it ceases to be respec- 
table in the eyes of the neighbouring states. 
The annals of Greece however abound with 
singular proofs of heroism and resolution. The 
bold retreat of the ten thousand, who had as- 
sisted Cyrus against his brother Artaxei-xes, re- 
minded their countrymen of their superiority 
ever all other nations ; and taught Alexander 
39 



GR 

that the conquest of the east might be effected 
with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While the 
Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious by 
their military exploits, the arts and sciences 
were assisted by conquest, and received fresh 
lustre from the application and industry of 
their professors. The labours of the learned 
were received with admiration, and the merit 
of a composition was determined by the ap- 
plause or disapprobation of a multitude. Their 
generals were orators; and eloquence seemed 
to be so nearly connected with the military 
profession, that he was despised by his sol- 
diers vv^ho could not address them upon any 
emergency with a spirited and well-delivered 
oration. The learning, as well as the virtues 
of Socrates, procured him a name ; and the 
writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained 
him a more lasting fame than all the conquest.^ 
and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were 
the occupations and accomplishments of the 
Greeks, their language became almost uni%'er- 
sal, and their country was the receptacle of 
the youths of the neighbouring states, where 
they imbibed the principles of liberty and 
moral virtue. The Greeks planted several 
colonies, and totally peopled the western coasts 
of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts of Italy, 
there were also many settlements made; and 
the country received from its Greek inhabi- 
tants the name of Magna Grctcia. For some 
time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexan- 
der and his successors ; and at last, after a 
spirited though ineffectual struggle in the 
Achaean league, it fell under the power of 
Rome, and became one of its dependent 
provinces, governed by a proconsul. 

Grjecia magna, a part of Italy, where the 
Greeks planted colonies, whence the name. 
Its boundaries are very uncertain ; some say 
tliat it extended on the southern parts of Italy, 
and others suppose that iMagna Graecia com- 
prehended only Campania and Lucania. To 
these some add Sicily, which was likewise 
peopled by Greek colonies. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 
(yi.—Strab. kc. 

GrjEcinus, a senator put to death by Ca- 
ligula, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, 
kc. Senec. de Bene/. 2. 

Gr.i;cus, a man from whom some suppose 
that Greece receiv^ed its name. Aristot. 

Graius, an inhabitant of Greece. 

Grampius mons, the Grampian mountains 
in Scotland. Tacit, Agric. 29. 

GranIcus, a river of Bithynia, famous for 
the battle fought there between the armies of 
Alexander and Darius, 22d of May, B. C. 334, 
when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 
Macedonians. Diod. 17. — Plat, in Alex. — 
Juslin. — Curt. 4, c. 1. 

Granius Petronius, an officer who being 
taken by Pompey's generals, refused the life 
which was tendered to him; observing that 
CjBsar's soldiers received not, but granted life 

He killed himself Pint, in Cces. A ques- 

tor whom Sylla had ordered to be strangled, 
only one day before he died a natural death. 

Plul. A son of the wife of Marius, by a 

former husband. Quintus, a man intimate 

with Crassus and other illustrious men of 
Rome, whose vices he lashed with an unspar- 
ing hand. Cic. Brut. 43 and 4(5. Oral. 2, c. 60. 

Gr.\ti«, three goddcsso?. Vid. Cliarit€&^ 



GR 

GiRATiANUs, a native of Pannonia, father 
to the emperor Valentinian 1st. He was rais- 
ed to the throne, though only eight years old : 
and after he had reigned for some time con- 
jointly with his father, he became sole empe- 
ror in the 16th year of his age. He soon after 
took, as his imperial colleague, Theodosius,^ 
whom he appointed over the eastern parts of 
the empu-e. His courage in the field is as re- 
markable as his love of learning, and fondness 
of philosophy. He slaughtered 30,000 Ger- 
mans in a battle, and supported the tottering 
state by his prudence and intrepidity. His 
enmity to the Pagan superstition of his sub- 
jects proved his ruin ; and Maximinus, who 
undertook the defence of the worship of Ju- 
piter aud of all the gods, Vv'as joined by an in- 
finite number of discontented Romans, and 
met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was 
forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, 
and Vvas murdered by the rebels, A. D. 383, 

in tlie £4th year of his age. A Roman 

soldier, invested with the imperial purple by 
the rebellious array in Britain, in ojjposition 
to Honorius. He was assassinated four months 
after, by those very troops to whom he owed 
his elevation, A. D. 407. 

Gratidia, a woman at Neapolis, called 
Canidia by Horace. Epod. 3. 

Gration, a giant killed by Diana. 

Gratius Falisccs, a Latin poet, contem- 
porary with Ovid, and mentioned only by 
him among the more ancient authors. He 
wrote a poem on coursing, called Cynegeticon, 
much commended for its elegance and per- 
spicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics 
of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in the 
number of verses. The latest edition is of 
Amst. 4to. 1728. Ovid. Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 34. 

Gkavii, a people of Spain. Jtal. 3, v. 366. 

Gravisc^, now Eremo de St. Augustino, 
a maritime town cf Etruria, which assisted 
^neas against Turnus. The air was unwhole- 
some, on account of the marshes and stagnant 
waters in its neighbourhood. Virg. JEa. 10. 
V. 184.— L?r. 40, c. 29, I. 41, c. 16. 

Gravius, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed 
atDyrnichium, &;c. Cits. Bell. Civ. 

Grecokiits, Theod. Thaumaturgus, a dis- 
ciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of Neo- 
ca3sarea, the place of his birth. He died 
A. D. 266, and it is said he left only seven- 
teen idolaters in his diocese, where he had 
found only seventeen Christians. Of his works 
are extant his gratulatory oration to Origen, 
a canonical epistle, and other treatises in 
Greek, the best edition of which is that of 

Paris, fol. 1622. iSanzianzen, surnamed 

the Divine, wa>i bishop of Constantinople, 
x\ hich he resigned on its being disputed. His 
wriiinas rival those of the most celebrated 
orators of Greece, in eloquence, sublimity, 
and variety. His sermons are more for phi- 
lo'ophers than common hearers, but leplete 
with seriousness and devotion. Era?inus said, 
that he was afraid to translate his works, from 
the apprehension of not transfusing into ano- 
ther language the smartness and acumen of 
liis style, and the statelinessand happy diction 
of the whole. He died, A. D. 389. The best 
edition is that of the Benedictines, the first 
volume of which, in fol. was published at 
^aris, 1778. A bishop of JSyssa, author 



GY 

of the iSicene creed. His style is represented 
as allegorical and affected ; and he has been 
accused of mixing philosophy too much with 
theology. His writings consist of commenta- 
ries on scripture, moral discourses, sermons 
on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics 
on saints ; the best edition of which is that of 
Morell, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1615. The bishop 

died, A. D. 396. Another Christian writer, 

whose works were edited by the Benedictines, 
in four vols. fol. Paris, 1705. 

Grinnes, a people among the Batavians. 
Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 10. 

Grosphus, a man distinguished as much for 
his probity as his riches, to whom Horace ad- 
dressed 2 Od. 16. 

Grudii, a people tributary to the Nervii, 
supposed to have inhabited the country near 
Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. C(zs. G. 5, 
c.38. 

Grumentum, now Armenlo, an inland town 
cf Lucania on the river Aciris. Liv. 23, c. 37, 
1.27, C.41. 

Gryllus, a son of Xenophon, who killed 
Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the 
battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. His father was 
offering a sacrifice when he received the news 
of his death, and he threw down the garland 
nhich was on his head ; but he replaced it, 
when he heard that the enemy's general had 
fallen by his hands ; and he observed that his 
death ought to be celebrated with every de- 
monstration of joy, rather than of lamentation, 

Aristot — Paus. 8, c. 11, iic. One cf the 

companions of Ulysses, changed into a swine 
by Circe. It is said that he refused to be re- 
stored to his human shape, and preferred the 
indolence and inactivity of this squallid ani- 
mal. 

Gryneum and Grynium, a town near Cla- 
zomenae, where Apollo had a temple with an 
oracle, on account of which he is called 
Grynmis. Sirab. 13— Virg. Ed. 6, v. 72. JE7i. 
4, V. 345. 

Ghyneus, one of the Centaurs, who fought 
against the Lapithee, &c. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 
260. 

Gyarus and Gyaros, an island in the 
JEgean sea, near Delos. The Romans were 
wont to send their culprits there. Ovid. 7. — 
Met. V. 407. 

Gyas, one of the companions of -iEneas, 
v/ho distinguished himself at the games ex- 
hibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily, 

Virg. JEn. 5, v. 118, &c. A part of the 

territories of Syracuse, in the possession of 

Dionysius. A Rutulian, son of Melam- 

pus, killed by iEneas in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, 
V. 318. 

GvG^us, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from 
Sardis. Propcrt. 3, el. 11, v. 18. 

GvGK, a maid of Parysatis. 

Gyges or Gyes, a son of Co?lus and Ter- 
ra, represented as having 50 heads and a hun- 
dred hand.s. He, with his brothers, made war 
against the gods, and was afterwards punished 

in Tartarus. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 7, v. 18. 

A Lydian. to whom Candaules, king of the 
country, showed his wife naked. The queen 
was so incensed at this instance of imprudence 
and infirmity, in her husband, that she ordered 
Gygcs, eitl.er to j)repare for death himself, or 
murder Candaules. He ehose the latter, and 



GY 

married the queen, and ascended the vacant 
throne, about 718 years before the christian 
era. He was the first of the Mermnada;, who 
reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and 
distinguished himself by the immense presents 
which he made to the oracle of Delphi. Ac- 
cording to Plato, Gyges descended into a 
chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen 
horse, whose sides he opened, and saw within 
the body the carcass of a man of uncommon 
size, from whose finger he took a famous bra- 
zen ring. This ring, when put on his finger, 
rendered him invisible ; and by means of its 
virtue he introduced himself to the queen, 
murdered her husband and married her, and 
usurped the crown of Lydia. Herodot. 1, c. 
8. — Plat. dial. 10, de rep. — Vah Max. 7, c. 1. 

— Cic. Offic. 3, 9. A man killed by Turnus, 

in his wars with ^neas. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 762. 

A beautiful boy of Cnidus, in the age of 

Horace. Horat. 2, Od. 5, v. 30. 

GvLippus, a Lacedeemonian, sent B. C. 414, 
by his countrymen to assist Syracuse, against 
the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated 
victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the 
enemy's generals, and obliged them to sur- 
render. He accompanied Lysander in his 
expedition against Athens, and was present 
at the taking of that celebrated town. After 
the fall of Athens, he was intrusted by the 
conqueror with the money which had been 
taken in the plunder, which amounted to 
1500 talents. As he convej'^ed it to Sparta, 
he had the meanness to unsew the bottom of 
the bags which contained it, and secreted 
about three hundred talents. His theft was 
discovered; and to avoid the punishment 
which he deserved, he fled from his country, 
and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory 
of bis victorious actions. Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 199. 

— Plut. in Mcid. An Arcadian in the Ru- 

tulian war. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 272. 

Gymnasia, a large city near Colchis. 
Diod. 14. 

Gymnasium, a place among the Greeks, 
where all the public exercises were performed, 
and where not only wrestlers and dancers ex- 
hibited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhe- 
toricians repeated their compositions. The 
room was high and spacious, and could contain 
many thousands of spectators. The laborious 
exercises of the Gymnasium were ninning, 
leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and 
boxing, which was called by the Greeks 
rrsiTa^Aov, and by the Romans quinquertia. In 



riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he 
sometimes was mounted, conducting another 
by the bridle, and jumping from the one upon 
the other. Whoever came first to the goal, 
and jumped with the greatest agility, obtained 
the prize. In running a-foot the athletes 
were sometimes armed, and he who came first 
was declared victorious. Leaping was an use- 
ful exercise: its primary object was to teach 
the soldiers to jump over ditches, and pass over 
eminences during a siege, or in the field of 
battle. In throwing the quoit, the prize was 
adjudged to him who threw it farthest. The 
quoits were made either with wood, stone, or 
mslal. The wrestlers employed all their dex- 



GY 

terity to bring their adversaiy to the ground, 
and the boxers had their hands armed with 
gauntlets, called also cestusrTkeir blows were 
dangerous, and often ended in the death of one 
of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing, 
the athletes were often naked, whence the 
word Gymnasium, yuiuio;, nudus. They anointed 
themselves vyith oil to brace their limbs, and 
to render their bodies slippery, and more 
difficult to be grasped. Plin. 2. Ep 17. — C. 
JYep. 20, c. 5. 

Gymnesi.5;, two islands near the Iberus in 
the Mediterranean, called Baleares by the 
Greeks. Plut. 5, c. 8. — Sirab. 2. 

Gymnetes, a people of Ethiopia, who 
lived almost naked. Plin. 5, c. 8. 

Gymni^, a town of Colchis. Xtiwph. 
Jinah. 

GYMNosoPHiSTiE, a certain sect of philo- 
sophers in India, who, according to some, 
placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and 
their summum malum in pain. They lived 
naked as their name implies, and for 37 years 
they exposed themselves in the open air, to 
the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the 
seasons, and the coldness of the night. They 
were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes 
full upon the disc of the sun from the time 
of its rising till the hour of its setting. Some- 
times they stood whole days upon one foot 
in burning sand, without moving or showing 
any concern for what surrounded them. Alex- 
ander was astonished at the sight of a sect of 
men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and 
who inured themselves to suffer the greatest 
tortures without uttering a groan, or expres- 
sing any marks of fear. The conqueror con- 
descended to visit them, and his astonishment 
was increased when he saw one of them ascend 
a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, 
to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand 
upright on one leg and unmoved, while the 
flames surrounded him on every side. Vid. 
Calanus. The Brachmans were a branch of 
the sect of the Gymnosophista3. Vid. Brach- 
manes. Sirab. 15, Sic. — Plin. 7, c. 2. — Cic. 
Tusc. 5. — Lucan. 3, v. 240. — Curt. 8, c. 9. — 
Dion. 

GynjEceas, a woman said to have been the 
wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus 
and of Midas. 

Gynjecothcenas, a name of Mars at Tegea, 
on account of a sacrifice ottered by the wo- 
men without the assistance of the men, who 
were not permitted to appear at this religious 
ceremony. Pnus. 8, c. 48. 

Gyndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria, 
falling into the Tigris. AVhen Cyrus marched 
against Babylon, his army was stopped by this 
river, in which one of his favourite horses was 
drowned. This so irritated the monarch, that 
he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 
different channels by his army, so that after 
this division it hardly reached the knee. He- 
rodot. 1, c. 189 and 202. 

Gytheom, a sea-port town of Lacouia, at 
the mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponnesus, 
built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there 
desisted from their quarrels. The inliabitantf 
were called Ch/theata'. Cic. OJ'w. 3. r. 11 



H 

C.4. 



HA 

ABIS, a king of Spain, who first taught 
his subjects agriculture, fcc. Justin. 44, 



HadbianopoliS; a town of Thrace, on the 
Hebrus. 

Hadrianus, a Roman emperor. Vid. 

Adrianus. C. Fabius, a praetor in Africa, 

who was burnt by the people of Utica, for 
conspiring with the slaves. Cic. Verr. 1, c. 27, 
I. 5, c. 26. 

Hadriaticum mare. Vid. Adriaticum. 

HiEDUi. Vid. iEdui. 

HjEmon, a Theban youth, son of Creon, 
who was so captivated with the beauty of An- 
tigone, tliat he killed himself on her tomb, 
when he heard that she had been put to death 
by his father's orders. Propert. 2, el. 8, v. 21. 
A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Tur- 

nus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 685. A friend of 

jEneas against Turnus. He was a native of 
Lycia. Id. 10, v. 126. 

H^MONiA. Vid. ^monia. 

H^Mus, a mountain which separates Thrace 
from Thessaly, so high that from its top are vi- 
sible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this, 
however, is denied by Strabp. It receives 
its name from Heemus, son of Boreas and 
Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was 
changed into this mountain for aspiring to di- 
vine honours. Strah. 7, p. 313. — Plin. 4, c. 

11. — Ovid. Met. 6, v. 87. rA stage-player. 

Juv. 3, V. 99. 

Hages, a brother of king Porus who op- 
posed Alexander, he. Curt. 8, c. 5 and 14. 

One of Alexander's flatterers. A man 

of Cyzicus, killed by PoUus. Place. 3, v. 191. 

Hagno, a nymph. A fountain of Arca- 
dia. Paus. 8, c. 38. 

Hagnagoka, a sister of Aristomenes. Paus. 

HaljEsus and Halesus, a son of Aga- 
memnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. When 
he was driven from home, he came to Italy, 
and settled on mount Massicus, in Campania, 
where he built Falisci, and afterwards assisted 
Turnus against JE>x\tB.s. He was killed by 
Pallas. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 724, 1. 10, v. 352. 

A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. 

Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Halala, a village at the foot of mount 
Taurus. 

H ALCYONE. Vid. Alcyone. 

Halentdm, a town at the north of Sicily. 
Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1. 4, c. 23. 

Halesa, a town of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 2, 
G. I.—Fam. 13, ep, 32. 

Halesius, a mountain and river near 
^tna, where Proserpine was gathering flow- 
ers when she was carried away by Pluto. 
Colum. 

Halia, one of the Nereides. Jipollod. 

A festival at Rhodes in honour of the 

.sun. 

Haliacmon, a river which separates Thes- 
saly from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus 
Thermiacus. Ca.s. Civ. 3, c. 36. — Plin. 31, c. 
2.—Herodot. 7, c. 127. 

Haliartus, a town of Bffiotia, founded by 
Haliartus, the son of Thersander. The mon- 
uments of Pandion king of Athens, and of 
Lysander (he Lacedaemonian general, were 
seen in that town. Liv. 42, c. 44 and 63. — 
Paus. 9, c. 32. A town of Peloponnesus. 

Halicarnassus, now Bodroun, a mari- 



HA 

time city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where the 
mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the 
world, was erected. It was the residence of 
the sovereigns of Caira, and was celebrated for 
having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius, 
Heraclitus, &.c. Maxhn. Tyr. 35. — Vitruv. de 
Arch. — Diod. 17. — Htrodot.% c. 178. — Strah. 
14.~-Liv. 27, c. 10 and 16, 1. 33, c. 20. 

HALicYiE, a town of Sicily, near Lilyba;- 
um, now Saltme. Plin. 3, c. 8. — Cic. Verr. 
2, c. 33.— Diorf. 14. 

Haeieis, a town of Argolis. 

Haeimede, a Nereid. 

Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune and Eu- 
ryte, who ravished Alcippe, daughter of 
Mars, because she slighted his addresses. 
This violence offended Mars, and he killed 
the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear 
before the tribunal of justice to answer for the 
murder of his son. The cause w^as tried at 
Athens, in a place which has been called from 
thence Areopagus, (k^jk, Mars, and -ffuyoi; vil- 
lage,) and the murderer was acquitted. Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 14.— Paus. 1, c. 21. 

Halithersus, an old man, who foretold to 
Penelope's suitors the return of Ulysses, and 
their own destruction. Homer. Od. 1. 

Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for his 
skill in dancing. Homer. Od. 8, v. 120 and 370. 

A Trojan, who came with .^neas into 

Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virg. 
JF.n. 9, V. 767. 

Halizones, a people of Panhlagonia. Strab. 
14. 

Halmus, a son of Sysiphus, father to Chry- 
sogone. He reigned in Orchomenos. Paus. 
9, c. 35. 

Halmydessus, a town of Thrace, jlfek, 2, 
c. 2. 

Halocrates, a son of Hercules and Olyra- 
pusa. Apollod. 

Halone, an island of Propontis, opposite 
Cyzicus. Plin. 5, c. 31. 

Halosnesus, an island on the coast of 
Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Ther- 
miacus. It was inhabited only by women, 
who had slaughtered all the males, and they 
defended themselves against an invasion. Me- 
la, 2, c^7. 

Halotia, a festival in Tegea. Paus. 

Halotus., an eunuch, who used to taste 
the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the em- 
peror's food by order of Agrippina. Tacit. 
Jinn. 2, c. 66. 

Halus, a city of Achaia of Thessaly 

of Parthia. 

HALYyEETus, a man changed into a bird of 
the same name. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 176. 

Halyattes. Vid. Alyattes. 

Haevcus, now Platani, a river at the soutb 
of Sicily. 

Halys, now Kizil-ermark, a river of Asia 
Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling inta 
the Eusine sea. It received its name »n9 tou 
»x.cj, from salt, because its waters are of a salt 
and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil 
over which they flow. It is famous for the der 
feat of Crresus, king of Lydia, who was mis- 
taken by the ambiguous w^ord of this oracle : 

If Crcesiis passes over the Halys, he shall dt^ 
stroy a great empire. 
That empire was his own. Cic. de Div,2, c. 



HA 

QG.— Ciirt. 4, c. 11.— Strab. ll.—Lucan. 3, v. 

272. — Herodot. 1, c. 28. A man of Cyzicus 

killed by Pollux. Val. Fl. 3, v. 157. 

Halyzia, a town of Epirus near the Ache- 
lous, where the Athenians obtained a naval vic- 
tory over the Lacedaemonians. 

Hamadrvades, nymphs who lived in the 
country, and presided over trees, with w^hich 
they were said to live and die. The word is 
lierived from a,«» simul and Vf quercus. Virg. 
Lcl. 10.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 647. 

Ham^, a town of Campania near Cumae. 
Liv. 23, c. 25. 

Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia. 
Hamilcar, the name of some celebrated 
generals of Carthage. Vid. Amilcar. 

Hammon, the Jupiter of the Africans. Vid. 
Aaimon. 
Hannibal. Vid, Annibal. 
Hanno. Vid. Anno. 

Harcalo, a man famous for his knowledge 
of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most 
venomous serpents and reptiles without recei- 
ving the smallest injury. Sil. 1, v. 406. 

Harmatelia, a town of the Brachmanes 
in India, taken by Alexander. Diod. 17. 
Harmatris, a town of iEolia. 
Hamillus, an infamous debauchee, Juv. 
10, V. 224. 

Harsiodius, a friend of Aristogiton, who 
delivered his country from the tyranny of the 
Pisistratidae, B. C. 510. [^Vid. Aristogiton.] 
The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of 
these illustrious citizens, made a law that no 
one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton 
and Harmodius. Herodot. 5, c. 35. — Plin. 34, 
c. 8. — Senec. Ir. 2. 

Harmonia, or Hermionea, [Vid. Hermi- 
one,] a daughter of Mars and Venus, who 
married Cadmus. It is said, that Vulcan, to 
avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her 
a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of 
crimes, which in some measure inspired all 
the children of Cadmus with wickedness and 
impiety.^ Pans. 9, c. 16, &:c. 

Harmonides, a Trojan beloved by Miner- 
va. He built the ships in which Paris carried 
away Helen. Homer. II. 5. 

Harpagus, a general of Cyrus. He con- 
quered Asia Minor after he had revolted from 
Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat 
the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed 
his orders in not putting to death the infant 
Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 108.— Justin. 1, c. 5 and 

^ 'A river near Colchis. Diod. 14. 

Harpalice. Vid. Harpalyce. 
Harpalion, a son of Pylaemenes king of 
Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the 
Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Ho- 
vier. 11. 13, V. 643. 

Harpalus, a man intrusted with the trea- 
sures of Babylon by Alexander. H is hopes that 
Alexander would perish in his expedition, ren 



HA 



dered hun dissipated, negligent, and vicious. 
When he heard that the conqueror was re- 
ttu-uing with groat resentment, he fled to 
Athens, where, with his money, he corrupted 
the orators, among whom was Demosthenes. 
"When brought to justice, he escaped with im- 
punity to Crete, where he was at last assassin- 
ated by Thimbro, B C. 325. Pint, in Phoc. 
—Diod. 17. A robbor who scorned (lie 



gods. Cic. S. de Nat. D. .A celebrated as- 
tronomer of Greece, 480 years B. C. 

Harpalyce, the daughter of Harpalycus, 
kmg of Thrace. Her mother died when she 
was but a child, and herfather fed her with the 
milk of cows and mares, and inured her eariv 
to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When beV 
father's kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus. 
the son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated 
the enemy with manly courage. The death 
ot her father, which happened soon after in a 
sedition, rendered her disconsolate ; she fled 
the society of mankind, and lived in the forests 
upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to 
secure her proved fruitless, till her great swift- 
ness was overcome by intercepting her with a 
net. After death the people of tbe country 
disputed their respective rights to the posses- 
sions w;hich she acquired by rapine, and they 
soon after appeased her manes by proper obla- 
tions on her tomb. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 321.— Hy- 

gin. fab. 163 and 252. A beautiful virgin, 

daughter of Clymeneus and Epicaste, of Argos. 
Her father became enamoured of her, and 
gained her confidence, and enjoyed her com- 
pany by means of her nurse, who introduced 
him as a stranger. Some time after she 
married Alastor; but the father's passion 
became more violent and uncontrollable 
in his daughter's absence, and he murder- 
ed her husband to bring her back to Ar- 
gos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of 
her husband, and ashamed of her father's 
passion, which was then made public, resolved 
to revenge her wrongs. She killed her young- 
er brother, or according to some, the fruit 
of her incest, and served it before her father. 
She begged the gods to remove her from the 
worid, and she was changed into an owl, and 
Clymenus killed himself. Hygin. fab. 253, 

hc.—Parthen. in Erot. .A mistress of 

Iphiclus, son of Thestius. She died through 
despair on seeing herself despised by her 
lover. This mournful story was composed 
in poetiy, in the form of a dialogue called Har- 
palyce. Aiken. 14. 

Harpalycus, one of the companions of 
iEneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 

675. The father of Harpalyce, king of the 

Amymneans in Thrace. 

Harpasa, a town of Caria. 

Harpasus, a river of Caria. Liv. 33, 
c. 13. 

Harpocrates, a divinity supposed to be 
the same as Orus the son of Isis, among the 
Egyptians. He is represented as holding one 
ofhis fingers on his mouth, and from thence 
he is called the god of silence, and intimates, 
that the mysteries of religion and philosophy 
ought never to be revealed to tlie people. 
The Romans placed hk statues atthe entrance 
of their temples. CaluU. 75.— Varro de. L. L. 
4, c. 10. 

Harpocration, a Platonic philosopher 
of Argos, from whom Stobajus compiled his 

eclogues. A sophist called also yElius. 

Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author 

of a Lexicon on ten orators, Another, sia- 

nained Caius. 

HARPYi.ffi, winged monsters, who had the 
face of a woman, the body of a vulture, and 
had their feet and fingers arnud with sharp 
claws. They were three in uumbcr, AeUf>.. 



HA 

Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of Neptune 
and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plun- 
der the tables of Phineus, whence they were 
driven to the islands called Strophades by 
Zethesand Calais. They emitted an infec- 
tious smell, and spoiled whatever they touch- 
ed by their filth and excrements. They plun- 
dered .Eneas during his voyage towards Italy, 
and predicted many of the calamities which at- 
tended him. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 212, 1. 6, v. 289. 
—Hesiod. Theog. 265. 

Harudes, a people of Germany, Cess. G. 
1, c. 31. 

Haruspex, a soothsayer at Rome who 
drew omens by consulting the entrails of 
beasts that were sacrificed. He received the 
name of Aruspex, nb aris. aspic iendis, and 
that of Extispex, ah extis inspiciendis. The 
order of Aruspices was first established at 
Rome by Romulus, and the first Aruspices 
were Tuscans by origin, as they wereparticu 
larly famous in that branch of divination. They 
had received all their knowledge from a boy 
named Tages, who, as was commonly report- 
ed, sprung from a clod of earth. [Firi. Tages.] 
They were originally three, but the Roman 
senate yeeu-ly sent sis noble youths, or, ac- 
cording to others, twelve, to Etruria, to be 
instructed in all the mysteries of the art. The 
olfice of the Haruspices consisted in obsei-ving 
these four particulars ; the beast before it was 
sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which con- 
sumed the sacrifice ; and the flour, frankin- 
cense, &c. which was used. "If the beast was 
led up at the altar with difficulty, if it esca- 
ped from the conductor's hands, roared when 
it received the blow, or died in agonies, the 
omen was unfortunate. But, on the con- 
trary, if it followed without compulsion, re- 
ceived the blow without resistance, and died 
without groaning, and after much eff'usion of 
blood, the haruspex foretold prosperity. 
When the body of the victim was opened, 
fach part was scrupulously examined. If any 
thing was wanting, if it had a double liver, or 
a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If 
the entrails fell from the hands of the hams- 
pex, or seemed besmeared with too much 
blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance 
it happened in the two victims which J. Cassar 
oftered a little before his death, the omen was 
equally unlucky. When the flame was quick- 
ly kindled, and when it violently consumed 
the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and 
like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, 
sparkling, or crackling, the omen was favour- 
able. But the contrary augury was drawn 
when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and 
was extinguished before the sacrifice was to- 
totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles 
round the victim with intermediate spaces be- 
tween the flames. In regard to the frankin- 
cense, meal, water, and wine, if there was 
any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour 
was different, or the quality was changed, or 
if any thing was done with irregularity, it 
was deemed inauspicious. This custom of 
«on.sulting the entrails of victims did not ori- 
ginate in Tuscany, but it was in use among 
the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &,c. and 
the more enlightened jiart of mankind well 
knew how to render it subservient to their 
wislics or t> rauny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, 



HE 

raised the drooping spirits of his soldiers hy 
a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in 
his hand the word vu^ victory, in large charac- 
ters, and holding the entrails of a victim in 
his hand till the impression was communica- 
ted to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, 
and animated them by observing, that the 
gods signified their approaching victories evea 
by marking it in the body of the sacrificed an- 
imals. Cic. de Div. 

Hasdrubal. Vid. Asdrubal. 

Q. Haterius, a patrician and orator at 
Rome under the first emperors. He died in 
the 90th year of his age. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 61. 

Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, 

hated by the tyrant for Jiis independence. 

Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 4. Antoninus, a dissipated 

senator, whose extravagance was supported 
by Nero. Id. 13, c. 34. 

Haustanes, a man who conspired with 
Bessus against Darius, &c. Curt. 8, c. 5. 

Hebdole. Vid. Ebdorae. 

Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 
According to some she was the daughter of 
Juno only, who conceived her after eating let- 
tuces As she was fair, and alwp^ys in the 
bloom of youth, *he was called the goddess of 
youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to 
all the gods. She was dismissed from her 
office by Jupiter, because she feli dovvn in an 
indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to 
the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes, 
the favourite of Jupiter, succeeded her as 
cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother 
to prepare her chariot, and to harness her 
peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercu- 
les was raised to the rank of a god, he was re- 
conciled to Juno by marrying her daughter 
Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares 
and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of re- 
.storing gods and men to the vigour of youth, 
she, at the instance of her husband, perform- 
ed that kind office to lolas his friend. Hebe 
was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of 
Dia, and at Rome under the name of Juven- 
tas. She is represented as a young virgin 
crowned with flowers, and arrayed in a varie- 
gated garment. Pans. 1, c. 19, 1. 2, c. 12. — 
Ovid. Met. 9, v. 400. Fast. 9, Wl&.—.^pollod. 

I, c.3,1. 2, c. 7. 

Hebesus, a Rutulian, killed in the night by 
Euryalus. Virg. w5En. 9, v. 344. 

Hebrus, now Marissa, a river of Thrace, 
which was supposed to roll its waters upon 
golden sands. It falls into the ^Jgean sea. 
The head of Orpheus was thrown into it after 
it had been cut off by the Ciconian women. It 
received its name from Hebrus son of Cyssan- 
der, a king of Thrace, who was said to have 
drowned himself there. Mela, 2, c. 2.-t- 
Strab. '7.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 463.— Ovid. Mif. 

II, v. 50. A youth of Lipara, beloved by 

Neobule. Horat. 3, od. 12. A man of Cy- 

zicus, killed by Pollux. Flacc. 3, c. 149. 

A friend of ^Eneasson of Dolichaon, killed by 
Mezentius in the Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 
10, V. 696. 

Hecale, a poor old woman who kindly re- 
ceived Theseus as he was going against the 

bull of Marathon, &ic, Plut. in Tfies. A 

town of Attica. 

Hecaj.esia, a festival in honour of Jupitw 
of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in corn- 



HE 

■aemoration of the kindness of Heealc, which 
Theseus had experienced when he went 
against the bull of Mai-athon, kc. 

Hecamede, a daughter of Arsinous, who 
fell to tlie lot of Nestor after the plunder of 
Tenedos by the Greeks. Homer. 11. U. v. 623. 

Hecat.e fascm, a celebrated temple sacred 
to Hecate, at Stratonice in Caria. Sirab. 14. 

Hecatjeus, an historian of Miletus, born 
649 yeai-s before Christ, in the reign of Darius 
Hystaspes. Herodot. 2, c. 143. A Mace- 
donian, intimate with Alexander. Diod. 17. 

A Macedonian brought to the army 

against his will by Amyntas, k,c. Curt. 7, c. 1. 

Hecate, a daughter of Perges and Asterias, 
the same as Proserpine, or Diana. She was 
called Luna in heaven, Diana on eai-th, and 
Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her 
name of Diva irifonnis, ttrgemina, triceps. 
She was supposed to preside over magic and 
enchantments, and was generally represented 
like a woman with tliree heads, that of a horse, 
a dog, or a boar, and sometimes she appeared 
with tiiree different bodies, and three different 
faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and 
honey, were generally offered to her, espe- 
cially in high ways and cross roads, whence 
she obtained] the name of Trivia. Her power 
was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, 
and hell ; and to her khigs and nations sup- 
posed themselves indebted for their prosperity. 
Ovid. 7, Met. v. 94. Hesiod. Tlieog. — Horat. 

3, od. 22.— Pans. 2, c. 22.— Virg. .En. A, 
V. 511. 

Hecatesia, a yeai'ly festival observed by 
the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. 
The Athenians paid also particular worship to 
this goddess, who was deemed tbe patroness 
of families and of childi-en. From this cu"- 
cumstance the statues of the goddess were 
erected before the doors of the houses, and 
upon every new moon a public supper was 
always provided at the expense of the richest 
people, and set in the streets v.here the poorest 
of the citizens were permitted to retire and 
feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate 
had devoured it. There were also expiatory 
offerings, to supplicate the jioddess to remove 
whatever evils might impend on the head of 
the public, &,c. 

Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Panse- 
tius. He wrote on the duties of man, hue. 
Cic. 3, Of. 15. 

Hecatomboia; a festival celebrated in ho- 
nour of Juno, by the Argians and people of 
iEgina. It receives its name from i'-xrov, ic B^^^, 
a sacrifice of a hundred bulls, which were al- 
ways offered to the goddess, and the flesh dis- 
tributed among the poorest citizens. There 
v^ere also public games first instituted by Ar- 
chinus, a kiug of Argos, in which the prize 
was a shield of brass w ith a crown of m^Ttle. 

Hecatompiio.sia, a solemn sacrifice offered 
by the Messenians to Jupit(-'r,*\\hen any of 
them had killed an hundred enemies. Fans. 

4, c. 19. 

Hecatompolis, an epithet given to Crete, 
from the hundred cities which it once con- 
tained. 

HEc.\TOMPvros, an epithet applied to 
Thebes in Eg} pt on account of its hundred 
gates. Jlmmiun. 22,'* c. 10. Also the ca- 
pital of Parthia, in the reign of the Arsaci- 



HE 

des. Ptol. 6, c. 5.-^Strab. U.—Plin. 6, c. 15 
and 25. 

Hecatonnesi, small islands between Lesbos 
and Asia. Strab. 13. 

Hector, son of king Priam and Hecuba, 
was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs 
that fought against the Greeks. He married 
/indromache, the daughter of Eetion, by 
whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed 
captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy 
V, as besieged by the Greeks ; and the valour 
with w^hich he behaved showed how well 
qualified he was to discharge that important 
ofSce. He engaged with the bravest of the 
Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less 
than SI of the most valiant of the enemy per- 
ished by his hand. When Achilles had driven 
back the Trojans towEirds the city, Hector, too 
great to fly, waited the approach of his enemy 
near the Scean gates, though his father and 
mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his 
rashness, and entreated him to retire. The 
sight of Achilles tei'rified him, and he fled be- 
fore him in the plain. The Greek pursued, 
£md Hector was killed, and his body was drag- 
ged in cruel triumph by the conqueror round 
the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had kil- 
led. The body, after it had received the gros- 
sest insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and 
the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce 
of some days to pay the last oflJces to the 
greatest of then* leaders. The Thebans boas- 
ted in the age of the geographer Pausanias 
that they had tbe ashes of Hector preserved 
in an urn, by order of an oracie : which prom- 
ised them undisturbed felicity if they were Ih 
possession of that hero's remains. The epi- 
thet of Hectoreus is applied by the poets to 
the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and 
intrepidity. Homer. II. 1, &.c. — llr^. JEn. 1, 
kc.—Ovid. Met. 12 and V3.—Diclys. Cref. 
— Dares. Phryg. — Hygin. fab. 90 and 112. — 
Paiis.l. 3, and 9, c. 18, — Quintil. Smyrn. 1 

and 3. A son of Parmenio drowned in the 

iSile. Alexander honoured his remains with a 
magnificent funeral. Curl. 4, c. 8, 1. 6, c. 9. 

Hecuba, a daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian 
prince, or according to others, of Ci?? .:, a 
Thracian kiug, was the second wife of Prieini 
king of Troy, and proved the chastest of wo- 
men, and the most tender and unfortunate of 
mothers. AVhen she was pregnant of Paris, 
she dreamed that she had brought into the 
world a bmning torch which had reduced her 
husband's palace and all Troy to ashes. So 
alarming a dream was explained by the sooth- 
sayers, w ho declared that the son she should 
bring into the world w ould prove the ruin of 
his country . When Paris was bom, she ex- 
posed him on mount Ida to avert the ca- 
lamities w^hich tlireatened her family ; but 
her attemj)ts to destroy him were fruitless, 
and the prediction of the soothsayers was 
fulfilled. [Vid. Paris.] During the Trojan 
war she saw the greatest part of her children 
perish by tlie hands of the enemy, and like a 
mother, she confessed her grief by her tears 
and lamentations, particularly at the death of 
Hector, her eldest son. When Troy was taken, 
Hecuba, as ojie of the captives, fell to the lot 
of Ulysses, a man w horn she haled for his per- 
fidy and avarice, and she embaiked with the 
conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed 



HE 

in the Thracian Chersonesus to load with fresh 
honours the grave of Achilles. During their 
stay the heros ghost appeared to them, and 
demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, 
the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba's daughter. 
They coaij>Ued, and Polyxena was torn from 
her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was in- 
consolable, and her grief was still more increa- 
sed at the sight of the body of her son Polydo- 
rus washed on the shore, who had been re- 
commended by his father to the care and hu- 
manity of Polymnestor king of the couatiy. 
[Vid. Polydorus.] She determined to revenge 
the death of her son, and with the greatest in- 
dignation went to tlie house of his murderer, 
and tore his eyes and attempted to .deprive 
him of his life. She was hindered from exe- 
cuting her bloody purpose, by the arrival of 
8ome Thracians, and she fled with the female 
companions of her captivity. She was pursu- 
ed, and when she ran after the stones that were 
thrown at her,she found herself suddenly chan- 
ged into a bitch, and when she attempted to 
speak, found that she could only bark. After 
this metamorphosis she threw herself into the 
sea, according to Hyginus, and that place was, 
from that circumstance, called Cywjv.m. He- 
cuba had agreat number of children by Priam, 
among whom were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, 
Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hippo- 
nous, Polydorus, Troilus, and among the 
daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice, Polyxena, 
and Cassandra, Ovid. Met. 11, v. 761, 1. 13, 
V. ^\o.-'Hygin. fab. III.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 44. 
— Tuv. 10, v. 27l.—Slrab. 13.— Dictys. Cret. 
4 and 5. — £pollod. 3, c. 12. 

Hecub^e, Sepulciirum, a promontory of 
Thrace. 

KedI'la, a poetess of Samos. 

Hedon^um, a village of Bffiotia. Pans. 9. 
C.31. 

Hedui. Vid. ^dui. 

Hedymeles; an admired musician in Do- 
Hiitian's age. The word signifies sweet music. 
Juv. 6, V. 381. 

Hegzluchus, a general of 6000 Athenians 
.-:ent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Epa- 
miiiondas. Dlod. 15. — — An Egyptian gene- 
ral who flourished B. C. 128. 

Hegemok, a Thracian poet in the age of 
Alciblades. He wrote a poem called Giganto- 
raachia, besides other works. JElian. V. H. 

4, c. 11. Another poet who wrote a poem 

on the war of Leuctra, &lc. JFIian. V. H. 

8, c.ai. 

Hegesianax, an historian of Alexandria, 
wlio wrote an account of the Trojan war. 

Hegesius, a t3-rant of Ephesus under the 

patronage of Alexander. Polyxn. 6. A 

philosopher who so eloquently convinced his 
auditors of their failings and follies, and per- 
suarJedthem that there were no dangers Eifter 
death; that many were guiUy of suicide. Ptole- 
my forbade him to continue his doctrines. 
Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 34. An historian. A fa- 
mous orator of Magnesia, who corrupted the 
elegant diction of Attica, by the introduction 
»f Asiatic idioins. Cic. oral. 67, 69. BrvA.S'3. 
—Stmb. 9.-^PluL i7i Altx. 

Hegesilochus, one of the chief magis- 
trates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and 

his father Philip. Another native ofRliodcs, 

171 vears before the christian era. He cii2:a- 



HE 

ged his countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40 
ships to assist the Romans against Perseus 
king of Macedonia. 

Hegesinous, a man who wrote a poem on 
Attica. Pans. 4, c. 29. 

Hegesinus, a philosopher of Pergamus, 
of the second academy. He flourished B. C. 
193. 

Hegesippus, an historian who wrote some 
things upon Pallene, he. 

Hegesipyle, a daughter of Oloinis king of 
Thrace, who mamed Miltiades, and became 
mother of Cimon. Plut. 

Hegesistratus, an Ephesian who consult- 
ed the oracle to know in what particular 
place he should fix his residence. He was di- 
rected to settle where he found peasants dan- 
cing with crowns of olives. This was in Asia, 
where he founded Elea, &c. 

Hegetorides, a Thasian, who, upon see- 
ing his country besieged by the Athenians, 
and a law forbidding any one on pain of deatli 
to speak of peace, went to the market place 
with a rope about his neck, and boldly told 
his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, 
provided they saved the city from the calami- 
ties which the continuation of the war seemed 
to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, 
the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides par- 
doned, he. Polyccn. 2. 

Helena, the most beautiful woman of her 
age, sprung from one of the eggs which Leda, 
the wife of king Tyndarus, brought forth after 
her amour with .Jupiter metamorphosed into 
a swan, [Vid. Leda.] According to some au- 
thors, Helen was daughter of IVemesis by Ju- 
piter, and Leda was only her nurse ; and to 
reconcile this variety of opinions, some ima- 
gine that Nemesis and Leda are the same per- 
sons. Her beauty was so universally admired, 
even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his 
friend Pirithous, carried her away before she 
had attained her tenth year, and concealed 
her at Aphidnai, under the care of his mother 
ijBthra. Her brothers. Castor and Pollux, re- 
covered her by force of arms, and she return- 
ed safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native 
country. There existed, however, a tradition 
recorded by Pausanias, that Helen was of nu- 
bile years when carried away by Theseus, and 
that she had a daughter by her ravisher, who 
was intrusted to the care of Clytemnestra. 
This violence offered to her virtue did not in 
the least diminish, but it rather augmented, 
her fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited 
by the young princes of Greece. The most 
celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of 
Laertes, Antilochus son of JNestor, Slhenelus 
son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, 
Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of 
Phileus, Agapenor son of Ancaeus, Thalpus 
son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, 
Schedius son of Epistropiius, Polyxenus son of 
Agasthenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, 
Ascalaphus and lalmus sons of the god Mars, 
Ajax son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, 
Polypcetes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of 
Chaleodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of 
iEsculapius, Leontcs son of Coronus, Philoc- 
tetes son of Ptean, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, 
Eurypilus son of Evenion, Ajax and Teucer 
sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menoetius, 
Menelaus son of AUeus, Thoas, Idomeneus, 



HE 

and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed 
than pleased at the sight of such a number of 
illustrious princes, who eagerly solicited each 
to become his son-in-law. He knew that he 
could not prefer one without displeasing all 
the rest, and from this perplexity he was at 
last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who be- 
gaa to be already known in Greece by his pru- 
dence and sagacity. This prince, who clearlv 
saw that his pretensions to Helen would not 
probably meet with success in opposition to 
so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tynda- 
rus from all his difficulties, if he would promise 
him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tynda- 
rus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to 
bind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that 
they would approve of the uninfluenced choice 
which Helen should make of one among them; 
and engage to unite together to defend her 
person and character if ever any attempts were 
made to ravish her from the arms of her hus- 
band. The advice of Ulysses was followed, the 
princes consented, and Helen fixed her choice 
upon Menelaus, and married him. Hermione 
was the early fruit of this union, Avhich contin- 
ued for three years with mutual happiness. 
After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, 
oame to Lacedaeraon on pretence of sacrificing 
to Apollo. He was kindly received by Mene- 
laus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in 
his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity 
of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow 



HE 



him to Troy, B. C. 1 198. At his return Mene- 
lausjhighly sensible of the injury he had receiv- 
ed, assembled the Grecian p"rinces,and remind- 
ed them of their solemn promises. They re- 
solved to make war against the Trojans, but 
they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to 
demand the restitution of Helen. The influence 
of Paris at his father's court prevented the res- 
toration, and the Greeks returned home with- 
out receiving the satisfaction they required. 
Soon after their return their combined forces 
assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The 
behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is 
not clearly known. Some assert that she had 
willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly 
supported the cause of the Trojans ; while 
cLhers believe that she always sighed after her 
husband, and cursed the day in which she had 
proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents 
her as in the last instance, and some have ad- 
ded that she often betrayed-the schemes and 
resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favour- 
ed the cause of Greece. When Paris' was kil- 
led, in the ninth year of the war, she volun- 
tarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam's sons, 
and when Troy was taken she made no scruple 
i:o betray him, and to introduce the Greeks in- 
to his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Me- 
nelaus. She returned to Sparta, and the love 
of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had 
committed. Some however say that she ob- 
tained her life even with difficulty from herhus- 
band,whose resentment she had kindled by her 
Infidelity. After she liad lived for some years 
at Sparta, xMenelaus died, and she was driven 
from Peloponnesus byMagapenthes and Nicos- 
tratus,the illegitimate sons of her husband, and 
she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Po- 
lyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the coun- 
try. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood 
originated in Helen, and that hrr hu5band Tle- 
40 



poleraus had been killed in the Trojan ^va^^ 
which had been caused by the debaucheries 
of Helen ; therefore she meditat'ed revenge. 
While Helen one day retired to bathe in the 
river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the 
habits of furies, and sent them with orders to 
murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree 
and strangled, and her misfortunes were after- 
wards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo 
expiated by the temple which the KhodianS 
raised to Helen Dendrltis, or tied to a tree. 
There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus, 
which says that Paris was driven as he re- 
turned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt- 
where Proteus, king of the country, expelled, 
him from his dominions for his ingratitude 
to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From 
that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed 
the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen 
nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the 
hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this 
assertion the Greeks besieged the town, and 
took it after ten years siege, and Menelau? 
by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, re- 
covered Helen at the court of Proteus, and 
was convinced that the Trojan war had beea 
undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable 
grounds. Helen was honoured after death as 
a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple 
at Therapne, which had power of giving 
beauty to all the deformed women that en- 
tered it. Helen, according to some, was car- 
ried into the island of Leuce after death, 
where she married Achilles, who had beew 
one of her warmest admirers. — The age of 
Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry 
among the chronologists. If she was born of 
the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, v.'ho ac- 
companied the Argonauts in their expeditioa 
against Colchis about 35 veare before the Tro 
jan war, according to some, she was no less 
than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to 
ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 
15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. 
But she is represented by FJomerso incompa- 
rably beautiful during the siege of Troy, that 
though seen at a distance she influenced the 
counsellors of Pj-iam by the brightness of her 
charms ; therefore we must su[)pose with 
others, that her beauty remained long undi- 
minished, and was extinguished only at her 
death. Pau^. 3, c. 19, hc.—Apollod. 3, c. 10, 
^(^•—Hygin. fab. 77. —Herodot. 2, c. 112.— 
Pint, in Thes. hc.—Cic. de offic. S.—JIoraL 
3, od. 3.~Dicty3. Orel. 1, fcc— Qww/. Smyrn. 
10, 13, he— Homer. II. 2. and Od. 4 and 1&." 
A young woman of Sparta, often con- 
founded with the daughter of Leda. As shft 
was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had 
fallen upon her, an eagle came and carried 
away the knife of the pnest, upon which sho 
was released, and the barbaraus custom of of- 
fering human victims \A.as abolished. Aa 

island on the coast of Attica, where Kelea 
came after the siege of Troy. Piiu. 4, c. 12. 

A daughter of tiie emperor Constantiue,' 

who married Julian, The mother of Con* 

stantine. She died in her 80th year, A. D. 328. 

HfiLENiA, a festival in Laconia, m honour 
j of Helen, who received ihere divine honours. 
' Ft was celebrated by viro ins riding upon mulcS; 
land in chariots made of reeds and bullrushcs, 
\ Hklkn-or. a Lydian prince who occompa- 



HE 

"med ^neas to Italy, and was killed by the Ru- 
tulians. His mother's name v/as Licymnia. 
Virg. Mn. 9, v. 444, he. 

Helekus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of 
Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all 
the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in 
marriage to Helen in preference to himself, 
he resolved to leave his country, and he re- 
tired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him 
prisoner by the advice of Chalcas. As he was 
well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks 
made use of prayers, threats, and promises, 
to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Tro- 
jans, and either the fear of death or gratifica- 
tion of resentment, seduced him to disclose to 
the enemies of his countiy, that Troy could 
not be taken whilst it was in possession of the 
Palladium, nor before Polydectes came from 
bis retreat at Lemnos, and assisted to support 
the siege. After the ruin of his country, he 
fell to the share of P5Trhus the son of Achil- 
les, and saved his life by warning him to 
avoid a dangerous tempest, which in reality 
proved fatal to all those who set sail. This 
endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received 
from his hand Andromache, the widow of his 
brother Hector, by whom he had a son called 
Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, 
was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, 
who lived with Andromache as his wife. He- 
ienus was the only one of Priam's sons who 
survived the ruin of his country. After the 
death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of 
Epirus, which he called Chaonia in memory 
of his brother Chaon, whom he had inad- 
vertently killed. Helenus received jEneas as 
he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him 
some of the calamities which attended his 
fleet. The manner in which he received the 
fi;ift of prophecy is doubtful. Vid. Cassandra. 
^Horner. II. 6, v. 76, 1. 7, v. 47.— Virfr. JEn. 3, 
V. 295, he— Pans. 1, c. 11, 1. 2, c. 33.— Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 99 and 723, 1. 15, v. 437. 
Butulian killed by Pallas. 

Hflerm Lucus, a 
Ovid Fast. 6, v. 105. 

Heles or Hales, a river of Lucania near 
Velia. Cic. ad Att. 16, ep. 7, Fum. 7, ep. 20. 

Heliades, the daughters of the Sun and 
Clymene. They were three in number, 
Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lamp.thusa, or se- 
ven according to Hygin, Merope, Helie, j'Egle, 
Lampetie, Pha-be, iEtheria, and Dioxippe. 
They were so alUicted at the death of their bro- 
ther Phaeton, [Fiti. Phaeton] that they Avere 
changed by the gods into poplars, and their 
tears into precious amber, on the banks of the 
river Po. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 340.— Hi/gin. fab. 

154. The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This 

island being covered with mud when the world 
was first created, was warmed by the cherish- 
ing beams of the sun, and from thence sprang 
seven men, which were called Heliades, »roTou 
K?^«0', from the sun. The eldest of these, called 
Ochlmus, married Hegetoria, one of the 
nymphs of the island, and his brothers fied 
from the country, for having put to death, 
through jealousy, one of their number. Diod.b. 

Heliasta;, a name given to the judges of 
the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They 
consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500 ; 



Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. 
place near Rome. 



HE 

Helic.\on, a Trojan prince, son of Ab- 
tenor. He married Laodice, the daughter of 
Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform 
Helen of the state of the rival armies before 
Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night en- 
gagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, 
who remembered the hospitality he had re- 
ceived from his father Antenor. Hom(^. Id. 
2, V. 123. 

Helice, a star near the north pole, gene- 
rally called Ursa Major. It is supposed ta 
receive its name from the town of Helice, of 
which Calisto, who was changed into the 
Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan. 2, 

V. 237. A town of Achaia, on the bay of 

Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of 
the sea. Plin. 2, c. 92.— Or/rf. Met. 15, v. 

293. A daughter of Silenus, king of iEgi- 

ale. Pans. 7, c. 24. A daughter of Lycaon^ 

king of Arcadia. 

Helicon, now Zagaro-Vouni, a mountain 
of Bceotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was 
sacred to the Muses, who had there a temple. 
The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this 
mountain. Strab. 8.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 219. 
-Pans. 9, c. 28, he— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 641. 

A river of Macedonia near Dium. Paus. 

9, c. 30. 

Heliconiades, a name given to the Muses 
because they lived upon mount Helicon, 
which was sacred to them. 

Heliconis, a daughter of Thespius. Apol- 
lod. 

Heliodorus, one of the favourites of 
Seleucus Philopator, king of Syria. He at- 
tempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, 
about 176 years before Christ, by order of 

his master, he. A Greek mathematician 

of Larissa. A famous sophist, the best edi- 
tions of whose entertaining romance, called 
JElhiopica, are Commelin, 8vo. 1596, and 

Bourdelot, 8vo. Paris, 1619. A learned 

Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace. 

A man who wrote*^ treatise on tombs. A 

poet. A geographer. A surgeon at 

Rome in Juvenal's age. Juv. 6, v. 372. 

Heliogabalus, a deity among the Phoe- 
nicians. M. Aurelius Antoninus, a Ro- 
man emperor, son of V'arius Marcellus, called 
Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of 
that divinity in Phamicia. After the death of 
Macrinus he was invested with the imperial 
pur[)le, and the senate, however unwilling to 
submit to a youth only 14 years of age, ap- 
proved of his election, and bestowed upon hira 
the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his 
gmnd-mother Mcesa, and his mother Scemia?,, 
ills colleagues on the throne ; and to bestow 
more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate 
of women, over which his mother presided^ 
and prescribed all the modes and fashions 
which prevailed in the empire. Rome how- 
ever soon displayed a scene of cruelty and de- 
bauchery ; the imperial palace was full of 
prostitution, and the most infamous of the 
populace became the favourites of the prince. 
He raised his horse to the honours of the con- 
sulship, and obliged his subjects to pay ado- 
ration to tiie god Heliogabalus, which was 
no other than a large black stone, whosr. 



figure resembled that of a cone. To this ri- 
they were seldom assembled, and only upon j diculous deity temples were raised at Rome,. 
Hiattere of the greatest importance. Dtjuvsth. \ and the altars of the gods plundered to deck 
contr. Tim.-^Dios. m Svt. 



HE 

tiiose of the new divinity. In the midst of his 
extravagances, Hehogabalus married four 
wives, and not satisfied with following the plain 
Jaw s of nature, he proiessed himself to be a 
woman, and gave himself up to one of his otfi- 
«ers, called Hierocles. In this ridiculous farce 
he suffered the greatest indignities from his 
pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and 
Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the 
most powerful of the lavourites, and enriched 
himself by selling favours and offices to the 
people. Such licentiousness soon displeased 
liie populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to ap- 
pease the seditions of the soldiers, whom his 
rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, hid 
himself in the hlth and excrements of the camp, 
where he was found in the arms of his mother. 
His head was severed trom his body the lOtli 
of i\larch, A. D. 222, in the 18th year of his 
age, alter a reign of three years, nine months, 
and four days. He was succeeded byAlexander 
Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as 
his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects 
with the most oppressive taxes, his halls w ere 
covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, 
and his mats were made with the down of 
hares, and with the soft feathers which were 
found under the wings of partridges. He w as 
fond of covering his shoes with precious stones, 
to draw the admiration of the people as he 
walked along the streets, atid he was the first 
Ronaan who ever w ore a dress of silk. He of- 
ten invited the most common of the people to 
share his banquets, and made them sit down 
on large bellows full ot wind, which, by sud- 
denly emptying themselves, threw the guests 
on the ground, and left tliem a prey to w ild 
beasts. He often tied some of his tavourites 
on a large wheel, and was particularly delight- 
ed to see them whirled round like Ixious, and 
sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk be- 
neath the water. 

Heliopolis, now Matarea, a famous city 
of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sa- 
cred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped 
a bull called Mnevis, with the same ceremo- 
nies as the Apis oi Memphis. Apollo hud an 
oracle there. Cic. jY. D. 3, c. ^\.—Flin. 36, 
c.26.—iitrab. lH.—Diod. 1. There was a small 
village of the same name without the Delta 

near Babylon. A town of Syria, now Bal- 

beck. Plin. 5, c. 22. 

Helisson, a town and river of Arcadia 
Pans. 8, c. 29. 

Helium, a name given to the mouth of the 
Maese in Germany. Plin. 4, c. 15. 

Helius, a celebrated favourite of the em- 
peror Mero, put to death by order of Galba, 

for his cruelties. The Greek name of the 

sun, or Apollo. 

Helixus, a river of Cos. 
Hellamce, a sister of Clitus, who was 
nurse to Alexander. Curl. 8, c. 1. 

Helianicus, a celebrated Greek historian, 
born at Mity lene. He wrote an history of the 
ancient kings of the earth, with an account of 
the founders of the most famous towns in every 
kingdom, and died B. C. 411, in the 83th year 
ot his age. Pans. 2, c. 3.~Cic. de Oral. 2, c 

53.— .4m/. Gel. 15, c. 23. A brave officer 

rewarded by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. 

An historian of Miletus, wlio v/roto a de^frip- 
tion of the earth. 



BE 



He LLANO CRATES, E man of Larissa, fcc 
Aristot. Polit. 5, c. 10. 

Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly, 
more generally applied to the territories of 
Acarnania, Attica, iEtolia, Doris, Locris, Bce- 
otia, andPhocis, and also to all Greece. It 
received this name from Deucalion, and now 
iorms a part of Livadia. Plin. 4, c. l.—Slrab 
8.— Mela, 2, c. S.—Pans. 2, c. 20. A beauti- 
ful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved 
by Marius; the lover killed her in a fit of pas- 
sion, and afterwards destroyed himself. Ho- 
rat. 2, sat. 3, v. 277. 

Helle, a daughter of Athamus and Ne- 
phele, sister to Phryxus. She fled from her 
father's house with her brother, to avoid the 
cruel oppression of her mother-in-law, In&. 
According to some accounts she was carried 
through the air on a golden ram which her 
mother had received from Neptune, and in 
her passage she became giddy, and fell from 
her seat into that part of the sea which from 
her received the name of Hellespont. Others 
say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather 
upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea 
and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had 
given his sister a burial on the neighbouring 
coasts, pursued his journey, and arrived safe 
in Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid 
13, ^c. Met. 4, fab. 14. — Pindar. 4. — Pyth. 
—Paus. 9, c. 34. 

Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 
reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years before 
the Christian era; and gave the name of Hel- 
lenians to his subjects. He had, by his wife 
Orseis, three sons ; iEolius, Dorus, and Xuthus, 
who gave their names to the three different 
nations known under the name of .^olians, 
Dorians, and lonians. These last derive their 
name from Ion, son of Xuthus, and from the 
difference either of expression, or pronuncia- 
tion, in their respective languages, arose the 
different dialects well known in the Greek lan- 
guage. Paus. 3, c. 20, 1. 7, c. l.—Diod. 5. 

Hellenes, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid 
Hellen. 

Hellespontias, a wind blowing from the 
north east. Plin. 2, c. 47. 

Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a, 
narrow^ strait between Asia and Europe, near 
the Propontis, which received its name from 
Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage 
to Colchis. [Vid. Helle.] It is about 60 
miles long, and, in the broadest parts, the 
Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from 
the European, and only half a mile in the nar- 
rowest, according to modern investigation j 
so that people can converse one with the 
other from the opposite shores. It is celebra- 
ted for the love and death of Leander, [Fid. 
Hero,] and for the bridge of boasts which 
Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece, 
The folly of this great prince is well known in 
beating and fettering the waves of the sea, 
whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and 
rendered all his labours ineffectual. Strab. 13. 
—Plin. 8, c. '32.—Herodot. 7, c. 34.— Po/y6.— 
Mela, 1, c. 1.— P/0/.5, c. 2.— Ovid. Met. 13, 

V. 407.— Ln\ 31, c. 15, J. 33, c. 33. The 

country along the Hellespont oh the Asiatic 
coast bears the same name. Cic. I err. 1, c 
24, Fnm. 13. en. 53.— S/m6. 12— Plin 5, t;, 



HE 

Hellopia. a small countr>' of Eubcea. The 
popie were called Hellopes. The whole 



island bore the same name according to Stra- 
bo. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Hellotia, two festivals, one of which was 
obsened iii Crete, in honour of Europa. whose 
bones were then carried in solemn procession: 
with a myrtle garland no less than twenty cu- 
bit? in circii inference, called *?jj»ts The other 
festival was celebrated at Corinth with games 
and races, where young men entered the lists 
and generally ran with burning torcbesin their 
hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, 
surnamed Hellotis, »-s t». iy-c-^, from a certain \ 
pond of Marathon, where one of her statues 
•was erected, or *-3 '=- •>-^'» "<* •'=^-'* ■r-'' nt>3<r«, be- 
cause bv her assistance Bellerophon took and 
managed the horse Pegasus, whicii was the 
oridoal cause of the institution of the festival. 
Others derive the name from Hellotis, a Corin- 
tliian woman, from the following ch-cum- 
stance : when the Dorians and the Heraclidai 
invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt 
Corinth ; the inhabitants, and particularly the 
women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis and 
her sister Eur\-tione, who took shelter in Mi- 
nerva's temple, relyjjig for salety upon the 
sanctity of the place". When this v.as known, 
the Dorians set fire to the t«mple, and the tn o 
sisters perished in the flames. This wantoji 
crusty was followed by a dreadful plague, 
and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes 
which they suftered, were directed by the ora- 
cle to appease the manes of the two sisters, 
and therefore they raised a new temple to the 
goddess Mi*ierva, and established the festi- 
vals, which bore the name of one of the un- 
fortunate women. 

Helnes, an ancient king of Arcadia, Lc. 
PolyiRn. 1. 

Heloris, a general of the people of Rhe- 
gium, sent to besiege Messana, which Diony- 
fiusthe tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and 
Lis troops were defeated. Diod. 14. 

Helorc.w and Hzlorcs. now Muri Ucci, 
a town and river of Sicily, whose swollen wa- 
ters generally inundate the neighbouring coun- 
try. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 698.— //a/. U, v 270. 

A river oi Magna GrcBcia. 

Heeos, a place of Arcadia. Puns. 8, c. 36. 

A tow n of Laconia taken and destroyed 

by the Lacedemonians under Agis the third, 
of the race of the Heraclidae, because they re- 
fused to pay the tribute which was imposed 
upon them. The Lacedaemonians carried 
their resentment so far, that, not satisfied wiih 
the ruin of the city, they reduced the inhabi- 
tants to the lowest and most miserable slavery, 
and made a law which forbade their masters 
either to give them their liberty, or to sell 
them in any other countJ-y. To complete their 
infamy, all the slaves of the state and the pri- 
soners of war were called by the mean appel- 
lation of Helotce. xNot only' the servile oliices 
in which Ihey were employed denoted their 
misery and slaverj', but they were obliged to 
wear peculiar gai'menti, which exposed them 
to greater contempt and ridicule. They ne- 
ver were initructed in the liberal arts, and 
4heir cruel masters often obliged them to 
drink to excess, to show the free-born citi- 
zens of Sj.arta the beastliness and disgrace of 
iatoxjcatioa. They once every year received 



HE 

a number of stripes, that by this wanton fla- 
gella*;on they might recollect that they were^ 
born and died slaves. The Spartans even de- 
clared war against them; but Plutarch, who, 
from interested motives, endeavours to palliate 
the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedae- 
mon. declares that it was because they had as- 
sisted the Messeniaris in their war against 
Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a vio- 
lent earthquake. This earthquake was sui>- 
posed by all the Greeks to be a punishment 
from heaven for the cruellies which the Lace- 
daemonians had exercised against the Helots. 
In the Peloponaesian war these misei-able 
slaves behaved with uncommon bravery, and 
were rewarded with their liberty by the Lace- 
daemonians, and appe£u*ed in tlie temples and 
at public shows crowned with garlands, and 
with every mark of festivity and triumph. 
This exultation did not continue long, and the 
sudden disappearance of the two thousand ma- 
numitted slaves was attributed to the inhuma- 
nity of the Lacetlaemonians . Thucyd. 4. — Pol- 
lux. 3, c. S.—Strab. 8.—Plut. in Lye. kc. — 
^rist. Polit. 2. — Paus. Lacon k.c 

Helot.c and Helutes, the public slaves of 
Spai'ta, kc. Vid. Helos. 

Helvetia, a vestal virgin struck dead witk 
lightning in Trajan's reign. 

Helvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, con- 
quered by J. Ceesar. Theu- country is the 
modern Switzerland. Cizs. Bell. G. 1, he- 
Tacit. Hist. 1, c 67 and 69. 

Helvia, the mother of Cicero. Ricina, 

a town of Picenum. 

Helvidia, the name of a Roman family. 
Helvu, now Virers, a people of Gaul, 
along the Rhone. Plin. 3, c. 4. 

Helvillum, a town of Umbria, supposed 
to be the same as Suillum, now Sigillo. Plin. 
3, c. 14. 

Helvina, a fountain of Aquinum, where 
Ceres had a temple. Juc. 3, v. 320. 

Helvics Cinsa proposed a law, which, 
however was not passed, to permit Caesar to 
marry whatever woman he chose. Suet, in 
Cas. c. 52.— — A poet. Vid. Cinna. 
Helcm, a river of Scythia. 
Helymus and Pa>opes, two hunters at 
the court of Acestes in Sicily. Firg. JEn. 6, 
v. 73, 6:c. 

Hemathiok, a son of Aurora and Cepha- 
lus, or Tithouus. Apollod. 3 



TIemithea, a daughter of Cycnus and Pro- 
clea. She was so attached to her brother Te- 
nes, tliat she refused to abandon him when 
his father Cycnus exposed him on the sea. 
They were carried by the wind to Tenedos, 
where Hemithealong enjoyed tranquiilit)', till 
.\chille3, captivated by her chai-ms, offered 
her violence. She was rescued from his em- 
brace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly 
slaughtered by the offended hero. Hemi- 
thea could not have been rescued from the at- 
tempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened 
and swallowed her. after she had fei-vently en- 
treated the assistance of the gods. Vid. Te- 
nes. Paus. 10, c. 14.— />iorf. 4. 

Hemon. Vid. Hsemon. 

HEaius. rid Haemus.- A Roman. Juv. 

6, v 197. 

Heneti, a people of Faphlagonia, who are 
said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatiq, 



HE 

Virbere tliey gave the name of Venetia to their 
habitations. Liv. 1, c. 1. — Eurip. 

Heniochi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, 
neai' Colchis, descended from Amphytus and 
Telechius, the charioteers ( "%«») of Castor 
and Pollux, and thence called Lacedaemonii.' 
Mela, I, c. 21.— Paierc. 2, c. 40.— Flacc. 3, v. 
270, 1. 6, V. 42. 

Henna. Vid. Enna. 

HEPHiESTiA, the capital town of Lemnos. 

A festival in honour of Vulcan (hp'.*.oq) at 

Athens. There was then a race with torches 
between three young men. Each in his turn 
ran a race with a lighted torch in his hand, 
and whoever could carry it to the end of 
the course before it was extinguished, obtained 
the prize. They delivered it one to the other 
after they finished their course, and from that 
circumstance we see many allusions in ancient 
iiuthors, who compare the vicissitudes of hu-; 
man affairs to this delivering of the torch, 
particularly in these lines of Lucretius 2 : 
Inque brevi spatio mutarUur scecla animantum, 
Et quasi cursores vilai lampada tradant. 

Heph^stiades, a name applied to the Li- 
pari isle? as sacred to Vulcan. 

HEPHiESTii, mountains in Lycia which are 
set on fire by the lightest touch of a burning 
torch. Their very stones burn in the middle 
of water according to Pliny, 6, c. 106. 

HEPHiEsTio, a Greek grammaiian of 
Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. 
Tliere remains of his compositions a treatise 
entitled Enchiridion de metris «^ poemaie, the 
best edition of which is that of Pauiv, 4to. 
Ultraj. 1726. 

HEPHiESTioN, E Macedonian famous for 
bis intimacy with Alexander. He accompani- 
ed the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and 
was so faithful and attached to him, that Alex- 
ander often observed that Craterus was the 
friend of the king, but Hephsestion the friend 
of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years 
before the christian era, according to some 
from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexan- 
der was so inconsolable at the death of this 
faithful subject, that he shed tears at the in- 
telligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be 
extinguished, which was never done but at the 
death of a Persian monarch. The physician 
■who attended Hephaestion in his illness, was 
accused of negligence, and by the king's order 
inhumanly put to death, and the games were 
interrupted. His body was intrusted to tlie 
care ot Perdiccas, and honoured with the most 
magnificent funeral at Babylon, He was so 
like tlie king in features and stature, that he 
was often saluted by the name of Alexander. 
Curt. — Arrian. 7, he. — Plut. in Mlex. — JElian. 
V. If. 7, c. 8. 

Heptaphunos, a portico, which received 
this name, because the voice was re-echoed 
seven times in it. PHn. 36, c. 15. 

Heptapolis, a country of Egypt, which 
contained seven cities. 

Heptapylos, a surname of Thebes in 
Boeotia, from its seven gates. 

Hera, the name of Juno among the Greeks. 

A daughter of JNeptune and Ceres when 

transformed into a mare. Apollod. 3. A 

town of if^olia and of Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 7. 

A town of Sicily, called also Hybla. Cic 

€(dj3tti€.2,c.l. 



HE 

Heraclea, an ancient town of Sicily, 
near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony 
there w'hen he pursued Daedalus; and the 
town anciently known by the name of Ma- 
cara, was called from him Minoa. It was 
called Heraclea after Hercules, when he ob- 
tained a victory over Eryx. A town of 

Macedonia. ^Another in Pontus, celebrated 

for its naval power, and its consequence 
among the Asiatic states. The inhabitants 
conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at 

their return. Another in Crete. Another 

in Parthia. Another in Bithynia. Ano- 
ther in Phthiotis, near Thermopylge, called 
also Track'm^a, to distinguish it from others. 

Another in Lucania. Cic. Arch. 4. 

Another in Syria. Another in Chersonesus^ 

Taurica. Another in Thrace, and three in 

Egypt, &.C. There were no less than 40 
cities of that name in different parts of the 
world, all built in honour of Hercules, whence 

the name is derived. A daughter of Hiero, 

tyrant of Sicily, &c. 

Heragleia, a festival at Athens celebra- 
ted every fifth year, in honour of Hercules. 
The Thisbians and Thebans in Boeotia, obser- 
ved a festival of the same name, in which they 
offered apples to the god. This custom of of- 
fering apples arose from this : It was always 
usual to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the 
river Asopus prevented the votaries of the 
god from oliscrviiig it with the ancient ceremo- 
ny ; and as the word y-w-*^ signifies both an apple 
and a sheep, some youths, acquainted with the 
ambiguity of the word, offered apples to the 
god, with much sport and festivity. To repre- 
sent the sheep, they raised an apple upon four 
sticks as the legs, and two more were placed 
at the top to represent the hox*ns of the victim, 
Hercules was delighted with the ingenuity of 
the youths, and the festivals were ever contin- 
ued Avith the offering of apples. Pollux. 8, g. 
9. There was also a festival at Sicyon in hon- 
our of Hercules. It continued two days, the 
first was called 9io,'x:«t«c, the second K(sK\ttx. 
At a festival of the same name at Cos, the 
priest officiated with a mitre on his head, and 
in women's apparel.— —At'Lindus, a solemni- 
ty of the same name was also observed, and at 
the celebration nothing was heard but execra- 
tions and profane words, and whosoever acci- 
dentally dropped any other words, was accus- 
ed of having profaned the sacred rites. 

Heracleum, a promontory of Cappadocia. 

A town of Egypt near Canopuson the 

western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave 
its name. Diod. 1. — Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 60. — 
Sirab 2 and 17. — The port town of Gnossus 
in Crete. 

Heracleotes, a surname of Dionysius the 

philosopher. A philosopher of Heracleai 

who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, 
firmly believed that pain was not an evil. 
A severe illness, attended with the most acute 
pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, 
and at the same time the philosophy oi the 
stoics, about 264 years before the chnstian era. 
He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic 
sect, which placed the summum bonum in plea- 
sure. He wrote some poetiy, and chiefly 
treatises of philosophy. Diog. in vit. 

IlERACMDiE, the descendants of Hercules, 
greatly celebrated in ancient history. Herca- 



HE- 

les at his death left to his son Hyllus ail the 
rights and claims which he had upon the Pelo- 
ponnesus, and permitted him to many lole, as 
soon as he came of age. The posterity of Her- 
«ules were not more kindly treated by Eurys- 
theus, than their father had been, and they 
■were obliged to retire for protection to the 
court of Ceyx, king of Trachinia. Eurystheus 
pursued them thither; and Ceyx, afraid of his 
resentment, begged the Heraclidee to depart 
from his dominions. From Trachinia they 
earae to Athens, where Theseus, the king of 
the countiy , who had accompanied their fatlier 
in some of his expeditions, received them with 
great humanity, and assisted them against 
their common enemy, Eurystheus. Eurj^stheus 
tvas killed by the hand of Hyllus himself, and 
his children perished with him,, and all the ci- 
ties of the Peloponnesus became the undisput- 
ed property of the Heraclidae. Their triumph, 
however, was short, their numbers w^ere les- 
sened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed 
them that they had taken possession of the Pe- 
ioponnesus before the gods permitted their re- 
turn. Upon this they abandoned Peloponne- 
sus, and came to settle in the territories of the 
Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient to his fa- 
ther's commands, married lole, the daughter 
of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the ora- 
cle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and 
the ambiguity of the answer determined him 
to make a second attempt. PJie challenged to 
single combat Atreus, the successor of Eurys- 
theus on the throne of Mycena?, and it was 
mutually agreed that the undisturbed posses- 
sion of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to 
whosoever defeated his advein^ary. Echemus 
accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus 
was killed, and the Heraclidae a second time 
departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodoeus the 
son of Hyllus, made a third attempt, and was 
equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus 
some time after met with the same unfavoura- 
ble reception, and perished in the field of bat- 
tle. Aristodemus, Teraenus, and Chresphon- 
tes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encoura- 
ged by the more expressive and less ambiguous 
word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the 
death of their progenitors, assembled a nume- 
i'ous force, and with a fleet invaded all Pelopon- 
nesus, Their expedition was attended with 
success, and after some decisive battles they be- 
came mastei-s of all the peninsula, which they 
divided among themselves two years after. 
The recovery of the Peloponnesus by the de- 
scendants of Hercules forms an interesting 
epoch in ancient histoiy, Vv'hich is universally 
believed to have happened 80 years after the 
Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christiar) 
era. This conquest was totally achieved about 
320 years after the first attempt of Hvllus. 
Apoltod. 2. c. 7, hc—Herodot. 9, c. 2(i.—Paus. 
1, c-. 17. — Paterc. 1, c. 2, — ClemtTis. Mex. 
Strom. 1. — Thucyd. 1, c. 12, he. — Diod. 1, 
k.c.—AristoL de Kep. 7, c. 26. 

Hebaclides, a philosopher of Heraclea 
in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus 
and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed 
that he was carried into heaven the very day 
<if his death, and the more firml} to render it 
credible, he begged one of his friends to put a 
serpent in his bed. The serpent disappoint- 
ed him, and Iho noiJ^e v^i^ck fbe nnmber of 



HE 

viHtois otjcasioned, frightened him from the 
bed before the philosopher had expired. He 
lived about 335 years before the christian era. 
Cic. Tusc. 5, ad Quint. 3. — Liog. in Pyth. 

An historian of Pontus surnamed Lenihusy. 

who flourished B. C. 177.—-^ — A man who, af- 
ter the retreat of Dionysius the younger from 
Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose 
hands the sovereign power was lodged. He 
was put to death by Dion's order. C. JVep. in 
Dion.'—^A youth of Syracuse in the battle in 
which JVicias was defeated. - A son of Aga- 
thocles.— — A man placed over a garrison at 

Athens by Demetrius. A sophist of Lycia> 

who opened a school at Smyrna in the age of 
the emperor Severus. A painter of Mace- 
donia, in the reign of king Perseus.- An 

architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip 
king of Macedonia. He fied to Rliodes on 
pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire 

to the Rhodian fleet. Polycen. -A man of 

Alexandria. 

Heraclitus, a celebrated Greek philo- 
sopher ot Ephesus, who flourished about 500 
yeajs before the chiistian era. His father's 
name was Hyson, or Heracion. Katurally of 
a melancholy disposition, he passed his time ia 
a solitary and unsocial manner, and received 
the appellation of the obscure phiIosoj)her, and 
the mourner, from his unconquerable custom 
of weeping at the foUiei^, frailty, and vicissi- 
tude of human affairs. He employed his time 
in writing ciiflerent treatises, and one particu- 
larly, in which he supported that there was a 
fatal necessity, and that the world was created 
irom fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent 
and omniscient. His opinions about the origin 
of things were adopted by the Stoics, and Hip- 
pocrates entertained the same notions of a 
supreme power. Heraclitus deserves the ap- 
pellation of man-hater for the rusticity with 
which he answered the polite invitations of 
Darius king of Persia. To remove himself 
totally from the society of mankind, he retired 
to the mountains, where for some time he fed 
on grass in common with the wild inhabitants 
of the place. Such a diet was soon productive 
of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher 
condescended to revisit the town. The enig- 
matical manner in which he consulted the phy- 
sicians made his applications unintelligible, and 
he w as left to depend for cure only upon him- 
self. He fixed his residence in a dunghill, in 
hopes tliat the continual warmth w hich pro- 
ceeded from it might dissipate the watery ac- 
cumulation and restore him to the enjoyment 
of his former health. Such a remedy proved 
ineifectuaJ, and the j)lii!osopher despairing of 
a cure by the application of ox-dung, suffered 
himself to die in the OOth year of his age. 
Some say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. 

Diog. in vita. — Ctcw. /ll^x. Str.b. A lyric 

poet.- A writer of liaiitarnassus, intimate 

with Callimachus. He was remarkable for 

the elegance of his style.- A native of 

Lesbos, who wrote an history of Macedonia. 
■ A writer of Sicyon, &c. Plut. 

HEFuiCLius, a river of Greece. Pans. 10, c. 

37.— —A brother of Conslantine, &.c. A 

Roman emperor, k.c. 

Hek^sa, a town of Arcadia, Festivals at 

Argos in honour of Juno, who wasthepatron- 
CKS of thf>t citv. Thev were also observed br 



HE 

tije colonics of the Argives which had been 
planted at Samos and Mginat. There were al- 
ways two processions to the temple of the god- 
rless without the city walls. Tlie first was of 
the men in armour, the second of the women, 
among whom the priestess, a woman of the 
first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white 
oxen. The Argives always reckoned their 
years from her priesthood, as the Athenians 
from their archons, or the Romans from their 
consuls. When they came to the temple of 
the goddess, they offered a hecatomb of oxen. 
Hence the sacrifice is often called =^»tviuUx. and 
sometimes xs;/tf.«, from >^xo:a bed, because Ju- 
no presided over marriages, births. &c. There 
was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebra- 
ted every fifth year, in which sixteen matrons 

Wove a garment for the goddess. There 

were also others instituted by Hippodamia. 
who had received assistance from Juno when 
she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each 
attended by a maid, presided at the celebra- 
tion. The contenders were young virgins, who 
being divided in classes, according to their 
age, ran races each in their order, beginning 
with the youngest. The habit of all was ex- 
actly the same, their hair was dishevelled, and 
their right shoulder bare to the breast, with 
coats reaching no lower than the knee. She 
who obtained the victory was rewarded with 
erowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox 
that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted 

to dedicate her picture to the goddess. 

There was also a solemn day of mourning at 
Corinth, which bore the same name, in com- 
memoration of Medea's children, who were 
buried in Juno's temple. They had been slain 
by the Corinthians ; who, as it is reported, to 
avert the scandal which accompanied so bar- 
barous a murder, presented Euripides with a 
large sum of money to write a play, in which 
Medea is represented as the murderer of her 

children. Another festival of the same 

name at Pallene, with games, in w^hich the 
victor was reAvarded with a garment. 

Herjei montzs, a chain of mountains at the 
north of Sicily. Diod. 14. 

HjsR.5:iM, a temple and grove of Juno, sit- 
uate between Argos and Mycenee. A town 

of Thrace. 

Hr.RBESsus, a town of Sicily, at the north 
of Agiigentum, built by a Phoenician or Car- 
thaginian colony. -Si7. 14, v. 265. 

Herbita, an inland town of Sicilv. Qie 
^^.2, c. 64, 1.3, c. 32. 

Herceius, an epithet ^iren to Jupiter 
Olid. lb. 2i<6.—Lucan. 9, v. 979. 

Hercclant.v via, a mound raised between 
the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Hcr- 
■culenm tier. Sil. 12, v. 1 18. 

Herculan'eum, a town of Campania, swal- 
lowed up, with Pompeii, by an earthquake, 
produced from an eruption of mount Vesu- 
vius, August 24lh, A. D. 79, in the reiim of 
Titus. After being buried under the lava for 
more than 16(X» years, these famous cities 
were discovered in the beginning of the 
*ast century: Ht-rculaneum in 1713, about 24 
feet under ground, by labourers digging for a 
well, and Pompeii, 4U years after, about 12 feet 
below the surface, aiid from the houses and 
ihe streets, wliich in a great measure remain 
-still perfect, h^ve been drawn bncts, ct^tyes. 



HE 



manuscripts; palYitings, and utensils, which 6o 
not a little contribute to* enlarge our notions 
concerning the ancients, and develope many 
classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities, 
so miraculously recovered, are presei-ved ia 
the museum of Portici, a small town in the 
neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c. ably- 
taken from them, have been munificently pre- 
sented to tlie different learned bodies of Eu- 
rope. Seneca. JSTat. Q. 6, c. 1 and 26 —Of 
Alt. 7, ep. 3.— Mela, 2, c. 4.—Paierc. 2, c. IQ. 
Hercules, a celebrated hero, nho, after 
death, was ranked among the gods, and re- 
ceived divine honours. According to the an- 
cients there were many persons of the same 
name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six, 
and some authors extend the number to no 
less than forty-three. Of all these the son of 
Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the 
Iheban, isthe most celebrated, and to him, 
as may easily be imagined, tlie actions of the 
otners have been attributed. The birth of 
Hercules was attended with many miraculous 
and supernatural events; and it is reported 
that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the- 
bed of Alcmena, was employed for three nights 
m forming a child whom he intended to be the 
greatest hero the world ever beheld. [Vid. 
Alcmena.] Hercules was brought up at Tiryn- 
thus; or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes^- 
and before he had completed his eighth month* 
the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruc- 
tion, sent two snakes to devour him The 
child, not terrified by the sight of theserpents> 
boldly seized them in both his hands, and 
squeezed them to death, while his brother 
Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful 
shrieks. [Vid. Iphiclus.] He was early in- 
structed in the liberal arts, and Castor, the son 
ot lyndarus, taught him how to fight, Eury- 
tus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Auto- 
lycus to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the 
lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest 
ot his illustrious contemporaries, soon after 
became the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and 
under him he perfected and rendered himself 
the most valiant and accomplished of the age> 
In the 18th year of his age, he resolved to de- 
liver the neighbourhood of mount Cithseron 
trom a huge lion which preyed on the flocks 
ot Amphitryon, his supposed father, and 
wnich laid waste the adjacent country He 
went to the court of Thespius, king of Thes- 
pis, who shared in the general calamity, and 
he received there a tender treatment, and was 
entertained during fifty- days. The fifty dauHi- 
tersof the king became all mothers by Hercu 
les, during his stay at Thespis, and some say 
tnat It was effected in one night After he had 
destroyed the lion of mount Cithajron, he de- 
livered his country from the annual tribute of 
an hundred oxen which it paid to Erginu^ 
[ Vid. Erginus.] Such public services became 
univei-sally known, and Creon, who then sat 
on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patri- 
otic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daugh- 
ter in marriage, and intrusting him with the 
government of his kingdom. As Hercules by 
the will of Jupiter was subjected to the power 
of Eurystheus, [Vid. Eurystheus,] and obliged 
to obey him in every respect, Eurystiieus, ac- 
quainted with his successes and rising power- 
ordered him to jippcar at Mycenae and perform 



HE 

the labours Which by priority of birth he was 
empowered to impose upon him. Hercules 
refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, 
rendered him so delirious that he killed his 
own children by Megara, supposing them to 
be the offspring of Eurystheus. [Vid. Megara.] 
When he recovered the use of his senses, he 
was so struck with the misfortunes which liafd 
proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed 
himself and retired from the society of men 
for some time. He afterwards consulted the 
oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must 
be subservient for twelve j^ears to the will of 
Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands 
of Jupiter : and tiiat after he had achieved 
the most celebrated labours, he should be reck- 
oned in the number of the gods. So plain and 
expressive an answer detennined him to go to 
Mycenae, and to bear with fortitude whatever 
gods or men imposed upon him. Eurystheus 
seeing so gi'eat a man totally subjected to him, 
and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, 
oommanded him to achieve a number of en- 
terprises the most difficult and arduous ever 
known, generally called the 12 labours of Her- 
cules. The favours of the gods had completely 
armed him when he undertook his labouj-s. He 
had received a coat of arms and helmet from 
Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from 
Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and ar- 
Bows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden 
Guirass and brazen buskin, with a celebrated 
club of brass, according to the opinion of some 
writers, but more generally supposed to be of 
v.'ood, and cut by the hero himself in the for- 
est of Nema?a. — The first labour imposed upon 
Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of 
Kemaga, which ravaged the country near x\Iy- 
cena3. The hero, unable to destroy him with 
his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, 
pursued him to his den, and after a close and 
sharp engagement he choked him to death. 
He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to 
Mycenaj, and ever after clothed himself with 
the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the 
Sight of the beast, and at the courage of Her- 
cules, that he ordered him never to enter the 
gates of the city when he returned from his 
expeditions, but to wait for his orders without 
the walls. He even made himself a brazen ves- 
sel, into which he retired whenever Hercules 
returned. — The second labour of Hercules was 
f o destroy the Lerniean hydra, which had seven 
heads according to Apollodorus, 50 according 
to Simonides, and 100 according to Diodorus. 
This celebrated monster he attacked with his 
arrows, and soon after he came to a close en- 
gagement, and by means of his heavy club he 
•destroyed the heads of his enem)-. But this 
was productive of no advantage, for as soon as 
one head was beaten to pieces by the club, im- 
mediately two sprang up, and the labour of 
Hercules would have remained unlinishod had 
not he commanded his friend lolas to burn, 
with u hot iron, the root of the head which he 
hfid crushed to pieces. This succeeded, {Vid. 
Hydra,] and Hercules became victorious, open- 
e(i the belly of the monster, and dipped his ar- 
rows in the gall to render the wounds which 
he gave fatal and incurable. He was order- 
ed in his third labour to bring alive aud unhurt 
into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous 
for \{? ioc Fcdible SAviftners, its golden horn?,, .lad 



HE 

brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequent-' 
ed the neighbourhood of (Enoe, and Hercules 
was employed for a whole year in continually 
pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap, 
or when tired, or according to others by slight- 
ly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. Ag 
he returned victorious, Diana snatched the 
goat from him, and severely reprimanded 
him for molesting an animal which wassacred 
to her. Hercules pleaded necessity: and by 
representing the commands of Eurystheus, he 
appeased the goddess and obtained the beast. 

The fourth labour was to bring alive to 

Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the 
neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expe* 
dition he destroyed the centaurS; [Vid. Cen- 
tauri,] and caught the boar by closely pursuing 
hira through the deep snow. Eurystheus was 
so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, ac- 
cording to Diodorus, he hid himself in his bra- 
zen vessel for .some days. In his fifth labour 

Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of 
Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined 

for many years. [Vid. Augias.] For his 

sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carni- 
vorous birds which ravaged the country neap 
the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. [Vid. Stym- 

phalis.] In his seventh labour he brought 

alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull 

which laid waste the island of Crete. ^In his 

eighth labour he was employed in obtaining 
the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human 
flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to 
be eaten by his mares, which he brought to 
Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olym- 
pus by the king of Mycena?, where they were 
devoured by the wild beasts ; or, according to 
others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and 
their breed still existed in the age of Alexander 

the Great. For his ninth labour he was 

commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen 

of the Amazons, [ Vid. Hippolite.] In his 

tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon, 
kingofGades, and brought to Argos his nu- 
merous Hocks which fed upon human flesh. 

[Vid. Geryon.] The eleventh labour was 

to obtain apples from the garden of the Hcs- 

perides. [lid. Hesperides.] The twelfth 

and last, and most dangerous of his labours, 
was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog 
Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by 
Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave 
on mount Tasnarus. He was permitted by 
Pinto to carry away his friends Theseus and 
PirithouK, who were condemned to punish- 
ment in hell; and Cerberus also was granted 
to his prayers, provided he made use of no 
arms, but only force to drag liim away. Her- 
cules, as some report, can-ied him back to 
hell, after he had brought him before Eurys- 
theus. — Besides these arduous labours, which 
the jealousy of Eurystheus imposed upon him, 
he also achieved others of his own accord 
equally great and celebrated. [Vid. Cacus. 
AntaMis, Busiris, Eryx, &c.] He accompa- 
nied the Argonauts to Colchis before he de-f 
livered himself up to the king of Mycenaj. He 
assisted the gods in their wars again,st the; 
giants, and it was through him alone that Ju- 
piter obtained a victory. [Vid. Gigantes.j 
He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. 
[Vid. Laomedon.] When lole, the daughter 
of Eurytus, king of (Echalia; of wliom he was. 



I 



HE 

<?eeply enamoured, was refused to his en- 
treaties, he became the prey of a second fit 
of insanity, and he murdered Ipliitus, the 
only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured 
his addresses to lole. [Vld. Iphitus.] He 
was some time, after purified of the murder, 
and his insanity ceased j but the gods perse- 
cuted him more, and he was visited by a dis- 
order which obliged him to apply to the ora- 
cle of Delphi for relief. The coldness with 
which the Pythia received him, irritated him, 
and he resolved to plunder Apollo's tem- 
ple, and carry away the sacred tripod. Apol- 
lo opposed him, and a severe contiict was be- 
gun, which nothing but the interference of 
Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have pre- 
vented. He was upon this told by the oracle 
that he must be sold as a slave, and remain 
three years in the most abject servitude to re- 
cover from his disorder. He complied ; and 
Mercury, by order of Jujnter, conducted him 
to Omphale queen of Lydia, to whom he was 
«old as a slave. Here he cleared all the coun- 
try from robbers ; and Omphale, who was as- 
tonished at the greatness of his exploits, res- 
tored him to liberty, and married him. Her- 
cules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to 
others, by Omphale, from whom Croesus king 
of Lydia was descended. He became also en- 
amoured of one of Omphale's female servants, 
by whom he had Alceus. After he had com- 
pleted the years of his slavery, he returned to 
Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the 
throne of Sparta, Tyndarus, who had been ex- 
pelled by Hippocoon. He became one of De- 
janira's suitors, and married her after he had 
overcome all of his rivals. [Vid. Achelous.] He 
was obliged to leave Calydon, his father-in- 
law's kingdom, because he had inadvertently 
killed a rnan with a blow of his fist, and it was 
on account of this expulsion that he was not 
present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. 
From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx, 
king of Trachinia. In his Avay he was stopped 
by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where 
the centaur Nessus attempted to otfcr vio- 
lence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pi'e- 
tence of conveying her over the river. Her- 
cules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and 
killed the centaur, who as lie expired gave her 
a tunic, which as he observed had the power 
of recalling a husband from unlawful love. 
[Vid. Dejanira.] Ceyx, king of Trachinia re- 
ceived him and his wife -with great marks of 
friendship, and purified him of the murder 
which he had committed at Calydon. Hercu- 
les was still mindful that he had once been re- 
fused the hand of lole ; he therefore made 
war against her father Eurytus, and killed 
him with three of his sons, lole fell into the 
hands of her father's murderer, and found that 
she was loved by Hercules as much as before. 
She accompanied him to mount (Eta, where 
lie was going to raise an altar and otter a so- 
lemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then 
tlie tunic in which he arrayed himself to otier 
a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejanira in or- 
der to provide himself a proper dress. Deja- 
nira, informed of her husband's tender attach- 
ment to lole, sent him a philter, or more pro- 
bably the tunic which she had received from 
INessus.and Hercules as soon as heiiad putiton 
fell into a desperate distemper, and found the 
41 



HE 

poison of the Lernaean hydra penetrate througii 
his bones. He attempted to pull off tiie fatal 
dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of 
his pains and tortures he inveighed in the 
most bitter imprecations against the credu- 
lous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and 
the jealousy and hati*ed of Juno. As the dis- 
temper was incurable, he implored the pro- 
tection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and ar- 
rows to Philoctetes, and erected a large burn- 
ing pile on the top of mount (Eta. He spread 
on the pile the skin of the Nemsan lion, and 
laid himself down upon it as on abed, leaning 
his head on his club. Philoctetes, or accord- 
ing to others. Paean or Hyllus, was ordered to 
set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself 
on a sudden surrounded with the flames, with- 
out betraying any marks of fear or astonish- 
ment. Jupiter saw him from heaven, and 
told to the surrounding gods that he would 
raise to the skies tlie immortal parts of a hero 
who had cleared the earth from so many mon^- 
s'ers and tyrants. The gods applauded Jupi- 
ter's resolution, the burning pile was suddenly 
surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the 
mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, he 
was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by 
four horses. Some loud claps of thunder ac- 
companied his elevation, and his friends, una- 
ble to find either his bones or ashes, showed 
their gratitude to his memory by raising an al- 
tar where the burning pile had stood. Me- 
ncetius the son of Actor, offered him a sacn- 
fice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and en- 
joined the people of Opus yearly to observe 
the same religious ceremonies. His worship 
soon became as universal as his fame, and Ju- 
no, who had once persecuted him with such 
inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and 
gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage. 
Hercules has received many surnames and 
epithets, either from the place where his wor- 
ship was established, or from the labours 
which he achieved. His temples w^ere nu- 
merous and magnificent, and his divinity re- 
vered. No dogs or flies ever entered his tem- 
ple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to 
Strabo, was always forbidden to women and 
pigs. The Phoenicians offered quails on his 
altars, and as it was supposed that he presided 
over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to 
sleep in his temples, that they might receive 
in their dreams the agreeable presages of the-ir 
a[)proaching recovery. The white poplar was 
particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules 
is generally represented naked, with strong 
and well proportioned limbs ; he is sometimes 
covered with the skin of the Nemaean lion, and 
liolds a knotted club in his hand, on which he 
often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned 
with the leaves of the poplar, and holding tlie 
horn of plenty under his ai'ra. At other times 
he is represented standing with Cupid,who in- 
solently breaks to pieces his arrows and his clubj» 
to intimate the passion of love in the hero, who 
suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by 
Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour 
while he was sitting to spin with her female 
servants. The cliildjcn of Hercules are as 
numerous as the labours and dilRculties winch 
he underwent, and indeed they became so 
I powerful soon after hi.i death, that they alone 
^ had the courage t« invade ttll Peltpoftnef^a* 



HE 

{fid. Her'aclldae). He was father of Deicoon 
and Therimachus, by Megara ; of Ctesippus 
By Astydaraia ; of Paleraon, by Autonoe; of 
Everes, by Parthenope ; of Glycisonetes, Gy- 
neus, and Odites, by Dejanira ; of Thessalus, 
by Clialciope ; of Thestalus, by Epicaste ; of 
TIepolemus, by Astyoche ; of Agathyrsus, 
Gelon, and Scythia, by Echidna, &g. Such are 
the most striking characteristics of the life of 
Hercules, who is said to have supported for a 
while the weight of the heavens upon his 
shoulders, (Vid. Atlas,) and to have separated 
by the force of his arm the celebrated moun-| 
tains which wei-e afterwards called the bound- 
aries of his laboui-3. (Vid. Abyla.j He is held 
out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue 
and piety, and as his whole life had been era- 
ployed for the common benefit of mankind, he 
was deservedly rewarded Avith immortality. 
His judicious choice of virtue in preference to 
pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well 
known. Diod. land 4 — Cic. de JVat. D. 1, 
&-C. — Apollod. 1 and 2. — Pans. 1. 3, 5, 9, and 
10. — Hesiod. in Scut. Here. &c. — Hygin. fab. 
29, 32, k,c.—Ovid. Met. 9, v. 236, kc.—Hcr. 
9. .^mor. Trist. fcc. — Homer. II. 8, he. — 
Theocr^t. 24. — Eurip. in Here. — Virg. JEn. 8, 
V.294. — Lwcan. 3 and 6. — Ayollon 2. — Dionj/s. 
fjal. 1. — Sophocl.in Trachin. — Plul.inAmphil. 
-^Senec. in Here, farent. 4^ (E.I- — PUn. 4 c. 
6, 1. 11, hc.—Philost. Icon. 2, c. ^.—Hnodot. 
1, c. 7,1. 2, e. 42, k,c. — Qidrd. Smyrn. 6, v. 
207, &c. — Callim. Hymn, in Dian. — Pindar. 
Olymph. od. 3.—ItaL I, v. 438.— S7oi. 2. Theb. 
V. 564. — Mela, 2, c. 1. — Lucian. Dial. — Lac- 
lant. de fals. Rel. — Slrab. 3, &c. — Horat Od. 

Sat. &.C. A son of Alexander the Great. 

——A surname of the omperor Commo- 
dus, &c. 

Herculeum, a promontory in the coun- 

jtiy of the Brutii. Fretum, a name given 

to the strait which forms a communication be- 
tween the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 

Herculeus, one of Agrippina's murderers. 
Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 8. 
Herculeus Lacus, a lake of Sicil3^ 
Herculis ColumnjE, two lofty mountains, 
situate one on the most southern extremi- 
ties of Spain, and the other on the opposite 
part of Africa. They were called by the an- 
eients Myla and Calpe. They are reckoned 
the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and 
according to ancient tradition they were Joined 
together till tiiey were severed by the arm of 
theherOjand a communication opened between 
the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Dionys. 
Perie^.—Sil. 1, v. U2.—Mela^ 1, c. 5, 1. 2, c. 

6. — Plin. 3, c. 1. Monaici Portus, now Mo- 

staco, a port town of Genoa. Tacit. H. 3, c. 
42.—Lucan. 1, v. 405.— Virij;. JEn. 6, v. 830. 

Labronisrc/ Liburni Portus, a sea port 

town, now Leghorn. Promontorium,acape 

at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, nov,' 
Spartivento. Insulas, two islands near Sar- 
dinia. Plin. 3, c. 7. Portus, a sea port of 

the Brutii, on the western coast. Lucus, a 

wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. Tacit. 

i/2. 2, c. 12. A small island on the coast of 

Spain, called Scombraria, from the tunny fish 
(5co/»6ro*,) caught there. Sirab.S. 

Hercyna, a nymph who accompanied 
Ceres us she travelled over the world. A 
yiver in Btaotia \so\c hev name. Pans. 9, 



HE 

Hercykia, a eelebrated forest of Germa' 
ny, which, according to Caesar, required nine 
days journey to cross it ; and which on some 
parts was found without any boundaries,^ 
though travelled over for sixty days successive- 
ly . It contained the modern countries of Swit- 
zerland, Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a 
great part of Russia. In length of time the 
trees were rooted up, and when population in- 
creased, the greatest part of it was made in- 
habitable. Ca^. Bell. G. 6, c. 24.— Mela.— 
Liv. 6, c. 64.— Tacit. G. 30. 

Herd Off I A, a small town of Apulia, be- 
tween the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus, //«/, 
1, V.568. 

Herdonius, a man put to death by Tar- 
quin, because he had boldly spoken against 
him in an assembly, he. 

Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, 
the bottom of which was watered by the Al- 
plieus. It was built by Hereus the son of Ly- 
caon, and was said to produce a wine posses- 
sed of such unusual properties, as to give fe- 
cundity to women and cause madness in men. 
JElian. V. H. 13, c. Q.~Plin. 14, e. 18.— 
Pans. 8, c. 24.— Plot. 3, c. 16. 

Herejtnius Sekecio, a Roman histori- 
an under Domitian. Taeit, Jlgric. 2, &c. 

An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pom- 

pey, ho,. Pint. A centurion sent in pur- 
suit of Cicero by Antony. He cut oif the ora- 
tor's head. Plut. in Cic. Caius, a man ta 

whom Cicero dedicates his book de Rhe- 
toricd, a work attributed by some to Cornifi- 

cius. A Samnite general, &,c.^ Philo, a 

Phoenician who wrote a book on Adrian's 
reign. He also composed a treatise divi- 
ded into 12 parts, concerning the choice of 
books, he. 

Hereus, a son of Lycaon, who founded 
a city in Arcadia, called Herea. Paus. 8, c. 
24. 

HtRiLLus, a philosopher of Chalcedon,, 
disciple to Zeno. Diog. 

Herieus, a king of PrsRneste, son of the 
nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he 
was killed three times by Evander. Virg. JEn. 
8, v. 563. 

Hermachus, a native of Mitylene, suc- 
cessor and disciple of Epicurus, B. C. 257. 

Herji^, statues of JNlercury in the city of 
Athens. Cic. ad Mlic. 1, cp. 4 and 8. — C. 

A^ep in Alcib. Two youths who attended 

those who consulted the oracle ofTrophonius. 
Paus. 9^ c. 39. 

Herm^a, a festival hi Crete, when the 
masters waited upon the servants. It was 
also observed at Athens and Babylon, Paus. 
8, c. 14. 

Hi:RMJEUM, a town of Arcadia. A pro- 
montory at the east of Carthage, the most 
northern point of all Africa, now Cape Bon. 
Liv. 29, c. 27.— Slrab. 17. 

Hf.rmagoras iEoLiDES, a famous rhe- 
torician, who came to Rome in the age of Au- 
gustus. A philosopher of Amphipolis. — -^ 

A famous orator and philosopher. 

Her3l.\ndica, a town of the Vaccsei in 
Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5. — Polyb. 3. 

HermandGJbi, a people of Germany, cal- 
led also Hermuriduri. 

Hermanni, a people of Germany. 

HEr.MAPHRuDiTus, a son of Venus an^ 



HE 

Mercupy, educated on mount Ida by the 
ISaiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel 
to gratify his curiosity. When he came to 
Caira, he bathed himself in a fountain, and 
Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, be- 
eame enamoured (k him, and attempted to se- 
duce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to 
all entreaties and offers ; and Salmacis, endea- 
vouring to obtain by force what was denied to 
prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated 
the gods to make them two but one body. Her 
prayers were h/^ard, and Salmacis and Her- 
maphroditus, now two in one body, still pre- 
served the characteristics of both their sexes. 
Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who 
bathed in that fountain might become effemi- 
nate. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 347. — Hygin. fab. 271. 
Hermas, an ancient father of the church, 
iin or near the age of the apostles. 

Hermath£NA, a statue which represented 
Mercury and Minerva in the same body. 
This statue was generally placed in schools 
where eloquence and philosophy were taught, 
because these two deities presided over the 
arts and sciences. 

Hermeas, a tyrant of Mysia, who revolted 
from Artaxerxes Ochus, B. C. 350 
eral of Antiochus, &.c. 

Hermeias, a native of Methymna who 
wrote an history of Sicily. 

Hermes, the name of Mercury among the 

Greeks. [Vid. Mercurius.] A famous 

gladiator. Martial. 5, ep. 25. An Egyp- 
tian philosopher. Vid. Mercurius Trisrae- 
gistus. 

Hermesianax, an elegiac poet of Colo- 
phon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly hon- 
oured with a statue. Pans. 6, c. 17. A na- 
tive of Cyprus, who wrote an history of 
Phrygia. Plut. 

Hermias, a Galatian philosopher in the se- 
cond centuiy. His irrido philo&ophoram gen- 
tilium, was printed with Justin JMartyr's works, 
fol. Paris 1615 and 1636, and ^vith the Oxford 
edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700. 

Herminius, a general of the Hermanni, 

&c. A Roman who defended a bridge 

with Codes against the army of Porsenna. 

Liv. % c. 10. A Trojan killed by Ca- 

tillus in the Rutulian war. Virg. ^n. 11, 
V. 642. 

Hermione, a daughter of Mars and Venus, 
who married Cadmus. The gods, except 



-A gen- 



Juno, honoured her nuptials with their pre- 
sence, and she received, as a present, a rich 
veil and a splendid necklace which had been 
made by Vulcan. She was changed into a 
serpent with her husband Cadmus, and pla- 
ced in the Elysian fields, [Vid. Harmonia.] 

,apoliod. 3.— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13. A 

daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was 
privately promised in marriage to Oi^estes the 
son of Agamemnon; but her father, ignorant 
of this pre-engageraent, gave her hand to 
Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose services he 
had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus, 
at his return from Troy, carried home Her- 
mione and married her. Hermione, tenderly 
attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon 
Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. Ac- 
cording to others, however, Hermione receiv- 
ed the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and 
i'vcn ropryached Andi'oruachc, his cpiJicubine, 



HE 

with stealing his affections from her. Her 
jealousy of Andromache, according to some, 
iiidiiced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to 
destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes 
after this murder, and received the kingdom 
of Sparta as a dowry. Homer. Od. 4. — Eurip^ 
in Andr. &r Orest.—Oiid. Heroid. 8.— Pro- 
pert. 1,- A town of Argolis where Ceres 

had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived 
by fishing. The descent to hell from their 
country was considered so short that no money, 
according to the usual rite of burial, was put 
into the mouth of the dead to be paid to 
Charon for their passage. The sea on the 
neighbouring coast was called Hermionicus 
sinus. Plin. 4, c. 5. — Virg. in Ciri. 472. — 
Strab. 8.— Mela, 2, c. 3.~Ptol. 2, c. 16.— 
Pans. 2, c. 34. 

HERMioNiiE, a city near the Riphaean 
mountains. Orph.inArg. 

HERMio^ficus SINUS, a bay on the coast o/ 
Argolis near Hermione. Strab. 1 and 8. 

Hermippus, a freed man, disciple of Phi- 
lo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was 
greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon 

dreams. A man \vho accused Aspasia, the 

mistress of Pericles, bf impiety and prostitu^ 
tion. He w^as son jbi tysis, and distinguished 
himself as a poet by 40 theatrical pieces, and 
other compositions, some of which are quoted 
by Athenaeus. Plut. A Peripatetic philo- 
sopher of Smyrna who flourished B. C. 210. 

Hermocrates, a general of Syracuse, 
against JN'icias the Athenian. His lenity to- 
wards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon 
as treacherous. He was banished from Sicily 
without even a trial, and he was murdered as 
he attempted to return back to his country, 

B. C. 4^8.— Plut. in Mc. he. A sophist 

celebrated for his rising talents. He died in 
the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the 

emperor Severus. ^The father-in-law of 

Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily. A Rhodian 



employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Gre- 
cian states, he. A sophist, preceptor to 

Pausanias the murderer of Philip, Died. 16. 

Hermodorus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato. 

A i)hilosopher of Ephesus, who is said to 

have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman de- 
cemvirs in the composition of the ten tables of 
laws which had been collected in Greece. Cic. 

Tusc. 5, c. 36. — Plin. 34, c. 5. .A native, of 

Salamis contemporary with Philo the Athe- 
nian architect. Cic. in Oral. 1, c. 14. A poet 

who wrote a book called Xq,««,«x on the laws ot^ 
different nations. 

Hermogenes, an architect of Alabanda ia 
Caria, employed in building the temple of Di- 
ana at Magnesia, He wrote a book upon his 

profession. A rhetorician in the second 

century, the best editions of whose rhelorica 
are that of Sturmius, 3 vols. 12rao. Argent, 
1571, and Laurentius Genev. 1614. He died 
A. D. 161, and it is said that his body was 
opened, aud his heart found hairy and of an 
extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is 

reported, he totally lost his memory. A 

lawyer in the age of Diocletian, X musi- 
cian. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 129. A sophist 

of Tarsus, of such brilliant 'talents, tiiat at 
the age of 15 he excited the attejition and 
gained the paLi'onage of the emi)eror M. Aih 
toninus. 



HE 

Hermolaus, a young Macedonian among 
the attendants of Alexander. As he was one 
day hunting with tlie king he killed a wild 
boar which was coming toAvards him. Alex- 
ander, who followed close behind him, was so 
disappointed because the beast had been killed 
before he could dart at him, that he ordered 
Hermolaus to be severely whipped This 
treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspi- 
red to take away the king's life, with others 
who were displeased with the cruel treatment 
he had received. The plot was discovei'ed by 
one of the conspirators, and Alexander seized 
them, and asked what had impelled them to 
conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered 
for the rest, and observed that it was unwor- 
thy of Alexander to treat his most faithful 
and attached friends like slaves, and to shed 
their blood without the least mercy. Alexan- 
der ordered him to be put to death. Curt, 8, 
c. 6. 

Hermopolis, two towns of Egypt, now 
jSshmwiein and Demenkur. Plin. 5, c. 9. 

Hermotimus, a famous prophet of Clazo- 
menae. It is said that his soul separated itself 
from his body, and wandered in every part 
of the earth to explain futurity, after which 
it returned again and animated his frame. 
His wife, who was acquainted with the 
frequent absence of his soul, took advantage 
of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, 
and deprived the sou) of its natural receptacle. 
Hermotimus received divine honours in a 
temple at Clazomenae, into which it was un- 
lawful for women to enter. Plin. 7, c. 52, 
&ic. — Lucian. 

Hermunduri, a people of Germany, sub- 
dued by Aurelius. They were at the north 
of the Danube, and were considered by Ta- 
citus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, to- 
gether with the Suevi, Hermiones by Pliny 
4, c. 14. — Tacit. Jinn. 13; extra. — Veil. 2, c. 
106. 

Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, whose 
gands, according to the poets, were covered 
with gold. It flows near Sardis, and receives 
the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after 
which it falls into the .^'igean sea. It is now 
called Kedous or Sarabat. Virg. G. 2, v. 37. 
— Lucan. 3, v. 210. — Martial. 8, ep. 78. — 
m. 1, v. 169.— Plin. 5, c. 29, 

Herkici, a people of Campania, celebra- 
ted for their inveterate enmity to the rising 
power of Rome. Liv. 9, c. 43 and 44. — Sit. 4, 
V. 226.— Juv. 14, v. ISS.—Dionys. Hal. 8, c. 
10.— Virg. JEn. 7, v 684. 

Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus at 
nSestos, greatly enamoured of Leander, a 
youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so 
fahhful to one another, that Leander in the 
night escaped from the vigilance of his family, 
and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero 
in Sesios directed his course by holding a 
burning torch on the top of a high tower. Af- 
ter many interviews of mutual allection and 
tenderness, Leander was drowned in a tem- 
pestuous night as he attempted his usual 
course, and Hero in despair threw herself 
down from her tower and perished in the 
sea. Musaivs de Leand. ^ Hero. — Ovid. He- 
roid. 17 and 18.— Virg. G. 3, v. 258. 

Heruues, surnamed the Great and ,^sca- 
lonitaj followed the interest of Brutus and Cas- 



HE 

sius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was 
made king of Judaea by means of Antony, 
and after the battle of Actium he was continu- 
ed in his power by his flattery and submission 
to Augustus, He rendered himself odious by 
his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his 
death would become a day of mirth and fes- 
tivity, he ordered the most illustrious of his 
subjects to be confined and murdered the ve- 
ry moment that he expired, that every eye 
in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at 
the death of Herod. He died in the 70th 
year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. Jo- 

sephus. Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, 

governor of Galilaea, &,c. Agrippa, a i&w, 

intimate with the emperor Caligula, he. This 
name was common to many of the Jews, Jo^ 
sephus. Atticus. Vid. Atticus. 

Herodianus, a Greek historian- who flour- 
ished A. D. 247. He was born at Alexandria, 
and he was employed among the officers of the 
Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history 
in eight books ; from the death of Marcus Au- 
relius to Maximinus, His style is peculiarly 
elegant, but it wants precision, and the work 
too plainly betrays that the author was not a 
perfect master of geography. He is accused 
of being too partial to Maximinus, and too 
severe upon Alexander Severus. His book 
comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, 
and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness 
of whatever he has written. The best editions 
of his history are that of Politian, 4to. Dovan, 
1525, who afterwards published a very valua- 
ble Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo. 
1708. 

Herodicus, a physician surnamed Gyni- 
nastic, who flourished B. C. 443. A gram- 
marian surnamed Craleleus, B. C. 123. 

Herodotus, a celebrated historian of Ha- 
licarnassus, whose fathers name was Lyxes, 
and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Sa- 
mos when his countiy laboured under the op- 
pressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled 
over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He after- 
wards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled 
the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far from 
gaining the esteem and admiration of the pop- 
ulace, displeased and irritated them so that 
Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece from 
the public resentment. To procure a lasting 
fame, he publicly repeated at the Olympic 
games, the history which he had composed, 
in his 39th year, B. C. 445. It was received 
with such universal applause that the names 
of the nine Muses were unanimously given to 
the nine books into which it is divided. This 
celebrated composition, which has procured 
its author the title of father of history, is writ- 
ten in the Ionic nialect. Herodotus'is among 
the historians what Homer is among the poets, 
and Demosthenes among the orators. His 
style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweet- 
ness ; and if there is any of the fabulous or in- 
credible, the author candidly informs the rea- 
der that it is introduced upon the narration of 
others. The work is an history of the wars of 
the Persians against the Greeks, from the age 
of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign 
oi Xerxes, and besides this it gives an account 
of the most celebrated nations in the world. 
Herodotus had written another history of 
Assyria and Arabia, which is not extsint. The 



HE 



HE 



life of Homer, generally attributed to him, is. Herse ; but Aglauros, through jealousy, dis- 
supposed by some not to be the production of covered the amour. Mercury was so offend 
his pen. Plutarch has accused him of male- 
volence towards the Greeks ; an imputation 
which can easily be refuted. The two best 
editions of this great historian are thatof Wes- 
sellng,fol. Amsterdam, 1763; and thatof Glas- 
gow, 9 vols. 12mo. 1761. Cic. de kg. 1. de 
orat. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. — 

Pint, de mal. Herod. A man who wrote a 

treatise concerning Epicurus. Biog. A 

Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of De- 
metrius, son of Antigonus. He was six feet 
and a half in height, and he ale generally tvi^en- 
ty pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, 

at each of his meals. Mhen. 16. Another, 

whose victories are celebrated by Pindar. 

Heroes, a name which was given by the 
ancients to such as were born from a god, or 
to such as had signalized themselves by their 
actions, and seemed to deserve immortality 
by the service they had rendered their coun- 
try. The heroes which Homer describes, such 
as Ajax, Achilles, &c. were of such a prodi- 
gious strength, that they could lift up and 
throw stones which the united force of four or 
live men of his age could not have moved. 
The heroes were supposed to be interested in 
the affairs of mankind after death, and they 
were invoked with much solemnity. As the 
altars of the gods were crowded with sacrifices 
and libations, so the heroes were often hon- 
oured with a funeral solemnity, in which their 
great exploits were enumerated. The origin 
of heroism might proceed from the opinions 
of some philosophers, w^ho taught that the 
souls of great men were often raised to the 
stars, and introduced among the immortal 
gods. According to the notions of the Stoics, 
the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and se- 
rene climate, situate above the moon. 

Herois, a festival, celebrated every ninth 
year by the Delphians, in honour of a he- 
roine. There was in the celebration a great 
number of mysterious rites, with a represen- 
tation of something like Semele's resurrection. 

Heron, two mathematicians, one of whom 
is called the ancient and the other the younger. 
The former, who lived about 100 years before 
Christ, was disciple of Ctesibius, and wrote a 
curious book translated into Latin, under the 
title of Spiritualium Liber, the only edition of 
which is that of Baldus. .^ug. Vind. 1616. 

Heroopoi.is, a town of Egypt on the Arabic 

gulf. 

Herophila; a Sybil, who, as some suppose, 
came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. {Vid. 
Sibyllae.) Paus. 10, c. 12. 

HerophTlus, an impostor in the reign of 
J. Ceesar, who pretended to be the grandson 
of Marius. He was banished from Rome by 
Caisar for his seditions, and was afterwards 

strangled in prison. A Greek physician, 

about 570 years before the Christian era. He 
was one of the first who dissected bodies. Pli- 



ny, Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly com- 
ftiended him. 

Herostratus, Vid. Erostratus. 

Herpa, a town of Ca]}j)adocia. 

Herse, a daughter of Cecrops, king of 
Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god dis- 
closed ins love to Aglauros, Herse's sister, in 
hopes of procuring an pa«:v ndrais'sion to 



ed at her behaviour, that he struck her with his 
caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse 
became mother of Cephalus by Mercuiy, and 
after death, she received divine honours at 

Athens. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 559, i&ic. A wife 

ofDanaus. Apollod. 

Hersephoria, festivals of Athens, in hon- 
our of Minerva, or more pi'obably of Herse. 

Hersilia, one of the Sabines carried 
away by the Romans at the celebration of the 
Consualia. She was given and married to Ro- 
mulus, though according to some she married 
Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had 
Hostus Hostilius. After death she was pre- 
sented with immortality by Juno, and receiv- 
ed divine honours under the name of Ora, 
Liv. 1, c. 11 — Olid. Met. 14, v. 632. 

Hertha and Herta, a goddess among 
the Germans, supposed to be the same as the 
earth. She had a temple and a chai'iot dedi- 
cated to her service in a remote island, and 
was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, 
when her coming was celebrated with the 
greatest rejoicings and festivity. Tacit, de 
Germ. 

Heruli, a savage nation in the northern 
parts of Europe who attacked the Romaa 
power in its decline. 

Hes^nus, a mountain near Pasonia. 

Hesiodus, a celebrated poet born at As- 
cra, in Bceotia. His father's name was Dius, 
and his mother's Pycimede. He lived in the 
age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical 
prize in competition with him, according to 
Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philos- 
tratus, and others, maintain that Hesiod 
lived before the age of Homer ; but Val. Pa- 
terculus, ^c. support that he flourished about 
100 years after him, Hesiod is the first who 
wrote a poem on agriculture. This compo- 
sition is called, T/ie Works and the Days; 
and, besides the instructions which are given 
to the cultivator of the field, the reader is 
pleased to find many moral reflections worthy 
of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His 2Vie~ 
ogony is a miscellaneous narration executed 
without art, precision, choice, judgment, or 
connexion, yet it is the more valuable for the 
faithful account it gives of the gods of anti- 
quity. His Shield of Hercules is but a frag- 
ment of a larger poem, in w^hich it is suppo- 
sed he gave an account of the most celebrated 
heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without 
being master of the fire and sublimity of Ho- 
mer, is admired for the elegance of his dic- 
tion, and the sweetness of his poetry. Be- 
sides these poems, he wrote others, now lost. 
Pausanias says, that in his age, Hesiod's 
verses were still written on tablets in the 
temple of the Muses, of which the poet was 
a priest. If we believe Clem. Mexand. 6, 
Strom, the poet borrowed much from Mu- 
sans. One of Lucian's dialogues bears the 
name of Hesiod, and, in it, the poet is intro- 
duced as speaking of himself Virgil, in his 
Georgics, has imitated the compositions of 
Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for a mo- 
del, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly 
commends him, and the Greeks were so par- 
tial to Ins poetry and moral instructions, that 
they ordered their childrco to learn all by 



ieart. Besiod was murdered by the sons of 
Ganyctor of .Vaupactum, and his body was 
thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought 
back the body to the shore, which was imme- 
diately known, and the murderers were dis- 
covered by the poet's dogs, and thrown into 
the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of 
Homer, he lived 907 B. C The best editions 
of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to- Oxon. 
1737, that of Loesner, 8vo. Lips. 1778, and 
that of Farma, 4to. 1785. Cic. Fam. 6, ep. 
18.— Pans. 9, c. 3, fee. — QuiyUil 10, c. I.— 
Palerc. — Farro. — PluL de. 7 Sep. fy de Amm. 
Sag. 

Hasione, a daughter of Laomedon, king of 
Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca- 
mander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a 
sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly pre 
sented a marriageable virgin, to appease the 
resentment of Aj)ollo and Neptune, whom 
Laomedon had offended, but Hercules pro- 
raised to deliver her, provided he received as 
a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon 
consented, and Hercules attacked the monster 
just as he was going to devour Hesione; and 
he killed him with his club. Laomedon, how- 
ever, refused to reward the hero's services : 
and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, be- 
sieged Troy, and put the king and all his fami- 
ly to the sword, eyxept Podarces, or Priam, 
who bad advised his father to give the promi- 
sed horses to hi? sister's deliv^erer. The con- 
queror gave Hesione in man-iage to his friend 
Telamon, who had assisted him during the 
war, and he established Priam upon his 
father's throne. The removal of Hesione to 
Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans ; 
and Priam, who remembered with indigna- 
tion that his sister had been forcibly given to 
a foreis'.ner, sent his son Paiis to Greece to re- 
claim the possessions of Hesione, or more pro- 
>.»ably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks, 
by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, 
soon alter, to the Trojan war. Lycophron 
mentions, that Hercules threw himself, armed 
from head to foot, into the mouth of the mon- 
ster to which Hesione was exposed, and that 
iie tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe 
only with the loss of his hair, after a confine- 
ment of three davs. Homer. II. 6, v. 6!^. — 
Diod. 4.—JpoUvd. 2, c. 6, kc.—Ovid. Met. 11, 
T". 212. The wife of Nauplius. 

HESPi:RiA, a large island of Africa, once 

ihe residence of the Amazons. Diod. 3. 

A name common both to Italy and Spain. It 
is deri\'ed from Hesper or Vesper, the setting 
sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks call- 
ed Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at 
the sotting sun, or in the west. The same 
ziame, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain 
bv the Latins. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 634, iic. — Ho- 
r'at. L od. 34. v. 4, 1. 1, od. 27, v. '2S.—Sil 7, v. 

lb.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 258. A daughter of 

the Cebrtnus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 759. 

Hesperides, three celebrated nymphs, 
daughters of Hesperus. Apotlodorus men- 
tions four, /Egle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethu- 
9a; and Diodorus confounds them with the 
Atlantides, and supposes that they were the 
same number. They were appointed to guard 
the goklen apples which .Tuno gave to Jupiter 
on the day of their nuptials; and the place of 
•fhair residence; placed beyond the ocean by 



HE 

Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near 
mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodo- 
rus. This celebrated place or garden abound- 
ed with fruits of the most delicious kind, and 
was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragoa 
which never slept. It was one of the laboui«s 
of Hercules to procure some of the golden ap- 
ples of tlie Hesperides. The hero, ignorant 
of the situation of this celebrated garden, ap- 
plied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood oC 
the Po for information, and was told that Ke- 
rens the god of the sea, if properly managed, 
[Vid. Nereus] would direct him in his pur- 
suits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, 
and the sea-god unable to escape from his 
grasp, answered all the questions which he 
proposed. Some say tliat Nereus sent Hercules 
to Prometheus, and that from him he received 
all his information. When Hercules came in- 
to Africa, be repaired to Atlas, and demanded 
of him three of the golden apples. Atlas un- 
loaded himself, and placed the bwden of the 
heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while 
he went in quest of the apples. At his return 
Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden 
by putting something on his head, and when 
Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, 
Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized 
the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the 
ground. According to other accounts, Her- 
cules gathered the apples himself, without the 
assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the 
vvatchful dragon which kept the tree. These 
apples were brought to Eurystheus, and after- 
wards carried back by Minerva into the gar- 
den of the Hesperides, as they could be pre- 
served in no other place. Hercules is some- 
times represented gathering the apples, and 
the dragon which guarded the tree appeal's 
bowing down his head, as having received a 
mortal wound. This monster, as it is suppos- 
ed, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had a 
hundred heads and as many voices. This num- 
ber, however, is reduced by some to only one 
head. Those that attempt to explain mytholo- 
g}'^, observe that the Hesperides were certain 
persons who had an immense number of Hocks, 
and that the ambiguous w^ord ,«>i>-oi, which sig- 
nifies an apjjie, and a sheep, gave rise to the 
fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. 
Biod. 4.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 637, ice. 1. 9, v. 90. 
— Hygin. fab. 30. — Jlpollod. 3, c. 5. — Hesiod. 
Tfieog. V. 215, kc. 

Hesperis. Vid. Hesperus. A town of 

Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where 
most authors have placed the garden of the 
Hesperides. 

Hesperitis, a country of Africa. Diod. 4. 

Hespkkus, a son of Japetus, brother to 
Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country re- 
ceived the name of Hesperia from him, ac- 
cording to some accounts. He had a daughter 
called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and be- 
came mother of seven daughters, called At- 
lantides or Hesperides, Diod. 4. The 

name of Hesperus was also applied to the pla- 
net Venus, when it appeared after the set' 
ting of the sun. It was called Phosphorus or 
Lucifer when it preceded the sun. Cic. de 
JVo/. D. 2, c. 2.—Senec. de Hippol. 749. Id. 
in Med. 71. 

Hestia, one of the Hesperides. Apollo^. 

HESTI.EA, a town oi JEubce^ 



HI 

HestJs, a deity among the Gauls, the same 
As the Mars of the Romans. Lucan. 1. v. 445. 
Hesychia, a daughter of Thespius. .-ijwl- 
hd. 

Hesychius, the author of a Greek lexi- 
con in the beginning of the 3d century, a va- 
luable work, which has been learnedly edited 
by Albert, 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 174^. 

Hetriculum, nowL«f/aruro> atown in the 
country of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. 

Het'ruria and Etruria, a celebrated conn- 
trv of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It origi- 
nallv contained twelve ditterent nations, 
which had each their respective monarch, 
called Lucunion. Their names were Veien- 
tes, Clusini, Periisini, Cortonenses, Arretini, 
Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Russellani, Volscinii, 
Tarquinii, Falisci, and Caeretani. The inhabi- 
tants were partieulafly famous for their sujier- 
stition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, 
au_guries, S^c. They all proved powerful and 
Fesolute enemies to the rising empu-e of the 
Romans, and were conquered only after much 
effusion of blood. Plin. 3, c. 5. — Strab. 5. — 
Pint, in Ro77i.—Mela, 2, c. 4. 

HErRiPPA, a surname of Diana. 
Hexapylcm, a gate at Syracuse. The ad- 
joining place of the city, or the wall, bore the 
same name. Diod. ll'and 14. — Liv. 24, c. 21, 
1. 25, c. 24, 1. 32, c. 39. 

Hiarbas or Iarbas, a king of Gastulia. Vid. 
Jarbas. 

HiBER, a name applied to a Spaniard, as 
living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. Vid. 
Iberus. 

HiBERifiA and Hvbernia, a large island at 
the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some 
of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juver- 
Da, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Iveruia. Juv. 2, v. 
JQO. — Strab. A.— Orpheus. — Aristot. 

HiBRiEDES, an Athenian general. Dionys. 
Hal. 7. 

HicETAON, a son of Laomedon, brother to 
Priam, and father of Menalippus. Homer. 

Jl, 3. The father of Thymoetes, who 

oame to Italy with ^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, 
T. 123. 

HicETAS, a philosopher of SjTacuse, who 
believed that the earth moved, and that all 
the heavenly bodies were stationary. Diog. 

in Phil. A tyrant of Syracuse. Vid. Icetas. 

HiEMPSAL, a king of Psumidia, k,c. Pint. 
HiERA, a woman who mai'ried Telephus, 
Ring of Mysia, and who was said to surpass 

Helen in beauty. The mother of Pandalus 

and Bitias, by Alcanor. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 673. 

One of the Lipari islands, called also 

Theresia, now Vulcano. Pans. 10, c. 11. 
HiERAPuLis, a town of Syria, near the 

Euphrates. Another of Phrygia, famous 

for hot baths, now BambvJckalasi. Another 

•f Crete. 

HiKR vx, a youth who awoke Arrr.is to in- 
form him that Mercury was stealing lo. Mer- 
ciny killed him, and changed him into a bird 

©fprey. .ipollod. 2, c. 1. Antiochus king 

of Syria, and brother to Seleucus, received 
the surname of Ilierax. Justin. 37, c. 3. 



HI 

HiERO 1st, a king of Syracuse, after hfs bro- 
ther Gelon, who rendered himself odious in 
tiie beginning of bis reign by his cruelty and 
avarice. He made war against Theron, the 
tjTant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He 
obtained three different crowns at the Olym- 
pic games, two in horse races, and one at 8 
chariot race. Pindar has celebrated him as 
being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part 
of his reign, the conversation of Simonides. 
Epicharmus, Pindar, kc. softened in some 
measure the roughness of his morals and the- 
sevei-ity of his government, and rendered him 
the patron of learning, genius, and merit- 
He died, after a reign of 18 yeai-s, B. C. 467> 
leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus> 
who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny, 

Diod. 11. The second of that name, king- 

of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He 
was unanimously elected king by all the stated 
of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry 
on the war against the Carthaginians. He 
joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which 
had surrendered to the Romans, but he was 
beaten by Appius Claudius, the Roman con- 
sul, and obliged to retire to Sjrracuse, where 
he v,as soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes oi; 
victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, 
and proved so faithful to his engagements dur- 
ing the fifty-nine years of his reign, that thfc 
Romans never had a more firm, or more at- 
tached ally. He died in the 94th year of his 
age, about 225 years before the Christian era. 
He was universally regretted, and all the Sici- 
lians sliowed, by their lamentations, that they 
had lost a common father and a friend. He li- 
berally pErtronized the learned, and employed 
the talents of Archimedes for the good of hi» 
country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now 
lost He was succeeded by Hieronvmus. 
JElian. V. H. 4, S.— Justin. 23, c. 4.—F'lor. 2, 

c. 2 — Liv. 16. An Athenian, intimate with 

Nicias the general. Phii. in J\'ic. A Par- 
thian, kc. Tacit 

HiERoc.5:sAREA, a town of Lvdia. Tacit, 
.4. 2, c. 47, 1.3, c, 62. 

HiERocKPiA, an island near Paphos in 
Cyprus. 

HiERocLES,apersecutoroftheChrrstians un- 
der Dioclesian, who pretended to find incon- 
sistencies in Scripture, and preferred the mi- 
racles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. Hi? 
writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eu- 

sebius. A Platonic philosopher, who taught 

at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence 
and fate, fragments of which are presci'\ed by 
Photius ; a commentary on the golden verses 
of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses - 
He flourislied A. D 485. The best edition is 
that of Asheton and Warren, Svo. London, 
1742. A general in the interest of Deme- 
trius. Polyan. 5. A governor of Bithj-nia 

and Alexandria, under Diocletian,— —An offi 
cer. Vid. Heliogabalus, 

HiERODtLVii, a town of Libya. 
HiERo*<iCA LEX, by Hiero, tyrant of Sicily, 
to settle the quantity of corn, the price and 
time of receiving it, between the fanners oi 
Sicily, and the collectors of the corn tax a* 
Rome. This law, on account of its justice and 



An Egyptian philosopher in the third century. 
HiERicHus, (unlis) the name of Jericho in 
llie holy land, called the city of Palm-trees, | candour, was continued by the Romans whcR 
from its abounding in datt^^ /*//?* 5. c. 14. {tliey became masters of Sicily. 
Tacit. H. 5, c 6 | Hierosymvs, a tyrant of Sicily who sur - 



HI 

creeled his father or grandfather Hi6ro, when 
only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious 
by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. 
He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero 
bad observed with so much honour and advan- 
tage. He was assassinated, and all his family 
was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extir- 
pated, B. C. 214. An historian of Rhodes, 

who wrote an account of the actions of Deme- 
trius Ppliorcetes, by whom he was appointed 

over Bceotia, B. C. 254. Plut. in Dtm. 

An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon 

went to the king of Persia. A Christian 

WTiter, commonly called St. Jerome, born in 



Pannonia, and disthiguished for his zeal against 
keretics. He wrote commentaries on the 
prophets, St. Matthew's Gospel; he. a Latin 
version, known by the name of Vulgate, po- 
lemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiasti- 
cal writers before him. Of his works, which 
are replete with lively animation, sublimity, 
and erudition, the best edition is that of Val- 
larsius, fol. Veronag, 1734, to 1740, ten vols. 
Jerome died A. D. 420, in his 91st year. 

HiEKOPHiLus, a Greek physician. He in- 
structed his daughter Agnodice in the art of 
midwifery, he. Vid. Agnodice. 

HiEROsoLYMA, a Celebrated city of Pales- 
tine, the capital of Judasa, taken by Pompey, 
who, on that account, is surnamed Hierosoly- 
marius. Titus also took it and destroyed it the 
8th of September, A. D. 70, according to Jo- 
sephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the 
siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to 
iiave perished, and 97,000 to have been made 
prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, 
or wantonly exposed for the sport of their in- 
solent victors to the finy of wild beasts. Jo- 
seph. Bell. J. 7, c. 16, hc.—Cic. ad Attic. 2, 
ep. 9. Flacc. 28. 

HiGNATiA Via, a large road which led from 
the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Ma- 
cedonia, about 530 miles. Slrah. 7. 

HiLARiA, a daughter of Leucippus and Phi- 
lodice. As she and her sister Phoebe were going 
to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they 
were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who 
married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, 
and she, as well as her sister, obtained after 
death the honours which were generally paid 
to heroes. ApoUod. 3. — Propert. 1, el. 2, v. IQ. 

—Pans. 2, c. 22, 1. 3, c. 19. .Festivals at 

Rome in honour of the mother of the gods. 

Hilarius, a bishop of Poictiers, in France, 
who wrote several treatises, the most famous 
of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The 
only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, 
lol. Paris, 1693. Hilary died A. D. 372, in his 
80th year. 

HiLr.EViuNES, a people of Scandanavia. 
P/in. 4, c. 13. 

Hi>ii.lla, now Ala, a small river in the 
country of the Sabines. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 714. 

HiMKRA, a city of Sicily built by the people 
of Ztmclc, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 

240 years after. Strab. 6. There were two 

rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now 
Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of Panor- 
raus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the 
name name at its mouth, and also celebrated 
baths. Cic. Vcr. 4, c. 33. The other, now 
Fiumc Salsa, running in a southern directioi 
mt(\ dividing the islaod in aLmost two parts. 



The ancient namd 
-Mela, 2, c. 7. — 



the 



til 

Liv. 34, c. 6, 1. 25, c. 49. — 

of the Eurotas. Strab. 6 
Polyb. 

HiMiLco, a Carthaginiem, sent to explore 
western parts of Europe. Fest. Avien. 
A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his fa- 
ther in the Command of the Cai-thaginian ar- 
mies in Sicily. He died with his airay, by a 
plague, B. C. 398. Justin. 19, c. 2. 

HippAGoRAs, a man who wrote an account 
of the republic of Carthage. Athen 14. 

HippALcixMus, a son of Pelops and Hippo- 
damia, who was among the Argonauts. 

HjippALus,lhe first who sailed in open sea 
from Arabia to India. Arrian. in Perip. 

HippARCHiA, a woman in Alexander's age, 
who became enamoured of Crates, the Cynic 
philosopher, because she heard him discourse. 
She married him, though he at first disdained 
her addresses, and i-epresented his poverty and 
meanness. She was so attached to him that 
she was his constant companion, and was not 
ashamed publicly to gratify his impurest de- 
sires. She wrote some things, now lost. Vid. 
Crates. Diog. 6. — Suidas. 

HippARCHus, a son of Pisistratus, who suc- 
ceeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his 
brother Hippias. He patronized some of the 
learned men of the age, and distinguished him- 
self by his fondness for literature. The seduc- 
tion of a sister of Harmodius raised him many 
enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a 
desperate band of conspirators, with Harmo" 
dius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years 

before Christ. JBHan. V. H. 8, c. 2. One 

of Antony's freed men. The first person 

who was banished by ostracism at Athens. 

The father of Asclepiades. A mathemati- 
cian and astronomer ofNicEea. He first dis- 
covered that the interval between the vernal 
and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, 7 days 
longer than between the autumnal and vernal, 
occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth's 
orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 con- 
stellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the north- 
ern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and 
gave names to all the stars. He makes no men- 
tion of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain 
from different situations, which changed its ap^ 
parent position, he was led to the discovery 
of the parallax of the planets, or the distance 
between their real and apparent position, 
viewed from the centre, and from the sur- 
face of the earth. He determined longitude 
and latitude, and fixed the first degree of lon- 
gitude at the Cauarie.3. He likewise laid the 
first foundations of trigonometiy, so essen- 
tial to facilitate astronomical studies. He was 
the, first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Gal- 
lus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of 
which he made a calculation for 600 years. 
After a life of labour in the service of science 
and astronomy, and after publishing several 
treatises, and valuable observations on the ap- 
pearance of the heavens, he died 125 years be- 
fore the Christian era. Plin. 2, c.*^ 26, he. 

An Athenian who conspired against He- 

raclides, who kept Athens for Demeti'ius, hv. 
Polyoen. 5. 
HippARiNus, a son of Dionysius, whoejec- 
•d Callipus from Syracuse, and seized the i| 
overeign power for twenty -seven year?., Po- 
iyan. o. The father of Pioji. 



HI 

HiPPABioK, one of Dion's sons. 
HiPPASuS; a son of Ceyx, who assisted 
Hercules against Eurytus. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Meta- 

pontum. He supposed that every thing was 

produced from fire. Diog. A centaur, 

killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. 

Met. 12, V. 352. An illegitimate son of 

Priam. Hygin. fab. 90. 

HippEus, a son of Hercules by Procris, 
eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. .ipol- 
lod. 2, c. 7. 

Hippi, four small islands near Erythae. 
HippiA, a lascivious woman, kc. Juv. 6, 

V. 82. A surname of Minerva, and also 

of Juno. Paus, 5, c 15. 

HippiAS, a phUosopber of Elis, who main- 
tained that virtue consisted in not being in 
want of the assistance of men. At the Olym- 
pic games he boasted that he was master of all 
the liberal and mechanical arts ; and he said 
that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, 
and shoes, which he then wore, were all the 
work of his own hands. Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 32. 

A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant 

of Athens after the death of his father, with 
his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to 
revengethedeathof his brother, who had been 
assassinated, and for this violent measure he 
was driven from his country. He fled to king 
Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle 
of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, 
B. C, 490. He had five children by Myrr- 
hine, the daughter of Callias. Horodot. 6. — 
Thucyd. 7. 

Hippis, an histcman and poet of Rhegium, 
in the reign of Xerxes. JEiian. 8, H. A. c. 33. 
Hippius, a surname of ZSeptune, from his 
having raised a horse ('•^t^tc,-) from the earth in 
his contest with Minerva concerning the giv- 
ing a name to Athens. 

Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon 
being ravished by the ambassadoi*s of Sparta, 
killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth 
to such men. Pans. 9, c. 13. A cele- 
brated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. 

Hal. 3, v. 252. Strabo, 17, says, that there 

are two of the same nsune in Africa, one of 
which by way of distinction is called Regius. 
Plin. 5, c. 3, 1. 9, c. H.—Mela, 1, c. l.—Lir. 29, 

c. 3 and 32. Also a town of Spain. Liv. 

39, c. 30. of the Brutii. 

Hippobotes, a large meadow near the Cas- 
pian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze. 

Hippobotus, a Greek historian, who com- 
posed a treatise on philosophers. Diog. in 
Pylh. 

Hippocentauri, a race of monsters who 
dwelt in Thessaly. ViJ. Centauri. 

Hippocoon, a son of (Ebalus, brother to 
Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules 
because he had driven his brother from the 
kingdom of Lacedaemon. He was at the 
chace cf the Calydoniau boar. Diod. 4. — 
Apollod. 2, c. &ic. 1. 3, c. 10. — Pans. Lmcoh. 

—OijVi. Met. 8, v. 314 A friend of .Eneas, 

son of Hyrtachus, who distinguished himself 
in the funeral games of Sicily. Virg. JEn. 3, 
V. 492, kc. 

HippocoRYSTES. a son of JEgyiptus of 

HippocMon. Apollod. 

HippocKATF, a daughter of Thespius. Apol- 

4^2 



HI 

Hippocrates, a celebrated physician, of 
Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, 
in which his grandfather Nebrus was so emi- 
nently distinguished ; and he improved him- 
self by reading the tablets in the temples of 
the gods, where each individual had written 
down the diseases under which he had la- 
boured, and the means by which he had reco- 
vered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful 
pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponne- 
sian war, and he was publicly rewarded with 
a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of 
Athens, and the initiation at the grand festi- 
vals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he 
openly declared the measures which he had 
taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, 
that of 42 patients which were intrusted to his 
care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had 
fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his 
medical applications. He devoted all his time 
for the service of his country; and when Ar- 
taserxes invited him, even by force of arms, 
to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and 
modestly answered, that he was born to serve 
his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He en- 
joyed the rewards which his well-directed 
labours claimed, and while he lived in the 
greatest popularity, he was carefully employ- 
ed in obser\'ing the symptoms and the growth, 
of every disorder, and from his judicious re- 
marks, succeeding physicians have received 
the most valuable advantages. The experi- 
ments which he had tried upon the human 
frame increased his knowledge, and from his 
consummate observations, he knew how to 
moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to 
others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B. 
C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and 
body ; and after death he received with the 
name of Great, the same honours which were 
pa^ to Hercules. His writings, few of which 
remain, have procured him the epithet of di- 
vine, and show that he was the Homer of his 
profession. According to Galen, his opinion 
is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He 
wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of De- 
mocritus, though he was a Dorian. His me- 
mory is still venerated at Cos, and the present 
inhabitants of the island show a small house, 
which Hippocrates, as they mention, once in- 
habited. The best editions of his works are 
tiat of Fassius, Genev. fol. 1657; of Linden, 
2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1665; and that of Mackius, 
2 vols. fol. Viennae, 1743. His treatises, espe- 
cially the Aphorisms, have been published se- 
parately. Ptin. 7, c. 37.— 6Vc. de Orat. 3. 

An Athenian general in the Peloponne- 

sian war. Plut. A mathematician. Ar 

officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. 

Plut. in Ale. A Syi-acusan defeated by 

Marcellus- The father of Pisistratus A 

tyrant of Gela. 

HippocRATiA, a festival in honour of Nep- 
tune in Arcadia. 

Hippucrene, a fountain of Ba?otia, near 
mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first 
rose fi-om the ground, when struck by the feet 
of the horse Pegasus, whence the name •-t«-* 
zt<p«', the horse's fountain. Ovid. 5. Met. \. 256. 

HippoDAMAS, a son of the Achelous 

of Priam. Apollod. 

HippoDA5iE and HippodamIa, a daughter 
of (Enomaus, king of Pisa, in Elis, who 



HI 

married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, 
who was either enamoured of her himself, or 
afraid lesthe should perish by one of his daugh- 
ter's children, according to an oracle, refused 
to marry her, except to him who could over- 
come him in a chariot race. As tbe beauty 
of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many 
courted her, and accepted her father's condi- 
tions; though death attended a defeat. Tliir- 
teen had already been conquered, and for- 
feited their lives, when Pelops came from Ly- 
dia and entered the lists. Pelops previously 
bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of (Enomaus, 
and ensured himself the victory. In the race, 
(Enomaus, mounted on a broken chariot,which 
the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provi- 
ded for him, was easily overcome, and was 
killed in the course; and Pelops married 
Hippodamia, and avenged the death of (Eno- 
maus, by throwing into the sea the perfidious 
Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his 
treachery, the favour which Hippodamia could 
grant only to her husband. Hippodamia be- 
came mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is 
said that she died of grief for the death of her 
father, which her guilty correspondence wnth 
Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virg. 
G. 3, v. 7. — Hygin. fab. 84 and 2,o3.—Paus. 5, 
c. 14, hc.—Diod. 4.— Ovid. Heroid. 8 and 17. 

A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, 

who married Pirithous, king of the Lapitha?. 
The festivity which prevailed on the day of 
her marriage was interrupted by the attempts 
of Eurytus to offer her violence. ('Hrf. Piri- 
thous.) She is called Ischomache by some, 
and Deidamia by others. Ovid. Met. 12. — 

Flut. in Thts. A daughter of Danaus. 

Apollod. A mistress of Achilles, daughter 

of Brises. A daughter of Anchises, who 

married Alcathous. Homer. II. 13, v. 429. 

Hipp6DAMus,a man of Miletus, who^set- 
tled a republic without any previous know- 
ledge of government. Aristot. 2. Polit. A 

Pythagorean philosopher, An Athenian 

who gave his house to his country when he 
knew such a concession would improve the 

port of the Piraeus. An Athenian archon. 

— —A man famous for his voracious appetite. 

HiPPODicE, one of the Danaides. Jipollod. 

HippoDROMUs, a son of Hercules. Id. 



A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at 
Athens, in the age of M. Antony. Pldlostr. 
A place where horse races were exhibit- 
ed. Martial. 12, ep. 50. 

HippoLA, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus. 
3, c. 25. 

HippoLocHUS, a son of Bellerophon, father 
to Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians du- 
ring the Tf ojan war. A son of Glaucus also 

bore the same name. Homer. II. 6, v. 119. 

A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan 

war. /r/. 11, V. 122. 

HippoLYTE, a queen of the Amazons, given 
in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who bad 
conquered her, and taken away her girdle by 
order of Eurj'stheus. {Vid. Hercules.) She 
had a son by Theseus, called Hip[)olytus. 

Plut. in Thes. — Propcrt. 4, el. 3. The wife 

of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who 
was in exile at her husband's court. She ac- 
cused him of incontinence, aiid of attempts 
upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because 
he refused to gratify her desires. She is alio 



Ropalus, king of Sicyon, 
Apollo. Plut. in JVum.- 



called Astyochia. {Fid. Acastus.) A daugh- 
ter of Cretheus. Jipollod. 

HippoLYTus, a son of Theseus and Hip- 
polyte, famous for his virtues and bis misfor- 
tunes. His step-mother Phaedra fell in love 
whh him, and when he refused to pollute his 
father's bed, she accused him of offering vio- 
lence to her person before Theseus. Her ac- 
cusation was readily believed, and Theseus en- 
treated Neptune severely to punish the incon- 
tinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the 
resentment of his father, and, as he pursued 
his way along the sea shore, his horses were 
so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which 
Neptune bad purposely sent there, that they 
ran among the rocks till his chariot was bro- 
ken and his body torn to pieces. Temples 
were reused to his memory, particularly at 
Trojzene, where he received divine honours. 
According to some accounts, Diana restored 
him to life. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 268. Met. 15, 

V. 469.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 761, fee. A son of 

greatly beloved by 
—A giant, killed by 

Mercury. A son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 1 

and 2. A Christian writer in the third cen- 
tury, whose works have been edited by Fa- 
bricius, Hamb. fol. 1716. 

HippoMACHus, a musician, who severely 
rebuked one of bis pupils because he was prais- 
ed by the multitude, and observed, that it was 
the greatest proof of his ignorance, JElian. 
2, V. H. c. 6. 

HippoMEDON, a son of Nisimachus and 
Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs 
who went against Thebes. He was killed by 
Ismarus, son of Acastus. Jipollod. 3, c. 6.— 
Paus. 2, c, 36. 

HippoMEDusA, a daughter of Danaus. Apol- 
lod. 

HippoMENEs, an Athenian archon, who 
exposed his daughter Limone to be devoured 
by horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid. 

in lb. 459. A son of Macareus and Me- 

rope, who married Atalanta (Vid. Atalanta,) 
with the assistance of Venus. These two fond 
lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, 
whose temple they had profaned in their im- 
patience to consummate their nuptials. Ovid. 

Met. 10, V. 585, &c. The father of Me- 

gareus. 

HippoMOLGi, a people of Scythia, who, as 
the name implies, lived upon the milk of 
horses. Hippocrates has given an account of 
their manner of living. De aqua 4^< aer. 44. 
Dionys. Perieg. 

HippoN and Hippo, a town of Africa. 

HippoNA, a goddess who presided over 
horses. Her statues were placed in horses' 
stables. Juv. 8, v. 157. 

HippoNAx, a Greek poet, born at Ephe- 
sus, 540 years before the Christian era. He 
cultivated tbe same satirical poetry as Archi- 
lochus, and was not inferior to him in tbe 
beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical 
railleiy obliged him to fly from Epbesus. As 
be was naturally deformed, two brothers, Bu- 
pbalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, 
vvbicb, by tbe deformity of its features, expo- 
sed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax 
resolved to avenge the injury, and be wrote 
such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons 
against them, that they hanged themselves in 
despair. Cic. adfamil. 7, ep. 24. 



HI 

HiPPONiATES, a bay in the country of 
the Brutii- 

HiPPo.NiuM, a city in the country of the 
Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strab. 

HiPPONous, the father of Periboea and 
Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts 
of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apol- 

lod. 1, c. 8, 1. 3, c. 1. The first name of 

Bellerophon. A son of Priam. 

HippoPODEs, a people of Scythia, who 
have h<yrses' feet. Dionys. Perieg. 

HiPPOSTR-LTus, a favourite of Lais. 

HiPPOADEs, the patronymic of ^olus, 
grandson of Hippotas. by Segesta, as also of 
Amastrus, hisson, who was killed in the Ru- 
tulian war. Virg. Mn. 11, v. 674. — Ovid. 
JIfef. 11, V. 431. 

HippoTAS or HippoTES, a Trojan prince 

changed into a river. {Vid. Crinisus.) The 

father of iEolus, who from thence is called 
Hippotades. Horn. Od. 10, v. 2. — Ovid. Her. 
18, V. 46. Met. 14, v. 224. 

HippOTHOE, a daughter of Mestor and 
Lysidice, carried away to the islands called 
Echinades, by Neptune, by whom she had a 

son named Taphius. Jpollod.2, c.4. One 

of the Nereides. Id. 1, c. 2. A daughter 

of Pelias. Id. 

HiPPOTHooN, a son of Neptune and Alope. 
daughter of Cercyou, exposed in the woods 
by his mother, that her amours with the 
god might be concealed from her father. 
Her shame was discovered, and her father or- 
dered her to be put to death. Neptune chan- 
ged her into a fountain, and the child was pre- 
served by mares ; whence his name, and when 
grown up, placed on his grandfather's throne 
by the friendship of Theseus. Hygiii.{a.h. 187. 
^Paus. 1, c. 38. 

HippoTHooNTis, one of the 12 Athenian 
tribes, which received its name from Hippo- 
thoon. 

HippoTHous, a son of Lethus, killed by 
Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2 and 17. 

A son of Priam. Apollod. 3, c. 12. 

A son of ^gyptus. Id. One of the hun- 



ters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 1, 
V. 307. 

HippOTioN, a prince who assisted the 
Trojans, and was killed by Merion. Homer. 
II. 13 and 14. 

HippuRis, one of the Cyclades. Mela, 
2, c. 7. 

Hippus, a river falling into the Phasis. 

HiPsiDES, a Macedonian, &c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 

HiRA, a maiitirae town of Peloponnesus. 
Homer. II. 12. 

HiRpiNi, a people of the Samnites. Sil. 
8, v. 560. 

Q. HiRPixus, a Roman, to whom Horace 
dedicated his 2od. 11, and also 1, ep. 16. 

HiRTUs, a debauched fellow, &ic. Jui\ 10, 
V. 222. 

HiRTiA LEX de magistraiibus, by A. Hir- 
tius. It required that none of Pompey's ad- 
herents should be raised to any othce or digni- 
ty in the stale. 

HiRTius, AuLus, a consul with Pansa, 
who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina 
by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were 
both killed in battle, B. C. 43. Sue't. in Mg. 

10. An historian, to whom the Sth book of 

C<esar's history of the Gallic wars, as also that 
of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attri- 



HO 

buted. The style is inferior to that of Caesar's 
Commentaries. The author, who was Caesar's 
friend, and Cicero's pupil, is supposed to be 
no other than the consul of that name. 

HisBON, a Rutuiian, killed by Pallas. Virg. 
Mn. 10, V. 384. 

HisPALis, an ancient town of Spain, now 
called Seville. Plin. 3, c. 3.—C(bs. Fam. 10, 
ep. 32. 

HisPANiA or Hispanic:, called by the poets 
Iberia, Hesperia, and Hesperia Ultima, a 
lai-ge country of Europe, separated from 
Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bound- 
ed on every other side by the sea. Spain was 
first known to the merchants of Phoenicia, and 
from them passed to the Carthaginians, to 
whose power it long continued in subjection. 
The Romans became sole masters of it at the 
end of the second Punic war, and divided it at 
first into citerior and ulterior, which last was 
afterwards separated into Boetica and Lusita- 
nia by Augustus. The Hispania citerior was 
also called Tarraconensis. The inhabitants 
were naturally warlike, and they often des- 
troyed a life which was become useless, and 
even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain 
was famous for its rich mines of silver, which 
employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded 
to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. 
These have long since failed, though in the 
flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said ta 
contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron, than 
the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quin- 
tilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, 
&c. Justin. 44.— Strab. 3.— Mela, 2, c. 6.— 
Plin. 3, c. 1 and 20. 

Hispanus, a native of Spain ; the word 
Hispaniensis was also used, but generally ap- 
plied to a person living in Spain and not born 
there. Martial. 12, prcef. 

HisPELLUM, a town of Umbria. 

Hispo, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 2, v. 50. 

HispuLLA, a lascivious woman. Juv. 6, v. 74, 

Histaspes, a relation of Darius lU. killed 
in a battle, &,c. Curt. 4, c. 4. 

HiSTER, a river. Vid. Ister. 

HisTER Pacuvitjs, a man distinguished 
as much by bis vices as his immense riches. 
Juv. 2, v. 58. 

Histi5:a, a city of Eubcea, anciwitly called 
Talantia. It was near the promontory called 
Ceueum. Homer. II. 2. 

HisTi.5:oTis, a country of Thessaly, situate 
below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, an- 
ciently Ccdled Doris, from Dorus the son of 
Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The 
Pelasgi were driven from the country by the 
Cad means, and these last were also disposses- 
sed by the Perrhaebeans, who gave to their 
newly-acquired possessions the name of Histi- 
aeoiis, or Estiaeotis, from Estiaea, or Histiaea, a 
town of Eubcea, which they had then lately 
destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had car- 
ried to Thessaly with them. Strab. — Herodot. 

4. A small country of Eubcea, of which 

Histiaea, or Estiaea, was the capital. 

HisTi.«:us, a tyrant of Miletus, who exci- 
ted the Greeks to take up arras against Persia. 
Herodot. 5, &:c. An historian of Miletus. 

HisTRiA. Vid. Istria. 

HoDius, a herald in tlie Trojan war. 

IIoLocRON, a mountain of Macedon. 

HoMEROMASTU, B sumame given to Zoi- 
lus the Clitic. 



HO 

Hi^MKRUs, a celebrated Greek poet, the 
most ancient of all the profane writers. The 
age in which he lived is not known, though 
some suppose it to be about 168 years after the 
Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years 
before the foundation of Rome. According to 
Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the 
Christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, 
who supposed him to be contemporary witii 
Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 
907 years before Christ, and make him also 
contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of 
opinions proves the antiquity of Homer: and 
the uncertainty prevails also concerning the 
place of his nativity. No less than seven il- 
lustrious cities disputed the right of having 
given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well 
expressed in these lines : 
Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Bhodos, 
Argos, Athence, 

Orhisde]) atria certatf Homere, tud. 

He was called Melesigenes, because suppo- 
sed to be born on the borders of the river Me- 
les. There prevailed a report that he had es- 
tablished a school at Chios in the latter part of 
his life, and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by 
the present inhabitants of the island, who still 
glory in showing to travellers the seats where 
the V enerable master and his pupils sat in the 
hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four 
miles from the modern capital of the island. 
These difficulties and doubts have not been 
removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plu- 
tarch, and others, have emploved their pen in 
writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, 
called the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has dis- 
played the most consummate knowledge of 
human nature, and rendered himself immortal 
by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness and ele- 
gance of his poetry. He deserves a greater 
share of admiration when we consider that he 
wrote without a model, and that none of his 
poetical imitators have been able to surpass, 
or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If 
there are any faults found in his poetry, they 
are to be attributed to the age in which he 
lived, and not to him ; and we must observe, 
that the world is indebted to Homer for his 
happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer 
has described the resentment of Achilles, and 
its fatal consequences in the Grecian array 
before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, 
the poet has for his subject the return of 
Ulysses into his country, with the many 
misfortunes which attended his voyage after 
the fall of Troy. These two poems are each 
divided into 24 books, the same number as 
the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though 
the Iliad claims aa uncontested superiority 
over the Odyssey, vet the same force, the 
same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though 
divested of its more powerful fire ; and Lon- 
ginus, tiie most refined of critics, beautifully 
compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the 
Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that 
the latter still preserves its original s])lendour 
and majesty, though deprived of its meridian 
heat. The poetiy of Homer, was so universal- 
ly admired, that, in ancient times, every man 
of learning could repeat vvitU facility any pas- 
sage in the Iliad or Odyssey ; and, indeed, it 
was a sufficient authority to settle disputed 
btUB^aries, or to support any argument. The 



HO 

poems of Homer are the compositions of a 
man who travelled and examined with the 
most critical accuracy whatever deserved 
notice and claimed attention. Modern travel- 
lers are astonished to see the different scenes 
which the pen of Homer described about 3000 
years ago, still existing in the same unvaried 
form, and the sailor, who steers his course 
along the iEgean, sees all the promontories and 
rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, 
when they returned victorious from the Tro- 
jan war. The ancients had such veneration 
for Homer, that they not only raised temples 
and altars to him, but oftered sacrifices, and 
worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of 
Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in 
his honour, and medals were struck, which re- 
presented him sitting on a throne, holding his 
Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was 
consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who 
erected a magnificent temple, within which 
was placed a statue of the poet beautifully sur- 
rounded with a representation of the seven 
cities which contended for the honour of his 
birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the 
Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in 
their island; and the Cyprians claimed the 
same honour, and said that he was born of 
Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alex- 
ander was so fond of Homer, that he general- 
ly placed his compositions under his pillow, 
with his sword; and he carefully deposited 
the Iliad in one of the richest and most valu- 
able caskets of Darius, observing, that the 
most perfect work of human genius ought to 
be preserved in a box the most valuable and 
precious in the world. It is said, that Pisis- 
tratus, tyrant of Athens, was the first who 
collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey 
in the manner in which they now appear to 
us ; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits 
of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their 
preservation. Many of the ancients have 
written the life of Homer, yet their in- 
quiries and labours have not much contribu- 
ted to prove the native place, the parentage, 
and connexions, of a man whom some have 
represented as deprived of sight. Besides 
the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, ac- 
cording to the opinion of some authors, a 
poem upon Amphiaraus's expedition against 
Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, 
the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Ba- 
trachomyomachia, and many hymns to some 
of the gods. The merit of originality is taken 
very improperly, perhaps, from Homer, by 
those who suppose, with Clemens Alex. 6 
Slroni. that he borrowed from Orpheus, or 
that, according to Suidas, (voce Corinnus) he 
took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an 
epic poet, who wrote on the Tiojan war, at the 
very time the Greeks besieged that famed city. 
Agathon, an ancient painter, according to 
iEIian, represented the merit of the poet in a 
manner as bold as it is indelicate. Homer was 
represented as vomiting, and all other poets 
as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numer- 
ous commentaries publislied on Homer, that of 
Eustathius, bishop of Thessalonica, is by far 
the most extensive and erudite. The best edi- 
tions of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey may, per- 
haps, be found to be Barnes, 2 vols, 4to. Can- 
tab. 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols. fol. 1758; 



HO 

that of Berglerus, 2 vols. 12mo. Amst. 1707 ; 
that of Dr. Clarke, of the Iliad, 2 vols. 4to. 
1729, and of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of 
Oxford, 5 vols. 8vo. 1780, containing the scho- 
lia, hymns, and an index. Herodot. 2, c. 53. 
— Theocrit. Id.—Jristot. Poet.—Strab.—Dio. 
Chrys. 33. Orat.—Paus. 2, 9, 10.— Helio- 
ilor. ^.— Milan. V. H. 13.— Vol. Max. 8, c. 
S.—quintU. 1, 8, 10, 12.— Paterc. 1, c. 5.— 

Dionys. Hal. — Plut. in Alex. &ic. One 

of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at 
Hierapolis, B.C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, 

all lost. There were seven other poets, 

of inferior note, who bore the name of Ho- 
mer. 

HoMoLE, alofty mountain of Thessaly, once 
the residence of the Centaurs. Virg. Mn. 7, 
v. 675. 

HoMoLEA; a mountain of Magnesia. 

HoMOLipPus, a son of Hercules and Zan- 
this. Apollod. 

HoMOLOiDES, one of the seven gates of 
Thebes. Stat. Thtb. 7, v. 252. 

Homonadenses, a people of Cilicia. 

Honor, a virtue worshipped at Rome. 
Her first temple was erected by Scipio Afri- 
canus, and another was afterwards built by 
Claud. Marcellus. Cic. de JYat. D. 2, c. 23. 

HoNORius, an emperor of the western 
empire of Rome, w^ho succeeded his father 
Theodosius the Great, with his brother Ar- 
cadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but 
he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit 
for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He 
conquered his enemies by means of his 
generals, and suffered himself and his people 
to be governed by ministers, who took advan- 
tage of their imperial master's indolence and 
inactivity. He died of a dropsy in the 39th 
year of his age, 15th of August, A. D. 423. 
He left no issue, though he married two wives. 
Under him and his brother the Roman power 
^^■as divided into two different empires. The suc- 
cessors of Honorius, who fixed then* residence 
at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, 
and the successors of Arcadius, who sat on the 
throne of Constantinople, were distinguished 
by the name of emperors of the eastern Ro- 
man empire. This division of power proved 
fatal to both empires, and they soon looked 
upon one another with indifference, contempt, 
and jealousy. 

HoRA, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be 
Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was 
said to preside over beauty. Ovid. Met. 14, 
V. 851. 

HoRACiTiE, a people nearlllyricum. 

HoRAPOLi.o, a Greek writer, whose age is 
unknown. His Hieroglyp/iica, a curious and 
entertaining book, has been edited by Corn. 
de Pauw, 4to. Ultraj. 1727. 

HoR.E, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter 
and Themis, according to Hesiod, called Eu- 
nomia, Dice, and Irene. They were ihe same 
as the seasons who presided oyer the spring, 
summer, and winter, and were represented by 
the poets as opening the gates of heaven and 
of Olympus. Homer. II. 5, v. 749. — Pans. 6, 
c. U.— Hesiod. Theog. v. 902. 

HoRATiA, the sister of the Horatii, killed 
by her brother for mourning the death of the 
Curiatii. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 20. 

HoR.vTius CocLEs. Viii. Cocles.— — Q. . 



HO 

Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia 
His father was a freedman, and, though poor 
in his circumstances, he liberally educated his 
son, and sent him to learn philosophy at 
Athens, after he had received the lessons of 
the best masters at Rome. Horace followed 
Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which 
he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so ef- 
fectually discouraged him, that he for ever 
abandoned the profession of arms, and, at his 
return to Rome, he applied himself to culti- 
vate poetry. His rising talents claimed the 
attention of Virgil and Varius, who recom- 
mended him to the care of Mecaenas and 
Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of li- 
terature. Under the fostering patronage of 
the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave 
himself up to indolence and refined pleasure. 
He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he 
liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected 
the calls of ambition, and never suffered him- 
self to be carried away by the tide of popula- 
rity or public employments. He even refused 
to become the secretary of Augustus, and the 
emperor was not offended at his refusal. He 
lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as 
if he were in his own house ; and Augustus, 
while sitting at his meals ^vith Virgil at his 
right hand and Horace at his left, often ridi- 
culed the short breath of the former, and the 
watery eyes of the latter, by observing that 
he sat between tears and sighs, Ego sum inter 
suspiria ^ lacrymas. Horace was warm in his 
friendship, and, if ever any ill-judged reflec- 
tion had caused offence, the poet immediately 
made every concession which could effect a 
reconciliation, and not destroy the good pur- 
poses of friendly society. Horace died in the 
57th year of his age,. B. C. 8. His gaiety was 
suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a 
court ; and his familiar intimacy with Ma- 
cffinas has induced some to believe that the 
death of Horace w^as violent, and that he has- 
tened himself out of the world to accompany 
his friend. The 17th ode of his second book, 
which was written during tlie last illness of 
Mecccnas, is too serious to be considered as a 
poetical rhapsody, or unmeaning effusion, and, 
indeed; the poet survived the patron only three 
w^eeks, and ordered his bones to be buried 
near those of his friend. He left all his pos- 
sessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, 
so much commended for its elegance and 
sweetness, is deservedly censured for the li- 
centious expressions and indelicate thoughts 
which he too frequently introduces. In his 
odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacreon ; 
and if he has confessed himself to be inferior 
to the former, he has shown that he bears the 
palm over the latter by his more ingenious 
and refined sentiments, by the ease and me- 
lody of his expressions, and by the pleasing 
variety of his numbers. In his satires and 
epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much 
satirical humour, without much poetry, and 
his style, simple and unadorned, differs little 
from prosaical composition. In his art of 
poetry he has shov;n much taste and judg- 
ment, and has rendered in Latin hexameters, 
what Aristotle had, some ages before, de- 
livered to his pupils in Greek prose ; the poet 
gives judicious rules and useful precepts to the 
most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome,. 



HO 

who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, 
wished to cultivate poetry and court the 
muses. The best editions of Horace will be 
found to be that of Basil, fol. 1580, illustrated 
by eighty commentators ; that of Baxter's, 
edited by Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1752; and that of 
Glasgow, 12rao. 1744. Suet, in Jiug. — 0^-id. 
Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 49. Three brave Ro- 
mans, born at the same birth, who fought 
against the three Curiatii, about 667 years 
before Christ. This celebrated fight was 
fought between the hostile camps of the 
people of Alba and Rome, and on their suc- 
cess depended the victory. In the first at- 
tack two of the Horatii were killed, and the 
only surviving brother, by joining artifice to 
valour, obtained an honourable trophy: by 
pretending to lly from the field of battle, he 
easily separated his antagonists, and, in at- 
tacking them one by one, he was enabled to 
conquer them all. As he returned victorious 
to Rome, his sister reproached him with the 
mm'der of one of the Curiatii, to whom she 
was promised in marriage. He was incensed 
at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This vio- 
lence raised the indignation of the people ; he 
was tried and capitally condemned. His emi- 
nent services, however, pleaded in his favour ; 
the sentence of death was exchanged for a 
more moderate but more ignominious punish- 
ment, and be was only compelled to pass un- 
der the yoke. A trophy was raised in the 
Roman forum, on which he suspended the 
spoils of the conquered Curiatii. Cic. de In- 
vent. 2, c. 26. — Liv. 1, c. 24, &,c. — Dionys. 
Hal. 3, c. 3, A Roman consul, who de- 
feated the Sabines. A consul, who dedica- 
ted the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Dur- 
ing the ceremony he was informed of the 
death of his son, but he did not forget the sa- 
cred character he then bore for the feelings of 
a parent, and ccutiniied the dedication after 
ordering the body to be buried. Liv. 2. 

HoRciAs, the general of 3000 Macedonians, 
who revolted from Antigonus in Capnadocia. 
Polymi. 4. 

HoRMisDAS, a name which some of the 
Persian kings bore in the reign of the Roman 
emperors. 

HoRKSTi, a people of Britain, supposed to 
be tlie inhabitants of Eskdale now in Scotland. 
Tacit. Ai;. 38. 

HoRKATUs, a Macedonian soldier, who 
fought with another private soldier in sight of 
the whole army of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 7. 

HoRTKNsiA, a celebrated Roman lady, 
daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose elo- 
quence she had inherited in the most eminent 
degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 
14,000 women to give upon oath an account 
of their possessions, to defra}' the expenses ot 
the state, Hortensia undertook to plead their 
cause, and was so successful in her attempt, 
that 1000 of her female fellow-sufterers es- 
caped from the avarice of the triumvirate. 
To/. .Wax. 8, c. 3. 

HoRTFNsiA L£X, by Q. Hortensius, the dic- 
tator, A. U. C. 867. It ordered the whole body 
of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience 
to whatever was enacted by the commons. 
The nobility, before this law was enacted, had 
claimed an absolute exemption. 

HoRTA, a divinity among the Romans, who 



HY 

presided over youth, and patronized all exhor- 
tations to virtue and honourable deeds. She 
is the same as Herselia. 

HoRTA or HoRTiNUM, a town of the Sabines, 
on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 716. 

Q. Hortensius, a celebrated orator, who 
began to distinguish himself by his eloquence, 
in the Roman forum, at the age of nineteen. 
His friend and successor Cicero speaks with 
great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and 
mentions the uncommon extent of his memo- 
ry. The affected actions of Hortensius at the 
bar, procured him the ridiculous surname of 
Dionysia, a celebrated stage-dancer at that 
time. He was praetor and consul, and died 50 
years before Christ, in his 63d year. His ora- 
tions are not extant. Quintilian mentions them 
as undeserving the great commendations which 
Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them. 
Hortensius was very rich, and not less than 
10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in 
his cellar after his death. He had written 
pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. 
Cic. in JBriit. ad Mtic. de Oraf. &lc. — rarro 

de R.R. 3, c. 5. Corbio, a grandson of the 

orator of the same name, famous for hislasci- 

viousness. A rich Roman, who asked the 

elder Cato for his wife, to procreate children. 
Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her 
again after his death. This behaviour of Cato 
was highly censured at Rome, and it was ob- 
served, that Cato's wife had entered the house 
of Hortensius very poor, but that she returned 
to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. 
Plut. in Cat. — — A Roman, slain by Antony on 

his brother's tomb. Id. A praetor who gave 

up Macedonia to Brutus. Id. One of S)'!- 

la's lieutenants. Id. A Roman, the first 

who introduced the eating of peacocks at 
Rome. This was at the feast he gave when he 
was created augur. 

HoRTONA, a town of Italy, on the confines of 
the JEqm. Liv. 3, c. 30. 

HoRus, a son of Isis, one of the deities of 
the Egyptians. A king of Assyria. 

HospiTALi.s, a surname of Jupiter among 
the Romans, as the god of hospitality. 

HosTiLiA LEX was cuactcd A. U. C, 583. 
By it such as were among the enemies of the 
republic, or absent when the state required 
tbeir assistance, were guilty of rapine. 

HosTiLiA, a large town on the Po. Tacil. 
Mn. 2, c. 40.— P/m. 21, c. 12. 

HosTius HosTiLius, a warlike Roman, pre- 
sented with a crown of boughs by Romulus, 
for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dionys. 

Hal. A consul. A Latin poet, in the age 

of J. Cccsar, who composed a poem on the 
wars of Istria. Macrob. Sat. 6, c. 3 and 5. 

HuA'Ni, a people of Sarmatia, v. ho invaded 
the emj)ire of Rome in the fifth century, and 
settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the 
name of Hungary. 

Hyacxnthia, an annual solemnity at Aray- 
cla», in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and 
Apollo. It continued for three days, during 
which time the grief of the people was so 
great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they 
did not adorn their hair with garlands during 
their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon 
sweetmeats. They did not even sing paeans in 
honour of Apollo, or observe aqy of the so* 



HY 

lemnltieswhich were usual at other sacrifices. 
On tbe second day of the festival there were a 
number of diflferent exhibitions. Youths, with 
their garments girt about them, entertained 
the spectators, by playing sometimes upon the 
flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic 
songs, in loud echoing voices, in honour of 
Apollo. Others passed across the theatre 
mounted upon horses richly adorned, and at 
the same time, choirs of young men came up- 
on the stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, 
and accompanied by persons who danced at 
the sound of vocal and instrumental music, 
according to the ancientcustom. Some virgins 
were also introduced in chariots of wood, cov- 
ered at the top, and magnificently adorned. 
Others appeared in race chariots. The city be- 
gan then to be filled with joy, and immense 
numbers of victims were offered on the altai-s 
of Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertain- 
ed their friends and slaves. During this latter 
part of the festivity, all were eager to be pre- 
sent at the games, and the city was almost de- 
solate, and without inhabitants. Athen. 4. — 
Ovid. Met. 10, v. 219.— Paws. 3, c. 1 and 19. 

HvACiNTHus, a son of Amyclas and Dio- 
mede, greatly laeloved by Apollo and Zephy- 
rus. He returned the former's love, and Ze- 
phyrus, incensed at his coldness and indiffer- 
ence, resolved to punish his rival. As Apollo, 
who was intrusted with the education of Hy- 
acinthus, once played at quoit with his pupil, 
Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon as it was 
thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacin- 
thus, and he was killed by the blow. Apollo 
was so disconsolate at the death of Hyacinthus, 
that he changed his blood into a flower, which 
bore his name, and placed his body among the 
constellations. The Spartans also established 
yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of 
their king. {Vid. Hyacinthia.] Paus. 3, c. 
19. — Ovid. Met. 10, v. 185, &c. — Jipollod. 
3, &c. 

Hyades, five daughters of Atlas king of 
Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the 
death of their brother Hyas, who had been 
"liilled by a wild boar, that they pined away 
and died. They became stars after death, and 
were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs 
of the Zodiac. They received the name of 
Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their 
names are Phaola, Ambrosiat Eudora, Coro- 
nis, and Polyxo. To these some have added 
Thione and Prodice, and they maintained, 
that they were daughters of Hyas and iEthra, 
one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them 
daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients sup- 
posed that the rising and setting of the Hyades 
was always attended with much rain, whence 
the name Q'^pluo.) Ovid. Fad. 5, v. 165. — 
llygin. fab. 182. — Eurip. in Ion. 

Hy.\GMs, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. 
He invented the flule. Plut. de Mrisic. 

Hyai.a, a city at the mouth of the Indus^ 
where the govert)ment is the same as at Spar- 
ta. One of Diana's attendant nvmphs. 

Ovid. 

Hyampolis, a city of Phocis, on the Cephi- 
sus, founded by the Hyauthes. Herodvt. 8. 

HvANTHi:s, the ancient name of the inha- 
bitants of Bu'Otia, from king Hyas. Cadmus 
is sometimes called Hyanthius, because hi; is 
king of Ru^oii?. Odd. Md. 8. v. 147. 



HY 

Hyantis, an ancient name of Boeotia. 

Hyarbita, a man who endeavoured to 
imitate Timogenes, &.c. Horat. 1, ep. 19, 
V. 15. 

Hyas, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by 
/Ethra. His extreme fondness for shooting 
proved fatal to him, and, in his attempts to rob 
a lioness of her whelps, he w^a3 killed by the 
enraged animal. Some say that he died by 
the bite of a serpent, and others that he was 
killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his 
death with such constant lamentations, that 
Jupiter, in compassion to their sorrow, chan- 
ged them into stars. [ Vid. Hyades.j Hygin. 
tab. 192.— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 170. 

Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, called after- 
wards Megara, where thyme and odoriferous 
flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is 
famous for its honey. There is, at the foot of 
the mountain, a town of the same name. 
There is also another near mount .3:tna, close 
to Catana. Paus. 5, c. 2S.—Strab. 6.—Melay 
2,c. 7. — Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1.5, c. 25.—SiL 
14, V. 2Q.—Stat. 14, v. 201. A city of Atti- 
ca bears also the name of Hybla. 

Hybreas, an orator of Caria, &;c. Strah. 13. 

Hybrianes, a people near Thrace. 

Hyccaron, (plur. a,) a town of Sicily, the 
native place of Lais. 

Hyda and Hyde, a town of Lydia, under 
mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the 
same as Sardes. 

HYDARA,atown of Armenia. Strah. 12. 

Hydarnes, one of the seven noble Persians 
who conspired to destroy the usurper Smer 
dis, Sic. Herodot. 3 and 6. — Strab. 1 1. 

Hydaspes, a river of Asia, flowing by Su- 

ssL.— Virg. G. 4, v. 211. Another in India, 

now Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of 
Alexander's conquests in the east. It falls into 
the Indus. Curt. 5, c. 2. — Lucan. 8, v. 227. 

—Horat. 1, od. 22, v. 7.— Strab. 15. A 

friend of .iJ^neas, killed in the Rutulian war. 
Virg. M,n. 10, v. 747. 

Hydra, a celebrated monster, which in- 
fested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna 
in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echid- 
na's union with Typhon. It had an hundred 
heads according to Diodonis ; fifty, according 
to Simonides ; and nine, according to the more 
received opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c- 
As soon as one of these heads was cut oft", two 
immediately grew up, if the wound was not 
stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of 
Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and 
this he easily ettected with the assistance of 
lolaus, who applied a burning iron to the 
wounds as soon as one head was cut ofl^. 
While Hercules was destroying the hydra, 
Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea crab to 
bite his fool. This new enemy was soon dis- 
patched ; and Juno, unable to succeed in her 
attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, pla- 
ced the crab among tlie conslellalions, where 
it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror 
dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra, 
and, from that circumstance, all tlie wounds 
which he gave proved incurable and mortal. 
Hesiod. Tfieog. — Jipollod. 2, c. 5. — Pans. 5, c. 
17.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 69.—Hurat. 4. od. 4, v. 
61.— Virg. JKn. «, v. 276, 1. 7, v. 658. 

Hydraotes, a river of India, crossed by 
Alexander. 



HY 

HydropIhoria, a festival observed at A- 
thens, called aj^' «u (5>3§«v l^-^e, from carrying iva- 
ter. It was celebrated in commemoration of 
those who perished in the deluge of Deuca- 
lion and Ogyges. 

HvDRUNTUM and Hydrus, a city of Cala- 
bria, 50 miles south of Brundusium. As the 
distance from thence to Greece was only 60 
miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pom- 
pey's lieutenant, meditated the building here 
abridge across the Adriatic. Though so fa- 
vourably situated, Hydrus, now called Otranto, 
is but an insignificant town, scarce containing 
3000 inhabitants. Plin. 3, c. 1 l.~Cic. 15, Alt. 
21, 1. 16, ep. 5. — Lucan. 5, v. 375. 

Hydrusa, a town of Attica. Strab. 9. 

Hyela, a town of Lucania. Strab. 6. 

Hyempsal, a son of Micipsa, brother to 
Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the 
death of his father. Sallust de Jug. Bell. 

Hyettus, a town of Bceotia. Pans. 9, c. 
24. 

Hygeia or Hygiea, the goddess of health, 
daughter of ^sculapius, held in great venera- 
tion among the ancients. Her statues repre- 
sented her with a veil, and the matrons usually 
consecrated their locks to her. She was also 
represented on monuments as a young woman 
holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other 
a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes 
drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is 
the same as Minerva, who received that name 
from Pericles, who erected her a statue, be- 
cause in a dream she had told him the means 
of curing an architect, whose assistance he 
Wanted to build a temple. Pint, in Pericl. — 
Pans. 1, c. 23. 

Hygiana, a town of Peloponnesus. 

C. Jul. Hy.unus, a grammarian, one of 
the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native 
of Alexandria ; or, according to some, he was 
a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was 
appointed librarian to the library of mount 
Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself 
by the liberality of C. Licinius. He wrote a 
mythological history, which he called fables, 
and Poeticon ^5/7-onowtcon, besides treatises on 
the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as 
were descended from the Trojans, a book on 
agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives 
of great men, he. now lost. The best edition 
of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols. 8vo. 
Amst. 1681. These compositions have been 
greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness and 
their bad Latinity, have induced some to sup- 
pose that they are spurious. Sutton, de Gram. 

Hyla and Hylas, a riv^er of Mysia, where 

Hylas was drowned. Virg. Q. 3, v. 6. A 

colony of Phocis. 

Hylactor, one of Actagon's dogs, from his 
barking (uXc«/.too latro.) Ovid. Met. 3. 

Hylje, asmall town of Bojotia. Plin. 4, c.7. 

Hyla'.us, a name given to some centaurs, 
one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount 

Pholoe. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 294. Another by 

Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Stat. 

Th. 7, v. 267.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 378. 

Another killed by Bacchus. 67a/. Th. 6, v. 

530.— r/rg. G. 2, v. 457. A fourth killed 

by Atalaiita. ^9poUod.o. Oneof Actajon's 

dogs. 

Hylas, a son of Thiodamas, king of Mysia 
and Menodice, stolen away by Hercules; and 



HY 

carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. Ont 
the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to tak& 
a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following 
the example of his companions, went to the 
fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water 
and was drowned. The poets have embellish- 
ed this tragical story, by saying, that the 
nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beau- 
tiful Hylas, carried him away ; and that Her- 
cules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite 
youth, filled the woods and mountains with 
his complaints, and, at last, abandoned the 
Argonautic expedition to go and seek him, 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 14, 211.— Virg. 

Eel. 6.^ — Propert. 1, el. 20. A river of Bi- 

thynia. Plin. 5, c. 32. 

Hylax, a dog mentioned in Virg. Eel. 8. 

Hylias, a river of Magna Graecia. 

Hyllaicus, a part of Peloponnesus, near 
Messenia. 

Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, 
who, soon after his father's death, married 
lole. He, as well as his father, was persecu- 
ted by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to 
fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians 
gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest 
of the Heraclidae, and marched against Eu- 
rystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over his 
enemies, and killed with his own hand Eu- 
rystheus, and sent his head to Alcraena, his 
grandmother. Sometime after he attempted 
to recover the Peloponnesus with the Hera- 
clidae, and was killed in single combat by 
Echemus, king of Arcadia. [Vid. Heraclidae, 
Hercules.] Herodot. 7, c. 204, &c. — Strab. 

9.—Diod. 4.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 279. A 

river of Lydia, Tlowing into the Hermus. It 
is called also Phryx. Liv. 37, c. 38. — Herodot. 
1, c. 180. 

Hylonome, the wife of Cyllaras, who kill- 
ed herself the moment her husband wa« 
murdered by the Lapithae. Ovid. Met. 12, v 
405. 

Hyloph.Xgi, a people of ^Ethiopia. Diod. 3. 

HymenjEus and HyiMen, the god of mar- 
riage among the Greeks, v/as son of Bacchus 
and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo 
and one of the muses. Hymenaeus, according 
to the more received opinions, was a young 
Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble 
origin. He became enamoured of the daugh- 
ter of one of the richest and noblest of his 
countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of 
his mistress removed him from her presence 
and conversation, he contented himself to fol- 
low her wherever she went. In a certain pro- 
cession, in which all the matrons of Athens 
went to Eleusis, Hymenreus, to accompany his 
mistress, disguised himself in woman's clothes, 
and joined the religious troop. His youth, and 
the fairness of his features, favoured his dis- 
guise. A great part of the procession was seiz- 
ed by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and 
Hymen teus, who shared the captivity of his 
mistress, encouraged his female com])anions, 
and assassinated their ravishers while they 
were asleep. Immediately after this, Hyme- 
naeus repaired to Athens, and promised to re- 
store to liberty the matrons who had been en- 
slaved, provided he was allowed to marry one 
among them who was the object of his passion. 
The Athenians consented, and Hymenaeus ex- 
perienced so much felicity in his marriage 



HY 

slate, that the people of Athens instituted fes- 
tivals in his honour, and solemnly invoked him 
at their nuptials, as the Latins did their Tha- 
lassius. Hymen was generally represented as 
crowned with flowers, chiefly with mai'joram 
or roses, aad holding a burning torch in one 
hand, andin the other a vest of a purple colour. 
it was supposed that he always attended at 
nuptials ; for, if not, matrimonial connexions 
were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful ca- 
lamities; and hence people ran about, calling 
aloud. Hymen! Hymen! &;c. Ovid. Medea. 
Met. 12, V. 21b.—Virg. JEn. 1, &c.— Caf u/Z. ep. 
62. 

Hymettus, a mountain of Attica, about 22 
miles in circumference, and about two miles 
from Athens, still famous for its bees and ex- 
cellent honey. There was also a quarry of 
marble there. Jupiter had there a temple ; 
whence he is called Hymettius. Strab. 9. — 
Jtal 2, V. 228, 1. 14, v. 200.— P/in. 36, c. 3.— 
HoraL 2, od. 18, v. 3, 1. 2, Sat. 2, v. 15.— Cic. 
%fm. 34. 

Hypjepa or Ipep^, now Berki, a town of 
Lydia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmo- 
lus and the Caystrus. Strab. 13. — Ovid. 
Met. 11, V. 152. 

' Hypjesia, a countiy of Peloponnesus. 

Hypanis, a river ot European Scythia, now 
called Bog, which falls into the Borysthenes, 
and with it into the Euxine. Herodot. 4, c. 52, 
Uc. Odd. Met. 15, v. 285. A river of In- 
dia. Another of Pontus. Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 

39. A Trojan who joined himself to ^neas, 

and was killed by his own people, who took 
bim for one of the enemy in the night that 
Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virg. JE71. 
% v. 428. 

HypARiuus, a son of Dion, who reigned at 

Syracuse for two yeare after his father. 

The father of Dion. 

Hypates, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. 
Ital. 14, V. 231. 

Hypatha, atown of Thessaly. Liy.41, c. 25. 

Hypatia, a native of Alexandria, celebra- 
ted for her beauty, her virtues, and her great 
erudition. She was assassinated 415 A. I). 

Hypenor, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at 
Troy. Homer. II. 5, v. 144. 

Hyperbatus, a prastor of the Achasans, 
B. C. 224. 

Hyperbius, a son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 

HvPERBOREi, a nation in the northern parts 
of Europe and Asia, who were said to live to 
an incredible age, even to a thousand years, 
and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity. 
The sun was said to rise and set to them but 
once a year, and therefore perhaps they are 
placed by Virgil under the nortii pole. The 
word signifies /»eo/?/e loho inhabit beyond the 
wind Boreas. Thrace was the residence of 
Bore.is, according to the ancients. Whenever 
the Hyperboreans made ofterings, they always 
sent them towards the south, and the people 
of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who 
received them. The word Hyperboreans i- 
applied, in general, to all those who inhabit 
any cold climate. Plin. 4, c. 12, 1, 6, c. 17. — 
Mela, 3, c. 5.— Virg. G.l,v. 240, 1. 3, v. 169 and 
'SSl.—ilerodol. 4, c. 13, &LC.—Cic. JV. D. 3, c. 
23, 1. 4, c. 12. 

Hyperea and Hyperia, a fountain of 
Thossttly, with a town of the same name. 
43 



HY 

Slrah. 9. Another in Messenia, in Pelo- 
ponnesus. Flacc. l,v. 375. 
Hyperesia, a town of Achaia. Strab. 8. 
Hyperides, an Athenian orator, disciple 
to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of 
Demosthenes. His father's name was Glau- 
cippus. He distinguished himself by his elo- 
quence, and the active part he took in the 
management of the Athenian republic. Af- 
ter the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was 
taken alive, and, that he might not be com- 
pelled to betray the secrets of his countiy, he 
cutoflfhis tongue. He was put to death by 
order of Antipater, B. C. 322. Only one 
of his numerous orations remains, admired 
for the sweetness and elegance of his style. 
It is said, that Hyperides once defended the 
courtezan Phryne, w^ho was accused of im- 
piety, and that, when he saw his eloquence 
ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his 
client, upon which the judges, influenced by 
the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. Plut. 
inDemost.—Cic. in Or at. l,&ic.—Quiniil. 10, &c. 

Hyperion, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who 
married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the 
sun and moon. Hyperion is often taken by 
the poets for the sun itself. Hesiod. Theog. — 
Apollod. 1, c. 1 and 2. — Homer, hymn, ad Ap. 
A son of Priam. — Jipollod. 1, c. 2. 

Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daughters 
of Danaus, who married Lynceus, son of 
^Egyptus. She disobeyed her father's bloody 
commands, who had ordered her to murder 
her husband the first night of her nuptials, and 
suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the 
bridal bed. Her father summoned her to ap- 
pear before a tribunal for her disobedience, 
but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was 
reconciled to her and her husband, to whora 
he left his kingdom at his death. Some say, 
that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, 
and that he conquered and put to death his 
father-in-law, and usurped his crown. Vid, 
Danaides. Paus. 2, c. 19. — Apollod. 2, c. 1. — 

Ovid. Heroid. 14. A daughter of Thestius. 

Apollod. 

Hyperochus, a man who wrote a poetical 
history of Cuma. Pans. 10, c. 12. 

Hyph^us, a mountain of Campania. Plut. 
in Syll. 

Hypsa, now Belid, a river of Sicily, fall- 
ing into the Crinisus, and then into the Medi- 
terranean near Selinus. Ital. 14, v. 228. 

Hypsea, a Roman matron, of the family 
of the Plautii. She was blind, according t9 
Horace ; or, perhaps, was partial to some 
lover, who was recommended neither by per- 
sonal or mental excellence. Ilorat. 1, sat. 2t 
V. 91. 

Hypsenor, a priest of the Scamander, kill- 
ed during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 5. 

Hypseus, a sou of the river Peneus. A 

pleader at the Roman bar before the age of 
Cicero. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 36, 

Hypsigratea, the wife of Mithridalea, 
who accompanied her husband in man's 
clothes, when he fled before Pompey. Plat, 
in Pomp. 

Hypsicrates, a Phoenician, who wrote au 
history of his country, in the Phoenician lan- 
guage. This history was saved from the 
flames of Carthage, whetj that city was taken 
by Scipio, and translated into Greek 



HY 

Hypsipides, a Macedonian in Alexander's 
army, famous for his friendship for Menede- 
mus, &LC. Curt. 7, c. 7. 

HypsiPYLE, a queen of Lemnos, daughter 
of Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, 
Venus, whose altars had been universally 
slighted, punished the Lemnian women, and 
rendered their mouths and breath so ex- 
tremely offensive to the smell, that their hus- 
bands abandoned them, and gave themselves 
up to some female slaves, whom they had ta- 
ken in the war against Thrace. This contempt 
was highly resented by all the women of Lein- 
nos, and they resolved on revenge, and all 
unanimously put to death their male relations, 
Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life 
of her father Thoas, Soon after this cruel 
murder, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in 
their expedition to Colchis, and remained for 
some time in the island. During their stay the 
Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women 
mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonau- 
tic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his 
departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. 
Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebro- 
phonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or 
Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to 
Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate queen was 
soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the 
Lemnian women, who conspired against her 
life, still mindful that Thoas had been preser- 
ved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in 
her flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to 
Lycurgus, king of Nemaea. She was intrus- 
ted with the care of Archemorus, the son of 
Lycurgus ; and, when the Argives march- 
ed against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and 
obliged her to show them a fountain, where 
they might quench their thirst. To do this 
more expeditiously, she laid down the child on 
the grass, and in her absence he was killed by 
« serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge 
tlie death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screen 
ed from his resentment by Adrastus, the lead- 
er of the Argives. Ovid. Heroid. 6. — Apol- 
lon. I.— Stat. 6.—Theb.—Flac. ^.—Apollod. 
1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 6. — Hyghi. fab. 15, 74, &,c. 
Vid. Archemorus. 

Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, at 
the north of Parthia, and at the west of Me- 
dia, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, Lc. It 
is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing 
a cavalry in order of battle. Virg. JEn. 4, 
V. 367.— Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 45.—Strab. 2 and 
11. A town of Lydia, destroyed by a vio- 
lent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. — LiiK 
37, c. 3S. 

Hvrcanum mare, a large sea, called also 
Cfispian. Vid. Cespium mare. 

Hyrcanus, a name common to some of 
the high priests of Judea. Josephus. 

Hyria, a country of Bceotia, near Aulis, 
with a lake, river, and town of the. same 



HY 

name. It is more probably situate near 
Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie? 
a woman who wept so much for the loss oif 
her son, that she was changed into a foun- 
tain. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 372. — Htrodot. 7, c- 
170. A town of Isauria,on the Calycadnus. 

Hyrieus and Hvkkus, a peasant, or, as 
some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Nep- 
tune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained 
Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when tra- 
velling over Bceotia. Being childless, he asked 
of the gods to give him a son without his mar- 
rying, as he promised his Vrife, who was late- 
ly dead, and whom he tenderly loved, that 
he never would marry again. Tiie gods, to 
reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water 
in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed 
the day before to their divinity, and they or- 
dered him to wrap it up and bury it in the 
ground for nine montlis. At the expiration 
of the nine months, Hyreus opened the earth, 
and found a beautiful child in the bull's hide, 
whom he called Orion. Firf. Orion. 

Hyrmina, a town of Eiis, in Peloponnesus. 
Strab. 8. 

Hyrneto and Hyrnetho, a daughter of 
Temenus, king of Argos, who married Dey- 
phon, son of Celeus. She was the favourite of 
her father, who greatly enriched her husband. 
Jipollod. 2, c. Q.—Paus. 2, c. 19. 

Hyrnithium, a plain of Argos, near Epi- 
daurus, fertile in olives. Strab. 6. 

Hyrtacus, a Trojan of mount Ida, father 
to Nisus, one of the companions of ^neas. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 177 and 406. Hence tlie pa- 
tronymic of Hyrlacides is applied to Nisus. It 
is also applied to Hippocoon. Id. 5, v. 492. 

Hysia, a town of Bceotia, built by Nycteus, 

Antiope's father. A village of Argos. 

A city of Arcadia The royal residence of 

the king of Parthia. 

Hyspa, a river of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 228. 

Hyssus and Hyssi, a port and river of 
Cappadocia, on the Euxine sea. 

Hystaspes, a noble Persian, of the family 
of the Achffimenides, His father's name wat 
Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia 
after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It 
is said, by Ctesias, that he wished to be car- 
ried to see the royal monument which his son 
had built between two mountains. The priests 
who carried him, as rejiorted, slipped the 
cord with which he was suspended in ascend- 
ing the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hys- 
taspes was the first who inU'oduced the learii- 
ing and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans 
into Persia, and to his researches in India the 
sciences were greatly indebted, particularly in 
Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes, or son of 
Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal 
successors of the same name. Herodot. 1, r 
209, 1. 5, c. S3.— Ctesias Fragm. 

HysTiEUs. Vid. Histiseus. 



JA 

1A> the daughter of Midas, who married 
Atys, &.C. 

Iacchus, a surname of Bacchus, ab •«%"i', 
from the noise and shouts which the bacchanals 
raised at the festivals of this deity. Virg. Eel. 

6, G. 1, V. IQd.—Odd. Met. 4, 15. Some 

suppose him to be a son of Ceres ; because in 
the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, 
the word Iacchus was frequently repeated, 
Herodot. 8, c. 65.— Pans. 1, c. 2. 

Iader, a river of Dalmatia. 

Ialemus, a wretched singer, son of the muse 
Calliope. Mhen.l4. 

Ialmknus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who 
went to the Trojan war with his brother Asca- 
laphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the inha- 
bitants of Orchomenos and Aspledon, in 
Boeotia. Pans. 9, c. ST.— Homer. II. 2, v. 19. 

Ialysus, a town of Rhodes, built by lalysus, 
of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful 
painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took 
Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. 
Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9.—Plin. 35, c. d.—Cic. 2, 
ad Attic, ep. 21. — Plut. in Dem. — Mlian. 12, 
G. 5. 

Iambe, a servant maid of Metanira, wife 
of Celeus, king of Eleusis, who tried to ex- 
hilirate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica 
in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From 
the jokes and stories which she made use of, 
free and satirical verses have been called Iam- 
bics. Apollod 1,0.5, 

Iajwbliccs, a Greek author^ who wrote 
the life of Pythagoras, and the history of his 
followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a 
treatise against Porphyry's letter on the mys- 
teries of the Egyptians, fee. He was a great 
favourite of the emperor Julian, and died A. 
D. 363. 

Iamenus, a Trojan, killed by Leonteus. 
Homer. II. 12, v. 139 and 193. 

lAMiDiE, certain prophets among the Greeks, 
descended from lamus, a son of Apollo, who 
received the gift of prophecy from his father, 
which remained among his posterity. Pans. 
6, c. 2. 

Janiculum and Janicularius mons, one of 
the seven hills at Rome, joined to the city by 
Ancus Martins, and made a kind of citadel, to 
protect the place against an invasion. This 
hill, {Vid. Janus) which was on the opposite 
shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by 
the bridge Sublicius, the'first ever built across 
that river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less 
inhabited than the other parts of the city, on 
account of the grossness of the air, though 
from its top, the eye could have a command- 
ing view of tlie whole city. It is famous for 
the burial of king Nuraa and the poet Itali- 
cus. Porsenna, king of Etruria, pitched his 
camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators 
took refuge thei-e in the civil wars, to avoid 
the resentment of Octavius. Liv. 1, c. 33, he. 
—Dio. 47.— Ovid. 1, Fast. v. 246.— Virg. 8, v. 
358.— Mart. 4, ep. 64, 1. 7, ep. 16. 

lAriiRA, one of the Nereides. 

LvNTiiE, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. 
{Vid. Ii)his.) Ovid. Met. 9, v. 714, &,c. 

Ianthea, one of the Oceanides. One of 

the Nereides. Pans. 4, c. 30. — "Homer. II. 8, 
V. 47. 

Janus, the most ancient king who reigned 
in Italy, He was a native of Thessaly, and 



JA 

son of Apollo, according to some. He came 
to Italy, where he planted a colony and built 
a small town on the river Tiber, which he 
called Janiculum. Some authors make him 
son of Ccelus and Hecate ; and others make, 
him a native of Athens. During his reign, 
Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, 
came to Italy, where Janus received him 
with much hospitality, and made him his col- 
league on the throne. Janus is represented 
with two faces, because he was acquainted 
with the past and the future ; or, according to 
others, because he was taken for the sun, who 
opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his 
setting. Some statues represented Janus with, 
four heads. He sometimes appeared with a 
beard, and sometimes without. In religious, 
ceremonies, his name was always invoked the 
first, because he presides over all gates and 
avenues, and it is through him only that, 
prayers can reach the immortal gods. Fronoi 
that circumstance he often appears with a 
key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. 
Sometimes he holds the number 300 in one 
hand, and in the other 65, to show that he 
presides over the year, of which the first 
month bears his name. Some suppose that he 
is the same as the world, or Ccelus ; and from 
that circumstance, they call him Eajius, aU. 
eundo, because of the revolution of the hea- 
vens. He was called by different names, sucli. 
as Consivius a consorendo, because he presided 
over generation; Quirinus or Martialis, be- 
cause he presided over war. He is also called. 
Palulcius ^ Clausius, because the gates of his 
temples were opened during the time of war^. 
and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly 
worshipped among the Romans, where he had 
many temples, some erected to Janus Bi- 
frons, others to Janus Quadrifons, The tem- 
ples of Quadrifons were built with four equal 
sides, with a door and three windows on each 
side. The four doors were the emblems of the 
four seasons of the year, and the three windows 
in each of the sides tlie three months in each 
season, and a.11 together, the twelve months of 
the year, Janus was generally represented in 
statues as ayoungman. Afterdeath Janus was 
ranked among the gods, for his popularity, and 
thecivilization which he had introduced among 
the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which 
was always open in time of war, was shut only 
three times during above 700 years, under 
Numa, 234 B. C. and under Augustus; and 
during tljat long period of time, the Romans 
were continually employed in war. Ovid. 
Fast. 1, v. 65, he— Virg. ^n. 7, v. 607.— 

Varro de L. L. 1, — Macrob. Sat. 1. A street 

at Rome, near the temple of Janus. It was 
generally frequented by usurers and money- 
brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops 
there. Horat. 1, ep. 1, 

Japetjdes, a musician at the nuptials of 
Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
111. 

JAPiiTus, a son of Goelus or Titan, by Ter- 
ra, who married Asia, or, according to others, 
Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menoetius, 
Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks 
looked upon him as the father of all mankind, 
and therefore from his antiquity old men were 
frequerjtiy called Japeti. His sons received 
the patronymic of lapelionidfs. Ovid. Met. 4, 



JA 

V. 6^1.— Hesiod. Tlieog. 136 and 508.—^pollod. 
1, c. 1. 

Iapis; an iEtolian, who founded a city upon 
the banks of the Timavus. Virg. G. 3, v. 475. 
A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from whora he 
received the knowledge of the power of me- 
dicinal herbs. Id. JEn. 12, v. 391. 

Iapydia, a district of Illyricura, now Car- 
niola, Liv. 43, c. b.—Tyhull. 4, v. 109.— Cic. 
Balb. 14. 

Iapvgia, a country on the confines of Italy 
in the form of the peninsula between Taren- 
tum and Brundusiura. It is called by some 
Messapia, Peucetia, and Saleniinum. Plin. 3, 
c. 1 1. — Strah. 6. 

Iapyx, a son of Daedalus, who conquered a 
part of Italy, which he called Japygia. Ovid. 
Met. 14, V. 458. A wind which blows from 



Apulia, and is favourable to such as sailed 
from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the 
same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horal. 1, 
od. 3, V. 4, L 3, od. 7, v. 20. 

Iarbas, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis 
king of Gaetulia, from whom Dido bought land 
to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the 
arrival of jEneas prevented his success, and 
the queen, rather than marry Iarbas, destroyed 
herself. Vid. Dido. Virg. Mn. 4, v. 36, &,c. 
Justin. 18, c. Q.—Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 552. 

Iaechas and Jarchas, a celebrated Indian 
philosopher. His seven rings are famous for 
their power of restoring old men to the bloom 
and vigour of youth, according to the tradi- 
tions of P/iilostr. in £poll. 

Iardanus, a Lydian, father of Oraphale, 
the mistress of Hercules. Herodot. 1, c. 7. 

A river of Arcadia. Another in Crete. 

Homer. 11. 7. 

Iasides, a patronymic given to Palinurusas 
descended from a person of the name of 

Jasius. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 843. Also of Ja- 

«us. Id. 12, V. 392. 

Iasion and Iasius, a son of Jupiter and 
Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned 
over part of Arcadia, where he diligently ap- 
plied himself to agriculture. He married the 
goddess Cybele, or Ceres, and all the gods 
were present at the celebration of his nuptials. 
He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and 
Plutus, to whom some have added a third, 
Corybas, ^vho introduced the worship and 
mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had 
also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon 
as born, saying that he would raise only male 
chilriien. The child, who was suckled by a 
she-bear and preserved, rendered herself fa- 
mous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. 
Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Ju- 
piter, and ranked among the gods after death, 
by the inhabitants of Arcadia. Hesiod. Theog. 
970.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. l6S.--Hygin. Poet. 
2, c. 4. 

Iasis, a name given to Atalanta, daughter 
of lasius. 

Iasius, a son of Abas, king of Argos. A 

son of Jupiter. Vid. Iasion. 

Jason, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, 
daughter of Phylacus, by ili^son the son of 
Crelheus, and Tyro the daughter of Salmo- 
neus. Tyro, before her connexion with Cre- 
theus the son of iEoIus, had two sons, Pe-' 

lias and Neleus, by Neptune. JKson was! was suspended. All were concerned for the 
)dng of lolchos, and at his death the throne jfale of the Argonauts-, but Juno, who watched 



JA 

was usurped by Pelias, and iEson the lawful 
successor was driven to retirement and obscu- 
rity. The education of young Jason was in- 
trusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and 
he was removed from the presence of the 
usurper, who had been inform.ed by an oracle 
that one of the descendants of ^olus would 
dethrone him. After he had made the most 
rapid progress in every branch of science, 
Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went 
to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go 
to lolchos his native country, covered with 
the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the 
garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he 
was stopped by the inundation of the river 
Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was car- 
ried by Juno, who had changed herself into 
an old woman. In crossing the streams he 
lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at 
lolchos, the singularity of his dress and the 
fairness of his complexion, attracted the notice 
of the people, and drew a crowd around him 
in the market place. Pelias came to see him 
with the rest, and as he had been w arned by 
the oracle to beware of a man who • should 
appear at lolchos with one foot bare, and the 
other shod, the appearance of Ja.son, who 
had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. His 
terrors were soon aftj^r augmented. Jason, 
accompanied by his friends, repaired to the 
palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the 
kingdom which he had unjustly usurped. The 
boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated 
Pelias ; he was unwilling to abdicate the 
crown, and yet he feared the resentment of 
his adversary. As Jason was young and am- 
bitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove 
his immediate claims to the crown, reminded 
him that JEetes king of Colchis had severely 
treated and inhumanly murdered their com- 
mon relation Phryxus. He observed that 
such a treatment called aloud for punishment, 
and that the undertaking would be accom- 
panied with much glory and fame. He far- 
ther added, that his old age had prevented 
him from avenging the death of Phryxas, and 
that if Jason would undertake the expedition, 
he would resign to him the crown of lolchos 
when he returned victorious from Colchis. 
Jason readily accepted a proposal which seem- 
ed to promise such military fame. His in- 
tended expedition was made known in every 
part of Greece, and the youngest and bravest 
of the Greeks assembled to accompany him, 
and share his toils and glory. They embarked 
on board a ship called Argo, and after a 
series of adventures, they arrived at Colchis. 
(Vid. Argonauta?.) JEeles promised to re- 
store the golden fleece, which was the cause 
of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage 
of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to 
his conditions Jason was to tame bulls who 
breathed llames, and who had feet and horns 
of brass, and to plough with them a field 
sacred to JMars. After this he was to sow 
in the ground the teeth of a serpent from 
which armed men would arise, whose fury 
would be converted against him who ploughed 
(he field. He was also to kill a monstrous 
dragon who watched night and day at the 
foot of the tree on which the jrolden fleece 



JA 

with an anxious eye over the safety of Ja- 
son, extricated them from all these difficul- 
ties. Medea, the king's daughter, fell in love 
with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, 
enchaiitments, and incantation was uncom- 
mon, she pledged herself to deliver her lover 
from all his dangers if he promised her ^er- 



^r- 
1%^ 



nal fidelity. Jason, not insensible t ^ 
charms and to her promise, vowed eternal 
fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and re- 
ceived from Medea whatever instruments 
and herbs could protect him against the ap- 
proaching dangers. He appeared in the field 
of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, 
ploughed the plain, and sowed the dmgon's 
teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang 
from tlie field, and ran towards Jason. He 
threw a stone amoug them, and they fell one 
upon the otiier till all were totally destroyed. 
The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep 
by the power of berbs, and Jason took from the 
tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was 
the sole object of his voyage. These actions 
were all performed in the presence of ^etes 
and his people, who were all equally astonish- 
ed at the boldness and success of Jason. After 
this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately 
set sail for Europe witkMedea, who had been 
so instrumental in his Aservation. Upon this 
iEetes, desirous to revPige the perfidy of his 
daughter Medea, sent bis son Absyrtus to pur- 
sue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, 
and strewed his limbs in her father's way, that 
she might more easily escape, while he was 
employed in collecting the mangled body of 
his son. (Vid. Absyrtus.) The return of the 
Argorjauts in Thessaly w as celebrated with uni- 
versal festivity ; but ^son, Jason's father, was 
unable to attend on account of the infirmities 
of old age. This obstruction was removed, and 
Medea, at the request of her husband, restored 
iKson to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. 
(Vid. /Eson.) Telias the usurper of the crown 
of loiciios wished also to see himself restored 
to \he (iort-er of youth, and his daughters, per- 
suaoed by Medea, who wished to avenge her 
husband's wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and 
placea his limbs in a caldron of boiling water. 
The/: j.puulity was severely punished. Me- 
dea salr-reJ the flesh to be consumed to the 
bor.es, uiid Felias was never restored to life^ 
This inhuman action drew the resentment of 
the po^-ulace upon Medea, and she fled to Co- 
rinth with her husband Jason, where they lived 
in perfect union and love during ten successive 
years. Jason's partialily for Glance, the daugh- 
ter of the king of the country, afterwards dis- 
turb(;d Liicir matrimonial happiness, and Medea 
was divorced that Jason might more freely in- 
dulge his amorous propensities. This infidel- 
ity was severely revenged by Medea, {Vid. 
Glauce) who destroyed her children in the 
presence of their fatlier. (Vid. Medea.) Af- 
ter his separation from Medea, Juson lived an 
unsettled and melancholy life. A? he was one 
day reposing himself by the side of the ship 
which had carried liim to Colchis, a beam fell 
upon his head, and lie was crushed to death. 
This tragical event iiad been predicted to him 
before by Medea, according to the relation of 
same authors. Some say that he afterwards 
returned to Colchis, where he seized the king- 
dom, and reigned in great security. Eurip. 



IB 

in Med. — Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 2, 3, &c. — Dtod. 
4.— Pans. 2 and 3.—£pollod. 1, c. 9.— Cic. dt 
^'at.^.—Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9.—Strab. 7.— 
^poll. — Place. — Hygin. 5, kc. — Pindar. 3, A'em. 
— Justin. 42, c. 2, iic. — Senec. in Med. — Tslez. 

ad Lycophr. 175, &,c. — Athen. 13. A native 

of Argos, who wrote an history of Greece in 
four books, which ended at the death of Alex- 
ander. He lived in the age of Adrian. A 

tyrant of Thessaly who made an alliance with 
the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of 

Timotheus. Trallianus, a man who wrote 

tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings 
of Parthia. Polycen. 7. 

Jasonid.s:, a patronymic of Thoas and 
Euneus, sons of Jason and Hipsipyle. 

Iasus, a king of Argos, Avho succeeded his 

father Triopas. Paus. 2, c. 16. A son of 

Ai-gus father of Agenor. A son of Argus 

and Ismena. A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia. 

An island w ith a town of the same name 

on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was 
called lasius sinus. Plin. 5, c. 28. — Liv. 32, c. 
33, 1. 37, c. 17. 

Iaxartes, now <Siror Sihon, a river of Sog- 
diana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. 
It fahs into the east of the Caspian sea. Curt. 
6 and 7. — Plin. 6, c. 16. — Arrian. 4, c. 15. 

Iaziges, a people on the borders of the Pa- 
ins Mseotis. Tacit. A. 12, c. 29.— Ovid. Trist, 
2, V. 191. Pon^. 4, el. 7, V. 9. 

Ibkria, a country of Asia between Colchis 
on the west, and Albania on the east, governed 
by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great 
slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them 
to surrender by setting fire to the woods where 
they had fled for safety. It is now called 
Georgia. Plut. in Luc. Jinton. &;c. — Dio. 36. — 
Flor. 3. — Place. 5, v. 166. — Appian. Parth. c. 

An ancient name of Spain, derived from 

the river Iberus. Lucan. 6, v. 258. — Horat. 4, 
od. 14, V. 50. 

Iberus, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, 
which after the conclusion of the Punic war, 
separated the Roman from the Carthaginian 
possessions in that countrv. Lucan. 4, v. 335. 

Plin. 3, c. 3.— Horat. 4, od. 14, v. 50. A 

river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount 
Caucasus into tlie Cyrus. Sirab. 3. A fab- 
ulous king of Spain. 

Ibi, an Indian nation. 

Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in 
which he bitterly satirises the ingratitude of 
his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid has also 
written a poem v.hich bears the same name, 
and which, in the same satirical language, 
seems, according to the 0])inion of some, to in- 
veigh bitterly against Hyginus, the supposed 
hero of the composition. Suidas. 

Ibvcus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about 540 
years before Chri.-(. He was murdered by 
robbers, and at the moment of death he 
implored the assistance of some cranes which 
at that moment flew over his head. Some 
lime aflej-, as the nmrderers »vere in the mar- 
ket place, one of them observed some cranes 
in the uir, and said to his companions, a- I^um* 
1 5»xc» -ajs.<r»> , there are the birds that arc con- 
scious of the death of Ibycus. These words 
and the recent murder of Ibycus raised suspi- 
cions in the people : the assassins were seized 
and tortured, and thev confessed their guilt. 
Cic. Tunc. 4, c. 43.-^vi:/«o;j. V. IL The 



IC 

hujsband of Chloris whom Horace ridicules, 3, 
od. 15. 

IcADius, a robber killed by a stone, &c. 
Cic. Fat. 3. 

IcARiA, a small island in the ^gean sea, 
between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where 
the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, 
and buried by Hercules. Ptol. 5, c. 2. — Mela, 
2, c. I.—Strab. 10 and 14. 

IcARis and Icariotis, a name given to 
Penelope as daughter of Icarius. 

IcARiuM MARE, a part of the -SIgean sea 
near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. Vid. 
Icarus. 

Icarius, an Athenian, father of Erigone. 
He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it 
with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intox- 
icating nature. They were soon deprived of 
their reason, and the fury and resentment of 
their friends and neighbours were immediately 
turned upon Icarius, who perished by their 
hands. After death he was honoured with 
public festivals, and his daughter was led to 
discover the placeof his burial by means of his 
faithful dog Mcera. Erigone hung herself in 
despair, and was changed into a constellation 
called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the 
star Bootes, and the dog Mcera into the star 

Canis. Hygin. fab. 130.— jSpollod. 3, c. 14. 

A son of ffibalus of Lacedaemon. He gave his 
daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king 
of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to 
her, that he wished her husband to settle at 
Lacedaemon. Ulysses refused, and when he 
saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told 
Penelope, as they were going to eml>ark, that 
she might choose freely either to follow him 
to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Pe- 
nelope blushed in the deepest silence, and 
covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon 
this permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, 
and immediately erected a temple to the god- 
dess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope 
had covered her blushes with her veil. Ho- 
mer. Od. 16, V. 433. 

IcAnus, a son of Dsp.dalus, who, with his 
father, fied with wings from Crete to escape 
the resentment of i\Iinos. His flight being too 
high proved fatal lo him, the sun melted the 
wax wliich cemented his wings, and he fell 
into that pail of the ^^gean sea which was 
called after his name. [Fit/. Diedalus.] Ovid. 
Mel. 8, V. 178, he. A mountain of Attica. 

Iccius, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. 
Horace writes to him, 1 od. 29, and ridicules 
him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy 
and the muses, for military employments. 



One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cae- 
sar. C(£s. B. G. 2, c. 3. 

IcKLos, one of the sons of Somnus, who 
chanp;cd himself into all sorts of animals, 
whence the name {^fixoi si?nilis). Ovid. Met. 
11, V. 640. 

IcTNi, a people of Britain, who submitted 
to tlie Roman power. They inhabited the 
modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cam- 
bridge, &i.c. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 31. — C(ES. G. 
6, c. 21. 

IcETAS, a man who obtained the supreme 
power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. 
He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for 
which he was conquered, fcc. B. C. 340. C. 
Akp. in Tim. 



m 

IcKN^, a towH of Macedonia, whence The* 
mis and Nemesis are called Ichnae. Homer 
in Jipoll. 

IcHNusA, an ancient name of Sardinia, 
which it received from its likeness to a humaa 
foot. Pans. 10, c. 11.— Hal 12, v. 358.— 
Plin. 3, c. 7. 

IcHONOPHis, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose 
house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt 
with Plato. Diog. 

IcHTHYOPHAGi, a pcoplc of .Ethiopia, who 
received this name from their eating fishes. 
There was also an Indian nation of the same 
name, who made their houses with the bones 
of fishes. Diod. S.—Strab. 2 and 15.— Plin. 
6, c. 23, 1. 16, c. 7. 

IcHTHYs, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. 
Strab. 11. 

L. IciLius, a tribune of the people who 
made a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount 
Aventine was given to the Roman people to 
build houses upon. Lit. 3, c. 54. A tri- 
bune who made a law A. U. C. 261, that for- 
bade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune 
while he was speaking in an assembly. Liv. 2, 

c. 58. A tribune who signalized himself by 

his inveterate enmity against the Roman se- 
nate. He took an actuae part in the manage- 
ment of affaii's after fce 'murder of Virgi- 
nia, &.C. W 

leius, a harbour in Gaul, on the modem 
straits of Dover, from which Caesar crossed 
into Britain. 

IcoNiuM, the capital of Lycaonia, now Ko' 
niech. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Icos, a small island near Euboea. Strab. 9. 

IcTiNcs, a celebrated architect, 430 before 
Christ. He built a famous temple to Minerva 
at Athens, &c. 

Ictumulort7m vicus, a place at the foot of 
the Alps abounding in gold mines. 

IcuLisMA, a town of Gaul, now Angoulesme, 
on the Charcnte. 

Ida, a nymph of Crete who went into Phry- 
gia, where she gave her name to a mountain 

of that country. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 177. The 

mother of Minos 2d. A celebrated moun- 
tain, or more properly a ridge of mountains 
in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of 
Troy. The abundance of its waters became 
the source of many rivers, and particularly of 
the Simois, Scamander, yEsepus, Granicus, 
k.c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd 
Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the god- 
dess Venus. It was covered with green wood, 
and the elevation of its top opened a fine ex- 
tensive view of the Hellespont and the adja- 
cent countries, from whicli reason the poets 
say that it was frequented by the gods daring 
tlie Trojan war. Strab. 13. — Me-la, 1, c. 18. 
-Homer II. 14, v. 283.— Fir^. ^En. 3, 5, &c. 

—Olid. Fast. 4, v. 19.—Horut. 3, od. 11. 

A mountain of Crete, the highest in the island, 
where it is reported that Jupiter was educated 
by the Coiybantes, who, on that account, 
were called Idaji. Strab. 10. 

Id^a, the surname of Cybele, because 
she was worshipped on mount Ida. Lucret. 
2, V. 611. 

Id^tas, a surname of Jupiter. An arm- 
bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed 
during the Trojan war. Virg. w5Rn. 6, v. 487. 

One of the attendants of Ascanius. /rf 

P, V. 500. 



ID 

iuALiSjthe countiy round mount Ida. Lu- 
can. 3, V. 204. 

Idalus, a mountain of Cypms, at the foot 
of which is Idalium, a town with a grove sa- 
cred to Venus, who was called Idaloea. Virg. 
Mn. 1, V. QSb.—Catull. 37 and 62.— Proper^ 2, 
el. 13. 

loANTHYRSUs, a powcrful king of Scythia, 
who refu;sed to give his daughter in marriage 
to Dariu3 the 1st, king of Persia. This refu- 
sal was the cause of a war between the two na- 
tions, aud Darius marched against Idanthyr- 
3us, at the head of 700,000 meij. He was de- 
feated and retired to Persia, after an inglorious 
campaign. Slrab. 13. 

Idarnes, an officer of Darius, by whose 
negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. 
Curt. 4, c. 5. 

Idas, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous 
for his valour and military glory. He was 
among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, 
the daughter of Evenus king of ^tolia. Mar- 
pessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas 
pursued his wife's ravisher with bows and ar- 
rows, and obliged him to restore her. [Vid. 
Marpessa.] According to ApoHodorus, Idas 
with his brother Lynceus associated with Pol- 
lux and Castor to carry away some flocks ; but 
ivhen they had obtiaintt a sufficient quantity 
of plunder, they refusS to divide it into equal 
shares. This provoked the sons of Leda ; Lyn- 
eeus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge 
his brother's death, immediately killed Castor, 
and in his turn perished by the hand of Pol- 
lux. According to Ovid and Pausanias, the 
quarrel between the sons of Leda and those 
of Aphareus arose from a more tender cause : 
Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to 
celebrate their nuptials with Phoebe and Hi- 
laira,the two daughters of Leucippus ; but Cas- 
tor and Pollux, who had been invited to. par- 
take the common festivity, offered violence to 
the brides and carried them away. Idas and 
Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover their 
wives. Homer. II. 9. — Hygin. fab. 14, 100, &.c. 
—Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 700.— .^poUod. 1 and 3.— 

Pans. 4, c. 2, and 1. 6, c. 18. A son of 

■ffigyptus. -A Trojan killed by Turnus, 
Virg. JEu. 9, V. 575. 

Idea or Id^ea, a daughter of Dardanus, 
who became the second wife of Phineus king 
of Bithynia, and abused the confidence repo- 
sed in her by her husband, Vid. Phineus. 

The mother of Teucer by Scamander. Apol- 
lod. 

Idessa, a town of Iberia on the confines of 
Colchis. Slrab. 11. 

Idex, a small river of Italy, now Jdice, near 
Bononia. 

Idistavisus, a plain, now Hasteubach, 
where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near 
Oldendorpon the Weser in Westphalia. Ta- 
cit. A 2, c. IG. 

Idmon, son of Apollo and Asteria, or as 
some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the 
Argonauts. He was killed iu hunting a wild 
boar in Bithynia, where his body received 
a magnificent funeral. He had predicted tlie 
time and marmer of his death, ApoUod. 1, c. 

9. — Orpheus. A dyer of Colophon, father 

to Arachne. Ovid. j\lel. 6, v. 8. A man 

of Cyaicus, killed by Hercules, ^c. Flacc. 3. 

A son of .^gyplus,. killed by hi,s wife, Vid. 

Danaides. 



JE 

iDofliiiNE, a daughter of Pheres, who marri- 
ed Amythaon. JipoUod. 1, c. 9. 

Idomeneus, succeeded his father Deuca- 
lion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied 
the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 
IK) ships. During this celebrated war he ren- 
dered himself famous by his valour, and slaugh- 
tered many of the enemy. At his return he 
made a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tem- 
pest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas 
and storms he would offer to the god whatever 
living creature first presented itself to his eye 
on the Cretan shore. This was no other than 
his son, who came to congratulate his father up- 
on his safe return. Idomeneus performed his 
promise to tlie god, and the inhumanity and 
rashness of his sacrifice rendered him so odious 
in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, 
and migrated in quest of a settlement. He 
came to Italy, and founded a city on the coast 
of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He 
died in an extreme old age, after he had had 
the satisfaction of seeing his nevy kingdom 
flourish, and his subjects happy. According 
to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, v. 1217, 
Idomeneus, during his absence in the Trojan 
war, intrusted the management of his king- 
dom to Leucos, to whom he promised his 
daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. 
Leucos at first governed with moderation; 
but he was persuaded by Nauplius, king of 
Eubcea, to put to death Meda the wife of his 
master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to 
seize the kingdom. After these violent mea- 
sures, he strengthened himself on the throne 
of Crete ; and Idomeneus, at his return, 
found it impossible to expel the usurper. Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 358.— Hygin. 92.— Homer. II. II, 
he. Od. 19.— Fans. 5, c. 25.— Virg. JEn. 3, y. 
122. A son of Priam. A Greek histo- 
rian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. 
He wrote an histoiy of Samothrace, the life 
of Socrates, &c. 

Idothea, a daughter of Proetus, king of 
Argos. She was restored to her senses with 
her sisters, by Melampus. \yid. Prcetides.] 

Homer. Od. 11, A daughter of Proteus, 

the god who told Menelaus how he could re- 
turn to his country in safety. Homer. Od. 4, 

V. 363. One of the nymphs who educated 

Jupiter. 

Idrieus, the son of Euromus of Caria, 
brother of Artemisia, who succeeded to Mau- 
solus, and invaded Cyprus. Diod. 16. — Po- 
tycEn. 7. 

Idubeda, a river and mountain of Spain. 
Strab. 3. 

Idume and Idumea, a country of Sjnria, 
famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, 
where Cambyses deposited his riches, jjis he 
was going to Egypt. Lucan. 3, v. 216, — Sil. 
5, V. 600.— Virg. G. 3, v. 12. 

Idya, one of the Oceanides, who married 
^etes king of Colchis, by whom she had Me- 
dea, he. Hygin. — Hesiod. — Cic. de J\at. D. 3. 

Jknisus, a town of Syria. Herodot. 3, c. 5. 

J ERA, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 18. 

JerYciio, a city of Palestine, besieged and 
taken by tlie Romans, under Vespasian and 
Titus. Plin. 5, c. \A.— Strab. 

Jerne, a name of Ireland. Strab. 1. 

Jeromus and Jkronymus, a Greek of 
Cardia, who wrote an hisioiy of Alexander. 



IL 

A native of Rhodies, disciple of Aristotle, 

of whose compositions some few historical 
fragments remain. Dionys. Hal. 1, 

Jerusalem, the capital of Judea. Vid. Hie- 
rosolyma. 

Jet^, a place of Sicily. Hal. 14, v. 272. 

Igeni, a people of Britain. Tacit. 12 and 
Ann. 

Igilidm, now Giglio, an island of the Medi- 
terranean, on the coast of Tuscany. Mela, 2, 
«. 7.— Ccw.B. C. 1, c. 34. 

Ignatius, an officer of Crassus in his Par- 
thian expedition. A bishop of Antioch, 

torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, 
fey lions during a persecution, A. D. 107. 
His writings were letters to the Ephesians, 
Romans, he. and lie supported the divinity of 
Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal or- 
der, as superior to priests and deacons. The 
best edition of his works is that of Oxon, in 
«vo. 1708. 

Iguvium, a town of Urabria, on the via 
Flaminia, now Gubio. Cic. ad M. 7, ep. 13. 
—Sil. 8, V. 460. 

Ilaira, a daughter of Leucippus, carried 
away with her sister Phcebe, by the sons of 
Leda, as she was going to be married, he. 

Ilea, more properly Ilva, an island of the 
Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 173. 

Ilecaones and Ilecaonenses, a people of 
Spain. Liv. 22, c. 2 1 . 

Ilerda, now Lerida, a town of Spain, the 
capital of the Ilirgetes, on an eminence on the 
right banks of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. 
Liv. 21, c. 23, 1. 22, c. 2h—Lucan. 4, v. 13. 

Ilergetes. Vid. Ilerda. 

Ilia, or Rhea, a daughter of Numitor, 
king of Alba, censecrated by her uncle Amu- 
lius to the service of Vesta, which required 
perpetual chastity, that she might not become 
a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He 
was however disappointed ; violence was offer- 
ed to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and 
Remus, who drove the usurper from his 
throne, and restored the crown to their grand- 
father Numitor, its lawful possessor. Ilia was 
buried alive by Amulius for violating the 
laws of Vesta ; and because her tomb was near 
the Tiber, some suppose that she married the 
god of that river, Horat. 1, od. 2. — Virg. Mn. 

1, V. 277.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 598. A wife of 

Sylla.^ 

Iliaci ludi, games instituted by Augustus, 
in commemoration of the victory he had ob- 
tained over Antony and Cleopatra. They 
are supposed to be the same as the Trojani 
ludi and the Jlclia ; and Virgil says they were 
celebrated by .ffineas, not only because they 
were instituted at the time when he wrote 
his poem, but because he wished to compli- 
ment Augustus, by making the founder of 
Lavinium solemnize games on the very spot 
which was, many centuries after, to be im- 
mortalized by the trophies of his patron. 
During these games, were exhibited horse 
races and gymnastic exercises. Virg. JEn. 3, 
V. 280. 

Iliacus, an epithet applied to such as be- 
long to Troy. Virg.jEn. 1, v. 101. 

Iliaetes, a surname given to Romulus, as 

.«on of Ilia. Ovid. A name given to the 

Trojan women. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 484. 



IL 

Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by 
Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates 
the wrdth of Achilles, and all the calamities 
which befell the Greeks, from the refusal of 
that hero to appear in the iield of battle. It 
finishes at the death of Hector, w hom Achil- 
les bad sacrificed to the shades of his friend 
Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. Vid. 

Homerus. A surname of Minerva, from a 

temple which she had at Daulis in Phocis. 

InENSEs, a people of Sardinia. Liv. 40, c. 
19, 1. 41, c. t> and 12. 

InoN, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 
27.— —Vid. Ilium. 

Ilione, the eldest daughter of Priam, wh» 
married Polymnestor, king of Thrace. Virg. 
JEn. 1, V. 657. 

Ilioneus, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He 
came into Italy with ^i^neas. Virg. ^n. 1, v. 

525. A son of Artabanus, made prisoner 

by Parmenio, near Damascus. Curt, 3, c. 13- 

One of Niobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 6, 

fab. 6. 

Ilipa, a town of Bajtica. Liv. 35, c. 1. 

Inssus, a small river of Attica, falling into 
the sea neai* the Pirasus. There was a tem- 
ple on its banks, sacred to the Muses. Stat. 
Theb. 4, y. 62. . V 

Ilithyia, a goddeAclHed also Juno Lu- 
cina. Some sup[)ose ^ier to be the same as 
Diana. She presided over the travails of wo- 
men ; and in her temple, at Rome, it was usual 
to carry a small piece of money as an ofi'ering. 
This custom was first established by Servius 
Tullius, who by enfoi'cing it, was enabled to 
know the exact number of the Roman people. 
Hedod. Tk. 450.— Homer. [1. 11, od. 19.— 4?o/- 
lod. 1 and 2. — Horat. cami. s<zcul. — Oxnd. Met. 
9, V. 283. 

Ilium or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built by 
Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it 
received its name. It is generally taken for 
Troy itself; and some have supposed that the 
town was called Ilium, and the adjacent coun- 
try Troja. [J^id. Troja.] Liv. 35, c. 43, 1. 
37, c. 9 and '■il.—Virg. JEn. 1, hc.—Strab. 
13.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 505.— Horat. 3, od. 3.— 
Justin. 11, c. 5, 1. 31, c. 8. 

Illiberis, a town of Gaul, through which 
Annibal passed, as he marched into Italy. 

Illice, now Elche, a town of Spain with a 
harbour and bay, Sinus ^ Portus Illicilanus, 
now Alicant. Flin. 3, c. 3. 

Illipula, two towns of Spain, one of which 
is called Major, and the other Minor. 

Illiturgis, Iliturgis, or Iliroia, a city 
of Spain, near tlie modern Andujar on the 
river Baetis, destroyed by Scipio, for having 
revolted to the Carthaginians. Liv. 23, c. 49, 

1. 24.C. 41,1. 26, c. 17. 

Ilorcis, now Lorca, a town of Spain. 
Plin. 3, c. 3. 

Illyricum, Illyris, and Illyria, a coun- 
try bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite 
Italy, whose boundaries have been different at 
dift'erent times. It became a Roman province, 
after Gentius its king had been conquered by 
the preetor Anicius ; and it now forms part of 
Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. Strab. 2 and 
7.— Pans. 4, c.So.-Mcla, 2, c.2, kc.—Flor. 1, 

2, &ic. 

Illvricus sinus, that part of the Adriatic, 
which is on the coast of lUyricum. 



* 



IM 

Illvrius, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, 
from whom Illyricum received its name. 
Apollod. 

Ilca, now Elba, an island in the Tyrdiene 
S€a, between Ualy and Corsica, celebrated for 
its iron mines. The people are called Iluates. 
Liv. 30, c.39.~Virg. Mn. 10, v. nS.—Plin. 
3, c. 6, 1. 34, c. 14. 

Iluro, now Oleron, a town of Gascony in 
France. 

Ilus, the 4th king of Troy, was son of Tros 
by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daugh- 
ter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis, 
who married Capys, and Laomedon the father 
«f Priam. He built, or rather embellished, 
the city of Ilium, called also Troy from his 
lather Tros. Jui)iter gave him the Palladium, 
a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised 
that as long as it remained in Troy, so long 
would the town remain impregnable. When 
the temple of Minerva w^as in flames, Ilus 
rushed into the middle of the fire to save the 
Palladium, for w-hich action he was deprived 
of his sight by the goddess, though he recover- 
ed it some time after. Hovier. II. — Strab. 13. 
—Apollod. 3, c. 12.— Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33, 1. 

6, v. 419 A name of Ascanins, while he 

was at Troy. Virg. ^n. 1, v, 272 A 

friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. Virg. ^n. 
10, v. 400. \ 

Jlyrgis, a town of Hispania Bsetica, now 
Ilora. Polyb. 

Imanuentius, a king of part of Britain, 
killed by Cassivelaunus, &.c. Cces. Bell. G. 5. 

Imaus, a large mountain of Scythia, which 
is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, 
which is generally called Intra Imaum, and 
Extra Imaum. It extends, according to some, 
as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. 
Plin. 6, c. n.— Strab. 1. 

Imbarus, a part of mount Taurus in Ar- 
menia. 

Imbracides, a patronymic given to Asius, 
as son of Imbracus. Virg. Mji. 10, v. 123. 

Imbrasides, a patronymic given to Glau- 
cus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virg. 
,En. 12, v. 343. 

Imbrasus, or Parthenius, a river of Samos. 
.luno, who was worshipped on the banks, re- 
ceived the surname of Inibrasia. Paus. 7, c. 

4. The father of Pirns, the leader of the 

Thracians during the Trojan war. Virg. J£n. 
10 and \'l.— Homer. It. 4, v. 520. 

Imbreus, one of the Centaurs, killed by 
Dryas, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 
12, v. 310. 

Imbrex, C. Licinius, a poet. Vid. Licinius. 

Imbrius, a Trojan killed by Teucer, son of 
Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Pri- 
am's daughter. Homer. II. 13. 

Imerivum, a place of Samuium. 

Imbros, now Embro, an island of the ^- 
gean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samo- 
ihrace, with a small river and town of the 
same name. Imbros was governed for some 
time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected 
to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, 
and tlie kings of Pergamus. It afterwards be- 
came a Roman province. The divinities par- 
ticularly worship|>ed there were Ceres and 

Mercury. T/iu€ijd. 8. Plin. 4, c. 12. — //o- 

»/i*r. //. 13.— ^/ra6. 2.— Mela, 2, c. l.—Ovid. 
frist. 10, v. 18. 

41 



IN 

I LvACHi, a name given to the Greeks, par- 
ticularly the Argives, from king Inachus. 

Inachia, a name given to Peloponnesus, 

from the river Inachus. A festival in Crete 

in honour of Inachus ; or, according to others, 

of Ino's misfortunes. A courtezan in the 

age of Horace. Epod. 12. 

Inachidj;, the name of the eight first suc- 
cessors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos. 

iNACHiDES, a patronymic of Epaphus, as 
grandson of Inachus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 704. 

And of Perseus, descended from Inachus. 

Id. 4, fab. 11. 

Inachis, a patronymic of lo, as daughter 
of Inachus. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 454. 

Inachium, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, 
father of lo, and also of Phoroneus and ^gia- 
leus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and 
was succeeded by Phoroneus, B. C. 1807, and 
gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he 
became the tutelar deity. He reigned Ct) 
years. Virg. G. 3, v. 151.— .^pollod. 2, c. 3.— 
Paus. 2, c. 15. A river of Argos. Ano- 
ther in Epirus. 

Inamames, a river in the east of Asia, as 
far as which Semiramis extended her empire. 
Polycen. 8. 

Inarime, an island near Campania, with a 
mountain, under Avhich Jupiter confined the 
giant Typhoeus. It is now called Ischia, and 
is remarkable for its fertility and population. 
There was formerly a volcano in the middle 
of the island. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 716. 

InIrus, a town of Egypt, in whose neigh- 
bourhood the town of T^aucratis was built by 

the Milesians. A tyrant of Egypt, who 

died B. C. 456. 

Incitatus, a horse of the emperor Cali- 
gula, made high priest. 

Indathyrsus. Vid. Idanthyrsus. 

India, the most celebrated and opulent of 
all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side 
by the Indus, from which it derives its name. 
It is situate at the south of the kingdom of 
Persia, Parthia, &,c. along the maritime coasts. 
It has always been reckoned famous for the 
riches it contains; and so persuaded were the 
ancients of its wealth, that they supposed that 
its very sands were gold. It contained 9000 
dilTercnt nations, and 5000 remarkable cities, 
according to geographers. Bacchus was the 
first who conquered it. In more recent ages, 
part of it was tributary to the power of Persia. 
Alexander invaded it; but his conquest wa«< 
checked by the valour of Porus, one of the 
kings of the country, and the Macedonian war- 
rior was unwilling or afraid to engage another. 
Semiramis also extended her empire far in 
India. The Romans knew little of the coun- 
try, yet their power was so universally dread- 
ed, that the Indians paid homage by their am- 
bassadors to the emjteror Antoniiujs, Trajan, 
he. India is divided into several provinces. 
There is an India extra Gangem, an India ?'//- 
ira Gangem, 'dnd mi lnd\a propria ; but thes^i 
divisions are not particularly noticed bythfr 
ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus, 
gave the name of Indians to the ^.thioplan na- 
tions. Diod. 1. — Strab. 1, kc. — Mela, 3, r 
l.-Plin. 5, c. 28.— Cur/. 8, c. 10.— Justin. 1, 
c. 2, 1. 12, c. 7. 

Indibius, a princess of Spain, betrothrt^ 
to Albutius. 



IN 

Ind^gktes, a name given to those deities 
who were worshipped only in some particular 
places, or who were become gods from men, 
as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the 
word from inde 4^ geniti, born at the same 
place where they received their worship. 
riVg. G. 1, v. 498.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 608. 
Indigeti, a people of Spain. 
Indus, now Sinde, a large river of Asia, 
from which the adjacent country has received 
the name of India. It falls into the Indian 
ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it 
was larger than the Nile ; and Pliny says that 
19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before 
it falls into the sea. Cic. JY. D. 2, c. 52.— 
—Strab. 15.— Curt, 8, c.9.—Diod.2.—Ovid. 

Fast. 3, v. 720.— P/w. 6, c. 20. A river of 

Caria. Liv. 38, c. 14. 

Indutiomarus, a Gaul conquered by 
Caesar, kc. CcBsar. B. G. 
Inferum mare, the Tuscan sea. 
Ino, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 
who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas, 
king of Thebes, after he had divorced Ne- 
phele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus 
and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta 
and Learchus, and soon conceived an implaca- 
ble hatred against the children of Nephele, 
because they were to ascend the throne in 
preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle 
were informed of Ino's machinations, and they 
escaped to Colchis on a golden ram, [Vid. 
Phryxus.] Juno, jealous of Ino's prosperity, 
resolved to disturb her peace ; and more 
particularly, because she was of the descend- 
ants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisi- 
phone was sent by ovdev of the goddess to 
the house of Athamas ; and she filled the whole 
palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking 
Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, 
pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus 
against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of 
her husband, and from a high rock she threw 
herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her 
arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune 
made her a sea deity, which was afterwards 
called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a 
sea god, known by the name of Pala^mon. 
Homer. Od. 5. — Cic. Tusc. de A'ut. D.S,c. 
48.— Plut. Sipnp. 5.— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13, 
&;c. Pans. 1, 2, &,c. Jipotlod. 2, c. A.—Hy- 
gin. fab. 12, 14, and 15. 

Inoa, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated 
yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. 
An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to 
Ino at Megara, where she was first Avorship- 
ped, under the name of Leucothoe. Ano- 
ther in Laconia, in honour of the same. It 
was usual at the celebration to throw cakes of 
ilour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were 
presages of prosperity ; but if they swam on 
the surface of the waters, they were inauspi- 
cious and very unlucky. 

Inous, a patronymic given to the god Pa- 
leemon, as son of Ino. Virg. JEa. 5, v. 823. 
Inopus, a river of Delos, which tlie inha- 
bitants suppose to be the Nile, coming from 
Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks 
that Apollo and Diana were born. PLia. 2, c. 
103.— F/acc. 5, v. \Qb.— Strab. 6.— Pans. 2, c. 4. 
lNsi;BRES, the inhabitants of Insubvia, a 
country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic 
origin. They were conquered by the Romans, 



10 

and their country became a province, where 
the modern towns of Milan and Pavia were 
built. Strab. 5.— Tacit, ^nn. 11, c. 23.— P/in. 
3, c. n.—Liv. 5, c. S4.—Ptol. 3, c. 1. 

Intaphernes, one of the seven Persian 
noblemen who conspired against Smerdis, who 
usurped the crown of Persia. He was so dis- 
appointed for not obtaining the crown, that he 
fomented seditions against Darius, who had 
been raised to the throne after the death of the 
usurper. When the king had ordered him 
and all his family to be put to death, his wife, 
by frequently visiting the palace, excited the 
compassion of Darius, who pardoned her, and 
permitted her to redeem from death any one 
of her relations whom she pleased. She ob- 
tained her brother ; and when the king ex- 
pressed his astonishment, because she prefer- 
red him to her husband and children, she re- 
plied, that she could procure another husband, 
and children likewise; but that she could ne- 
ver have another brother, as her father and 
mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to 
death. Herodot. 3. 

Intemelium, a town at the west of Ligu- 
ria, on the sea-shore. Cic. Div. 8, c. 14. 

Interamna, an ancient city of Umbria, 
the birth place of the historian Tacitus, and 
of the emperor of the same name. It is situ- 
ate between two branches of the Nar, (inter: 
amnes) whence its name. Varro. L. L. 4, c. 

5. — Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 64. A colony on the 

confines of Samnium, on the Liris. 
Intercatia, a town of Spain. 
Interrex, a supreme magistrate at Rome, 
who was intrusted with the care of the govern- 
ment after the death of a king, till the elec- 
tion of another. This office was exercised by 
the senators alone, and none continued in 
power longer than five days, or, according to 
Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex 
mentioned in Roman history, is after the death 
of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled 
with the Sabines concerning the choice of a 
king. There was sometimes an interrex dur- 
ing the consular government ; but this hap- 
pened only to hold assemblies in the absence 
of the magistrates, or when the election of 
any of the acting officers was disputed, Liv. 
1, c. 17. — Dionys. 2, c. 15. 

Inui castrum. [Vid. Castrum Inui.] It 
received its name from Inuus, a divinity sup- 
posed to be the same as the Faunus of the 
Latins, and worshipped in this city. 
Invcus, a city of Sicily. Herodot. 
Id, daughter of Inachus, or, according to 
others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess to 
.luno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured 
of her ; bait Juno, jealous of his intrigues, dis- 
covered the object of his affection, and sur- 
prised him in the company of lo, though he 
had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of 
clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his 
mistress into a beautiful heifer ; and the god- 
dess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from 
her husband the animal,whose beauty she had 
condescended to commend, .luno command- 
ed the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the 
heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for the situation 
of lo, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to 
restore her to liberty. [Vid. Argus.] lo, 
freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now 
presecuted by Juno ; who sent one of the 



10 

furies, or rather a malicious insect, to toi*ment 
her. She wandered over the greatest part of 
the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last 
she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still 
exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno's 
insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore 
her to her ancient form ; and when the god 
had changed her from a heifer into a woman, 
she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards 
she married Telagonus king of Egypt, or 
Osiris, according to others, and she treated 
her subjects with such mildness and humani- 
ty, that, after death, she received divine hon- 
ours, and was worshipped under the name of 
Isis. According to Herodotus, lo was carried 
away by Phoenician merchants, who wished 
to make reprisals for Europa, who had been 
stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose 
that lo never came to Egypt. She is some- 
times called Phoronis, from her brother Pho- 
roneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 748. — Paus. 1, c. 
25, 1. 3, c. 18. — Moschus. — Apollod. 2, c. 1. — 
Virg.Mn. 7, v. 789.— Hygin. fab. 145. 

loEATES and Jobates, a king of Lycia, 
father of Stenobffia, the wife of Proetu^s, king 
of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne 
by Bellerophon, to whom she had given one of 
her daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. 
— [Vid. Bellerophon.] Apollod. 2, c. 2, — Hy- 
gin fab. 57. 

loBEs, a son of Hercules by a daughter of 
Thespius. He diedin his youth. £pollod.2,c.7^ 

JocASTA, a daughter of Menceceus, who 
married Laius, king of Thebes, by whom she 
had (Edipus. She afterwards married her son 
(Edipus, without knowing who he was, and 
had by him iEteocles, Polynices, &.c. [Vid. 
Laius, GEdipus.] When she discovered that 
she had married her own son, and had been 
guilty of incest, she hanged herself in despair. 
She is called Epicasta by some mythologists. 
Stat. Theb. 8, v. 42. — Senec. and Sophocl. in 
(Edip. — Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Hygin. fab. 66, he. 
— Homer. Od. 11. 

loLAiA, a festival at Thebes, the same as 
that called Heracleia. It was Instituted in 
honour of Hercules and his friend Tolas, who 
assisted him in conquering the hydra. It con- 
tinued during several days, on the first of 
which were offered solemn sacrifices. The 
next day horse races and athletic exercises 
were ex^hibited. The following day was set 
apart for wrestling ; the victors were crowned 
with garlands of myrtle, generally used at fu- 
neral solemnities. They were sometimes re- 
warded with tripods of brass. The place 
where the exercises were exhibited was called 
lolaion, where there were to be seen the mo- 
nument of Amphitryon, and the cenataph of 
lolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These 
monuments were strewed with garlands and 
flowers on the day of the festival. 

loi.AS or lor.AUs, a .son of Iphiclus, king 
of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in con- 
quering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron 
the place where the heads had been cut off, 
to prevent the growth of others. [Vid. Hy- 
dra.] He was restored to his youth and vig- 
our by Hebe, at the request of his friend Her- 
cules. Some time afterwards, lolas assisted 
the Heraclida3 against Eurystheus, and killed 
the tyrant with his own hand. According to 
VIntarch, lolas had a monument in BfPotia and 



10 

Phocis, where lovei's used to go and bind them" 
selves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, 
considering the place as sacred to love and 
friendship. According to Diodorus and Pau- 
sanias, lolas died and was buried in Sardinia, 
where he had gone to make a settlement at 
the head of the sons of Hercules by the fifty 
daughters of Thespius. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 399. 
— Apollod. 2, c. 4. — Paus. 10, c. 17. A com- 
piler of a Phoenician history. A friend of 

iEneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars. 

Virg. JEn. 1 1, v. 640. A son of Antipater, 

cup-bearer to Alexander. Plut. 

loLcnos, a town, of Magnesia above Deme- 
trias, where Jason was hoi-n. It was founded 
by Cretheus, son of .^olus and Enaretta. 
Mela mentions it as at some distance from the 
sea, though all the other ancient geogi*aphers 
place it on the sea shore. Paus. 4, c, 2. — 
Apollod. 1, c.Q.—StTah.S.—Mela, % c. 3.— 
Lucan, 3, v. 192. 

loLE, a daughter of Eurytus, king of C!ic]ia- 
lia. Her father promised her in man-iage to 
Hercules, but he refused to perform his engage- 
ments, and lole Avas carried away by force. 
[ Vid. Eurytus.] It was to extinguish the love 
of Hercules for lole, that Dejanira sent him 
the poisoned tunic, which caused his death. 
[Vid. Hercules and Dejanira.] After the 
death of Hercules, lole married his son Hyl- 
lus, by Dejanira. Apollod. 2, c. 7. ---Ovid. Met. 
9, v- 279. 

Ion, a sonofXuthusandCreusa, daughter of 
Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daugh- 
ter of Selinus, king of .^giale. He succeeded 
on the throne of his father-in-law, and built a 
city, which he called Helice, on account of his 
wife. His subjects from him received the 
name'of lonians, and the country that of Ionia. 
[Vid. lones and Ionia.] Apollod. 1, c. 7. — 
Paus. 7, c. l.—Strab. 7.—Herodot. 7, c. 94, 1. 
8, c. 44, A tragic poet of Chios, whose tra- 
gedies, when represented at Athens, met with 
universal applause. He is mentioned and 
greatly commended by Aristophanes and 

Athenasus, &c. Mien. 10, he. A native of 

Ephesus, introduced in Plato's dialogues as 
reasoning witli Socrates. 

loNE, one of the Nereides. 

loNEs, a name originally given to the sub- 
jects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice^ In the age 
of Ion the Athenians made a war against the 
people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against 
their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusin- 
ians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; 
and the Athenians, sensible of his services, in- 
vited him to come and settle among them; 
and the more strongly to show their affection, 
they assumed the name of lonians. Some 
suppose that, after this victory, Ion passed 
into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. 
When the Acha^ans were driven from Pelo- 
ponnesus by the Heraclidic, eighty years after 
the Trojan war,, they came to settle among 
the lonians, who were then masters of Mgx- 
alus. They were soon dispossessed of their 
territories by the Acha3aus, and went to Atti- 
ca, where they met with a cordial reception. 
Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor 
was about 60 years after tha return of the 
Ileraclida?, B. C. 1044, and 80 years after tlie 
departure of the j^:olians ; and they therefore 
finally settled themselves, after a wandering 
life of about 30 year*:. 



10 

IusiA,»a country of Asia Minoir, bounded 
ou the north by JEoWa, on the west by the 
Mgenu and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, 
and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. 
It was founded by colonies from Greece, and 
particularly Attica, by the lonians, or subjects 
of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, 
w hich formed a celebrated confederacy, often 
mentioned by the ancients. These twelve 
states were, Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Cla- 
zomeH<e, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, PhocaDa, 
Krythrae, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos 
and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a 
temple, which they called Pan Ionium, from 
the concourse of people that flock there 
from every part of Ionia. After they had 
enjoyed for some time their freedom and in- 
dependence, they were made tributary to the 
power of Lydia by Cra>8us. The Athenians 
assisted them to shake ott' the slavery of the 
Asiatic monarchs ; but they soon forgot their 
duty and relation to their mother country, 
and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. 
They were delivered from the Persian yoke 
by Alexander, and restored to their original 
independence. They were reduced by the 
Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has 
been always celebrated for the salubrity of the 
climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and 
the genius of its inhabitants. Hcrodot. 1, c. 6 
and 28. — Strab. 14. — Mela, 1, c, 2, he. — Pans. 

7, c. 1 An ancient name given to Hellas, 

or Achaia, because it was for some time the 
residence of the lonians. 

Ionium mare, a part of the Mediterra- 
nean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, ly- 
ing between Sicily and Greece. That part of 
the ^gean sea which lies on the coasts of 
Ionia, in Asia, is called the sea of Ionia, and 
not the Ionian sea. According to some au- 
thors, the Ionian sea receives its name from 
lo, who swam across there, after she had 
been metamorphosed into a heifer. Strab. 1, 
he. — Diqnys. Perieg. 

loPAS, a king of Africa, among the suitors of 
Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, 
and philosopher, and he exhibited his superior 
abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave 
10 jEneas. Virg. M.n. 1, v. 744. 

laPE and JoppA, now Jafa, a famous town 
of Phojnicia, more ancient than the deluge, 
according to some traditions. It was about 
forty miles from the capital of Judaea, and was 
remarkable for a sea-port much frequented, 
though very dangerous, on account of the great 
rocks that lie before it. Strab. 16, he. — 

Propert. 2, el. 28, v. 51. A daughter of 

Iphiclesj who married Theseus. Plut. 

loPHON, a son of Sophocles, who accused 
his father of imprudence in the management 

of his affairs, he. Lncian. de Macrob. A 

poet of Gnossus, in Crete. Paus. 1, c. 34. 

JoRDANEs, a river of Judaea, illustrious 
in sacred history. It rises near mount Liba- 
nus, and after running through the lake Sa- 
raachonites, and that of Tiberias, it falls, after 
a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. 
Slrab. l(n. 

JoRNANDEs, an historian who wrote on the 
Goths. He died A. D. 552. 

los, now Aio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, 
at the south of iSaxos, celebrated, as some say, 
for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of hik 
xiiuLlicr. Pliii. 4, c. 12. 



IP 

JosEPHUs Flavids, a celebrated .few, 
born in Jerusalem, who signalized his military 
abilities in supporting a siege of forty-seven 
days against Vespasian and Titos, in a small 
town of Judaea. When the city surrendered 
there were not found less than 40,000 Jews 
slain, and the number of captives amounted ti> 
1,200. Josephus saved his life by ffying into a 
cave, where 40 of his countrymen had als» 
taken refuge. He dissuaded them from com- 
mitting suicide, and when they had all dravvn 
lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately 
remained the last, and surrendered himself to^ 
Vespasian. He gained the conqueror's esteem 
by foretelling that he would become one day 
the master of the Roman empire. Josephus 
was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Ti- 
tus, and received all the sacred books whicU 
it contained from the conqueror's hands. He 
came to Rome with Titus, where he was hon- 
ouied with the name and yuivileges of a Ro- 
man citizen. Here he made himself esteemed 
by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and * 
dedicated his time to study. He wrote the 
history of the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac» 
and afterwards translated it into Greek. This 
composition so pleased Titus, that he authen- 
ticated it by placing his signature upon it, and 
by preserving it in one of the public libraries. 
He finished another work, which he divided 
into twenty books, containing the history of 
the Jewish anl'^uities, in some places subver- 
sive of the authority and miracles mentioned 
in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to 
defend the Jews against Apion, their greatest 
enemy ; besides an account of his own life, &.c. 
Josephus has been admired for his lively and 
animated style, the bold propriety of his ex- 
pressions, the exactness of his descriptions, 
and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. 
He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. 
Though, in some cases, inimical to the chris- 
tians, yet be has commended our Saviour so 
warmly, that St. Jerome calls him a christian 
writer. Josephus died A. D. 93, in the 56th 
year of his age. The best editions of his works 
are Hudson's, 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 1720, and Ha- 
vercamp's, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1726, Sueton. in 
Vcsp. he. 

JoviANus Flavius Claudius, a native of 
Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the 
soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first 
refused to be invested with the imperial pur- 
ple, because his subjects followed the religious 
principles of the late emperor ; but they re- 
moved his groundlessappreT)ensions.and,when 
they assured him that they were warm for 
Christianity, he accepted the crown. He made 
a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, 
against whom Julian was marching with a vic- 
torious army. Jovian died seven months and 
twenty days after his ascension, and was found 
in his bed suffocated by the vapours of char- 
coal, which had been lighted in his room, A. D. 
364. Some attribute his death to intempe- 
rance, and say that he was the son of a baker. 
He burned a celebrated library at Antioch. 
MarctUin. 

IrniANAssA, a daughter of Prcetus, kingof 
Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Ly- 
sippe, ridiculed Juno, he. Vid.Ptai.WAes. 
The wife of Ejidymion. 



JrniLi.cs, or Iphicles, a son ef Amphi- 



IP 

tryon and Alctnena, borii at the same birth 
with Hercules. As these two children were 
together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Her- 
cules, sent two large serpents to destroy him. 
At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed 
the house ; but Hercules, though not a year 
old, boldly seized them, one in each hand, 
and squeezed them to death. ApoUod. 2, c. 

4. — Theocrit. 'A king of Phylace, in Phthio- 

tis, son of Phylacus and Clymene. He had 
bulls famous for their bigness, and the mon- 
ster which kept them. Melampus, at the re- 
quest of his brother, [Fid. Melampus] attempt- 
ed to steal them away, but he was caught in 
the fact, and imprisoned. Iphiclus soon re- 
ceived some advantages from the prophetical 
knowledge of his prisoner, and not only re- 
stored him to liberty, but also presented him 
with the oxen. Iphiclus, who was childless, 
learned from the soothsayer how to become a 
father. He had married Automedusa, and 
afterwards a daughter of Creon, king of The- 
bes. He was father to Podarce and Protesi- 
laus. Homer. Od. 11, //. 13.— ,^pollod. 1, c. 9. 

—Pans. 4, c. 36. A son of Thestius, king 

of Pleuron. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

Iphicrates, a celebrated general of Athena, 
w^ho, though son of a shoemaker, rose from 
the lowest station to the highest offices in the 
state. He made war against the Thracians, 
obtained some victories over the Spartans, 
and assisted the Persian king against Egypt. 
He changed the dress and arms of his sol- 
diers, and rendered them more alert and ex- 
peditious in using their w-eapons. He marri- 
ed a daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace, by 
whom he had a son called Mnestheus, and 
died 380 B. C. When he was once reproach- 
ed of the meanness of his origin, he observed, 
that he would be the first of his family, but 
that his detractor would be the last of his own. 
C. J^tp. in Iphic. A sculptor of Athens 



An Athenian, sent to Darius the third, king of 
Persia, &c. Cur^3, c. 13. 

IpniDAAius, a son of Antenor and Theano, 
killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11. 

Ipiuoemia, a Thessalian woman, ravished 
by the Naxians, he. 

Iphigknia, a daughter of Agamemnon and 
Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to 
the Trojan war, were detained by contrary 
winds at Aulis, they were informed by one 
of the soothsayers, that, to appease the gods, 
they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon's 
daughter, to Diana. [Vid. Agamemnon.] 
The father, who had provoked the goddess by 
killing her favourite stag, heard this with the 
greatest horror and indignation, and rather 
than to shed the blood of his daughter, he 
commanded one of his heralds, as chief of 
the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly 
to depart each to his respective home. Ulys- 
ses and the other generals interfered, and Aga- 
memnon consented to immolate his daughter 
for the common cause of Greece. As Iphi- 
genia was tei\derly loved by her mother, the 
Greeks sent for Imm' on pretence of giving her 
in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly 
l)ermilted her departine, and Iphigenia came 
to Aulis : here slie saw the bloody prepara- 
tions for the sacrifice ; she implor«;d the for- 
y;ivcness and protection of her father, but 
cars and ejitreatics were unavailing. Calchas 



IP 

took the knife in his hand, and, as he waa 
going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia sud- 
denly disappeared, and a goat of uncoramoa 
size and beauty was found in her place for the 
sacrifice. This supernatural change animated 
the Greeks, the wind suddenly became fa- 
vourable, and the combined fleet set sail from 
Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had raised the 
compassion of the goddess on whose altar she 
was going to be sacrificed, and she carried 
herto Taurica, where she intrusted her with 
the care of her temple. In this sacred office 
Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of 
Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers which 
came into that country. Many had already 
been offered as victims on the bloody altar, 
when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. 
Their mutual and unparalleled friendship, 
[Fi(i. Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphi- 
genia that one of the strangers whom she was 
going to sacrifice was her brother ; and, upon 
this, she conspired with the two friends to 
fly from the barbarous country, and carry 
away the statue of the goddess. They suc- 
cessfully effected their enterprise, and mur- 
dered Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifi- 
ces. According to some authors, the Iphigenia 
who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter 
of Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by 
Theseus. Homer does not speak of the sacri- 
fice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the 
description of the Grecian forces, adventures, 
&c. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia 
brought away, was afterwards placed in the 
grove of Aricia in Italy. Paus. 2, c. 22, 1. 3, 
c. \Q.—Ovid. Met. 12, v. 3\.—Virg. JEn. 2, v. 
1 IG. — JEschyl. — Euripid. 

IpHiMEDiA, a daughter of Triopas, who 
married the giant Alceus. She fled from her 
husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephial- 
tes, by Neptune, her father's father. Homer. 
Od. 11, V. 124.— Paw*. 9, c. 22.— £pollod. 
1, c. 7. 

Iphimedon, a son of Eurystheus, killed 
in a w^ar against the Athenians and Heracli- 
dst. ApoUod. 

IpHijiKDusA, one of the daughters of Dana- 
us, who married Euchenor. Vid. Danaides. 

Iphinok, one of the principal women of 
Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the 
males of the island after their return from a 

Thraeian expedition. Flacc. 2, v. 163. 

One of the daughters of Proitus. She died of 
a disease while under the care of Melampus. 
Fid. Prffitides. 

IpHiNous, one of the centaurs. Ovid. 

Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded his father 
on the throne of Argos. He advised Polyni- 
ces, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the 
Theban war, to bribe his wife Erij)hyle, by 
giving her the golden collarof Harmonia. This 
succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. 

Apollod. 3. — Flacc. 1, 3, and 7. A beautiful 

youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He be- 
came enamoured of Anaxarete, and the cold- 
ness and contempt he met with rendered him 
so desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete 
saw him carried to his grave without emotion, 
and was instantly changed into a stone. Ovid. 

Md. 14, V. 703. A daughter of Thespius. 

JlpuUod. A mistress ol Patroclns, given 

him by Achilles. Homtr. II. 9. A daugh- 
ter of Ligdus and Tclcthusa, of Crete. Whe-n 



IP 

Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her 
to destroy her child if it proved a daughter, 
because his poverty could not afford to main- 
tain an useless charge. The severe orders of 
her hysband alarmed Telethusa, and she would 
have obeyed, had not Isis commanded her in 
a dream to spare the life of her child. Tele- 
thusa brought forth a daughter, which was 
given to a nurse, and passed for a boy under 
the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant 
of the deceit, and, when Iphis was come to 
the years of puberty, her father resolved to 
^ive her in marriage to lanthe, the beautiful 
daughter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the 
nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa and her 
daughter were equally anxious to put off the 
marriage ; and, when all was unavailing, they 
implored the assistance of Isis, by whose ad- 
vice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The 
goddess was moved, she changed the sex of 
Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptials were 
consummated with the greatest rejoicings. 
Ovid. Met. 9, v. 666, &;c. 

IpHiTioN, an ally of the Trojans, son of 
Otryntheus and'Nais, killed by Achilles. Ho- 
mer. II. 20, V. 382. 

Iphitus, a son of Eurytus, king of (Echa- 
lia. When his father had promised his daugh- 
ter lole to him who could overcome him or 
his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules accept- 
ed the challenge and came off victorious. Eu- 
rytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, 
observing that Hercules had killed one of his 
wives in a fury, and that loIe might perhaps 
share the same fate. Some time after, Auto- 
lycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Her- 
cules was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was 
sent in quest of the oxen, and, in his search, 
he met with Hercules, whose good favours he 
had gained by advising Eurytus to give lole to 
tiie conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in 
seeking the lost animals; but when he recol- 
lected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed 
Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls 
ofTirynthus. Homer. Od. 21. — JlpoUod.%c. 

6. A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his 

country, and fled with /Eneas to Italy. Virg. 

JEn. 2, v. 340, fcc. A king of Elis, son of 

Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re- 
established the Olympic games 338 years after 
their institution by Hercules, or about 884 
years before the christian era. This epoch is 
famous in chronological history, as every thing 
previous to it seems involved in fabulous ob- 
scurity. Paterc. 1, c. 3. — Pans. 5, c. 4. 

Iphthike, a sister of Penelope, who mar- 
ried Eumeliis.^ She appeared, by the power 
of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to com- 
fort her in the absence of her son Telema- 
chus. Horn. Od. 4, v. 795. 

Ipsea, the mother of iMedea. Ovid. Heroid. 
17, V. 232. 

Ipsus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for 
a battle which was fought there about 301 
years before the Christian era, between Anti- 
i'onus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, 
Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led 
into the held an army of above 70,000 foot and 
10,000 horse, with 15 elephants. The latter's 
ibrces consisted of 64,0<X) infantry, besides 
10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed 
riiariots. Antigonus and his iou were defeated. 
riut. in Dcf:tetr. 



IS 

Ika, a city of Messenia, which Agamem- 
non promised to Achilles, if he would resume 
his arms to fight against the Trojans. This 
place is famous in history as having supported 
a siege of eleven years against the Lacedcemo- 
nians. Its capture, B. C. 671, put an end to 
the second Messenian war. Horn. II. 9, v. 150 
and 292.— Strah. 7. 

Iren^us, a native of Greece, disciple of 
Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. He 
wrote on different subjects ; but, as what re- 
mains is in Latin, some suppose he composed 
in that language, and not in Greek. Frag- 
ments of his works in Greek are however pre- 
served, which prove that his style was simple, 
though clear and often animated. His opin- 
ions concerning the soul are curious. He 
suffered martyrdom, A. D. 202. The best edi- 
tion of his works is that of Grabe^ Oxon. fol. 
1702. 

Irene, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. 

Plin. 35, c. 11. One of the seasons among 

the Greeks, called by the moderns Hora. 
Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all 
daughters of Jupiter and Themis. JlpoUod. 1, 
c. 8. 

Iresus, a delightful spot in Libya, near Gy- 
rene, where Battus fixed his residence. The 
Egyptians were once defeated there by the in- 
habitants of Gyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 158, he. 

Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, 
one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, 
and more particularly of Juno. Her office 
was to cut the thread which seemed to detain 
the soul in the body of those that were expir- 
ing. She is the same as the rainbow, and, from 
that circumstance, she is represented with 
wings with all the variegated and beautiful 
colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting be- 
hind Juno, ready to execute her commands. 
She is likewise described as supplying the 
clouds with water to deluge the world. Hesiod. 
Thcog. V. 266. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 271 and seq. 
1. 4, V. 481, 1. 10, V. 5S5.— Virg. JEn. 4, 

V. 694. A river of Asia Minor, rising in 

Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. 
Flacc. 5, v. 121. A river of Pontus. 

Irus, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the 
commissions of Penelope's suitors. When 
Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar's 
dress, Irus hindered him from entering the 
gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses 
brought him to the ground with a blow, and 
dragged him out of the house. From his po- 
verty originates the pi'oveib Iro pmiperior. 
Homer. Od. 8, v. land 35. — Ovid. 2'rist. 3, el. 
7, V. 42. A mountain of India. 

Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates. 
Its waters abound with bitumen. Herodot. 1, 

c. 179. A small town on the river of the 

same name. Id. ib. 

IsADAS, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the 
Thebans entering the city, stripped himself 
naked, and, with a spear and sword, engaged 
the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown 
for his valour. Plut. 

IsjEA, one of the Nereides. 

IsiEus, an orator of Galchis, in Eubcca, who 
came to Athens, and became there the pupil 
of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demos- 
thenes. Some suppose that he reformed the 
dissipation and imprudence of his early years 
by frugulity and temperance, Demosthenes 



fi 



IS 

imitated him in preference to Isocrates, be- 
cause he studied force and energy of expres- 
sion rather than floridness of style. Ten of his 
sixty-four orations are extant. Juv. 3, v. 74. 

— Flat. <le 10 Oral. Dem. Another Greek 

orator, who came to Rome A. D. 17. He is 
greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, 
who observes, that he always spoke extem- 
pore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured 
ease, and great correctness. 

IsAMUs, a river of India. 

IsANDER, a son of Bellerophon, killed in 
<he war which his fathei' made against the So- 



//. 6. 
a river of Umbria. 



lymni. Homer 

IsAPis, a river of Umbria. Lucan. 2, v. 
406. 

IsAR and IsARA, tlie Isore, a river of Gaul, 
where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It ri- 
ses at the east of Savoy, and falls into the 
Rhone near Valence. Plin. 3, c. 4. — Lucan. 

1, V. 399. Another, called theOyse, which 

falls into the Seine below Paris. 

IsAR and IsjEus, a river of Vindelicia. 
Slrab. 4. 

IsARCHUs, an Athenian archon, B. C. 424. 

IsAURA, (cE, or orum,) the chief town of 
Isaura. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

IsAURiA, a country of Asia Minor, near 
mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold 
and warlike. The Roman emperors, particu- 
larly Probus and Gallus, made war against 
them and conquered them. Flor. 3, c. 6. — 
Slrab.— Cic. 15. Fam. 2. 

IsADRicus, a surname of P. Servilius, from 
his conquests over the Tsaurians. Ovid. 1. 
Fa^. 594.— Cic. 6, Mt. 21. 

IsuARus, a river of Umbria, falling into the 
Adriatic. Another in Magna Graecia. Lu- 
can. 2, v. 406. 

IscHENiA, an annual festival at Olympia, 
in honour of Ischenus, the grandson of Mer- 
cury and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, 
devoted himself for his country, and was hon- 
oured with a monument near Olympia. 

IscHOLAUS, a brave and prudent general 
of Sparta, he. Polycen.. 

IscHOMACHUs, a uoble athlete of Crotona, 
about the consulship of M. Valerius and P. 
Posthumius. 

IscHOPOLis, a town of Pontus. 

IsciA. Vid. (Enotrides. 

IsDEGERDF.s, a king of Persia, appointed, 
by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodo- 
sius the Second. He died in hfe 31st year, 
A. D. 408. 

IsiA, certain festivals observed in honour of 
Isis, whicli continued nine days. It was usual 
to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, 
as the goddess was supposed to be the first 
who taught mankind the use of corn. These 
festivals were adopted by the Romans, among 
wiioia they soon degenerated into licentious- 
ness. They were abolished by a decree of 
the senate, A. U. C. G96. They were in- 
troduced again, about 200 years after, by 
'Comiriodiis. 

IsiAcuKUM TORTUS, a harbour on the shore 
of the Euxin^, near Dacia. 

IsinoRUs, a native of Charax, in tlie age of 
Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical 

treatises, besides a description of Parthia. 

A disciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiota, 

om his living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 



IS 

remain, written in Greek, with conciseness and 
elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, 

fol. 1638. A Christian Greek writer, who 

flourished in the 7th century. He is surnamed 
Hispalensis. His works have been edited, fol. 
de Bruel, Paris 1601. 

Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians^ 
daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to 
Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be 
the same aslo, who was changed into a cow, 
and restored to her human form in Egypt, 
where she taught agi-iculture, and gov^erned 
the people with mildness and equity, for which 
reasons she received divine honours after 
death. According to some traditions mention- 
ed by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osi- 
ris, and was pregnant b^ him even before she 
had left her mother's womb. These two an- 
cient deities, as some authors observe, com- 
prehended all nature and all the gods of the 
heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the 
Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phry- 
gians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine 
of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of 
the Romans, &.c, Osiris and Isis reigned con- 
jointly in Egj'pt, but the rebellion of Typhon, 
the brother of Osiris, proved fatal to this 
sovereign. [Vid. Osiris and Typhon] The 
ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and 
Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had 
diligently applied themselves in cultivating the 
earth. [Vid. Apis.] As Isis was supposed 
to be the moon and Osiris the sun, she was 
represented as holding a globe in her hand, 
with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyp- 
tians believed that the yearly and regular inun- 
dations of the Nile proceeded from the abund- 
ant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, 
whom Typhon bad basely murdered. The 
word Isis, according to some, signifies ancient f 
and, on that account, the inscriptions on the 
statues of the goddess were often in these 
words : / am all that has been, that shall bet 
and none among mortals has hitherto taken off 
my veil. The worship of Isis was universal in 
Egypt ; the priests were obliged to observe 
perpetual chastity, their head was closely 
shaved, and they always walked barefooted, 
and clothed themselves in linen garments. They 
never eat onions, they abstained from salt with 
their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh 
of sheep and of hogs. During the night they 
were employed in continual devotion near the 
statue of the goddess. Cleopatra, the beauti- 
ful queen of Egypt, was wont to dress herself 
like this goddess, and affected to be called a 
second Isis. Cic. de Div. 1, — Plut. de Isid. 
4" Osirid. — Diod. 1. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Hero- 
dot. 2, c. b9.— Lucan. 1, v. 831. 

IsM.iRus, (IsMARA, plur.) a rugged moun- 
tain of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, 
near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. 
Its wines are excellent. The word Ismarius is 
indiscriminately used for Thracian. Homer. 
Od.9.— Virg. G. 2, v. 37. JEn. 10, v. 351. 

A Theban, son of Astacus. A son of 

Eumolpus. Apollod. A Lydian who ac- 
companied i'Encas to Italy, and fought with 
great vigour against the Rutuli. Virg. JEn. 
10, v. 139. 

IsMENE, a daughter of (Edipus and Jocasta, 
who, when hersi.ster Antigone had been con- 
demned to be bTiriod alive by Creon, for giv- 



IS 

ing burial to her brother Polynices against the 
tyrant's positive orders, declared herself as 
guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being 
equally punished with her. This instance of 
generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone, 
who wished not to see her sister involved in 
her calamities. Sophocl. in Antig. — Jlpollod. 3, 

c. 5. A daughter of the river Asopus, who 

married the hundred-eyed Argos, by whom 
she had Jasus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

IsMENTAs, a celebrated musician of Thebes. 
When he was taken prisoner l)y the Scythi- 
ans, Atheas, the king of the country, observ- 
ed, that he liked the music of Ismenias better 
than the braying of aji ass. Pint, in Apoph. 

A Tbeban, bribed by Timocrates of 

Rhodes, that he might use his influence to pre- 
vent the Athenians and some other Grecian 
statesfrom assisting Laceda:mon, against which 
Xerxes was engaged in a war. Paus. 3, c. 9. 

A Theban general, sent to Persia with an 

embassy by his countrymen. As none were 
admitted into the king's presence without pros- 
trating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had 
recourse to artifice to a^¥)id doing an action 
which would prove disgraceful to his coun- 
try. When he was introduced he dropped his 
ring, and the motion he made to recover it 
from the ground was mistaken for the most 
submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satis- 
factory audience of the monarch. A river 

of Bceotia, falling into the Euripus, where 
Apollo had a temple, from which he was called 
Ismenius. A youth was yearly chosen by the 
Boeotians to be the priest of the god, an office 
to which Hercules was once appointed. Paus. 
9, c. 10.— Ovid. Met. 2.—Strab. 9. 

IsMENiDES, an epithet applied to the The- 
ban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river 
of Bceotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31. 

IsMF.Nius, a surname of Apollo, at Thebes, 
where he had a temple on the borders of the 
Ismenus. 

Ismenus, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of 
the Nereides, who gave his name to the La- 
don, a river of Bceotia, near Thebes, falling 
into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. 
Paus. 9, c. 10. A son of Asopus and Me- 
tope. Apollod.S, c. 12. A son of Amphion 

and Niobe, killed by Apollo. Id. 3, c. 5. — 
Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Isoc RATES, a celebrated orator, son of 
Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker 
at Athens. He was taught in the schools of 
Gorgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abi- 
lities were never displayed in public, and 
I.«K)crates was f)revented by an unconquerable 
timidity from speaking in the popular assem- 
blies. He opened a school of eloquence al 
Atliens, where he distinguished himself by the 
number, character, and fame of his pupils, 
and by the immense riches which he amassed. 
He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and 
regularly corresponded with him ; and to his 
familiarity with that monarch the Athenians 
Mere indebted for some of the few peaceful 
years which they passed. The aspiring am- 
bition of Philip, however, displeased Isocrates, 
and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronasa 
had such an etlect upon his spirit', that he did 
not survive the disgrace of his i^otinfiy, but 
ilied, after he had been four day^ a tak- 

in<r Mriv^ nlirnrrif. in the 99tli vca. ul liii age, 



IS 

about 338 years before Christ, Isocrates he? 
always been much admired for the sweetness 
and graceful simplicity of his style, for the 
harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of 
his language. The remains of his orations ex- 
tant inspire the world with the highest vene- 
ration for his abilities, as a moralist, an orator, 
and, above all, as a man. His merit, how- 
ever, is lessened by those who accuse him of 
plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, 
Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his 
panegyric. He was so studious of correctness 
that his lines are sometimes poetry. The 
severe conduct of the Athenians against So- 
crates highly displeased him, and, in sphe of 
all the undeserved impopularity of that great 
philosopher, he put on mourning tlie day of 
his death. About 31 of his orations are ex- 
tant, Isocrates was honoured after death with 
a brazen statue by Tiraotheus, one of his 
pupils, and Aphareus, his adopted son. The 
best editions of Isocrates are that of Battle, 2 
vols. 8vo. Cantab. 1729, and that of Auger, 3 
vols. 8vo. Paris, 1782. Pint, de 10 Orat. kc— 
Cic. Orat. 20 de Jnv. 2, c. 126. in Brut. c. 15. 
de Orat. 2, c. 6.— Qum/t7. 2, Uc.—Pattrc. 1, 

c. 16. One of the officers of the Pelopon- 

nesian fleet, &c. Thucyd. One of the dis- 
ciples of Isocrates. A rhetorician of Syria^ 

enemy to the Romans, he. 

IssA, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic 

sea, on the coast of Dalmatia. A town of 

Illyricum. Melaf 2, c. 7. — Strab. 1, he. — 
Marcell. 26, c. 25. 

IssE, a daughter of Macareus, the son of 
Lycaon. She was beloved by Ajrollo, who to 
obtain her confidence changed himself into 
(he form of a shepherd to whom she was at- 
tached. This metamorphosis of Apollo was 
represented on the web of Arachne. Ovid. 
Met. 6, V. 124. 

Issus, now Aisse, a town of Cilicia, on the 
confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought 
there between Alexander the Great and the 
Persians under Darius their king, in October, 
B. C. 333, in consequence of which it was call- 
ed Nicopolis. In this battle the Persians lost, 
in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 
horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot 
and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Sicu- 
lus. The Persian army, according to Justin, 
consisted of40(.M>00 foot and 100,(K)0 horse, 
and 61, (X)0 of the former and 10,000 of the 
latter, were left dead on (he spot, and 40,000 
were taken prisoners. The loss of the Ma- 
cedonians, as he farther adds, was no more 
than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to 
Curtius, the Persians slain amounted to 100;000 
foot andlO,000 horse; andlhoseof Alexander 
to 32 foot, and 150 horse killed, and 504 
wounded. This spot is likewise famous for 
the defeat of Niger by Severus, A. D. 194. J 
Pint, in Alex. —Justin 11, c. 9.— Curt. 3, r. | 
l.—Arrian.-Diod. n.—Cic. 6, Atl. 20. Fam. 
2, ep. 10. 

IsTER and IsTRus, an historian, disciple tf> 
Calimachus. Diug. A large river of Eu- 
rope, falling into the Euxine sea, called also 

the Danube. [Vid. Danubius.] A son of 

yEgyptus. Apollod. 

IsTHMiA, sacred games among the Greeks, 
which received their name from the isthmus of 
Corinth, where they were observed. Thev 



IT 



IT 



%vere celebrated in commemoration of Me- 1 in that part of Europe. The boundaries of 
licerta, who was changed into a sea deity, | Italy appeared to have been formed by nature 
when his mother Ino had thrown herself into itself, which seems to have been particularly 
the sea with him in her arms. The body of 1 careful in supplying this country with what- 



Melicerta, according to some traditions, when 
cast upon the sea-shore, received an honour- 
able burial, in memory of which the Isthmian 
games were instituted, B. C. 132d. They 
were interrupted after they had been cele- 
brated with great regularity during some 
years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them 
in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly cal- 
led his father. These games were observed 
every third, or rather fifth year, and held so 
sacred and inviolable, that even a public 
calamity could not prevent the celebration. 
When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius, 
the Roman general, they were observed with 
the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were 
intrusted with the superintendence, which 
had been before one of the privileges of the 
ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind 
were exhibited, and the victors were reward- 
ed with garlands of pine leaves. Sometime 
after the custom was changed, and the victor 
received a crown of diy and withered parsley. 
The years were reckoned by the celebration 
of the Isthmian games, as among the Ro- 
mans from the consular government. Paus. 
1, c. 44, 1. 2, c. 1 and 2.— P/m. 4, c. b.—Plut. 
in Thes. 

IsTHMics, a king of Messenia, &.c. Paus. 
4, c. 3. 

Isthmus, a small neck of land which 
joins one country to another, and prevents 
the sea from making them separate, such as 
that oi Corinth, called often the Isthmus by 
way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus 
to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across, 
and make a communication between the two 
seas, but in vain. It is now called Hexamili. 
Strab. 1. — Mela, 2, c. 2. — Plin. 4, c. 4. — Lucan. 
1, V. 101. 

IsTi^oTis, a country of Greece, near Ossa. 
Vid. Histiseotis. 

IsTRiA, a province at the west of Illyricum, 
at the top of fhe Adriatic sea, whose inhabi- 
tants were originally pirates, and lived on 
plunder. They were not subjected to Rome 
till six centuries after the foundation of that 
city. Strah. l.—Mela, 2, c. 3.—Liv. 10, &,c. 
—Plin. 3, c. 19.— Justin. 9, c. 2. 

IsTROPOMs, a city of Thrace, near the 
mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian col- 
ony. Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Isus and Antiphus, sons of Priam, the 
latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concu- 
bine. They were seized by Achilles, as they 
fed their father's flocks om mount Ida; they 
were redeemed by Priam, and fought against 
^he Greeks. They were both killed by Aga- 
memnon. Homer. II. 11. A city of Rceotia. 

Strab. 9. 

Italia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, 
and by the Alpine mountains. It has been 
compared, and with some similitude, to a 
man's leg. It has borne, at different periods, 
the different names of Saturnia, (Enotria, Hes- 
iieria, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received 
!ie name of Italy either from Italus, a king of 
»lie country, or from Italos, a Greek word 
' hich signifitjs an o.x, an animal very common 



ever may contribute not only to the support, 
but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. 
It has been called the garden of Europe ; and 
the panegyrics which Pliny bestows upon it 
seem not in any degree exaggerated. The an- 
cient inhabitants called themselves Aborigines , 
offspring of the soil, and the country was soon, 
after peopled by colonies from Greece. The 
Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settlements 
there, and the whole country was divided into 
as many different governments as there were 
towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman 
power [Hrf. Roma] changed the face of Italy, 
and united all its states in support of one 
common cause. Italy has been the mother of 
arts as well as of arms, and the immortal 
monuments which remain of the eloquence 
and poetical abilities of its inhabitants are 
universally known. It was divided into ele- 
ven small provinces or regions by Augustus, 
though sometimes known under the three 
greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy pro- 
perly so called, and Magna Grecia. The sea 
above was called Superum, and that at the 
south Inferum. Plol. 3, c. 1. — Dionys. Hat. 
— Diod. 4. — Justin. 4, fee. — C. Kep. in Dion. 
Mcib. he. — Liv. 1, c. 2, he. — Varro de R, 
R. 2, c. 1 and 5.—Virg. ^n. 1, hc.—Polyb. 
2.—Flor. 2.—JElian. V. H. 1, c. \Q.— Lucan. 
2, V. 397, he.— Plin. 3, c. 5 and 8. 
Italica, a town of Italy, called also Cor- 

finium. A town of Spain, now Sevilla la 

Vitja, built by Scipio for the accommodation 
of his wounded soldiers. Gdl. 16, c. 13. — ■ 
Appian Hisp. 

Italicus, a poet. Vid. Silius. 

Italus, a son of Telegonus. Hygin. fab. 

127. An Arcadian prince, who came to 

Italy, where he established a kingdom, called 
after him. It is supposed that he received 
divine honours after death, as iEneas calls up- 
on him amongthe deities to whom he paid his 
adoration when he entered Italy. Virg. ^n. 

7, V. 178. A prince whose daughter Roma, 

by his wife Leucaria, is said to have married 

^neas or Ascanius. Plut. in Rom. A king 

of the Cherusci, &.c. Tadt. Ann. 1, c. 16. 
Itargris, a river of Germany. 
Itea, a daughter of Danaus. Hygin. fab. 
170. 

Itemales, an old man who exposed 
(Edipus on mount Cithseron, he. Hygin. 
fab. 65. 

Ithaca, a celebrated island in the Ionian 
sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a 
city of the same name, famous for being part 
of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky 
and mountainous, measures about 25 miles 
in circumference, and is now known by the 
name of Isola del Compare, or Thiuchi. Ho- 
mer. II. 2, V. 139. Od. 1, V. 186, 1. 4, v. 
601, 1. 9, V. 20.— Strab. 1 and 8, Mela, 2, 
c. 7. 

IxHACtsiyE, three islands opposite Vibo, 
on the coast of the Brutii. Baiae was cal- 
led also Ithacesia, because built by Bajus the 
pilot of Ulysses. Sil. 8, v. 540, 1. 12, v. 113. 

Ithobalus, a king of Tyre, who died B. 
C. 595. Josfphu" 



JU 

Ithome, a town of Phthiotis, Homer. IL 
% Another of Messenia, which surren- 
dered, after ten years siege, to Lacedaemon, 
724 years before the Christian era. Jupiter 
was called Ithomates, from a temple which he 
had there, where games were also celebrated, 
and thes conqueror rewarded with an oaken 
crown. Pans. 4, c. 32.— Slat. Theh. 4, v. 179. 
—Strab.8. 

Ithomaia, a festival in whicli musicians 
contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of 
Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs 
Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave 
her name to a city, and the latter to a river. 

Ithyphallus, an obscene name of Priapus. 
Columell. 10.— Diod. 1. 

Itius Porutus, a town of Gaul, now Wet- 
sand, or Boulogne in Picardy. Caesar set sail 
from thence on his passage into Britain. Cors. 
G.4, c. 21,1.5, c. 2 and 5. 

Itonia, a surname of Minerva, from a place 
in Boeotia, where she was worshipped. 

Itonus, a king of Thessaly, son of Deuca- 
lion, who first invented the manner of polish- 
ing metals. Lucan. 6, v. 402. 

Itdna, a river of Britain, now Eden in 
Cumberland. 

IxuuiEA, a country of Palestine, whose in- 
habitants were very skilful in drawing the bow. 
Lucan. 7, v. 230 and 514.— Firg. G. 2, v. 448. 
—Strab. 17. 

IxtjRUM, a town of Umbria. 

ItyliJs, a son of Zetheus and ^don, killed 
by his mother. [Vid. ui^don.] Homer. Od. 
19, v. 462. 

IxYRJEi, a people of Palestine. Vid. Ituraea, 

Itys, a son of Tereus king of Thrace, by 
Procne, a daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. 
He was killed by his mother when he was 
about six years old, and served up as meat be- 
fore his father. He was changed into a pheas- 
ant, his mother into a swallow, and his father 
into an owl. [Vid. Philomela.] Ovid. Met. 
6, V. 620. Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 29.—Harat. 4, 

od. 12. A Trojan, who came to Italy with 

iEneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 
9, V. 574. 

JuBA, a king of Numidla and Mauritania, 
who succeeded his father Hiempsal, and fa- 
voured the cause of Pompey against J. Caj- 
sar. He defeated Curio, whom Cajsar had 
sent to Africa, and after the battle of Phar- 
salia he joined his forces to those of Scipio. 
He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, 
and totally abandoned by his subjects. He 
killed himself with Petreius, who had shared 
his good fortune and his adversity. His 
kingdom became a Roman province, of 
which Sallust was the first governor. Flat, 
in Pomp. ^ C'ces. — Flor. 4, c. 12. — Suet, in 
C(Es. c. 35. — Dion. 41. — Afela, 1, c. 6. — Lucan. 
3, kc.—CcEsar. de Bell. Civ. 2.—Paterc. 2, c. 

64. The second of that name was the son 

of Juba the First. He was led among the 
captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of 
Ceesar. His cajjtivity was the source of the 
greatest honours, and his application to study 
procured him more glory than he could have 
obt£uned from the inheritance of a kingdom. 
He gained the heart of the Romans by the 
courteousness of his manners, and Augustus 
rewarded his fidelity by giving him in mar- 
riage Cleopatra, the 'daughter of Antony,' 



JU 

and conferring upon him the title of king, 
and making him master of all the territories 
which his lather once possessed. His popu- 
larity was so great, that the Mauritanians 
rewarded his benevolence by making him 
one of their gods. The Athenians raised 
him a statue, and the ^Ethiopians worshipped 
him as a deity. Juba wrote an history of 
Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and 
commended by the ancients, but of which only 
a few fragments remain. He also wrote on 
the history of Arabia, and the antiquities of 
Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Be- 
sides these, he composed some treatises upon 
the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of 
animals, painting, grammar, &.c. now lost. 
Strab. 17.— Suet, in Cal. 2Q.—Plin. 5, c. 25 
and 32. — Dion. 51, &ic. 

JuDAciLius, a native of Asculem, cele- 
brated for his patriotism, in the age of Pom- 
pey, &c. 

JuD^A, a famous country of Syria, bound- 
ed by Arabia, Egypt, Phoenicia, the Mediter- 
ranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabi- 
tants, whose history is best collected from the 
Holy Scriptures, were chiefly governed, after 
the Babylonish captivity, by the high priests, 
who raised themselves to the rank of princes, 
B. C. 153, and continued in the enjoyment of 
regal power till the age of Augustus. Plut. 
de Osir. — Strab. 16. — Dion. 36. — Tacit. Hist. 
5, c. 6. — Lucan. 2, v. 693. 

JuGALis, a surname of Juno, because she 
presided over marriage. Festiis. de V. Sig. 

JuGANTEs, a people of Britain. Tacit. Ann. 
12, c. 32. 

JuGARius, a street in Rome below the 
capitol. 

JuGURTHA, the illegitimate son of Mana- 
stabal, the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and 
Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa, king 
ofNumidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his 
father's kingdom, educated his nephew with 
his two sons Adherbal and Hiempsal ; but as 
he was of an aspiring disposition, he sent him 
with a body of troops to the assistance of 
Scipio, who was besieging IS'uraantia, hoping 
to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to 
threaten the tranquillity of his children. 
His hopes were frustrated ; Jugurtha showed 
himself brave and active, and endeared him- 
self to the Roman general. Micipsa ap- 
pointed him successor to his kingdom with 
his two sons, but the kindness of the father 
l)roved fatal to the children. Jugurtha de- 
stroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adheibal of 
his possession, and obliged him to fly to 
Rome for safety. The Romans listened to 
the well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but 
Jugurtha's gold prevailed among the sena- 
tors, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in 
his distress, perished by the snares of his ene- 
my. Ca^^cilius Metellus was at last sent against 
Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon re- 
duced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to 
lly among his savage neighbours for support. 
Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and 
fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at 
last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, 
from whom he claimed assistance, and he wa? 
delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carry- 
ing on a war of five years. He was exposed to 
the view of the Roman people,, and dragged in 



JU 

chains to adorn tbe triumph of Marius. He 
was afterwards put in a prison, where he died 
six days after of hunger, B. C. 106. The 
name and the wars of Jugurtha have been im- 
mortalized by the pen of Sallust. Sallust. in 
Jug.—Flor. 3, c. l—Paterc. 2, c. 10, &c.— 
Flut. in Mar. and Syll. — Eutrop.4, c. 3. 

Julia lex, prima de provinciis, by J. 
Caesar, A. U. C, 691. It confirmed the free- 
dom of all Greece ; it ordained that the Ro- 
man magistrates should act there as judges, 
and that the towns and villages through which 
the Romanmagistrates and ambassadors passed 
should maintain them during their stay ; that 
the governors, at the expiration of their office, 
should leave a scheme oftheiraccountsintwo 
cities of their province, and deliver a copy of 
it at the public treasury ; that the provincial 
governors should not accept of a golden crown 
unless they were honoured with a triumph by 
the senate ; that n&. supreme commander 
should go out of his province, enter any domi- 
nions, lead an army, or engage in a war, with- 
out the previous approbation and command of 

the Roman senate and people. Another, 

de Sumplibus, m the age of Augustus. It li- 
mited the expense of provisions on the dies 
profesti, or days appointed for the transaction 
of business, to 200 sesterces ; on common cal- 
endarfestivals to 300 ; and on all extraordi- 
nary occasions, such as marriages, births, k,c. 

to 1000. Another, de provinciis, by J. Ca;- 

sar. Dictator. It ordained, that no pretorian 
province should be held more than one year, 
and a consular province more than two years. 

Another, called also Campana agraria, 

by the same, A. U. C. 69L It required that 
all the lands of Campania, formerly rented ac- 
cording to the estimation of the state, should 
be divided among the plebeians,and that all the 
members of the senate should bind themselves 
by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect, 

that law. Another, de civitate, by L, J. 

Caesar, A. U. C. 664. It rewarded with the 
name and privileges of citizens of Rome all 
such as, during the civil wars, had remained 
the constant friends of the republican liberty. 
When that civil war was at an end, all the Ital- 
ians were admitted as free denizens, and com- 
posed eight new tribes. Another, dcjudici- 

bus, by J. Cassar. It confirmed the Pompeian 
law in a certain manner, requiring the judges 
to be chosen from the richest people in every 
century, allowing the senators and knights in 
the number, and excluding the tribuni ara- 

rii. xVnother, de ambitu, by Augustus. It 

restrained the illicit measures used at elec- 
tions, and restored to the comitia their ancient 
privileges, which had been destroyed by the 
ambition and bribery of J. Caesar.- Ano- 
ther, by Augustus, de adulterio and pudicitid. 
It punished adultery with death. It was after- 
wards confu'med and enforced by Domitian,. 

Juvenal. Sat. 2, v. 30, alludes to it. Another, 

called also, Papia, or Papia Popp(Ba, which 
was the same as the following, only enlarged 
by the consuls Papins and Poppaeus, A. U. C. 

792. Another, (/e maritanJis orditiibus, by 

Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as en- 
gaged in matrimony, of a pai'ticulac descrip- 
tion. It inflicted punishment on ceUbacy, and 
permitted the patricians, the senators and sons 
of senators excepted, to intermarry with the 



JIJ 

libertini, or children of those that had been 
lib erti, or servants manumitted. Horace al- 
ludes to it when he speaks of lex marita. . 

Another^ de majestate, by J. Ca3sar. It pun- 
ished with aquce ^ ignis interdicHo all such as 
were found guilty of the crimen majestatis, of 
treason against the state. 

Julia, a daughter of J. Caesar, by Cor- 
nelia, famous for her personal charms and 
for her virtues. She married Corn. Cae- 
pio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to 
marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable dis- 
position more strongly cemented the friend- 
ship of the father and of the sonrin-law; but 
her sudden death in child-bed, B. C. 53, broke 
all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon 

produced a civil . war. Pint. The mother 

ofM. Antony, whose humanity is greatly cele- 
brated in saving her brother-in-law J. Caisar 

from the cruel prosecutions of her son. An 

aunt of J. Caesar, who married C. Marius. 
Her funeral oratioa was publicly pronounced 

by her nephew. The only daughter of the 

emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, 
genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly 
loved by her father, who gave her in marriage 
to Marcellus ; after whose death she was giv- 
en to Agrippa, by whom she had five children. 
She became a second time a widow, and was 
married to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and 
debaucheries so disgusted her husband, that 
he retired from the court of the emperor; 
and Augustus, informed of her lustful propen- 
sities and infamy, banished her from his sight, 
and confined her in a small island on the coast 
of Campania. She was starved to death, A. 
D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who had suc- 
ceeded to- Augustus as emperor of Rome. 

Pint. A daughter of the emperor Titus, 

who prostituted herself to her brother Domi- 
tian. ^A daughter of Julia, the wife of 

Agrippa, who married Lepidus, and was ba- 
nished for her lixientiousness. A daughter 

of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the 
island of Lesbos, A. D. 17. She married a se- 
nator called M. Vinucius, at the age of 16, and 
enjoyedthe most unbounded favours in the 
court of her brother Caligula, who is ac- 
cused of being her first seducer. She was 
banished by Caligula, on siispicion of con- 
spiracy. Claudius recalled her; but she was 
soon after banislied by the powerful in- 
trigues of Messalina, and put to death aboufe^ 
the 24th year of her age. She was no 
stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and 
she prostituted herself as freely to the mean- 
est of the people as to the nobler companions 
of her brother's extravagance. Seneca, as. 
some suppose, was banished to Corsica for 

having seduced her. A celebrated woman, 

born in Phcnnicia. She is also called Domna. 
She applied herself to the study, of geometry 
and philosophy, &,^c. and rendered.herself con- 
spicuous, as much by her mental as by her per- 
sonal charms* She came to Rome, where her • 
learning recommended her to all the literati, 
of the age. She married Septimius Severus, 
who, twenty years after this matrimonial con- 
nexion, was invested with the imperial pur 
pie. Severus was guided by the prudence arid 
advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, 
and often punished with the greatest severity 
those vices which were enormous in the <ful- 



JU 

press. She is even said to have conspired 
against the emperor, but she resolved to blot, 
by patronizing literature, the spots which her 
debauchery and extravagance bad rendered 
indelible iu the eyes of virtue. Her influence, 
after the death of Severus, was for some time 
productive of tranquillity and cordial union 
between his tsvo sons and successors. Geta 
at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother 
Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the 
arm while she attempted to screen her favour- 
ite son from his brother's d-agger. According 
to some, Julia committed incest with her sou 
Caracalla, and publicly married him. She 
starved herself when her ambitious views were 
defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to tbe em- 
pire in preference to her, after the death of 
Caracalla. A town of Gallia Togata. 

JuLiAcuMj a town of Germany, now Juliers. 

JuLiANUs, a son of Julius Constantius, the 
brctlier of Constantine the Great, born at 
Constantinople. The massacre which attend- 
ed the elevation of the sons of Constantine the 
Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to 
Julian and to his brother Galius. The two 
brothers were privately educated together, 
and taught the doctrines of the Christian reli- 
gion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate, 
and to despise the gratification of all sensual 
pleasures. Galius received the instruction of 
bis pious teachers with deference and submis- 
sion, but Julian showed his dislike for Chris- 
tianity by secretly cherishing a desire to be- 
come one of the votaries of Paganism. He 
gave sufi&cient proofs of this propensity when 
he went to Athens in the 24lh year of his age, 
where he applied himself to the study of magic 
and astrology. He was some time after ap- 
pointed over Gaul, with the title of Caesar, by 
Constans, and there he showed himself worthy 
of the imperial dignity by his prudence, va- 
lour, and the numerous victories he obtained 
over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Ger- 
many. His mildness, as well as his conde- 
scension, gained him the hearts of his soldiers; 
and when Constans, to whom Julian was be- 
come suspected, ordered him to send him part 
of his forces to go into the east, the array im- 
mediately mutinied, and promised immortal fi- 
delity to their leader, by refusing to obey the 
orders of Constans. They even compelled Ju- 
lian, by threats and entreaties, to accept of the 
title of independent emperor and of Augustus ; 
and the death of Constans, which soon after 
happened, left him sole master of theRoman em- 
pire, A. D. 361. Julian then disclosed his reli- 
gious sentiments, and publicly disavowed the 
doctrines of Christianity, and oifered solemn 
sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This 
change of religious opinion was attributed to 
the austerity with which he received the pre- 
cepts of Christianity, or, according to others, 
to the literary conversation and persuasive elo- 
quence of some of the Athenian philosophers. 
From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has 
been called Jipostale. After he had made his 
public entry at Constantinople, he determined 
to continue the Persian war, and check those 
barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the 
indolence of the Roman emperors. When he 
had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and 
advanced with boldness into the enemy's coun- 
try. His march was that of a cofiqueror, he 



5\J 

met with no opposition from a weak and indi- 
gent enemy ; but the country of Assyria had 
been desolate by the Persians, and Julian ^ 
without corn or provisions, was obliged to re- 
tire. As he could not convey his fleet again 
over the streams of the Tigris, he took the 
resolution of marching up the sources of the 
river, and imitate the bold return of the ten 
thousand Greeks. As he advanced through the 
country he defeated the officers of Sapor, the 
king ot Persia; but an engagement proved fa- 
tal to him, and he received a deadly wound a& 
he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired 
the following night, the 27th of June, A. D. 
363, in the 32d year of his age. His last mo- 
ments were spent in a conversation with a phi- 
losopher about the immortality of the soul, 
and he breathed his last without expressing 
the least sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness 
of his death. Julian's character has been ad- 
mired by some, and censured by others, but 
the malevolence of his enemies arises from 
his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he 
demands our warmest commendation ; but we 
must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigot- 
ted principles. He was moderate in his suc- 
cesses, merciful to his enemies, and amiable in 
his character. He abolished the luxuries which 
reigned in the court of Constantinople, ^d 
dismissed with contempt the numerous officers 
which waited upon Constantiu.?, to anoint his 
head or perfume his body. He was frugal in 
his meals, and slept little, reposing himself on 
a skin spread on the ground. He awoke at 
midnight, and spent the rest of the night in 
reading or writing, and issued early from his 
tent to pay his daily visits to the guards around 
the camp. He was not fond of public amuse- 
ments, but rather dedicated his time to study 
and solitude. When he passed through An- 
tioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants 
of the place, offended at his religious senti- 
ments, ridiculed his person, and lampooned 
him in satirical verses. The emperor made 
use of the same arms for his defence, and ra- 
ther than destroy his enemies by the sword, 
he condescended to expose them to derision, 
and unveil their follies and debaucheries in an 
humorous work, which he called Misopogon, 
or btard hater. He imitated the virtuous ex- 
ample of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no 
temptation for his virtue by visiting some fe- 
male captives that had fallen into his hands, 
In his matrimonial connexions, Julian rather 
consulted policy than inclination, and his mar- 
riage with the sister of Constantius arose from 
his unwillingness to offend his benefactor, ra- 
ther than to obey the laws of nature. He 
was buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his body 
was conveyed to Constantinople. He distin- 
guished himself by his writings, as well as by 
his military character. Besides his Misopo- 
gon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also 
wrote two letters to the Athenians; and be- 
sides, there are now extant sixty-four letters 
on various subjects. His Caesars is the most 
famous of all his compositions, being a satire 
upon all the Roman emperors from J. Ceesar 
to Constantine. It is written in the form of a 
dialogue, in which the author severely attacks 
the venerable character of M. Aurelius, whom 
he had projiosed to himself as a pattern, and 
speaks in a scurrilous and abusive language of 



JU 

his relation Constantine. It has been observed 
ot Julian, that, like Caesar, he could employ 
at the same time his hand to write, his ear to 
listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dic- 
tate. The best edition of his works is that of 
Spanheim. fol. Lips. 1696; and of the Caesars, 
that of Heusinger, 8vo. Gothae, 1741. Julian. 

— Sficrat. — Eutrop. — Ainm. — Liban, k.c. 

A son of Constantine. A maternal uncle 

of the emperor Julian. A Roman empe- 
ror. [Vid. Didius.] A Roman, who pro- 
claimed himself emperor in Italy during the 

reign of Diocletian, fee. A governor of 

Africa. A counsellor of the emperor Ad- 
rian. A general in Dacia, in Domitian's 

reign. 

J^Lii, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by 
Romulus, where they soon rose to the great- 
est honours of the state. J. Caesar and Au- 
gustus were of this family ; and it was said, 
perhaps through flattery, that they were li- 
neally descended from .dEneas, the founder of 
Laviniura. 

JuLioMAGus, a city of Gaul, now Angers in 
Anjou. 

JuLiopoLis, ato^vn of Bithynia, supposed by 
some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia. 

JuLis, a town of the island of Cos, which 
gave birth to Simonides, &:c. The Avails of 
the city were all marble, and there are now 
some pieces remaining entire, above 12 feet 
in height, as the monuments of its ancient 
splendour. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Julius Cesar. [Vid. Caesar.] Agri- 
cola, a governor of Britain, A. C. SO, who 
first discovered that Britain was an island by 
sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian 
Tacitus, has written an account of his life. 

Tacit in Agric. Obsequens, a Latin writ- 

fer, who flourished A. D. 214. The best edi- 
tion of his book dt prodigiis is that of Ouden- 

dorp. 8vo. L. Bat. 1720. S. apra-tor, &,c. 

Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 13. Agrippa, banished 

from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of 
the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 

71. — '■ — Solinus, a writer {Vid. Solinus.] 

Titianus, a writer in the age of Diocletian. His 
son became famous for his oratorical po^^ers, 
and was made preceptor in the family of Max- 
iminus. Julius wrote a history of all the pro- 
vinces of the Roman empire, greatly com- 
mended by the ancients. He also wrote some 
letters, in which he happily imitated the style 
and elegance of Cicero, for which he was cal- 
led the ape of his age. Africanus, a chro- 

nologer, who flourished A. D. 220. Con- 

stantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was 
killed at the accession of the sons of Constan- 
tine to the throne, and his son nearly shared 

his fate. Pollux, a grammarian of Nau- 

j)actus, in Egypt. [Vid. Pollux.] Canus, 

a celebrated Roman, put to death by order of 
Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punish- 
ment inflicted on him with the greatest resig- 
nation, and even pleasure. Proculus, a Ro- 
man, who solemtdy declared to his country- 
men, after Romulus had disappeared, that he 
I'.ad seen him above an human shape, and that 
he had ordered him to tell the Romans to 
honour him as a god. Julius was believed. 

Vial, in Rom.— Odd. Florus. [Vid.¥\o- 

rus ] L. CiE.sar, a Roman consul, uncle to 

Antony, the triumvir, the father of Ca.*sar tlie 



JU 

dictator. He died as he was putting on his 

shoes. Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for 

conspiring against Tiberius. Tacit. Aim. 6, c. 

14. Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a 

shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. {^Vid. 
Maximinus.] 

luLus, the name of Ascanius, the son of 
JEneas. [Vid. Ascanius.] A son of Asca- 
nius, born in Lavinium. In the succession of 
the kingdom of Alba, ^neas Sylvius, the son 
of iEneas and Lavinia, was preferred to him. 
He was, however, made chief priest. Dionys. 

1. — Virg. JEn. 1, V. 271. A son of Antony 

the triumvir and Fulvia. {Vid. Antonius Ju- 
lius.] 

JCnia lex Sacrata-, by L. Junius Brutus, 
the first tribune of the people, A. U. C. 260. 
It ordained that the person of the tribune 
should be held sacred and inviolable ; that 
an appeal might be made from the consuls to 
the tribune; and that no senator should be 

able to exercise the office of a tribune. 

Another, A. U. C. 627, which excluded all 
foreigners from enjoying the privileges or 
names of Roman citizens. 

JuNL\, a niece of Cato of Utica, who 
married Cassius, and died 64 years after her 
husband had killed himself at the battle of 

Philippi. Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, 

accused of incest with her brother Silanus. 
She was descended from Augustus. She was 
banished by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. 
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. 

Junius Blaesus, a proconsul of Africa under 
the emperors. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 35. Lu- 
pus, a senator who accused Vitellius of aspi- 
ring to the sovereignty, fcc. Tacit. Ann. 12, 
c. 42. D. Silanus, a Roman who commit- 
ted adultery with Julia, the grand-daughter of 
Augustus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 24. — —Bru- 
tus. [Vid. Brutus.] 

Juno, a celebrated deity among the an- 
cients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was 
sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ce- 
res, &c. She was born at Argos, or, accord- 
ing to others, in Samos, and was intrusted to 
the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and 
Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys. Some 
of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed, that 
she had been brought up by the three daugh- 
ters of the river Asterion ; and the people of 
Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained, that she 
had been educated under the care of Temenus, 
the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by 
Saturn, according to some mythologists ; and, 
according to ApoUodorus, she was again re- 
stored to the world by means of a potion which 
Metis gave to Saturn, to make him give up 
the stone which his wife had given him to 
swallow instead of Jupiter. [Vid. Saturnus.] 
Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his 
sister ; and the more powerfully to gain her 
confidence, he changed himself into a cuckoo, 
and raised a great storm, and made' the air 
unusually chill and cold. Under this form he 
went to the goddess, all shivering. Jinio 
pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her 
bosom. When .Jupiter had gained these ad- 
vantages, he resumed his original form, and 
obtained the gratification of his desires, after 
he had made a solemn promise of marriage to 
his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno 
were celebrated with the «ri*^atest solemnity ; 



JV 

tlic gods, all mankind, and all the brute crea- 
tion, attended. Chelone, a young woman, 
was the only one who refused to eome, and 
who derided the ceremony. For this impie- 
ty, Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and 
condemned her to perpetual silence ; from 
which circumstance the tortoise has always 
been used as a symbol of silence among the 
ancients, By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno 
became the queen of all the gods, and mistress 
of heaven and earth. Her conjugal hap- 
piness, however, Avas frequently disturbed by 
the numerous amours of her husband, and she 
showed herself jealous and inexorable in the 
highest degree. Her severity to the mistres- 
ses and illegitimate children of her husband 
w^as unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules 
and his descendants with the most inveterate 
fury ; and her resentment against Paris, who 
had given the golden apple to Venus in pre- 
ference to herself, was the cause of the Tro- 
jan war, and of all the miseries which happen- 
ed to the unfortunate house of Priam, Her 
severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Seraele, 
&.C. are also well known. Juno had some chil- 
dren by Jupiter. According to Hesiod, she 
was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithya, or 
Lucina ; and besides these, she brought forth 
Vulcan, without having any commerce with 
the other sex, but only by smelling a certain 
plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who 
had produced Minerva from his brain. Ac- 
cording to others, it was not Vulcan, but 
Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought forth in 
this manner, and this was after eating some 
lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily and 
repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last pro- 
voked Juno to such a degree, that she retired 
to Eubffia, and resolved for ever to forsake his 
bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after 
he had applied to Citha3ron for advice, and 
after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and 
artifice. [Ttf?. Daedal a.] This reconciliation, 
however cordial it might appear, was soon 
dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the 
complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had 
often recourse to violence and blows. He 
even punished the cruelties which she had ex- 
ercised upon his son Hercules, by suspending 
her from the heavens by a golden chain, and 
tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was 
punished for assisting his mother in this de- 
grading situation, and he was kicked down 
from heaven by his father, and broke his leg 
by the fall. This punishment rather irritated 
than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge 
it, and she engaged some of the gods to con- 
spire against Jupiter and to imprison him, but 
Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by 
bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. 
Apollo and Neptune were banished from 
heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though 
some attribute their exile to different causes. 
The worship of Juno was universal, and even 
more than that of Jupiter, according to some 
authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the 
greatest solemnity. She was particularly 
worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and 
afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally 
offiered on her altars an ewe lamb and a sow 
the first day of every montii. IS'o cows were 
ever immolated to her, because she assumed 
the nature of that animal \a hen the gods fled 



JU 

into Egypt in their war with the giants. 
Among the birds, the hawk, tiie goose, and 
particularly the peacock, often called Junonia 
aviSf [ Fid. Argus,] were sacred to her. The 
dittany, the poppy, and the Tily, were her fa- 
vourite flowers. The latter flower was origin- 
ally of the colour of the crocus ; but, when 
Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno 
while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon 
earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from 
purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk 
also dropped in that part of the heavens which^ 
from its whiteness, still retains the name of 
the milky way, lacteavia. As Juno's power 
was extended over all the gods, she often made 
use of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, 
and even had the privilege of hurling the thun- 
der of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples 
were numerous, the most famous of which 
were at Argos, Olympia, &,c. At Rome no 
woman of debauched character was permitted 
to enter her temple or even to touch it. The 
surnames of Juno are various, they are de- 
rived either from the function or things over 
which she presided, or from the places where 
her worship was established. She was the 
queen of the heavBns; she protected cleanli- 
ness, and presided over marriage and child- 
birth, and particularly patronized the most 
faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely 
punished incontinence and lewdness in ma- 
trons. She was the goddess of all power and 
empire, and she was also tlie patroness of 
riches. She is represented sitting on a throne 
with a diadem on her head, and a golden scep- 
tre in her right hand. Some peacocks gen- 
erally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched 
on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed 
the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. 
She is sometimes carried through the air in a 
rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman 
consuls, when they entered upon office, were 
always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. 
The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona 
or Romana. She was generally represented 
as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman 
matrons always imitated this manner of dres- 
sing themselves, and deemed it indecent in 
any married woman to leave any part of her 
body but her face uncovered. She has receiv- 
ed the surname of Olympia, Samia, Lacedaj- 
monia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescin- 
thes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithaero- 
neia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Mi- 
gale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, 
Teleia, Zera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, 
Ilithyia, Lucinia, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, 
Pupulonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, 
Doniiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &.c. Cic. de 
A'at. D. 2.—Paus. 2, kc.—JlpoUod. 1, 2, 3.— 
ApoUon. 1. — Argon. — Horn. II. 1, &.c. — Virg. 
JEn. 1, Lc.—Herodot. 1, 2, 4, hc.—Sii. I.— 
Dionys.Hal. i.—Liv. 23, 24, 21,&LC.~0vid. 
Met. 1, &c. Fast. 5, — Plut. qiioest. Rom. — 
Tilmll. 4, el. 13.— Atfien. lo.—Plin. 34. 

•TuNON.YLiA and Junoni.\, festivals at Rome 
in honour of .Juno, the same as the He- 
rasa of the Greeks. [Vid. Herxdi.] Liv. 27 ■, 
c. 37. 

JuNuxKs, a name of the protecting genii 
of the women among the Romans. They gen- 
erally swore by them, as the men by their ge- 
nii. There were altars often erected to thei* 
honour. Flin. 2, c. 7. — Seneca, ep. 110. 



JU 

JuNONiA,two islands, supposed to be among 

the Fortunate islands. A name which 

Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 
€000 Romans to rebuild it. 

JuNONiGENA, a sumame of Vulcan as son 
of Juno. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 173. 

JuNUNis PROMONTORiuM, a promoutory of 
Peloponnesus. Laciniae templum, a tem- 
ple of Juno in Italy, between Grotona and the 
Licinian promontory. 

Jupiter, the most powerful of all the gods 
of the ancients. According to Varro, there 
were no less than 300 persons of that name ; 
Diodorus mentions two ; and Cicero three, two 
of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To that of Ci"ete, 
\vho passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the 
actionsof the rest have been attributed. Ac- 
cording to the opinion of the mythologists, Ju- 
piter was saved from destruction by his mother 
and intrusted to the care of the Corybantes 
Saturn, who had received the kingdom of the 
world from his brother Titan on condition of 
not raising male children, devoured all his 
sons as soon as born ; but Ops, offended at her 
husband's cruelty, secreted Jupiter and gave 
a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the 
supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter 
was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, 
and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthaea, 
or upon honey according to others. He re- 
ceived the name of Jupiter, quasi juvans pa- 
ter. His cries were drowned by the noise of 
cymbals and drums, which the Corybantes 
beat at the express command of Ops. [Fi'd. 
Coiybantes.] As soon as he was a year old, 
Jupiter found himself sufficiently strong to 
make war against the Titans, who had impris- 
oned his father because he had brought up 
male children. The Titans were conquered, 
and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his 
son. Saturn, however, soon after, apprehen- 
sive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against 
his life, and was, for this treachery, driven 
from his kingdom and obliged to fly for safety 
into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole 
master of the empire of the world, divided it 
with his brothers* He reserved for himself 
the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of 
the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal re- 
gions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of 
his reign was soon interrupted by the rebel- 
lion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, 
and who wibhed to revenge the death of their 
relations the Titans. They were so powerful 
that they hurled rocks, and heaped up moun- 
tains upon mountains, to scale heaven, so that 
all the gods to avoid their fury fled to Egypt, 
where they escaped from the danger by as- 
suming the form of ditterent animals. Jupiter, 
however, animated them, and by the assistance 
of Hercules, he totally overpowered the 
gigantic race, which had proved such tre- 
mendous enemies. [Vid. Gigantes.] Jupi- 
ter, now freed from every apprehension, 
gave himself up to the pursuit ot" pleasures. 
He married Metes, Themis, Euronyme, Ce- 
res, Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. [ Vid. Ju- 
no.] He became a Proteus to gratify his pas- 
sions. He introduced himself to Danae in a 
shower of gold ; he corrupted Antiope in the 
form of a satyr, and Leda in tlie form of a 
^;vvan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and 
X In enjoyed the company of iEgina in the form 



JU 

of aflame of fire. He assumed the habit of 
Diana to corrupt Calisto, and became Amphi- 
tryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. His 
children were also numerous as well as his 
mistresses. According to Apollodorus, 1, c. 
3, he was father of the Seasons, Irene, Euno- 
mia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and AtropoSj 
by Themis ; of Venus, by Dione ; of the Gra- 
ces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eu- 
rynome, the daughter of Oceanus ; of Proser- 
pine, by Styx ; of the nine Muses, by Mnem- 
osyne, &.C. IVid. Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, 
Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, he.} The 
worship of Jupiter was universal ; he was the 
Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Baby- 
lon, the Osiris of Egypt, &-c. His surnames 
were numerous, many of which he received 
from the place or function over which he pre- 
sided. He was severally called Jupiter Fere- 
trius, Inventor, Elicius, CapitoKnus, Latialis, 
Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor, 
Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &;c. 
The worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the 
other gods in solemnity. His altars were not 
like those of Saturn and Diana, stained With 
the blood of human victims, but he was de- 
lighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and 
white bulls. The oak was sacred to him, be- 
cause he first taught mankind to live upon 
acorns. He is generally represented as sitting 
upon a golden or ivory throne, holding, in one 
hand, thunderbolts, just ready to be hurled, 
and, in the other, a sceptre of cypress. His 
looks express majesty, his beard flows long and 
neglected, and the eagle stands with expand- 
ed wings at his feet. He is sometimes repre- 
sented with the upper parts of his body na- 
ked, and those below the waist carefully cover- 
ed, as if to show that he is visible to the gods 
above, but that he is concealed from the sight 
of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had 
several oracles, the most celebrated of which 
were at Dodona, and Ammon in Libya. As 
Jupiter was the king and father of gods and 
men, his power was extended over the deities, 
and every thing was subservient to his will, 
except the Fates. From him mankind re- 
ceived their blessings and their miseries, and 
they looked upon him as acquainted with 
every thing past, present, and future. He 
was represented at Olympia with a crown like 
olive branches, his mantle was variegated with 
different flowers, particularly by the lily, ^and 
the eagle perched on the top of the sceptre 
which he held in his hand. The Cretans 
represented Jupiter without ears, to signify 
that the sovereign master of the world ought 
not to give a partial ear to any particular per- 
son, but be equally candid and propitious to 
all. At LacedaBmon he appeared with four 
heads, that he might seem to hear with greater 
readiness the different prayers and solicitations 
which were daily poured to him from every 
part of the earth. It is said that Minerva 
came all armed from his brains when he 
ordered Vulcan to open his head. Paus. 1, 2, 
k.c. — Liv. 1, 4, 5, &c. — Diod. 1 and 3. — 
Homer. Id. 1,5, &.c. Od. 1, 4, &,c. — Ifymn. 
ad. Jov. — Orpheus. — Callimac. Jov. — Pitidur. 
Olynip. 1, 3, 5. — Apollon. 1, &.c. — Htsiod. 
Theog. in Scul. — Here. Oper. et Dies. — 
Lycophron. in Cass. — Virg. JEn. 1, 2, ^c. 
G.?i.—Ovid..\hi. l,fab. \\kc.--Horat. 3. od. 

1, kr.. 



JU 

Jura, a high ridge of mountains separating 
the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland 
from Burgundy. Cas. G. 1, c. 2. 

JusTiNus M. JuNiANus, a Latin historian 
in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the 
history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome, 
according to some traditions, was the cause 
that the comprehensive work of Trogus was 
lost. It comprehends the history of the As- 
syrian, Persian, Grecian, Macedonian, and 
Roman enipires, he. in a neat and elegant 
style. It is replete with many judicious re- 
flections and animated harangues ; but the au- 
thor is often too credulous, and sometimes ex- 
amines events too minutely, while others are 
related only in a few words too often obscure. 
The indecency of many of his expressions 

is deservedly censured. The best editions 

of Justin are that of Ab. Gronovius, 8vo. L. 
Bat. 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon. 1703, 

and that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1770. 

Martyr, a Greek father, formerly a Platonic 
philosopher, born in Palestine. He died 
in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the 
Christians, besides his dialogue with a Jew, 
two treatises, fee. in a plain and unadorned 
style. The best editions of Justin Martyr 
are that of Paris, fol. 1636. Of his a])ologies, 
2 vols. 8vo. 1700 and 1703, and Jebb's dia- 
logue with Trypho, published in London, 

1722. An emperor of the east who reigned 

nine years, and died A. D. 526. Another 

who died A. D. 564, after a reign of 38 years. 

Another, who died 577 A, D. after a reign 

of 13 years. 

JuTURNA, a sister of Turnus, king of the 
Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad- 
dresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she 
was not unfavourable to his passion, so that the 
god rewarded her love with Immortality. She 
was afterwards changed into a fountain of the 
same name near the Numicus, falling into the 
Tiber. The waters of that fountain were used 
in sacrifices, and particularly in those of Vesta. 
They had the power to heal diseases. Varro 
de L. L. 1, c. \Q.—Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 708, 1. 2, v. 
bSb.— Virg.Mn. 12, v. 139.— Cic. Cluent. 36. 

Juvenilis, Decius Junius, a poet born at 
Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome, 
and passed some time in declaiming; after 
which he applied himself to write satires, 16 
of which are extant. He spoke with virulence 
against the partiality of Nero for the panto- 
mime Paris, and though all his satire and de- 
clamation were pointed against this ruling fa- 
vourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in 
security during the reign of Nero. After the 
death of Nero, the effects of the resentment 
of Paris were severely felt, and the satirist 
was sent by Domitian as governor on the fron- 
tiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th 
year of his age, and he suffered much from 
the trouble which attended his office, or ra- 
ther his exile. He returned, however, to Rome 
after the death of Paris, and died in the reign 
of Trajan, A. D. 128. His writings are fiery 
and animated, and they abound with humour. 
He is particularly severe upon the vice and dis- 
sipation of the age he lived in ; but the gross 
and indecent manner in which he exposes to 
ridicule the follies of mankind, rather encour- 
ages than disarms the debauched and licen- 
tious. He wrote with acrimony against all his 



iX 

adversaries, and whatever displeased or offen- 
ded him was exposed to his severest censure„ 
It is to be acknowledged, that Juvenal is far 
more correct than his contemporaries, a cir- 
cumstance which some have attributed to his 
judgment and experience, which were uncom- 
monly mature, as his satires were the produc- 
tions of old age. He may be called, and with 
reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. 
After him poetry decayed, and nothing more 
claims our attention as a perfect poetical com- 
position. The best editions are those of Ca- 
saubon, 4to. L. Bat. 1695, with Persius, and 
of Hawkey, Dublin, 12rao. 1746, and of Gra;- 
vius cum notis varioruin, 8vo. L. Bat. 1684. 

JuvENTAs or JuvENTus, a goddess at Rome, 
who presided over youth and vigour. She is 
the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and rep- 
resented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in va- 
riegated garments. Liv. 5, c. 54j 1. 21, c. 62, 
1. 36, c. 36. — Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 9, v. 12, 

JuvERNA, or HiBEKNiA, an island at the 
west of Britain, now called Ireland. Juv. 2, 
V. 160. 
IxiBATiE, a people of Pontus. 
IxioN, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, 
or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, ac- 
cording to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela 
daughter of Amythaon. He mm-ried Dia, 
daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and promi- 
sed his father-in-law a valuable present for the 
choice he had made of him to be his daughter's 
husband. His unwillingness, however, to ful- 
fil his promises, obliged Deioneus to have re- 
course to violence to obtain it, and he stole 
away some of his horses. Ixion concealed his 
resentment under the mask of friendship ; he 
invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, 
the capital of his kingdom, and when Deione- 
us was come according to the appointment, lie 
threw him into a pit which he bad previously 
filled with wood and burning coals. This 
premeditated treachery so irritated the neigh- 
bouring princes that all of them refused to 
perform the usual ceremony, by which a man 
was then purified of murder, and Ixion was 
shunned and despised by all mankind. Jupi- 
ter had compassion upon him, and he car- 
ried him to heaven, and introduced him at 
the tables of the gods. Such a favour, which 
ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion, 
served only to inflame his lust ; he became 
enamoured of Juno, and attempted to se- 
duce her. Juno was willing to gratify the pas- 
sion of Ixion, though according to othei-s she 
informed Jupiter of the attempts which had 
been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a 
cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to 
the place where Ixion had appointed to meet 
Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare, and 
from his embrace with the cloud, he had the 
Centaurs, or according to others Centaurus. 
[Vid. Centauri.] Jupiter, displeased with 
the insolence of Ixion, banished him from 
heaven ; but when he heard that he had sedu- 
ced Juno, the god struck him with his thun- 
der, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a 
wheel in hell which continually whirls round. 
The wheel was perpetually in motion, there- 
fore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. 
Diod. 4.—Hi/gi7i. fab. 62.— Pindar. 2. Pylk. 2. 
— Virg. G. 4, V. AHA.—JEn. 6, v. m\.—Ovid. 
Met. 12, y. 210 and '^m.—PhHoslr. Ic, 2. c. a •" 



IX 

Laetant. iyi Tli. 2. One of the Heraclidae 

who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. 
He was son of Alethes. 



IX 

IxioNiDES the patronymic of Pirithotis son 
of Ixion. Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 3S. 



LA 

LAANDER, a youth, brother to Nicocra- 
les, tyrant of Cyrene, &-c. Polycen. 8. 

Laarchus, the guardian of Battus of Cy- 
rene. He usurped the sovereign power for 
some time, and endeavoured to marry the 
mother of Battus, the better to establish his 
tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly in- 
vitation, and caused him to be assassinated, 
and restored the power to Battus. Polyan. 

Labaris, a king of Egypt after Sesostris. 

Labda, daughter of Amphion, one of the 
Bacchiadse, born lame. She married Ection, 
by whom she had a son whom she called Cyp- 
selus, because she saved his life in a coffer. 
\yid. Cypselus.] This coffer was preser- 
ved at Olympia. Herodot. 5, c. 92. — Arisiot. 
PoliL 5. 

Labdacides, a name given to (Edipus, as 
descended from Labdacus. 

Labdacus, a son of Polydonis by Nycteis, 
the daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes. 
His father and mother died during his child- 
hood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, 
who at Ihs death left his kingdom in the hands 
of Lycus, with orders tg restore it to Labda- 
cus as soon as of age. He'vvas father to Laius. 
It is unknown wJii»ther he ever sat qn the 
throne of Thebes.* According to St£W(fs,%his 
father's name • was Phoenix. His (^cen- 
dants were 'calted %abdacidesTx Slat. ^Theb. 
6, v. 451. — ApoJfod. 3, •» 5. — Paus. 2, c. 6, 
L9,c.5. 4»- ^^ • 

Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily, near 
Syracuse. Diod. 13. 

Labealis, a lake in Dalmatia, now Scuta- 
ri, of which the neighbouring inhabitants were 
called Labeates. Liv. 44, c. 31, 1. 45, c. 26. 

L(beo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in 
the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, 
and whose offers of the consulship he refused. 
His works are lost He was wont to enjoy the 
company and conversation of the learned for 
six months, and the rest of the year was spent 
in writing and composing. His father, of the 
same name, was one of Cassar's murderers. 
He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. 
Horace 1, Sat. 3, v. 32, has unjustly taxed him 
with insanity, because no doubt he inveighed 
against his patrons. Appian. Alex. 4. — Suet, in 

Aug. 45. A tribune of the people at Rome, 

who condemned the censor Metellus to be 
thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because 
he had expelled him from the senate. This 
rigorous sentence was stopped by the interfe- 
rence of another of the tribunes. Q. Fabius, 

a Roman consul, A. U. C. 571, who obtained a 
naval victory over the fleet of the Cretans. He 
assisted Terence in composing his comedies, 

according to some. Actius,an obscure poet 

who recommended himself to the favour of 
Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into 
Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious 
line is preserved by an old scholiast ; Perseus 
46 



LA 

1, V. 4. Crudum manduces Priamum, Pria- 
mique Pisinnos. 

Laberius, .r. Decimus, a Roman knight fa- 
mous for his poetical talents in writing panto- 
mimes. .T. Caesar compelled him to act one of 
his characters on the stage. The poet consent- 
ed with great reluctance, buthe showed his re- 
sentment during the acting of the piece, by 
throwing severe aspersions upon J. Caesar, by 
warning the audience against his tyranny, and 
by drawing upon him the eyes of the whole 
theatre. Ceesar, however, restored him to the 
rank of knight, which he had lost by appearing 
on the stage ; but to his mortification, when he 
went to take bis seat among the knights, no one 
offered to make room for him, and even his 
friend Cicero said, Recepissem te nisi anguste 
sederem. Laberius was offended at the affec- 
tation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected 
upon his unsettled and pusillanimous beha- 
viour during the civil wars of Caesar and Pom- 
pey,by the reply oiMirumsi anguste sedes, qui so- 
les duabmsellissedere. Laberius died ten months 
after the murder of J. Caesar. Some fragments 
remain of his poetry. Macrob. sat. 2, c, 3 
and 7. — Horat. 1, sat. 10. — Senec. de Controv. 

18. — Suet, in Cces. 39. Q. Durus, a tribune of 

the soldiers in Caesar's legions, killed in Bri- 
tain. C(Bs. Bell. G. 

LabI'cum, now Colonna, a town of Italy, 
called also Lavicum, between Gabii and Tuscu- 
lum, which became a Roman colony about 
four centuries B. C. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 796. — Liv. 

2, c. 39, 1. 4, c. 47. 
Labienus, an officer of Caesar in the wars 

of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was kil- 
led at the battle of Munda. Ccrs. Bell. G. 6, 
&.C. — Lucan. 5, v. 346. A Roman who fol- 
lowed the interest of Brutus andCassius, and 
became general oftheParthians against Rome. 
He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. 
Slrab. 12 and 14.— i)io.48. Titus, an histo- 
rian and orator at Rome in the age of Augus- 
tus, who admired his own compositions with 
all the pride of superior genius and incompar- 
able excellence. The senate ordered his papers 
to be burnt on account of their seditious con- 
tents ; and Labienus, unable to survive the loss 
of his writings, destroyed himself. Suet, in, 
Cal. 16. — Seneca. 

Labinetus or Labynetus, a king of Baby- 
lon, kc. Herodot. 1, c. 74. 

Labotas, a river near Antioch in Syiia. 

Strab. 16. A son of Echestratus, who made 

war against Argos, &.c. 

Labradeus, a surname of Jupiter in Ca- 
ria. The word is derived from labrys, ^vhich 
in the language of the country :jigniiies an 
hatchet, which Jupiter's statue held in its 
hand. Plut. 

Labron, a part of Italy on the Mediter- 
ranean, supposed to be Leghorn. Cic. 3, ad 
Ifra 6, 



LA 

Labyrinthus, a building whose numerous 
passages and perplexing windings render the 
escape from it difficult, and almost imprac- 
ticable. There were four very famous among 
the ancients, one near the city of Crocodiles or 
Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, 
and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That 
of Egypt was the most ancient, and Herodo- 
tus, who saw it, declares that the beauty and 
the art of the building were almost beyond 
belief. It was built by twelve kings who at 
one time reigned in Egypt, and it was intend- 
ed for the place of their burial, and to comme- 
morate the actions of their reign. It was di- 
vided into 12 halls, or, according to Pliny, into 
16, or as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls 
were vaulted according to the relation of He- 
rodotus. They had each six doors, opening to 
the north, and the same number to the south, 
all surrounded by one wall. The edifice con- 
tained 3000 chambers, 1500 in the upper part, 
and the same number below. The chambers 
above were seen by Herodotus, and astonished 
him beyond conception, but he was not permit- 
ted to see those below, where were buried the 
holy crocodiles and the monarchs whose muni- 
ficence had raised the edifice. The roofs and 
wall were incrusted with marble, and adorned 
with sculptured figures. The halls were sur- 
rounded with stately and polished pillars of 
whits stone, and according to some authors, 
the opening of the doors was artfully attended 
with a terrible noise, like peals of thunder. 
The labyrinth of Crete was built by Daedalus, 
in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most 
famous of all in classical history. It was the 
place of confinement for Daedalus himself, and 
the prison of the Minotaur. According to 
Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the 
others in grandeur and magnificence. It was 
supported by forty columns of uncommon 
height and thickness, and equally admirable 
for their beauty and splendour. Modern tra- 
vellers are still astonished at the noble and 
magnificent ruins which appear of the Egyp- 
tian labyrinth, at the south of the lake Moeris, 
about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. 
.Mela, 1, c. 9.—Plin. 36, c. 13.— Strab. 10.— 
JJiod. h—Herodot. 2, c. 148.~Virg. JEn. 
6, v. 588. 

Lacuna, an epithet applied to a female 
native of Laconia, and, among others, to He- 
len. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 511. 

Lackd^mon, a son of Jupiter and Tay- 
geta the daughter of Atlas, who married 
Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he 
had Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of Acri- 
sius. He was the first who introduced the 
worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who 
first built them a temple. From Lacedaemon 
and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called 
Lacedaemon and Sparta. Jpollod. 3, c. 10. — 

Hygin. fab. 155. — Fans. 3, c. 1. A noble 

ciiy of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, 
CEdled also Sparta, and now known by the 
uame of Misilra. It has been severally 
known by the name of Lelegia, from the Le- 
leges, the i st inhabitants of the country, or 
from Lclex, one of their kings ; and Qilbalia, 
from (Ebalus, the sixth king from Eurotas. It 
was also called Hecaiompolis, from the hundred 
cities which the whole province once contain- 
ed. Lelex is supposed to have been the first 



LA 

king. His descendants, 13 in number, reign- 
ed successively after him, till the reign of the 
sons of Orestes, when the Heraclidae recover- 
ed the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the 
Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the 
descendants of the Heraclidae, enjoyed the 
crown together, and after them it was decreed 
that the two families should always sit on the 
throne together. \_Vid. Eurysthenes.] These 
two brothers began to reign B. C. 1102; their 
successors in the family of Procles were called 
ProclidcE, and afterwards Eurypontidm, and 
those of Eurysthenes, Eurysthenida, and after- 
wards £gid(B. The successors of Procles 
on the throne began to reign in the following 
order : Sous, 1060 B. C. after his father had 
reigned 42 years : Eurypon, 1028 : Prytanis, 
1021: Eunomus, 986: Polydectes, 907: Ly- 
curgus, 898 : Charilaus, 873 : Nicander, 809 : 
Theopompus, 770 : Zeuxidamus, 723 : Anax- 
idamus, 690: Archidamus, 651: AgasicleSy 
605 : Ariston, 564 : Demaratus, 526 : Leoty- 
chides, 491 : Archidamus, 469 : Agis, 427 : 
Agesilaus, 397: Archidamus, 361: Agis 2d, 
338: Eudamidas, 330: Archidamus, 295: 
Eudamidas 2d, 268 : Agis, 244 : Archidamus, 
230; Euclidas, 225: Lycurgus, 219 :— The 
successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059 : 
Echestratus, 1058 : Labotas, 1023 : Doryssus, 
986: Agesilaus, 957: Archelaus, 913: Tele- 
clus, 853: Alcamenes, 813: Polydorus, 776: 
Eurycrates, 724 : Anaxander, 687 : Eurjxra- 
tes 2d, 644 : Leon, 607 : Anaxandrides, 563 : 
Cleomenes, 530: Leonidas, 491 : Plistarchus, 
under guardianship of Pausanias, 480 : Plis- 
toanax, 466 : Pausanias, 408 : Agesipolis, 397: 
Cleombrotus, 380 : Agesiptolis 2d, 371 : Cleo- 
meHe|!2d, 370: Aretus or Areus, 309: Acro- 
tatus,4265: Areus 2d, 264 ;^ Leonidas, 257: 
Cleombrotus? 243: Leonidas. ' restored, 241: 
Cleomenes, 235 : A^fipolis, :il9. Under the 
two last kings, Lycurgus and'A^sipolis, the 
monarchical power was abolished, though Ma- 
chanidas the t}Tant made himself absolute, 

B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In 
the year 191, B. C. Lacedaemon joined the 
Achgean league, and about three years after 
the walls were demolished by order of Philo- 
poemen. The territories of Laconia shared 
the fate of the Acbajan confedei-acy, and the 
whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B. 

C. and converted into a Roman province. 
The inhabitants of Lacedaemon have rendered 
themselves illustrious for their courage and in- 
trepidity, for their love of honour and liberty, 
and for their aversion to sloth and luxury. 
They were inured from their youth to labour, 
and their laws commanded them to make war 
their profession. They never applied them- 
selves to any trade, but their only employ- 
ment was arms, and they left every thing else 
to the cai'e of their slaves. [Vid. Helotae.] 
They hardened their body by stripes and 
other manly exercises ; and accustomed them- ^ 
selves to undergo hardships, and even to die ■ 
without fear or regret. From their valour in ■ 
the field, and their moderation and temper- 
ance at home, they were courted and revered ' 
by all the neighbouring princes, and tiieir 
assistance was severally implored to protect 
the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyp- 
tians, Cyreneans, kc. They were forbidden, 
by the laws of their countiy, [Vid. Lycurgus,] 



LA 

to visit foreign states, lest their morals should 
be corrupted by an intercourse with effeminate 
nations. The austere manner in which their 
children were educated, rendered them un- 
daunted in the field of battle, and from this 
circumstance, Leonidas with a small band was 
enabled to resist the millions of the army of 
Xerxes at Thermopylae. The women were as 
courageous as the men, and many a mother 
has celebrated with festivals the death of her 
son who had fallen in battle, or has cooly put 
him to death if by shameful flight or loss of 
his arms, he brought disgrace upon his coun- 
try. As to domestic manners, the Lacedeemo- 
nians as widely differed from their neighbours 
as in political concerns, and their noblest wo- 
men were not ashamed to appear on the stage 
hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the 
interest of the Lacedaemonians was often pow- 
erful, and obtained the superiority for 500 
years. Their jealousy of the power and great- 
ness of the Athenians is well known. The 
authority of their monarchs was checked by 
the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the 
power of imprisoning the kings themselves if 
guilty of misdemeanors. [ Firf. Ephori.] The 
Lacedaemonians are remarkable for the honour 
and reverence which they paid to old age. 
The names of Lactdxmon and Sparta are pro- 
miscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, 
and often confounded together. The latter 
was applied to the metropolis, and the former 
was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, 
or rather of the country contiguous to the 
walls of the city. This propriety of distinction 
was originally observed, but in process of time 
it was totally lost, and both appellatives were 
soon synonymous and indiscriminately applied 
to the city and country. [Vid. Sparta, Laco- 
nia.] The place where the city stood is now 
called Paleo Chori, (the old town,) and the 
ne^vone erected on its ruins at some distance 
on the west is called Misatra. Liv. 34, c. 33, 
I 45, c. 28.—Strab. 8.—Thucyd. l.—Paus. 3. 
— Justin. 2, 3, fcc. — Herodot. 1, he. — Plut. in 

Lye. he. — Diod. — Mela, 2. There were 

some festivals celebrated at Lacedaemon, the 
names of which are not known. It was cus- 
tomary for the women to drag all the old 
bachelors round the altars and beat them with 
their fists, that the shame and ignominy to 
which they were exposed might induce them 
to marry, he. Athen. 13. 

LACKDiEMoNii and Lacedjemones, the 
inhabitants of Lacedaemon. [Vid. Lacedae- 
mon.] 

LacedjEmokius, a son of Cimon by Clito- 
ria. He received this name from his father's 
regard for the Lacedaemonians. Plut. 

Lacerta, a soothsayer in Domitian's age, 
who acquired immense riches by his art. Juv. 
7, V. 114. 

Lacetania, a district at the north of Spain. 
Liv. 21, c. 23. 

Lachakes, a man who seized the supreme 
power at Athens when the city was in discord, 

and was banished B. C. 296. Polyctn. 4. 

An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He 
deceived his keepers, and escaped, &.c. Id. 
3. A son of AlithridatPs king of Bospho- 



rus. He was received into alliance by Lucul- 

lus. .\ robber condemned by M. Antony. 

An Egyptian buried in the labyrinth near 

Arsiiioe. 



LA 

Laches, an Athenian general in the age of 

Epaminondas. Diod. 12. An Athenian 

sent witli Caiias at the head of a fleet in the 
first expedition undertaken against Sicily in 

the Peloponnesian war. Justin. 4, c. 3. 

An artist who finished the Colossus of Rhodes. 

Lachesis, one of the Parcae, whose name 
is derived from >^-xa*v, to measure out by lot. 
She presided over futurity, and was repre- 
sented as spinning the thread of life, or, ac- 
cording to others, holding the .spindle. She 
generally appeared covered with a garment 
variegated with stars, and holding spindles ia 
her hand. [Vid. Parcae.] Stat. Theb, 2, v. 
249.— Martial. 4, ep. 64. 

L^ciDAs, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, 
who flourished B. C. 241. His father's name 
was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, 
whom he succeeded in the government of the 
second academy. He was greatly esteemed 
by king Attains, who gave him a garden where 
he spent his hours in study. He taught his dis- 
ciples to suspend their judgment, and never 
speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the 
magnificent funeral with which he honoured 
a favourite goose. He died through excess of 
drinking. Diog. 4. 

Lacides, a village near Athens, which de- 
rived its name from Lacius, an Athenian 
hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here 
Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and like- 
wise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. Pans. 
1, c. 37. 

Lacinia, a surname of Juno from her 
temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Cro- 
tonians held in great veneration, and where 
there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. 
[Vid. Zeuxis.] On an altar near the door 
were ashes, which the wind could not blow 
away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble 
piece from this sacred place to finish a temple 
that he was building at Rome to Fortune 
Equestris ; and it is said, that for this sacri- 
lege he afterwards led a miserable life, and 
died in the greatest agonies. Strab. 6. — Ovid, 
15. Met. V. 12 aud702.—Liy. 42,6.3.— Fa/. 
Max. 1, c. 1. 

Laciniensis, a people of Liburnia. 

Lacinium, a promontory of Magna Grae- 
cia, now cape Colonna, the southern boundary 
of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had 
a temple, held in great veneration. It receiv- 
ed its name from Lacinius, a famous robber 
killed there by Hercules. Liv. 24, c. 3, 1. 37, 
c. 6, 1. 30, c. '20.~Virg. Mn. 3, v. 522. 

LACMo^f, a part of mount Pindus where the 
Inachus flows. Herodot. 9, c. 93. 

Laco, a favourite of Galba, mean and cow- 
ardly in his character. He was put to death. 
An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedaemon. 



Lacobrica, a city of Spain where Sertorius 
was besieged by Metellus. 

Laconia, Laco.vica, and Laced^.mon, a 
country on the southern parts of Peloponne- 
sus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north, 
Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on 
the south, and the bay of Argos at the east. 
Its extent from north to south was about 60 
miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas. 
The capital is called Sparta, or Lacedcemon. 
The inhabitants never went on an expedition 
or engaged an enemy but at the full moon. 
[Vid. Laceda-'mon.] The brevity with which 



they always expressed themselves is now be- 
come proverbial, and by the epithet of Laco- 
nic we understand whatever is concise and not 
loaded with unnecessary words. The word 
Laconicum is applied to some hot baths used 
among the ancients, and first invented at La- 
cedffimon. Cic. 4, M. 10.— Slrab. l.—Ptol. 
3, c. 16.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Lac RATES, a Theban general of a detach- 
ment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of 
the Egyptians. Diod. 16. 

Lacrines, a Lacedagmonian ambassador to 
Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 152. 

Lactantius, a celebrated Christian wri- 
ter, whose principal works are de ird divind, 
de Dei operibus, and his divine institutions, 
in seven books, in which he proves the ti'uth 
of the Christian religion, refutes the objec- 
tions, and attacks the illusions and absurdities 
of Paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, 
and energy of his style have gained him the 
name of the Christian Cicero. He died A. D. 

325. The best editions of his works are 

that of Sparke, 8vo. Oxon. 1684, that of 
Biineman, 2 vols, 8vo. Lips. 1739, and that of 
Du Fresnoy, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1748. 

Lacter, a promontory of the island of Cos. 
Lacydes, a philosopher. \^Vid. Lacidas.] 
Lacydus, an effeminate king of Argos. 
Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexander, 
born at Sicyon. He was honoured with a bra- 
zen statue, and obtained a cro^vn at Olympia. 
Martial. 10, ep. lO.—Juv. 13, v. 97. 

Lade, an island of the ^gean sea, on the 
coast of Asia minor, where was a naval battle 
between the Persians and lonians. Herodot. 
6, c. 7. — Paus. 1, c. 35. — Strab. 17. 

Lades, a son of Imbrasas, killed by Tarnus. 
Virg. JEn. 12, v. 343. 
Ladocea, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 
Ladon, a river of Arcadia falling into the 
Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into 
a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, hap- 
pened near its banks. Strab. 1. — Mela, 2, 
c. ^.—Paus. 8, c. 25.— Ouirf. Met. 1, v. 659. 

An Arcadian who followed .^neas into 

Italy, where he was killed. Virg. ./En. 10, 

V. 413. One of ActEeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 

3, V. 216. 
L^LAPS, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 

3. The dog of Cephalus, ^ven him by 

Frocris. [Hrf. Lelaps, &,c.] Id. Met. T. 
La:LiA, a vestal virgin. 
L^LiANus, a general, proclaimed emperor 
in Gaul by his soldiers, A. D. 268, after the 
death of Gallienus. His triumph was short; 
he was conquered and put to death after a few 
months reign by another general called Post- 
humus, who aspired to the imperial puiple as 
■well as himself. 

C. La:lius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 
614, surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with Af- 
ricanus the younger, that Cicero represents 
him in his treatise De Amkitia, as explain- 
ing the real nature of friendship, with its at- 
tendant pleasures. He made war with suc- 
cess against Viriathus. It is said, that he as- 
sisted Terence in the composition of his co- 
medies. His modesty, humanity, and the man- 
ner in which he patronized letters, are as ce- 
lebrated as his greatness of mind and integrity 
in tlie character of a statesman. Cic. de Oral. 
Another consul who accompanied Scipio 



Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spaie 
and Africa. Archelaus, a famous gramma- 
rian. Suet. 

L^NA and Le^na, the mistress of Har- 
modius and Arlstogiton. Being tortured be- 
cause she refused to discover the conspirators, 
she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the 

violent efforts of her executioners. A maa 

who was acquainted with the conspiracy form- 
ed against Cassar. 

LjEnas, a surname of the Popilii at Rome. 
L^neus, a river of Crete, where Jupiter 
brought the ravished Europa. Strab. 

L^PA Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, 3. 
c. 1. 

Laertes, a king of Ithaca, son of Arce 
sius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anti- 
clea, the daughter of Autolycus. , Anticlea 
was pregnant by Sisyphus when she married 
Laertes, and eight months after her union with 
the king of Ithaca she brought forth a son 
called Ulysses. [Firf. Anticlea.] Ulysses was 
treated with paternal care by Laertes, though 
not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him 
his crown and retired into the country, where 
he spent his time in gardening. He Avas found 
in this mean employment by his son at his re- 
turn from the Trojan war, after 20 years ab- 
sence, and Ulysses, at the sight of his father, 
whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, 
long hesitated whether he should suddenly in- 
troduce himself as his son, or whether he 
should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the 
paternal feelings of Laertes, who had believed 
that his son was no more. This last measure 
was preferred, and when Laertes had burst in- 
to tears at the mention which was made of his 
son, Ulysses threw himself on his neck, ex- 
claiming, " father, lam he ivhom you tceep." 
This welcome declaration was followed by a 
recital of all the hardships which Ulysses had 
suffered, and immediately after the father and 
son repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife 
of Ulysses, whence all the suitoi*s who daily 
importuned the princess, were forcibly remo- 
ved. Laertes was one of the Argonauts, accor- 
ding to Jlpollodorus, 1, c. 9. — Homer. Od. 11 
and 24.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 32.—Heroid. 1, v. 

98. A city of Cilicia which gave birth to 

Diogenes, surnamed Latrtius from the place 
of his birth. 

Laertius Diogenes, a writer born at Laer- 
tes. [Vid. Diogenes.] 

LjEstrygones, the most ancient inhabitants 
of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same 
as the people of Leontium, and to have been 
neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on hu- 
man flesh, and when Ulysses came on their 
coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his 
companions. [Fiti. Antiphates ] They were 
of a gigantic stature, according to Homer, who 
however does not mention their country, but 
only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colo- 
ny of them, as some suppose, passed over into 
Italy, with Lamus at their head, where they 
bnilt the town of Formiae, whence the epithet 
of L(£strygonia is often used for that oi For- 
miana. Plin. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 233, 
&c. Fast. 4. ex Pont. 4, ep. 10. — Tzetz. in 
Ltjcophr. V. 662 and 818.— Homer. Od. 10, v. 
81.— 5i/.7, V. 276. 

La:ta, the wife of the emperor Gratian. 
celebrated for her humanity and generoua 
sentiments. 



LA 

LiETORiA LEX Ordered that proper per- 
sons should be appointed to provide for the 
security and the possessions of such as were 
insane or squandered away their estates. It 
made it a high crime to abuse the weakness 
of persons under such circumstances. Cic. de 
Offic. 3. 

La:Tus, a Roman whom Commodus con- 
demned to be put to death. This violence 
raised Laetus against Commodus; he con- 
spired against him, and raised Pertinax to the 

throne. A general of the emperor Severus, 

put to death for bis treachery to the emperor ; 
or according to others on account of hispopu- 
3arity. 

Lisvi, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia 
Transpadana. 

L^viNus, a Roman consul sent against 
Pyrrhus, A. U. C. 474. He informed the 
monarch that the Romans would not accept 
him as an arbitrator in the war with Taren- 
tum, and feared him not as an enemy. He 

was defeated by Pyrrhus. P. Val. a man 

despised at Rome, because he was distinguish- 
ed by no good quality. HoraL 1, Sat. 6, v. 12. 

Lagaria., atownof Lucania. 

Lagia, a name of the island Delos. Vid. 
Delos. 

Lagides, Vid. Lagus. 

Laginia, a town of Caria. 

Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extraction. 
He received in marriage Arsinoe the daughter 
of Meleager, who was then pregnant of king 
Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace 
of his wife, he exposed the child in the v/oods. 
An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed 
him with her prey, and sheltered him with 
her wings against the inclemency of the air. 
This uncommon preservation was divulged by 
Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and 
called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his 
life had been so miraculously preserved, his 
days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. 
This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the 
death of Alexander. According to other ac- 
counts, Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip 
king of Macedonia, and her marriage with 
Lagus was not considered as dishonourable, 
because he was opulent and powerful. The 
first of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to dis- 
tinguish him from his successors of the same 
name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian 
kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that 
he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he 
preferred the name of Lagides to all other ap- 
pellations. It is even said that he established 
a military order in Alexandria, which was call- 
ed Lageion. The surname of Lagides was 
transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyp- 
tian throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Anto- 
ny's mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote, 
which serves to show how far the legitimacy 
of Ptolemy was believed in his age. A pedan- 
tic grammarian, says the historian, once dis- 
playing his great knowledge of antiquity in 
the presence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly in- 
terrupted him with the question of. Pray, tell 
vie, sir, ivho was the father of Peleus? Tell tne, 
replied the grammarian, without hesitation, 
tell me, if you can, king ! who the father of 
Lagus was? This reflection on the meanness 
of the monarch's birth did not in the least 
irritate his resfutment; though the courtiers 



LA 

all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised 
the humour of the grammarian, and showed 
his moderation and the mildness of his tem- 
per, by taking him under his patronage. Pans. 
Attic. — Justin. 33. — Curt. 4. — Pint, de ird 

cohib.—Lucan. 1, v. %M.—Ital. 1, v. 196. 

A Rutulian, killed by Pallas son of Evander. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 381. 
Lagusa, an island in the Pamphylian sea- 
Another near Crete. Strab. 10. — Plin. 



5, c. 31. 

Lagyra, a city of Taurica Chersonesus. 

Laiaues, a patronymic of €Edipus son of 
Laius. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 18. 

Laias, a king of Arcadia who succeeded 
his father Cypselus, &,c. Paus. 8, c. 5.-— «A 
king of Elis, he. 

Lais, a celebrated courtezan, daughter of 
Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born 
at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away 
from her native country into Greece, when 
Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. 
She first began to sell her favours at Corinth 
for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense num- 
ber of princes, noblemen, philosophers, ora- 
tors, and plebeians, who courted her em- 
braces, show how much commendation is 
owed to her personal charms. The expenses 
which attended her pleasures, gave rise to 
the proverb of J^fon cuivis homini contingit 
adire Corinthum. Even Demosthenes himself 
visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but 
when he was informed by the courtezan, that 
admittance to her bed was to be bought at 
the enormous sum of about 2001. English 
money, the orator departed, and observed, 
that he would not buy repentance at so dear 
a price. The charms which had attracted 
Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence 
upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the phi- 
losopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited 
his house herself; but there she had no rea- 
son to boast of the licentiousness or easy sub- 
mission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic 
was one of her warmest admirers, and though 
filthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained 
her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded 
favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited 
the favours of Lais, but he met with cold- 
ness; he, however, attributed the cause of 
his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, 
and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no 
purpose : Fool that thou art, said the cour- 
tezan, to ask what I refused yesterday to thy 
father. Lais ridiculed the austerity of phi- 
losophers, and laughed at the weakness of 
those who pretended to have gained a superi- 
ority over their passions, by observing that the 
sages and philosophers of the age were not 
above the rest of mankind, for she found them 
at her door as often as the rest of the Atheni- 
ans. The success which her debaucheriea 
met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into 
Thessal}^ and more jiarticularly to enjoy the 
company of a favourite youth called Hippo- 
stratus, She was however disappointed; the 
women of the place, jealous of her charms, 
and apprehensive of her corru])ting the fidelity 
of their husbands, assassinated her in the tem- 
ple of Venus, about 340 years before the 
Christian era. Some suppose that tiiere were 
two persons of this name, a mother and her 
1 daughter. Cic. ad Vam. y, cp. 26. — Ovid 



LA 

^imor. 1, el. 5. — Plut. in Alcih. — Fans. 2, c. 2. 

Laius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to 
the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather 
Nycteus had left to the care of his brother 
Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was 
driven from his kingdom by Araphion and 
Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for 
the indignities which Antiope had suffered. 
He was afterwards restored, and married 
Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle in- 
formed him that he should [>erish by the hand 
of his son, and in consequence of this dread- 
ful intelligence he resolved never to approach 
his wife. A day spent in debauch and intox- 
ication made him violate his vow, and Jocasta 
brought forth a son. The child as soon as born 
was given to a servant, with orders to put him 
to death. The servant was moved with 
compassion, and only exposed him on mount 
Cithaeron, where his life was preserved by 
a shepherd. The child called (Edipus was 
educated in the court of Polybus, and an un- 
fortunate meeting with his father in a narrow 
road proved his ruin. (Edipus ordered his 
fiather to make way for him without knowing 
who he was ; Laius refused, and was instantly 
murdered by his irritated son. His arm-bearer 
or charioteer shared his fate. [Vid. (Edipus.] 
Sop hod. in CEdip. — Hygin. 9 and 66. — Diod. 
4.—Apollod. 3, c. b.—Paus. 9, c. 5 and 26.— 
Plut. de Curios. 

Lalage, one of Horace's favourite mistres- 
ses. Horat. 1, od. 23, &.c. — Propert. 4, el. 

7. A woman censured for her cruelty. 

Martial. 2, ep. 66. 

Lalassis, a river of Isauria. 

Lamaciius, a son of Xenophanes, sent 
into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B. C. 
414, before Syracuse, where he displayed 
much courage and intrepidity. Plut. in Alcib. 

A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, who 

betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he 
had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous 
feast. 

Lamalmon, a large mountain of Ethi- 
opia. 

Lambrani, a people of Italy near the Lam- 
brus. Suet, in Cces. 

Lambrus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling 
into the Po. 

Lamia, a town of Thessaly at the bottom 
of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north 
of the river Sperchius, famous for a siege it 
supported after Alexander's death. [F«rf. La- 

miacum.] Diod. 16, &,c. — Paus. 7, c. 6. A 

river of Greece, opposite mount (Eta. A 

daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, 
jin ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. Paus. 10, c. 
12. A famous courtezan, mistress to De- 
metrius Poliorcetes. Plut. in Dem. — Allien. 
n.—JFAian. V. H. 13, c. 9. 

Lamia and Auxesia, two deities of 
Crete, whose worship was the same as at 
Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two 
statues of an olive tree given them by the 
Athenians, provided they came to offer a 
sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. Paus. 2, c. 
30, &c. 

Lamiacum Beli.um happened after the 
death of Alexander, when the Greeks, and 
particularly the Athenians, incited by their 
orators, resolved to free Greece from the gar- 
risons of the Macedonians. Leoslhe.n€s was 



LA 

appointed commander of a numerous forcfj 
and marched against Antipater, who then pre- 
sided over Macedonia. Antipater entered 
Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 
horse, and was beaten, by the superior force 
of the Athenians and of their Greek confede- 
rates. Antipater after this blow fled to La- 
mia, B. C. 323, where he resolved with all 
the courage and sagacity of a careful gene- 
ral, to maintain a siege with about the 8 or 
9000 men that had escaped from the field of 
battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city 
by storm, began to make a regular siege. His 
operations were delayed by the frequent sal- 
lies of Antipater ; and Leosthenes being killed 
by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his es- 
cape out of Lamia, and soon after, with the 
assistance of the army of Craterus brought from 
Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cra- 
non, and though only 500 of their men were 
slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they 
sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipa- 
ter at last with difficulty consented, provided 
they raised taxes in the usual manner, received 
a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses 
of the war, and lastly delivered into his hands 
Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two orators 
whose prevailing eloquence had excited their 
countrymen against him. These disadvanta- 
geous terms were accepted by the Athenians, 
yet Demosthenes had time to escape and poi- 
son himself Hyperides was carried before 
Antipater, who ordered his tongue to be cut 
off, and afterwards put him to death. Plut. 
in Demost. — Diod. 17. — Justin. 11, &c. 

lilmiJE, small islands of the ..^gean, oppo- 
site Troas. Plin. 5, c. 31. A celebrated 

family at Rome, descended from Lamus. 



Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face 
and breast of a woman, and the rest of the 
body like that of a serpent. They allured 
strangers to come to them, that they might 
devour them, and though they were not en- 
dowed with the faculty of speech, yet their 
hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some 
believe them to be witches, or rather evil 
spirits, Avho, under the form of a beautiful 
woman, enticed young children and devoured 
them. According to some, the fable of the 
Lamiae is derived from the amours of Jupiter 
with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, 
whom the jealousy of Juno rendered deform- 
ed, and whose children she destroyed ; upon 
which Lamia became insane, and so despe- 
rate that she eat up all the children (hat came 
in her way. They are also called Leniures. 
[ Vid. Lemures.] Philoslr. in Ap. — Horat. Art. 
Poet. V. 340.— Plut. de Curios.— Dion. 

Lamias yEnus, a governor of Syria un- 
der Tiberius. He was honoured with a 
public funeral by the senate ; and as having 
been a respectable and useful citizen, Horace 
has dedicated his 26 od. lib. 1, to his praises, 

as also 3 od. 17. — Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 37. 

Another, during the reign of Doraitian, put to 
death, &,c. 

Lamirus, a son of Hercules by lole. 

Lampedo, a woman of Lacedaemon, who 
was daughter, wife, sister, and^raother of a 
king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. 
Agrippina, the mother of Claudius, could 
boast the same honours. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 
22 and ST.— Plut. in Age..— Plato in 1, Ale— 
P/m.7,c. 41. 



LA 

Lampktia, a daughter of Apollo and Neae- 
xa. She, with her sister Phaetusa, guarded 
her father's flocks in Sicily when Ulysses ar- 
rived on the coasts of that island. These 
flocks were fourteen in number, seven herds 
of oxen and seven flocks of sheep, consisting 
each of fifty. They fed by night as well as by 
day, and it was deemed unlawful and sacrile- 
gious to touch them. The companions of Ulys- 
ses, impelled by hunger, paid no regard to 
their sanctity, or to the threats and entreaties 
of their chief; but they carried away and kil- 
led some of the oxen. The watchful keepers 
complained to their father, and Jupiter, at the 
request of Apollo, punished the oftence of the 
Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to 
walk, and the flesh which was roasting by the 
fire began to bellow, and nothing was heard but 
dreadful noises and loud lowings. The com- 
panions of Ulysses embarked on board their 
ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter fol- 
lowed them. A storm arose, and they all per- 
ished except Ulysses, who saved himself on 
the broken piece of a mast. Homer. Od. 12, 

V. 119. — Propert. 3, el. 12. According to 

Ovid. Met. 2, v. 349, Lampetia is one of the 
Heliades, who was changed into a poplar tree 
at the death of her brother Phaeton. 

Lampeto and Lampedo, a queen of the 
Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daugh- 
ter of Mars. She gained many conquests in 
Asia, where she founded several cities. She 
was surprised afterwards by a band of barba- 
rians, and destroyed with her female attend- 
ants. Justin. 2, c. 4. 

Lampeus and Lampia, a mountain of Ar- 
cadia. Stat. 8. 

Lampon, Lampos, or Lampus, one of the 

horses of Diomedes. Of Hector. Of 

Aurora. Homer. II. 8, Od. 23. A son of 

Laomedon father of Dolops. A soothsayer 

of Athens in the age of Socrates. Plut. in 
Pericl. 
Lamponia and Lamponium, a city of Troas. 

Herodot. 5, c. 26. An island on the coast 

of Thrace. Strab. 13. 

Lamponius, an Athenian general sent by 
his countrymen to attempt the conquest of 
Sicily. Justin. 4, c. 3. 

Lampridius JElius, a Latin historian in 
the fourth centuiy, who wrote the lives of some 
of the Roman emperors. His style is inele- 
gant, and his arrangement injudicious. His 
life of Commodus,Heliogabal us, Alexander Se- 
verus, &.C. is still extant, and to be found in the 
works of the Historice, Augusta Scriptores. 

Lamprus, a celebrated musician, &lc. — C. 
JVep. in Epain. 

Lampsacus and Lampsacum, now Lamsaki, 
a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the 
Propontis at the north of Abydos. Priapus 
was the chief deity of the place, of which he 
was reckoned by some the founder. His tem- 
ple there was the asylum of lewdness and de- 
bauchery, and exhibited scenes of the most 
unnatural lust, and hence the epithet Lamp- 
sacius is used to express immodesty and wan- 
tonness. Alexander resolved to destroy the 
city on account of the vices of its inhabitants, 
or more properly for its firm adherence to the 
interest of Persia. It was, however, saved 
from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. [Firf. 
Anaximenes.] It was formerly called Pityusa, 



LA 

and received the name of Lampsacus, from 
Lampsace, a daughter of Mandron, a king of 
Phrygia, who gave information to some Pho- 
ceans who dwelt there, that the rest of the in- 
habitants had conspired against their life. This 
timely information saved them from destruc- 
tion. The city afterwards bore the name of 
their preserver. The wine of Lampsacus was 
famous, and therefore a tribute of wine was 
granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain 
the table of Themistocles. Mela, 1, c. 19. — 
Strab. 13.— Pans. 9, c. 31.— Herodot. 5, c. 
117. — C. J\'ep. in Themist. c. 10. — Ovid. 1. 
Trist. 9, v. 26. Fast. 8, v. 345.— Liv. 33, c. 
38, 1. 35, c. 42.— Martial. 11, ep. 17, 52. 

Lamptera, a town of Phocaea in Ionia. 
Lti;.37,c.31. 

Lampteria, afestival atPellene in Achaia, 
in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed 
Lampter from t^stpt^av, to shine, because du- 
ring this solemnity, which was observed in the 
night, the worshippers went to the temple of 
Bacchus with lighted torches in their hands. 
It was also customary to place vessels full of 
wine in several parts of every street in the city. 
Pans. 4, c. 21. 

Lampus, a son of .-S^gyptus. A man of 

Elis. A son of Prolaus. 

Lamus, a king of the Laestrygones, who is 
supposed by some to have founded Formise in 
Italy. The family of the Lamise at Rome was, 
according to the opinion of some, descended 
from him. Horat. 3, od. 17. A son of Her- 
cules and Omphale, who succeeded his mother 
on the throne of Lydia. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 

54. A Latin chief killed by Nisus. Virg. 

JEa. 9, v. 334, A river of Boeotia. Paris. 

9, c. 31. A Spartan general hired by JVec- 

tanebusking of Egypt. Diod. 16. A city 

of Cilicia. A town near Formia;, built by 

the Lasstrygones. 

Lamvrus, buffoon, a surname of one of the 

Ptolemies. One of the auxiliaries of Tur- 

nus killed by Nisus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 334. 

L.\NASSA, a daughter of Cleodaeus, who 
married Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, by 
whom she had eight children. Plut. in Pyrr. 

— Justin. 17, c. 3. A daughter of Agatho- 

cles, who mai'ried Pyn'hus, whom she soon 
after forsook for Demetrius. Plut. 

Lancea., a fountain, &c. Paus. 

Lancia, a town of Lusitania. Flor. 4, c. 12. 

Landi, a people of Germemy conquered by 
Caesar. 

Langia, a river of Peloponnesus, falling 
into the bay of Corinth. 

Langobardi, a warlike nation of Germany, 
along the Sprhe, called improperly Lombards 
by some. Tacit. An. 2, c. 45, G. 40. 

Langrobriga, a town of Lusitania. 

Lanuvium, a town of Latiuni, about 16 
miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno 
had there a celebrated temple which was fre- 
quented by the inhabitants of Italy, and parti- 
cularly by the Romans, whose consuls on first 
entering upon office offered sacrifices lo the 
goddess. The statue of the goddess was co- 
vered with a goat's skin, and armed with a 
buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were 
turned upwards in the form of a cone. Cic. 
pro Miir. de JVat. D. 1, c. 29. pro Milan. 10. 
—Liv. 8, c. 14.—Ital. 13, v. 3(H. 

Laobotas, or Labotas, a Spartan king, 



LA 

of the family of the Agidae, who succeeded his 
father Echestratus, B. C. 1023. During his 
reign war was declared against Argos, by 
Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, and 
was succeeded by Doryssus his son. PaM5.3,c.2. 

Laocoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, 
according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. 
As being priest of ApoHo, he was commission- 
ed by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Nep- 
tune to render him propitious. During the 
sacrifice two enormous serpents issiied from 
the sea, and attacked Laocoon's two. sons 
who stood next to the altar. The father im- 
mediately attempted to defend his sons, but 
the serpents falling upon him squeezed him in 
their complicated wreaths, so that he died in 
the greatest agonies. This punishment was in- 
flicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading 
the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal 
wooden horse which the Greeks had consecra- 
ted to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurl- 
ing a javelin against the sides of the horse as it 
entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes 
this to Ills marriage against the consent of Apol- 
lo, or, according to others, for his polluting the 
temple, by his commerce with his wife Anti- 
ope, before the statue of the god. Virg. JEn. 2, 
V. 41 and 201.— Hygin. fab. 135. 

Laodamas, a son of Alcinous, king of the 
Phaeacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulys- 
ses, while at his father's court. Ulysses, mind- 
ful of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the 
challenge of Laodamas. Homer. Od. 7, v. 170. 

A son of Eteocles, king of Thebes. Pans. 

9, c. 15. 

Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and As- 
tydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of 
Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The de- 
parture of her husband for the Trojan war was 
the source o( grief to her, but when she heard 
that he had fallen by the hand of Hector her 
son*ow was increased. To keep alive the 
niemoiy of a husband whom she had tenderly 
loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made 
and regularly placed in her bed. This was 
seen by one of her servants, who informed 
Iphiclus, that liis daughter's bed was daily defi- 
led by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched 
his daughter, and when he found that the intel- 
ligence was false, he ordered the wooden image 
to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daugh- 
ter's grief. He did not succeed. Laodamia 
threw herself into the flames with the image, 
and perished. This circumstance has givenoc- 
casion to fabulous traditions related by the 
poets, which mention, that Protesilaus was re- 
stored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, 
and that when he was obliged to return to the 
infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to ac- 
company him. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 447. — Ovid. 
Her. ep. 13. — Hygin. fab. 104. — Propert. 1, el. 

19. A daughter of Bellerophon by Achc- 

mone the daughter of king lobates. She had 
a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedi- 
cated herself to the service of Diana, and hun- 
ted with her, but her haughtiness proved fatal 
to her, and she perished by the arrows of the 
goddess. Homer. II. 6, 12 and 16. A daugh- 
ter of Alexander, king of Epirus, by Olympia 
the daughter of Fyrrhus. She was assassina- 
ted in the temple of Diana, where she had fled 
for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, 
railed MiJo, soon after turned his dagger 



LA 

against his own breast and killed himselC 
Justin. 28, c. 3. 

Laodice, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
who became enamoured of Acamas, son of 
Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from 
the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to de- 
mand the restoration of Helen. She obtained 
an interview and the gratification of her desires 
at the house of Philebia, the wife of a gover- 
nor of a small town of Troas, which the Greek 
ambassador had visited. She had a son by Aca- 
mas, whom she called Munitus. She after- 
wards married Helicaon son of Antenor, and 
Telephus king of Mysia. Some call her Asty- 
oche. According to the Greek scholiast of Ly- 
cophron, Laodice threw herself down from the 
top of a tower and was killed when Troy was 
sacked by the Greeks. Dictys. Cret. 1. — Paus. 

13, c. 26.— Homer. II. 3 and 6. One of the 

Oceanides. A daughter of Cinyras, by 

whom Elatus had some children. ApoUod. 3, 

c. 14. A daughter of Agamemnon, called 

also Electra. Homer. II. 9. A sister of Mi- 

thridates who married Ariarathes kingof Cap- 
padocia, and afterwards her own brother Mi- 
thridates. During the secret absence of Mi- 
thridates, she prostituted herself to her ser- 
vants, in hopes that her husband was dead ; 
but when she saw her expectations frustrated, 
she attempted to poison Mithridates,for which 

she was put to death. A queen of Cappa- 

docia, put to death by her subjects for poison- 
ing five of her children. -A sister and wife 

of Antiochus 2d. She put to death Berenice, 
whom her husband had married. [Ftrf. Anti- 
ochus 2d.] She was murdered by order of 

Ptolemy Evergetes, B. C. 246. A daughter 

of Demetrius shamefully put to death by Ara- 
raonius the tyrannical minister of the vicious 

Alexander Bala, king of Syria. A daughter 

of Seleucus. The mother of Seleucus. 

Nine months before she brought forth, she 
dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into 
her bed, and had presented her with a precious 
stone, on which was engraved the figure of an 
anchor, commanding her to deliver it to her 
son as soon as born. This dream appeared 
the more wonderful, when in the morning she 
discovered in her bed a ring answering the 
same description. Not only the son that she 
brought forth, called Seleucus, but also all his 
successors of the house of tiie Seleucidae, had 
the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. Jas- 
tin. — Appian. in Syr. mentions this anchor, 
though in a different manner. 

LAooicEA, now Ladik, a city of Asia, on the 
borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, celebra- 
ted for its commerce, and the fine soft and 
black wool of its sheep. It was originally cal- 
led Diospolis, and afterwards RJioas; and re- 
ceived the name of Laodiceain honour of La- 
odice, the wife of Antiochus. Plin. 5, c. 29. — 
Sirab, 12. — Mela, I, c. 15. — Cic. 5, Alt. 15. pro 

Flacc. Another in Media destroyed by an 

earthquake in the age of Nero. Another 

in Syria, called by way of distinction Laodi- 

cea Cabiosa, or ad Libanum. Another on 

the borders of Ccelosyria. Strab. 

L.\6dicenk, a province of Syria, which re- 
ceives its name from Laodicea, its capital. 

Laodocus, a son of Antenor, whose form 
Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to 
break the treaty which subsisted between the 



I 



LA 

Greeks and Trojans. Homer. II. 4. An at- 
tendant of Antilochus. A son of Priam. 

JpoUod. 3, c. 12. A son of Apollo and 

Phthia. Id. 1; c. 7. 

LaogS-Vus, a son of Bias, brother to Dar- 
danus, killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. 

Horn. II. 20, v. 461. A priest of Jupiter, 

killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer. 
II. 16, V. 604. 

Laogoras, a king of the Dryopes, who 
accustomed his subjects to become robbers. 
He plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, 
and was killed by Hercules. ApoUod. 2, c. 7. 
—Diod. 4. 

Laogore, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
tharme, daughter of Pygmalion. She died in 
Egypt. Apollod. 3, c. 14. 

Laomedon, son of Ilus king of Troy, mar- 
ried Strymo, called by some Placia, or Leu- 
cippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards 
known by the name of Priam, and Hesione. 
He built the walls of Troy, and was assisted 
by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had 
banished from heaven, and condemned to be 
subservient to the will of Laomedon for one 
year. When the walls were finished, Laome- 
don refused to reward the labours of the gods, 
and soon after his territories were laid waste 
by the god of the sea, and his subjects were 
visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacri- 
fices were offered to the offended divinities, 
but the calamities of the Trojans increased, 
and nothing could appease the gods according 
to the words of the oracle, but annually to ex- 
pose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. When- 
ever the monster appeared the marriageable 
maidens were assembled, and the lot decided 
which of them was doomed to death for the 
good of her country. When this calamity had 
continued for five or six years, the lot fell upon 
Hesione, Laomedon's daughter. The king was 
unwilling to part with a daughter whom he 
loved with uncommon tenderness, but his 
refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath 
of the gods. In the midst of his fears and 
hesitation, Hercules came and offered to de- 
liver the Trojans from this public calamity, 
if I,aomedon promised to reward him with 
a number of line horses. The king consent- 
ed ; but when the monster was destroyed, he 
refused to fulfil his engagements, and Her- 
cules was obliged to besiege Troy, and take 
it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to 
death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter 
Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, 
one of the conqueror's attendants, and Podar- 
ces was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed 
upon his father's throne. According to Hy- 
gin'.if, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo was 
kindied against Laomedon, because he re- 
fused to offer on Iheir altars, as a sacrifice, all 
the first born of his cattle, according to a 
vow he had made. Homer. II. 21. — Virg. JEn. 
2 and 9.— OyiV/. Met. 11, fab. Q.—Apollod. 2, 
c. 6.— Pans. 7, c. 20.—Horat. 3, od. 3.—Hy- 
giyi. 89. A demagogue of i\Iessana in Si- 
cily. A satrap of Phoenicia, Lc. Curt. 10, 

c. 10. An Athenian, k,c. Plui. An 

Orchomeuian. Id. 

L.^oMiiDONTEUs, an epithet applied to thf' 
Trojans from their kii^ Laomedon. Firg. 
JEn. 4, v. 542, 1. 7, v. 105, 1. 8, v. 18. 

LioMEDOMiAD;*:, a patronymic given to 
47 



LA 

the Trojans from Laomedon their king. Virg. 
JEn. 3, V. 24S. 

Laonome, the wife of Polyphemus, one of 
the Argonauts. 

Laonomene, a daughter of Thespius, by 
whom Hercules had two sons. Teles and Me- 
nippides, and two daughters, Lysidice and 
Stentedice. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Laothoe, a daughter of Altes, a king of 
the Leleges, who married Priam, and became 
mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer. 

II. 21, V. 85. One of the daughters of 

Thespius, mother of Antidus, by Hercules. 
Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Laous, a river of Lacedasmon. 

Lapathus, a city of Cypi-us. 

Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patrze in 
Achaia, where she had a temple v.'ith a statue 
of gold and ivoiy, which represented her in 
the habit of a huntress. The statue was made 
by Menechm js and Soidas, two artists of ce- 
lebrity. This name was given to the goddess 
from Laphirus, the son of Delphus, who con- 
secrated the statue to her. There was a fes- 
tival of the goddess there, called also Laphria, 
of which Paus. 7, c. 18, gives an account. 

Laphystium, a mountain of Boeotia, where 
Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called 
Laphystius. It was here that Athamas pre- 
pared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom 
Jupiter saved by sending them a golden ram, 
whence the surname and the homage paid to 
the god. Paus. 9, c. 34. 

Lapideus, a surname of Jupiter among 
the Romans. 

LapIth^, a people of Thessaly. [Vid. 
Lapithus. ] 

Lapitho, a city of Cyprus. 

Lapithus, a son of Apollo, by Stilbe. He 
was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsi- 
nome, daaghter of Eiironymus, by whom he 
had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of 
Lapilhcc was given to the numerous children 
of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the in- 
habitants of the country of which they had 
obtained the sovereignty. The chief of the 
Lapithai assembled to celebrate the nuptials of 
Pirithous, one of their number, and among 
them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mop- 
sus, Phalerus, Exadius, Proiochus, Titaresius, 
&.C. The Centaurs v. ere also invited to par- 
take the common festivity, and the amuse- 
ments would have been harmless and innocent, 
had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offer- 
ed violence to Hippodamia, the wife of Pirith- 
ous. The Lapithse resented the injury, and 
the Centaurs supported their companions, up- 
on which the quaiTcl became universal, and 
ended in blows and slaughter. Many of the 
Centaurs were slain, and they at last were 
obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapi- 
thse showed himself brave and intrepid in sup- 
porting the cause of his friends, and Nestor al- 
so was not less active in the protection of chas- 
tity and innocence. This quarrel arose from 
the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous for- 
got or neglected to invite among the other 
gods, at the celebration of his nuptials, and 
therefore the divinity punished the insult by 
sowing dissention among the festive assembly. 
[yid. Centauri.] Hesiod has described the 
battle of the Centaurs and Lapilhae, as also 
Ovidj in a more copious manner. The inven 



LA 

iton of bits and bridles for horses is attributed 
to the Lapithae. Virg. G. 3, v. 115. ^n. 6, v. 
601, 1. 7, V. 305.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 530, 1. 14, 
V. 670. — Hesiod. in Scut. — Diod. 4. — Find. 2. 
—Pylh. —Strab.9.—Slat. Thth. 7, v. 304. 

LAPiTHiEUM, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 3, 
c. 20. 

Lailv or Laranda, one of the Naiads, 
daughter of the river Almon in Latium, fa- 
mous for her beauty and her loquacity, which 
her parents long endeavoured to correct, but 
in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of 
her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which 
the god cut oft" her tongue, and ordered Mer- 
cury to conduct her to the infernal regions. 
The messenger of the gods fell in love with 
ber by the way, and gratified his passion. La- 
ra became mother of two children, to whom 
the Romans have paid divine honours accord- 
ing to the opinion of some, under the name of 
Lares. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 599, 

Larentia and Laurentia, a courtezan of 
the first ages of Rome. [Vid. Acca.] 

Lares, gods of inferior power at Rome, 
who presided over houses and families. They 
were two in number, sons of Mercury by 
Lara. IVid. Lara.] In process of time their 
power was extended not only over houses, but 
also over the country and sea, and we find 
Lares Urbani to preside over the cities, Fami- 
Hares over houses, Rustici over the country, 
Compitales over cross roads, Marini over the 
sea, Viales over the roads, Patellarii, he. 
According to the opinion of some, the wor- 
ship of the gods Lares, who are supposed to 
be the same as the manes, arises from the an- 
cient custom among the Romans and other 
nations of burying their dead in their houses, 
and from their belief that their spirits contin- 
ually hovered over the houses, for the protec- 
tion ofits inhabitants. The statues ofthe Lares, 
resembling monkies, and covered with the 
skin of a dog, were placed in a nich behind 
the doors ofthe houses, or around the hearths. 
At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a 
dog barking, to intimate their care and vigi- 
lance. Incense was burnt on their altars, 
and a sow was also otfered on particular days. 
Their festivals were observed at Rome in the 
'month of May, when their statues were 
crowned with garlands of flowers, and ofter- 
ings of fruit presented. The word Lares 
seems to be derived from the Etruscan word 
Lars, which signifies conductor or leader. 
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 129.— Juv. 8, v. 8.—PluL in 
QucEst. Rom. — Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. — Horat. 
3, od. 23.— Plant, in jiul. ^ Cist. 

Larga, a well known prostitute in Juve- 
nal's age. Juv. 4, v. 25. 

Largus, a Latin poet who wrote a poem 
on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he 
built the town of Padua. He composed with 
ease and elegance. Ovid, ex Font. 4, ep. 16, 
V. 17. 

Larides, a son of Daucus or Dauuus who 
assisted Turnus against jiEneas, and had his 
Land cut oft" w ith one blow, by Pallas the son 
of Evander. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 391. 

L.viuNA, a virgin of Italy who accompa- 
nied Camilla in her war against J:Ineas. Virg. 
JFm. 11, v. 655. 

Larinum or Larina, now Larino, a town of 
the Frentani on the Tiferuus before it falls 



LA 

into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were cal- 
led Larinates. Ital. 15, v. 565. — Cic. Clu. 63, 
4. Mt. 12, 1. 7, ep. 13.— Liv. 22, c. 18, 1. 27, c. 
40.— CcB^. a 1, c. 23. 

Larissa, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave 
her name to some cities in Greece. Paus. 2, 

c. 23. A city between Palestine and Egypt, 

where Porapey was murdered and buried ac- 
cording to some accounts. A large city oa 

the banks ofthe Tigris. It had a small pyra- 
mid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt- 

A city of Asia Minor, on the southern 

confines of Troas. Strab. 13. Another in 

iEolia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is suruamed 
Phriconis by Strabo, by way of distinction. 

Strab. 13.— Homer. II. 2, v. 640. Another 

nearEphesus. Another on the borders of 

the Peneus in Thessaly, also called Cremastty 
from its situation, (PeiisUis,) the most famous 
of all the cities of that name. It was here that 
Acrisius was inadvertently killed by his grand- 
son Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous tem- 
ple, on account of which he is called Laris- 
sceus. The same epithet is also applied to 
Achilles, who reigned there. It is still extant, 
and bears the same name. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 
642.— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 197.— Lztcan 6.— Lip.31, 

c. 46, 1. 42, c. 56. A citadel of Argos built 

by Danaus. 

Lariss^us. [Vid. Larissa.] 

Larissus, a river of Peloponnesus flowing 
between El is and Achaia. Strab. 8. — Liv. 
27, c. 31.— Paus. 8, c. 43. 

Larius, a lai'ge lake of Cisalpine Gaul, 
through which the Addua runs in its way into 
the Po, above Cremona. Virg. G. 2, v. 159. 

Larnos, a small desolate island on the coast 
of Thrace. 

Laronia, a shameless courtezan in Juve- 
nal's age. Jul'. 2, V. 86. 

Lars Tolumnius, a king of the Veientes, 
conquered by the Romans, and put to death, 
A. U. C. 329. Liv. 4, c. 17 and 19. 

T. Lartius Florus, a consul, who appeas- 
ed a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, 
and was the first dictator ever chosen at 
Rome, B. C. 498. He made Spurius Cas- 
sius his master of horse. Liv. 2, c. 18.—— 
Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone 
withstood the fury of Porsenna's army at the 
head of a bridge, while the communication wa» 
cutting down behind them. His compa- 
nions were Codes and Herminius. [Vid. 

Codes.] Liv. 2, c. 10 and 18. Dionys Hal. 

— Val. Max. 3, c. 2. The name of Lartius 

has been common to many Romans. 

Lartol^etani, a people of Spain. 

Larv^, a name given to the wicked spirits 
and apparitions which, according to the 



notions of the Romans, issued from their 
graves in the night, and came to terrify the 
world. As the word larva signifies amaskf 
whose horrid and uncouth appearance often 
serves to frighten children, that name has 
been given to the ghosts or spectres which 
superstition believes to hover around the 
graves ofthe dead. Some call them Lemures. 
Servius in Virg. JE7i. 5, v. 64, 1. v. 152. 

Larymna, a town of Boeotia, where Bac- 
chus had a temple and a statue. Another 

in Caria. Strab. 9 and 16.— Mela, 1, c. 16, 1, 
c. 3. 

Larvsium, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 
3, c. 22. 



LA 



LA 



Lassia, an ancient name of Andros. 1 it was agreed, that the quarrel should be de* 

Lassus or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet 1 cided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised 
born at Hermione in Peloponnesus, about I his daughter to the conqueror. jJLneas ob- 
600 years before Christ, and reckoned among I tained the victory, and married Lavinia. La- 
the wise men of Greece by some. He is tinus soon after died, and was succeeded by his 



particularly known by the answer he gave 
to a man who asked him what could best 
render life pleasant and comfortable.' Ex- 
perience. He was acquainted with music. 
Some fragments of his poetry are to be found 
in Athenaeus. He wrote an ode upon the 
Centaurs, and an hymn to Ceres, without 
insertingthe letter S in the composition. Athtn. 
10. 

Lasthenes, a governor of Olynthus cor- 
rupted by Philip king of Macedonia. A 

Cretan demagogue conquered by Metellus 

the Roman general. A cruel minister at 

the court of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria. 

Lasthenia, a woman who disguised her- 
self to come and hear Plato's lessons. Diog. 
Latagus, a king of Pontus who assisted 
lEXes against the Argonauts, and was killed 

by Darapes. Flacc. 5, v. 584. One of the 

companions of -a:neas, killed by Mezentius. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 697. 

Lateral OS Plautus, a Roman consul 
elect A. D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso 
against the emperor Nero proved fatal to 
him. He was led to execution, where he re- 
fiised to confess the associates of the conspira- 
cy, and did not even frown at the executioner, 
who was as guilty as himself; but when a first 
blow could not sever his head from his body, 
he looked at the executioner, and shaking his 
head, he returned it to the hatchet with the 
greatest composure, and it was cut off. There 
exists now a celebrated palace at Rome which 
derives its name from its ancient possessors, 
the Laterani. 

Laterium, the villa of Q. Cicero at Arpi- 
num, near the Liris. Cic. ad Attic. 10, ep. 1. 
el. 4, ep. 7, adfr. 3, ep. 1. — Plin. 15, c, 15. 

Latialis, a surname of Jupiter, who was 
worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon 
mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals 
which were first instituted by Tarquin the 

proud, lasted 15 days. Liv. 21. [Vid. Fe- 

riee Latinae.] 

LATiNi,the inhabitants of Latium. [Vid. 
Latium.] 

Latin lus Latiaris, a celebrated informer, 
Stc. Tacit. 

Latinus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king 
of the Aborigines, in Italy, who from him were 
called Latini. He married Amata, by Avhom he 
had a son and a daughter. The son died in his 
infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was 
secretly promised in marriage by her mother 
to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most 
powerful admirers. The gods opposed this 
union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia 
must become the wife of a foreign prince. 
The arrival of i^^neas in Italy seemed favour- 
able to this prediction, and Latinus, by ofter- 
ing his daughter to the foreign prince and ma- 
king him his friend and ally, seemed to have 
fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Tumus 
however disapproved of the conduct of Latinus, 
he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and 
prepared to support his cause by arms. iEneas 
took up arms in his own defence, and Latium 
was the seat of the war. After mutual losses 



son-in-law. Virg. JEn. 9, k.c. — Ovid. Met. 13, 
he— Fast. 2, kc.—Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 13.— 

Liv. I, c. 1, &c. — Jitslin. 43, c. 1. A son 

of Sylvius ^neas, surnamed also Sylvius. 
He was the 5th king ef the Latins, and suc- 
ceeded his father. He was father to Alba his 
successor. Dionys. 1, c. 15.— -Lit'. 2, c. 3. 
A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore this 



name. 

Latium, a country of Italy near the river 
Tiber. It was originally very circumscribed, 
extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, 
but afterwards it comprehended the territo^ 
ries of the Volsci, iEqui, Hernici, Ausones, 
Umbii, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants 
were called AborigineSf and received the 
name of Latini from Latinus their king. 
According to others the word is derived from 
lateo, to conceal, because Saturn concealed 
himself there when ilying the resentment of 
his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital 
of the country in the reign of Latinus, La- 
vinium, under .^neas, and Alba under Asca- 
nius. [Vid. Alba.] The Latins, though 
originally known only among their neigh- 
bours, soon rose in consequence when Ro- 
mulus had founded the city of Rome in their 
country. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 38, 1. 8, v. 322. 
— Strab. 5. — Dionys. Hal. — Justin. 20, c. 1. 
—Plut. in RomuL—Plin. 3, c. 12.— Tactf. 4, 
Ann. 5. 

Latius, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. 
Stat. 5.—Sylv. 2, v. 392. 

Latmus, a mountain of Caria near Mile- 
tus. It is famous for the residence of Endy- 
mion, whom the Moon regularly visited in 
the night, whence he is often called Latmias 
Heros. [Vid. Endymion.] Mela,. 1, c. 17. — 
Ovid. Trist 2, v. 299. Art. Am. 3, v. SS,— Plin, 
4, c. 29.— Strab. 14.— Cic. 1, Tus. 28. 

Latobius, the god of heaUh among the 
Corinthians. 
Latoerigi, a people of Belgic Gaul. 
Latois, a name of Diana as being th« 

daughter of Latona. A country hous« 

near Ephesus. 

LatobUjE. [Vid. Latumia}.] 
Latona, a daughter of Cceus the Titan and 
Phoebe, or, according to. Homer, of Saturn. 
She was admired for her beauty, and cele- 
brated for the favours which she granted to 
Jupiter. Juno,, always jealous of her hus- 
band's amours, made Latona the object of 
her vengeance, and sent the serpent Python to 
disturb her peace and persecute her. Latona 
wandered from place to place in the time 
of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for 
fear of Python. She was driven from heaven , 
and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to 
give her a place where she might find rest 
and bring forth. Neptune, moved with com^ 
passion, struck with his trident^ and made im- 
moveable the island of Delos, which before 
wandered in the ^gean, and appeared some- 
times above, and sometimes below, the surface 
of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail by 
Jupiter, came to Delos, w^here she resumed 
her original shape, and gave birth to Apolli?^ 



LA 

and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an 
olive. Her repose was of short duration ; 
Juno discov^ered the place of her retreat, and 
obliged her to fly frorji Delos. She wandered 
over the greatest part of the world, and in 
Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to 
stop, she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants 
of Vfc'hom she asked for v.'ater, while they 
were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and in- 
solence provoked her, and she entreated Ju- 
piter to punish then* barbai-ity. Thpy \vere 
all changed into frogs. She was exposed to 
repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted her- 
self greater than the nioiher.of Apollo aad 
Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the 
piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. 
fiVtd. x'iobc.] Her beauty pi'oved fatal to 
the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana put 
to death. [Vid. Tityus.] At last, Latona, 
though persecuted and exposed to the resent- 
ment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and 
saw her children receive divine honours. Her 
worship was generally established where iier 
children received adoration, particularly at 
Argosj Delos, &c. where she bad temples. She 
had an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true 
decisive answers which ii gave, Diod. 5. — 
Herodot^2, c. 155. — Pans. 2 and 3. — Homer. 
11.21. Hymn in ^p. 8/- Dian. — Hesiod. Theog. 
— ApoUod. 3, c. 5 and 10. — Ovid. Met. 6, v. 
im.—Hygin. fab. 140. 
Latopolis, a city of Egypt. Strah. 
Latous, a name given to Apollo as son of 
Latona, Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9. 

Latreus, one of the Centaurs, who, after 
Ivillius Halesus was himself slain by Cseneus, 
Ovid. Xet. 12, V. 463. 

Laudamia, a daughter of Alexander king 
of Epirus and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhus, 
killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged 

populace, Jmtin. 28, c. 3. The wife of 

Protesilaus. [Vid. Laodamia.] 
Laudjce. [Vid. Laodice.] 
L^verna, the goddess of thieves and dis- 
honest persons at Rome. She did not only 
preside over robbers, called from her Laver- 
■niones. but she protected such as deceived 
others, or foi'raed their secret machinations in 
obscurity and silence. Her worship was very 
popular, and the Romans raised her an altar 
near one of the gates of the city, which, from 
that circumstance, was called the gate of La- 
verna. She was generally represented by a 
head without a body. Horat. 1, ep. 16, v. 60. 

— Varro de L. L. 4, A place mentioned by 

Plut. &c, 

Lavernium, a temple of Laverna, near 
Formiai. Cic. 7, M. 8. 

Laufella, a wanton woman, &c. Juv. 6, 
V. 319. 

Laviana, a province of Armenia Minor. 
Lavinia, a daughter of king Latiims and 
Areata. She was betrothed to her relation 
king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered 
her father to marry her to a foreign piince, 
she was given to .^neas after the death of 
Turnus. [Vid. Latinus.] At her husband's 
death she was left pregnant, and being fearfid 
of the tyranny of Ascanius her sonin-law, she 
fled into the woods, where she brought forth a 
t.on called ^Encas Sylvius. Dionys. Hal. 1. — 
Virg. JEn. 6 and l.—Orid. Met. 14, v, 507.— 
Liv. 1, 0. 1. 



LA 

Lavinium, or Lavinum, a town of Italy, 
built by iEneas, and called by that name in 
honour of Lavinia, the founder's wife. It was 
the capital of Latiura during the reign of 
^neas. Virg. Mi. 1, v. 262.—Strab. 5.— 
Dionys. Hal. 1. — Liv. 1, c. 2. — Justin. 43, 
c. 2. 
Laura, a place near Alexandria in Egypt. 
Laureacum, a town at the confluence of 
the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch. 

Laurentalia, certain festivals celebrated 
at Rome in honour of Lamentia, on the 
last day of April and the 23d of December. 
They were, in process of time, part of the 
Saturnalia. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 57. 

Lacrentes Agri, the country in the 
neighbourhood of Laurentum. Tibull. 2, el. 
5, V. 41. 
Laurentia. [Vid. Acca.'\ 
Laurentini, the inhabitants of Latium. 
They received this name from the great num- 
ber of laurels which grew in the country. 
King Latinus found one of uncommon large- 
ness and beauty, when he was going to build 
a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecra- 
ted to the god, and preserved with the most 
religious ceremonies. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 59. 

Laurentius, belonging to Laurentum or 
Latium. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 709. 

Laurentum, now Paterna^ the capital 
of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of La- 
tinus. It is on the sea coast east of the Tiber. 
[Vid. Laurentini.] Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 
— Liv. 1, c. 1. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 171. 

Laurion, a place of Attica, where were 
gold mines, from which the Athenians drew 
considerable revenues, and with which they 
built their fleets by the advice of Themis- 
tocles. These mines failed before the age 
of Strabo. Tliueyd. 2. — Pans. 1, c. 1.— 
Slrab. 9. 

Lauron, a town of Spain, where Pompey's 
son was conquered by Ceesar's army. 

Laus, now Laino, a town on a river of the 
same name, which forms the southern bounda- 
ry of Lucania. Slrab. 6. 

Laus Pompeia, a town of Italy founded 
by a colony sent thither by Pompe}^ 

Lausus, a son of Numitor, and 'brother of 
Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle 
Amulius, who usurped his father's throne. 
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 54. A son of Mezentius, 



king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by ^Eneas in 
the war which his father and Turnus made 
against the Trojans. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 649, 1. 
10, v. 426, &LC. 

Lautium, a city of Latiura, 

Lautumi/e or IuATo^ux, a prison at Sy- 
racuse cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, 
and now converted into a subterraneous gar- 
den tiiled with numerous shrubs, flourishing in 
luxuriaut variety. Cic. Ver. 5, c. 27. — Liv. 26, 
V. 27, 1. 32, c. 26. 

Leaues, a son of Astacus, who killed 
Eteoclus. Jipollod. 

LF.iKi, a nation of Pffionia near Macedonia, 

Lk^na, an Athenian harlot. [Vid. Lana.] 

Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous for 

his amours with Hero. [Vid. Hero.] A 

Milesian who wrote an historical commentary 
upon his country, 

Leandre, a daughter of Amyclas, who 
raariied Areas. .ff/olUd. 



LE 

Leajs'drias, a Lacedaemonian refugee of 
Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient 
oracle, thai Sparta wouid lose the superiority 
over Greece when conquered by the Thebans 
at Leuctra. Diod. 15. 

Leanira, a daughter of Amyclas. [Vid. 
Leandre.] 

Learchcs, a son of Athamas and Ino, 
crushed to death against a wall by his father, 
in a fit of madness. [ Tirf. Athamas.] Ovid. 
Fast. 6, V. 490. 

Lebadea, now Lioadias, a town of Bceo- 
tia, near mount Helicon. It received this 
name from the mother of Aspledou, and be- 
came famous for the oracle and cave of Tro- 
phonius. No moles could live there, accord- 
ing to Pliny. Strab. g. — Plin. 16, c. 36. — 
Pans. 9, c. 59. 

Leeedus or Lebedos, a town of Ionia, 
at the north of Colophon, where festivals were 
yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and 
where Tropbonius had a cave and a temple. 
Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried part of 
the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been 
founded by an Athenian colony, under one of 
the sons of Codrus. Strab. 14 — Horat. 1, 
ep. 11, V. 7. — Herodot. 1, c. 142. — Cic. 1, Div. 
33. 

Lebena, a commercial town of Crete, 
with a temple sacred to ..Esculapius. Paas. 
2, c. 26. 

Lebinthos and Lebynthos, an island in the 
JEgean sea, near Patmos. Strab. 10. — Mela, 
2; c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 222. 

Lech.eum, now Pelago, a port of Corinth 
in the bay of Corinth. Stat. Thtb. 2, v. 381. 
— Lir. 32, c. 23. 

Lectum, a promontory, now cape Baba, se- 
parating Troas from iiiol'ia. Lix. 37, c. 37. 
Lecythus, a town of Eubcea. 
Leda, a daughter of king Thespius and 
Eurylhemis, who married Tyndarus, king of 
Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river 
Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few 
days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god, 
struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive 
her. He persuaded Venus to change herself 
into an eagle, while he assumed the form of 
a swan ; and after this metamorphosis. Jupi 
ter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of 
the bird of prey, fled through the air into the 
arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the 
trembling swan from the assaults of his supe- 
rior enemy. The caresses with which the 
naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupi- 
ter to avail himself of his situation, and nine 
months after this adventure, the wife of Tyn- 
darus brought forth two eggs, of one of which 
Eprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other 
Castor and Cl3'teranestra. The two former 
were deemed the ofl'spring of Jupiter, and the 
others claimed Tyndarus for their father. 
Some mythologists attribute this amour to 
Nemesis, and not to Leda ; and they further 
mention, that Leda was intrusted with the 
education of the children which sprang from 
the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. [Via. 
Helena.] To reconcile this diversity of opin- 
ions, others maintain that Leda received the 
name of Nemesis after death. Homer and 
Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis 



LE 

two ancient poets, and probably invented since 
their age. ^pollod. 1, c. 8, 1.3, c. 10. — Ovid. 
Met. 6, V. 109.— Hesiod. 17, v. 55.— Hygin. fab. 
77. — Isocr. inHel. — Homer. Od. 11. — Eurip. in 

Hel. A famous dancer in the age of Juvt- 

iial 6, V. 63. 

LEDiEl, an epithet given to Hermione, &c. 
as related to Leda. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 328. 

Ledus, now Lez, a river of Gaul near the 
modern Montpelier. Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Legio, a corps of soldiers in the Roman 
armies, whose numbers have been different 
at different times. The legion under Romu- 
lus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and 
was soon after augmented to 4000, after 
the admission of the Sabines into the city. 
When Annibal was in Italy it consisted of 6000 
soldiers, and afterwards it decreased to 4000, 
or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, 
besides 700 horse. This was the period of its 
greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of ten, 
and even eighteen, legions kept at Rome. Du- 
ring the consular government it was usual to 
levy and fit up four legions, which were divi- 
ded between the two consuls. This number 
was however often increased, as time and oc- 
casion required. Augustus maintained a stand- 
ing army of twenty-three or twenty-five le- 
gions, and this number was seldom diminished. 
In the reign of Tiberius there were 27 legions, 
and the peace establishment of Adrian main- 
tained no less than 30 of these formidable bri- 
gades. They ^vere distributed over the Ro- 
man empire, and their stations were settled 
and permanent. The peace of Britain was 
protected by three legions ; sixteen were sta- 
tioned on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, 
viz. two in Lower, and three in Upper Ger- 
many ; one in Noricum, one in Rhaetia, three 
in Mcesia, four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. 
Eight were stationed on the Euphrates, six of 
which remained in SjTia, and two in Cappado- 
cia, while the remote provinces of Egypt, 



Africa, and Spain, were guarded each by a 
single legion. Besides these, the tranquillity 
of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, 
under the titles of city cohorts and of praetorian 
guards, watched oter the safety of the mon- 
arch and of the capital. The legions were 
distinguished by different appellations, and 
generally borrowed their name from the order 
in A\ hich they were first raised, as prima, secun- 
da, tertia, quarta, k.c. Besides this distinc- 
tion, another more expressive was generally 
added, as from the name of the emperor who 
embodied them, as Jlugusta, Claudiana, Gal- 
biana, Flavia, Ulpia, Trajana, Aniomana, k,c. 
from the provinces or quarters where they 
were stationed, as Britannica, Cyrenica, Gal- 
lica, he. from the provinces which had 
been subdued by their valour, as Parthica, 
Scylhica, jlrabica, Jifricanc, kc. from the 
names of the deities whom their generals 
particularly \\ orshipped, as Mincrvia, JpolU- 
naris, Lc. or from more trifling accidents, as 
Martia, Fulminntrix, Rapa.v, Mjutrix, &.c. 
Each legion was divided into ten cohorts, each 
cohort into three manipuli, and every manipu- 
lus into three centuries or ordines. The chief 
commander of the legion was called legcdus, 
lieutenant. The standards borne by the le- 
of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have im- gions were various. In the fii'st ages of Rome 
agineJ that tie fable was unknown to these j a wuii wa.? tlie standard, in honour of Romu- 



LE 

lus ; after that a hog, because that animal was ge- 
nerally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, 
and therefore it indicated that war is underta- 
ken for the obtaining of peace. A minotaur 
was sometimes the standard, to intimate the 
secrecy with which the general was to act, in 
commemoration of the labyrinth. Sometimes 
a horse or a boar was used, till the age of Ma- 
rias, who changed all these for the eagle, be- 
ing a representation of that bird in silver, hold- 
ing sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. 
The Roman eagle ever after remained in use, 
though Trajan made use of the dragon. 

Leitus, or Letus, a commander of the 
Boeotians at the siege of Troy, He was saved 
from the victorious hand of Hector and from 
death by Idomenus. Homer. II. 2, 6, and 17. 

One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. 

Apollod. 2, c. 9. 

Lelaps, a dog that never failed to seize 
and conquer whatever animal he was ordered 
to pursue. It was given to Pocris by Diana, 
and Pocris reconciled herself to her husband 
by presenting him with that valuable present. 
According to some, Pocris had received it 
from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous 
wounds of which she had cured him. Hygin. 
fab. \2S.—0vid: Met. 7, v. 771.— Paiw. 9, c. 

19. One of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, 

V. 211. 

Leleges, (a ^y, to gather) a wander- 
ing people, composed of different unconnect- 
ed nations. They were originally inhabitants 
of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with 
Altes their king. Achilles plundered their 
country, and obliged them to retire to the 
neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they 
fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of La- 
conia and Megara bore this name for some 
time, from Lelex, one of their kings. Strab. 
7 and 8.— Homer. II. 21, v. 85.— Plin. 4, c. 7, 
1. 5, c. 30.— Virg. Mfi. 8, v. T26.—raus. 3, 
e. 1. 

Lelegeis, a name applied to Miletus, be- 
eause once possessed by the Leleges. Plin. 
5, c. 29. 

Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a co- 
lony to Megara, where he reigned about 200 
years before the Trojan war. His subjects 
were called from him Leleges, and the place 

Lelegeia mcenia. Paus. 3, c. 1. A Greek, 

who was the first king of Laconia in Pelopon- 
nesus. His subjects were also called Leleges, 
and the country where he reigned Lelegia. Id. 

Le.manis, a place in Britain, where Caesar 
is supposed to have first landed, and therefore 
placed by some at Lime in Kent. 

Lemannus, a lake in the country of the Al- 
lobroges, through which the Rhone flows by 
Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva 
or Lausanne. Lucan. 1, v. 396. — Mela^ 2, c. 5. 

Lemnos, an island in the JEge^n sea, be- 
tween Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It 
was sacred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pater, 
who fell there when kicked down from heaven 
by Jupiter. [Vid. Vulcanus.] It was cele- 
brated for two horrible massacres, that of the 
Lemnian women murdering their husbands, 
IVid. Hipsipyle,] and that of the Lemnians, 
or Pelasgl, in killing all the children they had 
had by some Athenian women, whom they 
bad carried away to become their wives. 
These two acts of*^ cruelty have given rise to 



LE 

the proverb of Lemnian actiont, which is ap- 
plied to all barbarous and inhuman deed*. 
The first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pe- 
lasgi, or rather the Thracians, w ho were mur- 
dered by their wives. After them came the 
children of the Lemnian widows by the Argo- 
nauts, whose descendants were at last expelled 
by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the 
christian era. Lemnos is about 1 12 miles in cir- 
cumference, according to Pliny, who says, that 
it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at 
the distance of 87 miles. It has been called 
Hipsipyle, from queen Hipsipyle. It is famous 
for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called 
terra Lemnia, or terra sigillaia, from the 
seal or impression which it can bear. As 
the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets 
have taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan 
in that island, and to consecrate the whole 
country to his divinity. Lemnos is also cele- 
brated for a labyrinth, which, according to 
some traditions, surpassed those of Crete and 
Egypt. Some remains of it were still visible 
in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, 
now called Slalimene, was reduced under the 
power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Ca- 
rians, who then inhabited it, obliged to emi- 
grate. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 454. — Homer. 11. 1, v. 
593.— C. Mp. in Milt.— Strab. 1, 2, and 7.— 
Herodot. 6, c. 140. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Apollon. 1, 
arg.—Flac. 2, v. 18.— Ovid. Art. Jm. 3, v. 672. 
—Stat. 3. Theb. 274. 

Lemovices, a people of Gaul, now Limou- 
sin ^ Limoges. Cces. G. 7, G. 4. 

Lemovii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, tic 
Germ. 

Lebiures, the manes of the dead. The 
ancients supposed that the souls, after death, 
wandered all over the world, and disturbed 
the peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits 
weje called Lares familiares, and the evil 
ones were known by the name of Larva, or 
Lemures. They terrified the good, and con- 
tinually haunted the wicked and impious ; and 
tiie Romans had the superstition to celebrate 
festivals in their honour, called Lemuria, or 
Lemuralia, in the month of May. They 
were first instituted by Romulus to appease 
the manes of his brother Remus, from whom 
they were called Remuria, and, by corrup- 
tion, Lemuria. These solemnities continued 
three nights, during which the temples of the 
gods were shut, and marriages prohibited. It 
was usual for the people to throw black beans 
on the graves of the deceased, or to burn them, 
as the smell was supposed to be insupportable 
to them. They also muttered magical words, 
and, by beating kettles and drums, they be- 
lieved that the ghosts would depart, and no 
longer come to terrify their relations upon 
earth. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 421, he.— Herat. 2j 
ep. 2, v. 209.— Persius 5, v. 185. 

LisMURiA and Lemuralia. [Vid. Le- 
mures.] 

LENiEus, a surname of Bacchus, from 
Moi, a wine press. There was a festival 
called Lenaa, celebrated in his honour, in 
which the ceremonies observed at the other 
festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There 
were, besides, poetical contentions, he. Paus. 
— Virg. G. 2, v. 4. ^n. 4, v. 201.— Ovid. 
Met.4,v. 14. A leai'ned grammarian, or- 
dered by Pompey to translate into Latin some 



LE 

of the physical manuscripts of Mithridates, 
king of Fontus. 

Lentolus, a celebrated family at Rome, 
which produced many great men in the com- 
monwealth. The most illustrious were L. 
Corn. Lentulus, a consul, A. U. C. 427, who 
dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria. 

Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained 

up some gladiators at Capua, which escaped 

from his school. Corn. Lentulus, surnaraed 

Suri. He joined in Catihne's conspiracy, and 
assisted in corrupting the Allobroges. He was 
convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in 

prison, and afterwards executed. A consul 

who triumphed over the Samnites. Cn. 

Lentulus, surnamed Gadulicus, was made con- 
sul, A. D. 26, and was, some time after, put 
to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his 
great popularity. He wrote an history, men- 
tioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poe- 
try. L. Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, 

put to death in Africa. P. Corn. Lentulus, 

a prcetor, defeated by the rebellious slaves 

in Sicily. Lentulus Spinther, a senator, 

kindly used by J. Caesar, &<c. A tribune at 

the battle of Cannae. P. Lentulus, a friend 

of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (rfe Oral. 1, c. 
48,) as a great and consummate statesman. — 
Besides these, there are a few others, whose 
name is only mentioned in history, and whose 
life was not marked by any uncommon event. 
The consulship was in the family of the Len- 
luli in the yeai-s of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, 
553, 555, 598, oic. Tacit. Ann. — Liv. — Flor. — 
Plin. — Plut. — Eutrop, 

Leo, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 
350 years before the Christian era. His phi- 
losophical and political talents endeared him 
to his countrymen, and he was always sent 
upon every important occasion as ambassador 
to Athens, or to the court of Philip king of 
Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted 
with the abilities of Leo, was sensible that his 
views and claims to Byzantium would never 
succeed while it was protected by the vigi- 
lance of such a patriotic citizen. To remove 
him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A 
letter was forged, in W'hich Leo made solemn 
promises of betraying his country to the king 
of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner 
known than the people ran enraged to the 
house of Leo, and the philosopher, to avoid 
their fury, and without attempting his justifi- 
cation, strangled himself. He had written 
some treatises upon physic, and also the his- 
tory of his country and the wars of Philip, in 
%e\ex\ books, which have been lost. Flat. 

A Corinthian at Syracuse, &.c. A king 

of Sparta. A son of Eurycrates. Jllhen. 

12. — Philostr. An emperor of the east, sur- 
named the Thracian. He reigned 17 years, 
and died A. D. 474, being succeeded by Leo 
the Second for 10 months, and afterwards by 
Zeno. 

Leocorion", a monument and temple erect- 
ed by the Athenians to Pasithea, Theope, and 
Eubule, daughters of Leos, who immolated 
themselves when an oracle had ordered that, 
to stop the ragingpestilence, some of the blood 
of the citizens must be shed. JElian. 12, c. 
28.— Czc. JV.Z>. 3, c. 19. 

Leocrates, an Athenian general, who 
flourished B. C. 460, ^c. Diod. U. 



LE 

Leodamas, a son of Eteocles, one of the 
seven Theban chiefs who defended the city 
against the Argives. He killed ^gialeus, and 

was himself killed by Alcmaeon. A son of 

Hector and Andromache. Dictys. Crtt. 

Leodocws, one of the Argonauts. Flacc. 

Leogoras, an Athenian debauchee, wh» 
maintained the courtezan Myrrhina. 

Leon, a king of Sparta. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 24, 

c. 25. 

Leona, a courtezan, called also Lasna. Fit?. 
Laena. 

Leonatus, one of Alexander's generals. 
His father's name was Eunus. He distinguish- 
ed himself in Alexander's conquest of Asia,^ 
and once saved the king's life in a dangerous 
battle. After the death of Alexander, at the 
general division of the provinces, he received 
for his portion that part of Phrygia which bor- 
ders on the Hellespont. He was empowered 
by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes in making him- 
self master of the province of Cappadocia, 
which had been allotted to him. Like the rest 
of the generals of Alexander, he was ambitious 
of power and dominion. He aspired to the 
sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly com- 
municated to Eumenes the different plans he 
meant to pursue to execute his designs. He 
passed from Asia into Europe to assist Anti- 
pater against the Athenians, and was killed 
in a battle which was fought soon after his ar- 
rival. Historians have mentioned as an in- 
stance of the luxury of Leonalus, that he em- 
ployed a number of camels to procure some 
earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as, in his 
opinion, it seemed better calculated for that 
purpose. Plut. in Alex. — Curt. 3, c. 12, 1. 6, 
c. 8.— Justin. 13, c. 2. — Diod. 18. — C. JVep.in 

Eum. A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy 

against the Romans, 

Leonidas, a celebrated king of Lacedas- 
mon, of the family of the Euristhenidas, sent 
by his countiymen to oppose Xerxes, king of 
Persia, who had invaded Greece with about 
five millions of souls. He was offered the 
kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would 
not oppose his views ; but Leonidas heard the 
proposal with indignation, and observed, that 
he preferred death for his country, to an un- 
just though extensive dominion over it. Be- 
fore the engagement Leonidas exhorted his 
soldiers, and told them all to dine heartily, as 
they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The 
battle was fought at Thermopylas, and the 300 
Spartans,who alone had refused to abandon the 
scene of action, withstood the enemy with 
such vigour, that they were obliged to retire, 
wearied and conquered, during three succes- 
sive days, till Ephialtes, a Tracliinian, had the 
perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians 
by a secret path up the mountains, whence 
they suddenly fell upon therear of the Spar- 
tans, and crushed them to pieces. Only one es- 
caped of the 300; he returned home, where 
he was treated with insult and reproaches, for 
Hying ingloriously from a battle in which hi? 
brave companions, with their royal leader, 
had perished. This celebrated battle, which 
happened 480 years before the Christian era, 
taught the Greeks to despise the number of 
the Persians, and to rely upon their own 
strength and intrepidity. Temples were raised 



LE 

to the fallen hero, and festivals, called Leo- 
rUdea, yearly celebrated at Spai'ta, in.which 
free-born youths contended. Leonides, as he 
departed for the battle from Lacedeemon, gave 
no other injunction to his wife, but, after his 
death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, 
to raise from her children deserving of the 
name and greatness of her first husband. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 120, he. — C. Mp. in Them. — 
Justin. 2. — Val. Max. 1, c. 6. — Paus. 3, c. 4. 

— Plut. in Lye. ^ Cleom. A king of Sparta 

after Areus II. 257 years before Christ. He 
was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus, 
his son-in-law, and afterwards re-established. 
-A preceptor to Alexander the Great 



A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, 
by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented 
the death of Parmenio, and who formed a se- 
parate cohort. Curt. 7, c. 2. A learned 

man of Rhodes, greatly commended by Stra- 
bo, &,c. 

Leontium and Leontini, a town of Sicily, 
about five miles distant from the sea-shore. 
It was built by a colony from Chalcis, in Eu- 
boea, and was, according to some accounts, 
once the habitation of the Laestrigones, for 
which reason the neighbouring fields are often 
called L(Bsirigonii campi. The country was 
extremely fruitful, whence Cicero calls it the 
grand magazine of Sicily. The wine M^hich it 
produced was the best of the island. The 
people of Leontium implored the assistance of 
the Athenians against the Syracusans, B. C. 
427. Thucyd. Q.—Polyh. '7.— Ovid. Fast. 4, 
V. 467. — Ital. 14, v. 126. — Cic. in Verr. 5. 

Leoktium, a celebrated courtezan of Athens, 
who studied philosophy under Epicurus, and 
became one of his most renowned pupils. 
She prostituted herself to the philosopher's 
scholars, and even to Epicurus himself, if we 
believe the reports which were raised by some 
of his enemies. [Firf. Epicurus.] Metrodo- 
pus shared her favours in the most unbounded 
manner, and by him she had a son, to whom 
Epicurus was so partial, that he recommend- 
ed him to his executors on his dying bed. Le- 
ontium not only professed herself a warm ad- 
mirer and follower of the doctrines of Epicu- 
rus, but she even wrote a book in support of 
them against Theophrastus. This book was 
valuable, if we believe the testimony and 
criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity 
and elegance of its style, and the truly Attic 
turn of the expressions. Leontium had aiso 
a daughter called Danae, who mairied So- 
phron. Cic. de J\'at. D. 1, c. 33. 

Leontocephalus, a strongly fortified city 
of Phrygia. Plut. 

Leonton, or Leontopolis, a town of Egypt 
where lions were worshipped. Mlian. U. An. 
12, c. l.—Plin. 5, c, 10. 
Leontychides. Vid. Leotychides. 
Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated 
his three daughters for the good of Athens. 
Vid. Leocorion. 

Leosthenes, an Athenian general, who, 
after Alexander's death, drove Antipater to 
Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town 
of Lamia. The success which for a while at- 
tended his arms was soon changed by a fatal 
blow whichhe rcceivedfrom aelone thrown by 
the besieged, B, C. 323. The death of Leos- 
thenes was followed bv a total defeat of the 



LE 

Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his 
body was pronounced at Athens by Hyperi- 
des, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had 
been lately banished for taking a bribe from 
Harpalus. [Vid. Lamiacum.] Diod. 17 and 
18. — Strab. 9. — Another general of Athens, 
condemned on account of the bad success 
which attended his arms against Peparethos. 

Leotychides, a king of Sparta, son of 
Menares, of the family of the Proclidae. He 
was set over the Grecian fleet, and by his cour- 
age and valour he put an end to the Persian 
war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said 
that he cheered the spirits of his fellow sol- 
diers at Mycale, who were anxious for their 
countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that 
a battle had been fought at Plataea, in which 
the barbarians had been defeated. This suc- 
ceeded, and though the information "was false, 
yet a battle was fought at Phvta^a, in which the 
Greeks obtained the victory the same day that 
the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale. 
Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by 
the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment 
which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to 
the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he 
perished B. C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. 
He was succeeded by his grandson Archida- 

mus. Paus. 3, c. 7 and 8. — Diod. 11. A son 

of Agis, king of Sparta, by Timaea. Thejegi- 
timacy of his birth was disputed by some, and 
it was generally believed that he was the son 
of Alcibiades. He was prevented from as- 
cending the throne of Sparta by Lysander, 
though Agis had declared him upon his death- 
bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was 
ap-pointed in his place. C. JVep. in Ages. — 
Plut.—Pavs. 3, c. 8. 

Lephyrium, a city of Cilicia. 

Lepida, a noble woman, accused of at- 
tempts to poison her husband, from whom 
she had been separated for 20 years. She was 
condemned under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 

22. A woman who married Scipio. 

Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, 
great niece to Augustus, and aunt to the em- 
peror Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a 
common prostitute, infamous in her manners, 
violent in her temper, and yet celebrated for 
her beauty. She was put to death by means 
of her rival Agvippina, Nero's mother. Tacit. 
A wife of Galba the emperor. A wife 



of Cassius, &-C. 

LepYdus M. iEMiLins, a Roman, cele- 
brated as being one of the triumvirs with 
Augustus and Antony. He was of an illus- 
trious family, and, like the rest of his contem- 
poraries, he was remarkable for his ambition, 
to which was added a narrowness of mind, 
and a great deficiency of military abilities. 
He was sent against Caesar's murderers, and 
some time after he leagued with M. Antony, 
who had gained the heart of his soldiers by ar- 
tilice, and that of their commander by his ad- 
dress. When his influence and |)Ower among 
the soldiers had made him one of the trium- 
virs, he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues, 
by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own 
brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the 
triumvirate. He received Africa as his por- 
tion in the division of the empire; but his in- 
dolence soon rendered him despicable in the 
eyes of his soldi'jrs and of his colleagues ; and 



LE 



LE 



Augustus, who was well acquainted with the j that Hercules killed the famous hydra. Virg. 
unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his campion. 6, v. 803, 1. 12, v. 517. — Strah.^.-'M''lay 
and obliged him to resign the power to which -2, c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 597. — Lucret. 5. — 



he was entitled as beiug a triumvir. After 
this degrading event, he suuk into obscurity, 
and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, 
a small town on the coast of Latium, where 
he ended his days in peace, B. C. 13, and 
where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. 
Appiaa. — Pint, in Aug. — Fior. 4, c. 6 and 7. 
— ^-A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian 
of young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father 
had left to the care of the Roman people. Ta- 
cit. Aim. 2, c. 67. — Justin. 30, c. 3. A son 

of Julia, the grand-daughter of Augustus. He 
was intended by Caius as his successor in the 
Roman empire. He committed adultery with 

Agrippina when young. Dion. 59. An 

orator mentioned by Cicero in Brut. A 

censor, A. U. C. 734. 

LepinuS; a mountain of Italy. Colum. 10. 

Lepontii, a people at the source of the 
Rhine. Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Lepreos, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a 
town in Elis, which he called after his own 
name. He laid a wager that he would eat as 
much as Hercules ; upon which he killed an 
ox and eat it up. He afterwards challenged 
Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed. 
Paus. 5, c. 5. 

Leprium or Lepreos, a town of Elis. Cic. 
6. Atl. 2.— Plin. 4, c. 5. 

Leptines, a general of Demetrius, who 
ordered Cn. Octavius, one of the Roman am- 
bassadors, to be put to death. A son of 

Hermocrates, of Syracuse, brother to Dio- 
nysius. He was sent by his brother against 
the Carthaginians, and experienced so much 
success, that he sunk fifty of their ships. He 
was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banish- 
ed by Dionysius. H« always continued a 
faithful friend to the interests of his brother, 
though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny 
and oppression. He was killed in a battle with 

the Carthaginians. Diod. 15. A famous 

orator at Athens, who eudeavoured to unload 
the people from oppressive taxes. He was op- 
posed by Demosthenes. A tyrant of Apol- 



lonia, in Sicilv, who surrendered to Timoleon 
Diod. 16. 

Leptis, the name of two cities of Africa, 
one of which, called Major, now" Lehida, was 
near the Syrtes, and had been built by a Ty- 
rian or Sidonian colony. The other, called 
Minor, now Lemta, was about eighteen Ro- 
man miles from Adrumetum. It paid every 
day a talent to the republic of Carthage, by 
way of tribute. Lucan. 2, v. 2o\.—Plin. 
5, c. 19. — Sallust. in Jug. 77. — Mela, 1, c. 8. 
—Strab. 3, v. 257.— Cce*. C. 2, c. 38.— Cic. 5. 
Verr. 59. 

Lerja, an island in the .£gean sea, on the 
coast of Caria, about eighteen miles in cir- 
cumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. 
Its inhabitants were very dishonest. Slrab. 
10.— Herodot. 5, c. 125. 

Lerina or Pl.\nasia, a small island in the 
Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the 
east of the Rhone. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 3. 

Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated 

for a grove and a lake, where, according to 

the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of 

^heir murdered husbands. It was thpre al»o 

48 



Slat. Theb. 4, v. 638.— Apollod. 2, c. 15. 

There was a festival, called Lerruza, cele- 
brated there in honour of Bacchus, Proser- 
pine, and Ceres. The Argives used to cariy 
tire to this solemnity from a temple upon 
mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. Paus. 

Lero, a small island on the coast of Gaul, 
called also Lerina. 
Leros. Vid. Leria. 

Lesbos, a large island in the -(Egean sea, 
now known by the name of Metelin, 168 
miles in circumference. It has been severally 
called JEgira, Lasia, JEihiope, and Pelasgiay 
from the Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled ; 
Macaria, fi'om Macareus who settled in it, 
and Lesbos from the son-in-law and successor 
of Macareus who bore the same name. The 
chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and 
Mitylene. Lesbos was originally governed 
by kings, but they were afterwards subjected 
to the neighbouring powers. The wine which 
it produced was greatly esteemed by the an- 
cients, and still is in the same repute among 
the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated 
among the ancients for their skill in music, and 
their women for their beauty ; but the general 
character of the people was so debauched and 
dissipate, that the epithet of Lesbian was often 
used to signify debaucheiy and extravagance. 
Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious per- 
sons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best 
verses w ere by way of eminence often called 
Leshoum carmen, from Alca^us and Sappho, 
who distinguished themselves for their poeti- 
cal compositions, and were also natives of the 
place. Diod. b.—Strab. 13.— Virg. G. 2, v. 
90.— Horat. 1, ep. U.— Herodot. l,c. 160. 

Lesbus or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas, 
grandson of ^olus, who married Methymna, 
daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his fa- 
ther-in-law, and gave his name to the island 
over which he reigned. 

Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flour- 
ished B. C. 600. Some suppose him to be the 
author of the little Iliad, of which only few 
verses remain quoted by Paus. 10, c, 25. 

Lestrygones. Vid. Laestiygones. 

Letanum, a town of Propontis, built by the 
Athenians. 

Leth^sus, a river of Lydia, flowing by Mag- 
nesia into the Meander. Sfrab. 10, Lc. 

Another of Macedonia. Of Crete. 



Lethe, one of the rivers of hell, whose wa- 
ters the souls of the dead drank after they had 
been confinedforacertain space of time in Tar- 
tarus. It had the power of making them for- 
get whatever they had done, seen, or heard, 

before, as the name implies, ^>iJ>i, oblivion. 

Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, 
which runs under the ground, and some time 
after rises again, whence the origin of the fable 

of the Lethean streams of oblivion. There 

is also a river of that name in Spain. An- 
other in Boeotia, whose waters werednmkby 
those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. 
Lucan. 9, v. 355. — Ovid. Trisi. 4, el. 1, v. 47. 
— Virg. a. 4, V. 545. ^n. 6, v. 714.— //«/. 1, 
V. 235, 1. 10, v. 655.— Paus. 9, c. 39.— Moral. 
4, od. 7, v. 27. 

Lftu.?, a raounlaui of Liguria. Liv. 41, c 18. 



LE 

Levana, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over the action of the person who took up from 
the ground a newly born child, after it had 
been placed there by the midwife. This was 
generally done by the father, and so religiously 
observed was this ceremony, that the legiti- 
macy of a child could be disputed without it. 

Leuca, a town of the Salentines near a cape 
of the same name in Italy. Lucan. 5, v. 376. 

——A town of Ionia of Crete of Ar- 

golis. Strab. 6, Sic. 

LEUCASor Leucadia, an island of the Ionian 
sea now called St. Maura, near the coast of 
Epirus, famous for a promontoiy called Leu- 
cate, Leucas, or Leucates, where desponding 
lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho 
bad recourse to this leap to free herself from 
the violent passion which she entertained for 
Phaon. The word is derived from Ae^>c:j, while, 
on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apol- 
lo had a temple on the promontory, whence 
he is often called Leucadius. The island was 
formerly joined to the continent by a narrow 
isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through 
after the Pelopontiesian war. Ovid. Heroid. 
15, V. m.—Slrab. 6, kc.—Ilal. 15, v. 302.— 

Virg. JEn. 3, v. 274, 1. 8, v. 677. A town of 

rhoenicia. 

Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. Pans. 8, 
C.25. 

Leccaspis, a Lycian, one of the compa- 
nions of yEneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 334. 

Leucatje. Vid. Leucas. 

Leuce, a small island in the Euxine sea, of 
a triangular form; between the mouths of the 
Danube and the Borysthenes. According to 
the poets, the souls oi the ancient heroes were 
placed there as in the Elysian fields, Avhere 
they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the 
repose to which their benevolence to man- 
kind, and their exploits during life, seemed to 
entitle them. From that circumstance it has 
often been called the island of the blessed, k,c. 
According to some accounts Achilles celebra- 
ted there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather 
Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place 
with the manes of Ajax, he. Slrab. 2. — Me- 
la, 2, c. I.—Jlmmian. 22.— Q. Calab. 3, v. 773. 
One of the Oceanides whom Pluto car- 
ried into his kingdom. 

Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Mo- 
selle and the Maese. Their capital is now cal- 
led Toul Goes. B. G. 1, c. 40. Mountains 

on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance 
like white clouds, whence the name. 

Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. 

Leucippides, the daughters of Leucippus. 
Vid. Leucippus. 

Leucippe, a celebrated philosopher of 
Abdcra, about 428 years before Christ, disci- 
ple to Zeno. He was the first who invented 
the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, 
which was afterwards more fully explained by 
Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hy- 
potheses have been adopted by the moderns, 
with advantage. Diogenes has written bis life. 

A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, 

who married Philodice daughter of Inachus, 
hy whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and 
Plioibe, known by the patronymic of Leucip- 
pides. They were carried away by their cou- 
sins Castor and PoUax, as they were going to 



LE 

celebrate their nuptials with Lyncus and 
Idas. Ovid, Fast. 5, v. 101.— Apollod. 3, c 

10, &c.— PffW5. 3, 0. 17 and 26. A son of 

Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon. He 
became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, 
and when he was unable to check or restrain 
his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify 
it. He acquainted his mother witli it, and 
threatened to murder himself if she attempted 
to oppose his views or remove his attection. 
The mother, rather than lose a son whom she 
tenderly loved, cherished his passion, and by 
her consent her daughter yielded herself to 
the arms of her brother. Some time after the 
father resolved to give his daughter in mar- 
rieige to a Lycian prince. The future hus- 
band was informed that the daughter of Xan- 
thus secretly entertained a lover, and he com- 
municated the intelligence to the father. 
Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daugh- 
ter, and when Leucippus had introduced him- 
self to her bed, the father, in his eagerness to 
discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise 
in the room. The daughter was alarmed, and 
as she attempted to escape she received a 
mortal wound from her father, who took her 
to be the lover. Leucippus came to her as- 
sistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, 
without knowing who he was. This accidental 
parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his 
country. He came to Crete, where the in- 
habitants refused to give him an asylum, when 
acquainted with the atrociousness of his crime, 
and he at last came to Ephesus, where he died 
in the greatest misery and remorse. Hermesi- 

anax apud Parthen. c. 5. A son of (Eno- 

maus, who became enamoured of Daphne, and 
to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a 
female dress, and attended his mistress as a 
companion. He gained the affections of 
Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, 
but his artifice at last proved fatal through the 
influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo ; for 
when Daphne and her attendants were bath- 
ing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was 
discovered, and he perished by the darts of 
the females. Parthen. Erotic, c. 15. — Pans. 8, 

c. 20. A son of Hercules by Marse, one of 

the daughters of Thespius. Apollod. 3, c. 7. 

Leucola, a part of Cyprus. 

Leucon, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived 
in great intimacy with the Athenians. He 
was a great patron of the useful arts, and 
greatly encouraged commerce. Strab. — Diod. 

14. A son of Athamas and Themisto. 

Pans. 6, c. 22. A king of Pontus killed by 

his brother, whose bed he bad defiled. Ovid. 

in lb. 3. A town of Africa near Cyrene. 

Herodot. 4, c. 160. 

Leucone, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave 
her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Pans. 
8, c.44. 

Leucones, a son of Hercules. J^pollod. 

Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. The 
Leuconoe to whom Horace addresses his 1 od. 

11, seems to be a fictitious name. 
Leucopetua, a place on the isthmus of Co- 
rinth, where the Achaeans were defeated by 

the consul Mummius. A promontory six 

miles east from Khegium in Italy, where the 
Appcnines terminate and sink iuto the sea. 

Leucopiirys, a temple of Diana, with a 
city of the same name, near the Maeander. 



LE 



LI 



The goddess was represented under the figure I Leuttchides, a Lacedaemonian, made kin* 
of a woman with many breasts, and crowned I of Sparta on the expulsion of Demaratus. He- 
with victory. An ancient name of Tenedos. [ rodot. 6, c. 65, &c. — Vid. Leotvchides. 



Pam. 10, c. U.—Slrab. 13 and 14. 
Leccopolis, a town of Caria. 
Leccos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna. 

A man, k,c. Vid. Idomeneus. 

Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrrhene 
f^a. It received its name from one of the 
companions of iEneas, who was drowned 
there, or from one of the Sirens, who was 
thrown there by the sea. Strab. 5. — Ovid. 
Met. 15, V. 708. 

Leucosyrii, a people of Asia Minor, called 

afterwards Cappadocians. Strab. 12. The 

same name is given to the inhabitants of Cili- 

, cia where it borders on Cappadocia. C. JVep. 

14, c. 1. 

Leucothoa or Leucothea, the wife of 
Athamas, changed into a sea deity. [Vid. 
Ino.] She was called Mutura by the Romans, 
■who raised her a temple, where all the peo- 
ple, partfcularly women, offered vows for 
their brother's children. They did not entreat 
the deity to protect their own children, be- 
cause Ino had been unfortunate in her's. No 
female slaves were permitted to enter the 
temple, or if their curiosity tempted them to 
transgress this rule, they were beaten away 
with the greatest severity. To this supplica- 
ting for other people's children, Ovid alludes 
in these lines : Fast. 6. 

JVon tamcn hanc,pro stripe tuupia maieradorat, 
Ipsa parumfelix visa fuisst pareiis. 

A daughter of king Orchamus by Eury- 

nome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and 
to introduce himself to her with greater facili- 
ty, he assumed the shape and features of her 
mother. Their happiness was complete, when 
Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was 
jealous of his amours with Leucothoe, disco- 
vered the whole intrigue to her father, who 
ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The 
lover, unable to save her from death, sprinkled 
nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which pene- 
trating as far as the body, changed it into a 
beautiful tree, which bears the frankincense. 
Ovid. Met. 4, v, 196. An island in the Tyrr- 
hene sea, near Capreae. A fountain of Sa- 

mos. A town of Eg;ypt of Arabia. 

Mda, 2, c. 7. A part of Asia which pro- 
duces frankincense. 

Leuctra, a village of Bceotia, between 
Plata^a and Thespia, famous for the victory 
which Epaminondas the Theban general ob- 
tained over the superior force of Cleombro- 
tus, king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B. C. 
371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans 
were killed, with their king Cleombrotus, and 
no more than 300 Thebans. From that time 
the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which 
they had obtained for near 500 years. Plui. 
in Pelop. 8f Ages. — C. JVep. in Epatn. — Justin. 
(y, c. 6. — Xeiwphon. Hist. GrcBc. — Diod. 15. — 
Pans. Lacon. — Cic. de offic. 1, c. 18. Tusc. 1, c. 
46. All. 6, ep. l.—Strnb. 9. 

Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. Strnb. 8. 
Leucds, one of the com[)anions of Ulysses, 
killed before Troy by Antiphus son of Priam. 
Homer. It 4, v. 491. 

Leucyanias, a river of Peloponnesus, flow- 
ing into the Aiphens. Pays. 6, c. 21. 
Levinus. Vid. LxviDus. 



Lexovii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of 
the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by 
a lieutenant of J. Cajsar. Cks. Bell. G. 

LiBAMus, a celebrated sophist ofAntioch, 
in the age of the emperor Julian. He was 
educated at Athens, and opened a school at 
Antioch, which produced some of the best and 
most of the literary characters of the age. 
Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant, and 
he contemptuously refused the offers of the 
emperor Julian, who wished to purchase his 
friendship and intimacy by raising him to offi- 
ces of the greatest splendour and affluence in 
the empire. When Julian had imprisoned 
the senators ofAntioch for their impertinence, 
Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow- 
citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in 
which he astonished him by the boldness and 
independence of his expressions, and the firm- 
ness and resolution of his mind. Some of his 
orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are ex- 
tant; they discover much affectation and ob- 
scurity of style, and we cannot perhaps mucli 
regret the loss of writings which afforded no- 
thing but a display of pedantry, and quotations 
from Homer. Julian submitted his writings 
to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest 
confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or 
approved, and showed that he was more at- 
tached to the person than the fortune and 
greatness of bis prince. The time of his death 
is unknown. The best edition of Libanius 
seems to be that of Paris, fol. 1606, with a se- 
cond volume published by Morell, 1627. His 
epistles have been edited by Wolf. fol. 1738. 

LiBANus, a high mountain of Syria, famous 
for its cedars. Strab. 6. 

LiBENTiNA, a surname of Venus, who had 
a temple at Rome, where the young women 
used to dedicate the toys and childish amuse- 
ments of their youth, when arrived at nubile 
years. Vairo. de L. L. 5, c. 6. 

LiBER, a surname of Bacchus, which signi- 
fies /ree. He received this name from his de- 
livering some cities of Bceotia from slavery, or 
according to others, because wine, of which he 
was the patron, delivered mankind from their 
caresj and made them speak with freedom and 
unconcern. The word is often used for wine 
itself. Senec. de tranq. anim. 

Libera, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. 

Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 48. A name given to 

Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had 
married her. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 513. 

LiBERALiA, festivals yearly celebrated in 
honourof Bacchus the 17th of March. Slaves 
were then permitted to speak with freedom, 
and every thing bore the appearance of inde- 
pendence. They are much the same as the 
Dionysia of the Greeks. Varrc. 

LiBERTAS, a goddess of Rome, who liad a 
temple on mount Aventine, raised by T. 
Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pol- 
lio with many elegant statues and orazen co- 
lumns, and a gallery in which were deposited 
the public acts of the state. She was repre- 
sented as a woman in a light dress, holding a 
rod in one hand, and a cap in tlie other, both 
signs of independence, as *be former was use<l 
by the magistrates in the manumission of fiaver. , 



LI 



LI 



end the latter was worn by slaves who were ! Libysis, Libystis, Libycus, LibysUcus, LihyS' 
soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was | tinus, Libystceus. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 106, 1. 5, v 
placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond 37. — Lucan. 4. — Sallust. he. 
of liberty, and impatient when confined. Liv. 
24, c. it>, 1. 25, c. T.—Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 1, v. 



72.— P/uf. in Grac.—Dio. Cas. 44, 

LiBETHRA, a fountain of Magnesia in Thes- 
saly, or of Boeotia according to some, sacred 
to the Muses, who from thence are called 
Libethrides. Virg. Ecl.l, v. 21.— P/in. 4, c. 
9.— Mela, 2, c. S.—Strab. 9 and 10. 

LiBETHmDES, a name given to the Muses 
from tlie fountain Libethra, or from mount 
Libethrus in Thrace. 

LiBici, LiBECii, or LiBRi, a people of Gaul 
who passed into Italy, A. U. C. 364. Liv. 5, c. 
35, 1. 21, c. 38.— Flin. 3, c. V.—Polyb. 2. 

LiBiTiNA, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over funerals. According to some she is the 
same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius 
TuUius first raised her a temple at Rome, 
where every thing necessary for funerals were 
exposed to sale, and where the registers of 
the dead were usually kept. Dionys. Hal. 4. 
—Liv. 40, c. 19.— Fa/. Max. 5, c. 2.—Plut. 
Quasi. Rom. 

LiBo, a friend of Pompey, who watched 
over the fleet, &:c. Plut. A Roman citi- 
zen, &.C. Horat. 1, ep. 19. A friend of the 

first triumvirate, who killed himself and was 
condemned after death. 

LiBON, a Greek architect who built the fa- 
mous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He flour- 
ished about 450 years before the Christian 
era. 

LiBOPHOENicES, the inhabitants of the coun- 
try near Carthage. 

LiBURNA, a town of Dalmatia. 
LiBURNiA, now Croatia, a country of Illyri- 
cum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a 
colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. 
There were at Rome a number of men whom 
the magistrates employed as public heralds, 
who were called Liburni, probably from being 
originally of Liburnian extraction. Some 
ships of a light construction but with strong 
beaks were also called Liburnian. Propert. 
a, el. 11, V. 44.— Juv. 4, v. 15.— Martial. 1, 
ep. 50, V. 33. — Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 30. — 
Epod. 1, V. 1. — Lacan. 3, v. 534. — Plin. 6, 
ep. 16.— Mela, 2, c. d.—Strab. l.—Ptol. 2, 
c. 17. 

LiBURNiDES, an island on the coast of Li- 
burnia, in the Adriatic. Strab. 5. 

LiBURNUM 3IARE, the sca wliJch borders on 
the coasts of Liburnia. 

LiBURNUS, a mountain of Campania. 
Libya, a daughter of Epaphus and Cassi- 
opea, who became mother of Agenor and 
Belus by Neptune. ApoUod. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, 

c. 1. — Pans. 1, 44. A name given to Africa, 

one of the three grand divisions of the ancient 
globe. Libya, properly speaking, is only a 
part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, 
and on the west by that part called by the 
moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. Tlie an- 
cients, according to some traditions mention- 
ed by Herodotus, and others, sailed round 
Afiica, by steering westward from the Red 
Sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the 
cohmms of Hercules, after a perilous naviga- 
tion of three years. From the word Libya, 
are derived the epithets of Uby^s, Libyssa, 



LiBYcuM MARE, that part of the Mediter- 
ranean, which lies on the coast of Cyreue. 
Strab. 2. 

LiBYCus and Libystis. [Fid. Libya.] 

LiEYs, a sailor, &.c. Ovid. Met. 3. 

LiBYSSA, a river of Bithynia, with a town 
of the same name, where was the tomb of 
Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny. 

LicATEs, a people of Vindelicia. 

LiCHA, a city near Lycia, 

LicHARDEs, small islands near Caeneum, a 
promontory of Euboea, called from Lichas. 
[Vid. Lichas.J Ovid. Met. 9, v. 155, 218.— 
Strab. 9. 

LicHAS, a servant of Hercules, who brought 
him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He 
was thrown by his master into the sea with 
great violence, and changed into a rock in the 
EuboEsan sea, by the compassion of the gods. 
Ovid.Met.9,v.'2U. 

LicHES, an Arcadian, who found the 
bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. He- 
rodot. 

LiciNiA LEX, was enacted by L. Licinius 
Crassus, and Q. Mutius, consuls, A. U. C. 657. 
It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be en- 
rolled on the list of citizens in their respective 

cities. Another by C. Licinius Crassus the 

tribune, A. U. C. 608. It transferred the right 
of choosing priests from the college to the 
people. It was proposed but did not pass. 

Another, by C. Licinius Stolo the tribune. 

It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of 
land, or keep more than lOO head of large 
cattle, or 500 of small. Another by P. Lici- 
nius Varus, A. U. C. 545, to settle the day 
for the celebration of the Liidi ApoUhmris, 

which was before uncertain. Another by 

P. Licinius Crassus Dives, B. C. 110. It was 



the same as the Fannian law, and farther re- 
quired that no more tiian 30 a^ts should be 
spent at any table on the calends, nones, or 
nundinae, and only three pounds of fresh and 
one of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of 

the fruits of the earth were forbidden. 

Another de sodalitiis, by M. Licinius the con- 
sul, 690. It imposed a severe penalty on par- 
ty clubs, or societies assembled or frequented 
for election purposes, as coming under the 
definition of ambitus, and of olFering violence 
in some degree to the freedom and indepen- 
dence of the people. Another called also 

JEbulia, by Licinius and ^Ebutius the tribunes. 
It enacted, that when any law was preferred 
with respect to any office or power, the per- 
son who proposed the bill, as well as his col- 
leagues in office, his friends and relations, 
should be declared incapable of be|||ig invest- 
ed with the said office or power. 

LiciNiA, the wife of C. Gracchus, who 
attempted to dissuade her husband from his 
seditious measnres by a pathetic speech. She 
was der)rived of her dowry after the death of 
Caius. A vestal virgin accused of incon- 
tinence, but acquitted, A. U. C. 6li6. 

Another vestal put to death for her lascivi- 
ousness under Trejan. The wife of Mae- 
cenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. 
She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also the 
name of Terentia. Horat. 2, od. 12, v. 18, 



LI 

C. LicT»ius, a tribune of the people cele- 
brated for the consequence of his family, for 
his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, 
and was the first of that body who was 
raised to the office of a master of horse to the 
dictator. He was surnamed Stolo, or useless 
sprout, on account of the law which he had 
enacted during his tribuneship. [Vid. Licinia 
lex by Stolo.] He afterwards made a law 
xvhich permitted the plebeians to share the 
consular dignity with the patricians, A. U. C. 
388. He reaped the benefits of this law, and 
was one of the first plebeian consuls. This 
law was proposed and passed by Licinius, as 
it is reported,atthe instigation of his ambitious 
wife, who was jealous of her sister who had 
married a patrician, and who seemed to be of 
a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. 
Liv. 6, c. 34. — Plut. C. Calvus, a celebra- 
ted orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He 
distinguished himself by his eloquence in the 
forum, and his poetry, which some of the an- 
cients have compared to Catullus. His ora- 
tions are greatly commended by Quintilian. 
Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by 
Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 
30th year of his age. Quintil. — Cic. in Brut. 

81. Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero 

when praetor. He derided the power of his 
accuser, but when he saw himself condemned, 
he grew so desperate that he killed himself. 

Plut. P. Crassus, a Roman, sent against 

Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first 
defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses, 

and obtained a complete victory, &c. A 

consul sent against Annibal. Another who 

defeated the robbers that infested the Alps. 

A high priest. Caius Imbrex, a comic 

poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some 
in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Naevia 
and Ne2era are quoted by ancient authors, but 
of all his poetry only two verses are preserved. 

AuL Gel. A consul, &.c. Lucullus. [Firf. 

Lucullus.] Crassus. [Vid, Crassus.] 



Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the his- 
tory and geography of the eastern countries, 
often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign 

of Vespasian. P. Tegula, a comic poet of 

Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is 
ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets 
which Rome produced. Few lines of his com- 
positions are extant. He wrote an ode which 
was sung all over the city of Rome by nine vir- 
gins during the Macedonian war. Liv. 31, c. 12. 

Varro Mursena, a brother of Proculeius, 

who conspired against Augustus withFannius 
Cajpio, and suffered for Jiis crime. Horace 
addressed his 2 orf. to him, and recomniend- 

ed equanimity in every situation. Dio. 54. 

C. Fiavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman 
emperor. His father was a poor peasant of 
Dalniatia, and himself a common soldier in the 
Roman armies. His valour recommended him 
to the notice of Galerius Maxiraianus, who had 
once shared with him the inferior and subordi- 
nate ofHces of the army, and had lately been in- 
vested with the imi)erial purple by Diocletian. 
Galerius loved him for his friendly services, 
particularly during tlie Persian war, and he 
showed his regard for his merit by taking him 
as a colleague in the empire, and appointing 
him over the province of PannoniaandRhatia. 
Conslantiue, who was also one of the enape- , 



LI 

rors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made 
his intimacy more durable by giving him his 
sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The 
continual successes of Licinius, particularly 
against Maximinus, increased his pride, anti 
rendered him jealous of the greatness of his 
brother-in-law. The persecutions of the Chris- 
tians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, 
soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the 
mortification to lose two battles, one in Pan- 
nonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Trea- 
ties of peace were made between the contend- 
ing powers, but the restless ambition of Lici- 
nius soon broke them: after many engagements, 
a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. 
Ill fortune again attended Licinius; he was con- 
quered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the 
conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to re- 
sign the imperial purple. The tears of Con- 
stantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, 
yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and ac- 
tive enemy had fallen into his hands, therefore 
he ordered him to be strangled at Thessaloni- 
ca, A. D. 324. His family was involved in his 
ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty 
of Licinius, are eis conspicuous as his misfor- 
tunes. He Was an enemy to learning, and this 
aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance 
of letters and the rusticity of his education. 
His son byConstantia bore also the same name. 
He was honoured with the title of Caesar when 
scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his 
father's ruin, and put to death by order of Con- 
stantine. 

LiciNus, a barber and freedman of Au> 
gustus, raised by his master to the rank and 
dignity of a senator, merely because he hated 
Pompey's family. Horat. Art. P. 301. 

LicYMNiDS, a son of Electryon and brother 
of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, 
that when he walked he was always supported 
by a slave. Triptolemus, son of Hercules, see- 
ing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a 
stick at him, which unfortunately killed Li- 
cymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. A- 
pollod. 2, c. I.—Diod. 5.— Homer. II. 2. — Pind. 
Olymp. 7. 

LiD£, a mountain of Caria. Herodot. 1, 
c. 105. 

Q. LiGARius, a Roman pro-consul of Afri- 
ca, after Confidius. In the civil wars he fol- 
lowed the interests of Pompey, and was par- 
doned when Caesar had conquered his enemies. 
Caesar, hov/ever, and his adherents, were de- 
termined upon the ruin of Ligarius ; but Cice- 
ro, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated 
his accusers, and he was pardoned. He be- 
came afterwards one of Caesar's murderers. 
Cic. pro leg. — Plut. in Ccesar. 

LiGEA, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4. 

LiGER, a Rutulian killed by ^Eneas. Virg^. 
JEn. 10, v. 576. 

LiGER or LiGERis, uow La Loire, a large 
river of Gaul falling into the ocean near 
JNantes. Strab. 4.^Plin 4, c. 18.— Ca*. G. 7. 
c. 55 and 75. 

LigCkas, an officer of Antiochus king of 
Syria, who took the town of Sardis by strata- 
gem, fee. 

LiGuKKS, the inhabitants of Liguria. Vio'. 
Liguria. 

LigiIria, a country at the west of Italy., 
bounded o» tire east bv ;1ie jivcrMacra, ou 



LI 

the south by part of the Mediterranean, called 
the Ligustic sea ; on the west by the Varus, 
and on the north by the Po. The commer- 
cial town of Genoa was anciently and is now 
the capital of the country. The origin of the 
inhabitants is not known, though in their 
chai'acter they are represented as vain, unpo- 
lished, and addicted to falsehood. Accord- 
ing to some they were descended from the an- 
cient Gauls or Germans, or, as others sup- 
port, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the 
posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Hero- 
dotus. Liguria was subdued by the Romans, 
and its chief harbour now bears the name 
of Leghorn. Lucan. 1, v. 442. — Mela, 2, c. 
J.—Strab. 4, he—Tacit Hist. 2, c. 15.— 
Plin. 2, c. 6, kc.—Liv. 5, c. 35, 1. 22, c. 
33, I. 39, c. 6, &LC.—C. JVep. in Ann.—Flor. 
2, c. 8. 

LiGURiNus, a poet. Martial. 3, ep. 50. 

A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, 

4, od. 1, V. 33. 

LiGUS, a woman who inhabited the Alps. 
She concealed her son from the pursuit of 
Otho's soldiers, he. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 13. 

LigusticjE Alpes, a part of the Alps 
which borders on Liguria, sometimes called 
Maritimi. 

LiGusTicuM Mare, the north part of 
the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. 
Flin. 2, c. 47. 

LiGYES, a people of Asia who inhabited the 
country between Caucasus and the river Pha- 
sis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the 
Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called 
Ligures. Herodot. 7, c. 72. — Dionys. Hal. 1, 
c. \0.—Strab. 4.—Diod. 4. 

LiGYRGUM, a mountain of Arcadia. 

LiL^A, a town in Achaianear the Cephi- 
sus. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 348. 

LilybjEum, now Boca, a promontory of 
Sicily, with a town of the same name near 
the jEgates, now Marsella. The town was 
strong and very considerable, and it main- 
tained long sieges against the Cartliaginians, 
Romans, he. particularly one of ten years 
against Rome in the first Punic war. It had 
a port large and capacious, which the Ro- 
mans, in the wars with Carthage, endeavour- 
ed in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on 
account of its convenience and vicinity to the 
coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this 
once powerful city but the ruins of temples 
and aqueducts, Virg. JEn. 3, v. 706. — Mela, 
% c. 7. — Strab. t>. — Cic. in Verr. 5. — C(es. de 
Bell. Afric.—Diod. 22. 

LiMiEA, a river of Lusitania. Strab. 3. 

Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Id. 14. 

Limn.*, a fortified place on the borders of 

Laconia and Messenia. Paus. 3, c. 14. 

A town of the Thracian Chereonesus. 

LmsjEVM, a temple of Diana at Limnae, 
from which the goddess was called Limnaea, 
and worshipped under that appellation at 
Sparta and Achaia. The Spartans wished to 
fteize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but 
the emperor interfered, and gave it to its law- 
ful possessors, the Messenians. Paus. 3, c. 14, 
1. 7, c. 20.— 2'acit. ..^nn. 4, c. 43. 

LiMNATiDiA, a festival in honour of Diana, 
?*urnamed Limnutis, from Limnae, a school of 
exercise at Trozp.ne, where she was worship- 
ped, or from i^'f^v^; ponds, because s})e pre^i- 
ded over fishermen. 



LI 

LiMNiACE, the daughter of the Ganges? 
mother of Atys. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 48. 

LiMNowiA, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 
18. 

LiMON, a place of Campania between Nea- 
polis and Puteoli. Stat. 3. Sylv. 1. 

LiMONUM, a town of Gaul, afterwards 
Pictavi, Poictiers. Cms. G. 8, c. 26. 

LiMYRA, a town of Lycia at the mouth of 
the Limyrus. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 645.— Fe//. 
2, c. 102. 

LiNCASii, a people of Gaul Narbonensis. 

LiNDUM, a colony of Britain, now Lin- 
coln. 

LiNDus, a city at the south east part of 
Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Sol and 
Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple 
to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded 
Gelain Sicily. It gave birth to Clebbulus, one 
of the seven wise men, and to Chares and 
Laches, who were employed in making and 
finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Strab. 
14.— Homer. II. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— Plin. 34. 
— Herodot. 7, c. 153. A grandson of Apol- 
lo. Cic. de JVat. D. 3. 

LiNGoNEs, now Langres, a people of Gal- 
lia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by J. Cae- 
sar. They passed into Italy, where they made 
some settlement near the Alps, at the head of 
the Adriatic. Tacit. H. 4, c. 55. — Martial. 11, 
ep. 57, V. 9, 1. 14, ep. 159. — Lucan. 1, v. 398. 
— Cces. Bell. G. 1, c. 26. 

LiNTERNA Palus, a lake of Campania. Ital. 
7, V. 278. 

LixNTERNUM, a town of Campania at th« 
mouth of the river Clanis, where Scipio Afri- 
caniis died and was buried. Liv. 34, c. 45. — 
Sil. 6, V. 654, 1. 7, V. 278.— Ctc. 10. Alt. 13.— 
Ovid. Met. \^,v. 113. 

Linus. This name is common to diftierent 
persons whose history is confused, and who are 
often taken one for the other. One was son 
of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Nep- 
tune. Another was son of Apollo by P?am- 
mathe daughter of Crotopus king of Argos, 
Martial mentions him in his 78 ep. 1. 9. The 
third, son of Ismenius, and born at Thebes in 
Bosotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit 
of anger, struck him on the head with his lyre 
and killed him. He was son of Mercury and 
Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions 
some of his philosophicalcompositions,in which 
he asserted that the world had been created in 
an instant. He was killed by Apollo, for pre- 
suming to compare himself to him. Apollodo- 
rus, however, and Pansanias, mention that his 
ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in 
holding the lyre was fatal to him. Apollod. 2, 
c. 4.—Diog. h— Virg. Eel. 4.— Pans. 2, c. 15, 

I. 9, C.20. A fountain in Arcadia, whose 

waters were said to prevent abortion. Plin. 
31, c. S. 

LioDES, one of Penelope's suitors, killed 
by Ulysses. Homer. Od. 22, fcc. 

LiPARA, the largest of the iEolian islands 
on the coast of Sicily, now called the Ldpari. 
It had a city of the same name, which accord- 
ing to Diodorus it received from Liparus the 
son of Auson, king of these islands, whose 
daughter Cyane was married by his successor 
^olus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants 
of this island were powerful by sea, and from 
the great tributes which they paid to Dionysiu.«^, 



LI 

the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very 
opulent. The island was celebrated for the 
variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in 
general repute. It had some convenient har- 
bours, and a fountain whose waters were much 
frequented on account of their medicinal pow- 
ers. According to Diodorus, iEolus reigned at 
Lipara before Liparis. Lvv. 5, c. 28. — Plin. 3, 
c. 9.—ItaL 14, V. bl.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 56, 1. 8, 

V. A\l.—Mtla, 2, c. I.—Strah. 6. A town 

of Etruria. 

Liparis, a river of Cilicia, whose waters 
were like oil. Plin. 5, c. ^I.— Vitruv. 8, c, 3. 

LiPHLUM, a town of the -Squi, taken by the 
Romans. 

LiPODORUS, one of the Greeks settled in 
Asia by Alexander, &c. 

L1Q.UENTIA, now lAvenza, a river of Cisal- 
pine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 
3, c. 18. 

LiRc^us, a fountain near Nemaea. Stat. 
Theb. 4, V. 711. 

LiRioPE, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid. Met. 3, v, 

311. A fountain of Boeotia on the borders 

of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned ac- 
cording to some accounts. 

LiRis, now Garigliano, a river of Campa- 
nia, which it separates from Latium. It falls 
into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2, c. 4. — 
Horat. 3, od. 17. — Lucan. 2, v. 424. A war- 
rior killed by Camilla, &-c. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 
670. 

LisiNiAs, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c. 
14. 

LissA, the name of a fury whom Euripides 
introduces on the stage as conducted by Iris, 
at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercu- 
les with that fatal rage which ended in his 
death. 

LissoN, a river of Sicily. 

Lissus, now Alessoi a town of Macedonia on 
the confines of lllyricum. Plin. 3, c. 2. — Liv. 

44, c. 10. — Lucan. 5, v. 719. A river of 

Thrace, falling into the jEgean sea, between 
Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by 
the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. 
Strab. l.—Herodot. 7, c. 109. 

LisTA, a town of the Sabines, whose inha- 
bitants are called Listini. 

LiTABRUM, now Buitrago, a town of Spain 
Tarraconensis. Liv. 32, c. 14, 1. 35, c. 22. 

LiTANA, a wood in Gallia Togata. Liv. 23, 
c. 24. 

LiTAvicus, one of the ^dni, who as- 
sisted Caesar with 10,000 men. Cas. Bell. G. 
7, c. 37. 

LiTERNUM, a town of Campania. 

LiTHOBoLiA, a festival celebrated at Trce- 
zene, in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who 
came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the 
fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to 
death. Hence the name of the solemnity, 
u%?o:tx, lapidalion. 

LiTHRus, a town of Armenia Minor. Strab. 

LiTHUBiuM, a town of Liguria. Liv. 32, c. 
29. 

LiTVERSAS, an illegitimate son of Midas 
king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare 
his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. 
He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocrit. 
Id. 10. 

Liv/A Drusii.la, a celebrated Roman lady, 



LI 

daughter of L. Dfusus Calidianus. She mar- 
ried Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she 
had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germa- 
nicus. The attachment of her husband to the 
cause of Antony was the beginning of her 
greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from 
the danger which threatened her husband, and 
he resolved to marry her, though she was then 
pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia,and, 
with the approbation of the augurs, he cele- 
brated his nuptials .with Livia. She now took 
advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the 
share that she enjoyed of his power and im- 
perial dignity. Her children by Drusus were 
adopted by the complying emperor; and that 
she might make the succession of her son 
Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is 
accused of secretly involving in one common 
ruin, the heirs and nearest relations of Augus- 
tus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still 
more strongly marked, when she is charged 
with having murdered her own husband, to 
hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was 
anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, 
Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a wo- 
man to whom he owed his life, his elevation, 
and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year 
of her age, A. D. 29. Tiberius showed him- 
self as undutiful after her death as before, for 
he neglected her funeral, and expressly com- 
ralmded that no honours, either private or pub- 
lic, should be paid to her memory. Tacit. Ann. 

1, c. 3. Suet, in Aug. ^ Tib. — Dion. Cass. 

Another. [Vid. Drusilla.] Another 

called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by 
Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suet. 

in Gal. 25. Another called also Ocellina. 

She was Galba's step-mother, and committed 
adultery with him. Id. lb. 3. 

LiviA Lex, de soeiis, proposed to make all 
the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. 
M. Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found 

murdered in his house before it passed 

Another by M. Livius Drusus the tribune, A. 
U. C. 662, which required that the judicial 
power should be lodged in the hands of an 
equal number of knights and senators. 

LiviNEius, a friend of Pompey, &c. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 3, c. 11, &c. 

LiviLLA, a daughter of Drusus. A sister 

of Caligula, &.c. Vid. Julia. 

Livius Andronicus, a dramatic poet who 
flourished at Rome about 240 years before the 
Christian era. He was the first who turn- 
ed the personal satires and fescennine v erses, 
so long the admiration of the Romans, into 
the form of a proper dialogue and regular 
play. Though the character of a player, so 
valued and applauded in Greece, was reckon- 
ed vile and despicable among the Romans, 
Andronicus acted a part in his dramatical 
compositions, and engaged the attention of his 
audience, by repeating what he had laborious- 
ly formed after the manner of the Greeks. 
Andronicus was the freedman of M. Livius 
Salinator, whose children he educated. His 
poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cice- 
ro, wiiose nicety and judgment wouldnoteven 
recommend the reading of it. Some few of 
his verses are preserved in the Corpus Poela- 

rum. M. Salinator, a Roman consul sent 

against the Illyrians. The success with which 
he finished his campaign, and the victory 



LI 

which some years after he obtained over As- 
drubal, who was passing into Italy with a rein- 
forcement for his brother Annibal, show how 
deserving he was to be at the head of the Ro- 
man armies. Liv. Drusus, a tribune who 

joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious 

views of C. Gracchus. Plut. in Grace. 

An uncle of Cato of Utica. Plut. Titus a 

native of Padua, celebrated-for his writings. 
He passed the greatest part of his life at Na- 
ples and Rome, but more particularly at the 
court of Augustus, who liberally patronized 
(he learned, and encouraged the progress of 
literature. Few particulars of his life are 
known, yet his fame was so universally spread, 
even in his life time, that an inhabitant of Ga- 
des traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely 
to see the man whose writings had given him 
such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. 
Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and ac- 
cording to some, on that same day Rome was 
also deprived of another of its brightest orna- 
ments by the death of the poet Ovid, A. D. 17. 
It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be 
the preceptor to young Claudius the brother 
of Germanicus, but death prevented the his- 
torian from enjoying an honour to which he 
was particularly entitled by his learning and 
his universal knowledge. The name of Livy 
is rendered immortal by his history of the Ro- 
man empire. Besides this he wrote some phi- 
losophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter 
addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, 
which ought to be read by young men. This 
letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, 
who expatiates with great warmth on the 
judgment and candour of the author. His 
Roman history was comprehended in 140 
books, of which only 35 are extant. It began 
^vith the foimdation of Rome, and was con- 
inued till the death of Drusus in Germany. 
The merit of this history is \vell known, and 
tiie high rank wiiich Livy holds among histo- 
rians will never be disputed. He is always 
great, his style is clear and intelligible, laboured 
without atFectation, ditfusive without tedious- 
ness, and argumentative without pedantry. In 
his harangues he is bold and animated, and in 
his narrations and descriptions, he claims a de- 
cided superiority. He is always elegant, and 
though many have branded his provincial 
words with the name of Patavinily, yet the 
expressions, or rather the orthography of 
words, which in Livy are supposed to distin- 
guish a native of a province of Italy from a 
native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, 
and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquaint- 
ed with the one as with the other. Livy has 
been censured, and perhaps with justice, for 
being too credulous, and burdening his histo- 
ry witii vulgar notions and superstitious tales. 
He may disgust when he mentions that milk 
and blood were rained from heaven, or that an 
ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he 
candidly confesses that he recorded only what 
made an indelible impression upon the minds 
of a credulous age. His candour has also been 
called in question, and he has sometimes 
.7hown himself too partial to his countrymen, 
but every where he is the indefatigable sup- 
porter or the cause of justice and virtue. The 
works of Livy have been divided by some 
of the moderns into 14 decades, eacii con- 



LO 

sisting of ten books. The first decade com- 
prehends the history of 460 years. The se- 
cond decade is lost, and the third compre- 
hends the history of the second Punic war, 
which includes about 18 years. In the fourth 
decade, Livy treats of the wars with Mace- 
donia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 
years. For th« first five books of the fifth 
decade, we are indebted to the researches 
of the moderns. They were found at Worms, 
A. D. 1431. These are the books that re- 
main of Livy's history, and the loss which 
the celebrated work has sustained by the ra- 
vages of time, has in some measure been 
compensated by the labours of J. Freinshe- 
mius, who with great attention and industry 
has made an epitome of the Roman history, 
which is now incorporated with the remain- 
ing books of Livy. The third decade seems 
to be superior to the others, yet the author has 
not scrupled to cop}" from his contemporaries 
and predecessors,, and we find many pas- 
sages taken word for word from Polybius, 
in which the latter has shown himself more 
informed in military affairs, and superior to 
his imitator. The best editions of Livy will 
be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols. 
12mo. London, 1722; of Drachenborch, 7 
vols. 4to. Amst. 1731, and of Ruddiman, 4 

vols. 12mo. Edin. 1751. A governor of Ta- 

rentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal, 

&c. A high priest who devoted Decius to 

the Dii manes. A commander of a Ro- 
man fleet sent against Antiochus in the Helles- 
pont. 

Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of 
the same name. Antaeus had a palace there, 
and according to some accounts it was in the 
neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. 
Ital. 3, V. 25S.— Mela, 3, c. }0.—Strab.2. — — 
A son of iEgyptus. Jlpollod. 

LoBON, a native oi Argos, who wrote a 
book concerning poets. Diog. 

LocEus, a man who conspired against Alex- 
ander with Dymnus, &.c. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

LocHA, a large city of Africa, taken and 
plundered by Scipio's soldiers. 

Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt 
near Alexandria. 

LocRi, a town of Magna Graecia in Italy on 
the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was 
founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years 
before the Christian era, as some suppose. 
The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses. 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 399.—Strab.—Plin.—Ltv. 22, 

c. 6, 1. 23, c. 30. A town of Locris in 

Greece. 

LocRis, a country of Greece, whose in- 
habitants are known by the name of Ozolce, 
Epicnemidii, and Opuniii. The country of 
the Ozolae, called also Epizephyrii, from their 
westerly situation, was at the north of the 
bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles 
northward. On the west it was separated 
from -ffitolia by the Evenus, and it hali 
Phocis at the east. The chief city was called 
Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the 
north of the Ozolae, and had the bay of Malia 
at the east, and OEta at the north. They re- 
ceived their name from the situation of their 
residence near a mountain called Cnemis. 
They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privi- 
lege of sending members to the council^of the 



LO 

Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received 
their name from their chief city, called Opus, 
were situated on the borders of the Euripus, 
and near Phocis and Euboea. Plin. 3, c. 5. — 
Strah. 6, hc.—Plol.—Mela.—Liv. 26, c. 26, 1. 
28, c. Q.—Paas. Ach. S^ Pfwc. 

LocusTA, a celebrated woman at Rome in 
the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius 
and Britanicus, and at last attempted to de- 
stroy Nero himself, for which she was execu- 
ted. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 66, k.c.—Sv£t. in JVer. 
33. 

LocuTius. Vid. Aius. 

LoLLiA Paulina, a beautiful woman, daugh- 
ter of M. LoUius, who married C. Memmius 
Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was di- 
vorced and put to death by means of Agrippi- 
na. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 1, he. 

LoLLiANus SpuRius, a general proclaimed 
emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon af- 
ter murdered, k.c. A consul, he. 

M. LoLLius, a companion and tutor of C. 
Caesar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was con- 
sul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in 
the provinces, Horace has addressed two of 
bis epistles to him, &:c. Tacit. Ann. 3. 

LoNDisuM, the capital of Britain, founded 
as some suppose between the age of Julius 
Caesar and Nero. It has been severally called 
Londinium, Limdinum, he. Ammianus calls 
it retustam oppidum. It is represented as a 
considerable, opulent, and commercial town 
in the age of Nero. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 33. — 
Ammian. 

LoNGiRENUs, a man guilty of adultery 
with Fausta, Sylla's daughter. Herat. 1, Sat. 
2, V. 67. 

LoNGiMANus, a surname of Artaxerxes, from 
his iiaving one hand longer than the other. 
The Greeks called him Macrochir. C. Aep. in 

LoN'GiNus, DionysiiK Cassius, a celebrated 
Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He 
was preceptor of the Greek language, and af- 
terwards minister to Zenobia, the famous 
queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and 
spirited activity to her cause proved, at last, 
fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian 
entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Lon- 
ginus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman 
soldiers, A. D. 273. At the moment of death 
he showed himself great and resolute, and 
with a philosophical and unparalleled firm- 
ness of mind, lie even repressed the tears and 
sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable 
end. Longinus rendered his name immortal 
by his critical remarks on ancient authors. 
His treatise on the sublime, gives the world 
reason to lament the loss of his other valuable 
compositions. The best editions of this author 
are tiiat of ToUius, 4to. Traj. adRhen. 1G94, 

and that of Toup, Svo. Oxon. 1778. Cassius, 

a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring 
the interest of J. Cajsar. He was made gover- 
nor of Spain by Caisar, he. A governor of 

Judaea. A proconsul. A lawyer whom, 

though blind and respected, Nero ordered to 
be put to death, because he had in his posses- 
sion a picture of Cassius one of Caesar's mur- 
derers. Jav. 10, V. 6. 

LoNGOBAUoi, a nation of Germany. Ta- 
: d. de Germ. 

LoNcijLA, a town of Latium on the bor- 



LU 



Liv. 2, c. 33 and 39, 1. 9, 
of Spain 



49 



i ders of the Volsci 
c. 39. 

LoNGUNTiCA, a maritime city 
Tarraconensis. Liv. 22, c. 20. 

LoNGus, a Roman consul, &.c. A Greek 

author who wrote a novel called the amours 
of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he 
lived is not precisely known. The best edi- 
tions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 
4to. 1754, and that of Villoison, Svo. Paris. 
1778. 

LoRDi, a people of Illyricum. 

LoRYMA, a town of Doris. Liv. 37, c. 17. 

LoTis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daugh- 
ter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, 
and to save herself from his importunities she 
implored the gods, who changed her into a 
tree called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and 
Apollo. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 348. 

LoTOPHAGi, a people on the coast of Africa 
near the Syrtes. They received this name 
from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses vi- 
sited their country at his return from the Tro- 
jan war. Herodot. 4, c. m.Strah. 17.— 
Mela^ 1, c. I.—Plin. 5, c. 7, 1. 13, c. 17. 

Lous or Aousj a river of Macedonia near 
ApoUonia. 

LuA, a goddess at Rome, who presided over 
things which were purified by lustrations, 
whence the name (a luendo.) She is supposed 
to be the same as Ops or Rhea. 

Luc A, now Lucca, a city of Etraria on the 

river Arnus, Liv. 21, c. 5, 1. 41, c. 13 Cic 

13,fam. 13. 

LucAGus, one of the friends of Turnus kill- 
ed by ^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 575. 

LucANi, a people of Italy, descended from 
the Samnites, or from the Brutii. 

LucANiA, a country of Italy, between t' 
Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded L 
Picenum, Pucetia, and the country of the Bru- 
tii. The country was famous for its grapes . 
Strah. 6.— Plin. 3, c. 5.— Mela, 2, c. 4.—Liv 8, 
c. 17, 1. 9, c. 20, 1. 10, c. U.—Horat. 2, ep. 2, 
V. 178. ^ 

Q. LucANius, a centurion in Caesar's armv, 
he. CcEsar. Bell. G. 5. 

LucANus, M. Ann^us, a native of Coi- 
duba in Spain. He was early removed to 
Rome, where his rising talents and more par- 
ticularly his lavished pi-aiseg and panegyrics - 
recommended him to the emperor Nero 
This intimacy was soon productive of honour, 
and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an au- 
gur and qucestor before he had attained the 
proper age. The poet had tlie imprudence 
to enter the lists against his imperial patron ; 
he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero 
took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan ob- 
tained an easy victory, but Nero became jea- 
lous of his poetical reputation, and resolved 
upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan 
was daily exposed, provoked at last his re- 
sentment, and he joined Piso in a couspiracv 
against the emperor. The whole was discov- 
ered, and the poet had nothing left but to 
choose the manner of his execution. He had 
his veins opened iu a warm bath, and as hr 
expired he pronounced with great energy the 

lines which, in his Pharsalia, 1. 3, v. 039 

642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, 
who died in the same manner as himself. 
Some have accused him of pusillanimitviu tb«> 



LU 

moment of his death, and say that, to free 
himself from the punishment which threatened 
him, he accused his own mother, and involved 
her in the crime of which he was guilty. This 
circuaistance, which throws an indelible blot 
upon the character of Lucan, is not mentioned 
by some writers, who observe that he expired 
with all the firmness of a philosopher. He 
died in his 26th year, A. D. 65. Of all his 
compositions none but his Pharsalia remains. 
This poem, which is an account of the civil 
wars of Cassar and Pompey, is unfinished. 
Opinions are various as to the merit of the po- 
etry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, 
nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lu- 
can had lived to a greater age, his judgment 
and genius would have matured; and he might 
have claimed a more exalted rank among the 

Eoets of the Augustan age. His expressions, 
owever, are bold and animated, his poetry 
entertaining, though his irregularities are nu- 
merous, and to use the words of Quintilian, 
he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote 
a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. 
It is said that his wife Polla Argentara, not 
only assisted him in the composition of his 
poem, but even corrected it after his death. 
Scaliger says, that Lucan rather barks than 
sings. The best editions of Lucan are those 
of Oudendorp, 4to. L. Bat. 1728, of Bent- 
ley, 4to. printed at Strawberry-hfll, 1760, 
and of Barbou, 12mo. Pai'is, 1767. QuirUil. 
10.— Suet.— Tacit. Ann. 15, he— Martial 

7, ep. 20. Ocellus or Ucellus, an ancient 

Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is un- 
known. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a 
book on the nature of the universe, which he 
deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the 
systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo 
Judaeus. This work was first translated into 
Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus 
on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was 
greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a frag- 
ment of which has been preserved by Stobaeus, 
of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be 
the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, 
with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. 
Vizzanius, Bononise, 1646, in 4to. 

LucARiA or LucEaiA, festivals at Rome, 
celebrated in a large grove between the Via 
Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid 
themselves when besieged by the Gauls. 
Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 77. 

L. LuccEius, a celebrated historian, asked 
by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. 
He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was af- 
terwards pardoned by J. Caisar. Cic. ad Fam. 
5, ep. 12, Uc. 

LuccEius Albinds, a governor of Mauri- 
tania after Galba's death, Lc. Tacit. Hist. 
2, c. 68. 

LuGENTUM, (or ia) a town of Spain, now 
.iiirani. 

LucERES, a body of horse composed of Ro- 
man knights, first established by Romulus and 
T&tius. It received its name either from Lu- 
cumo, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans 
against the Sabines, or from lucus, a grove 
where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a 
place of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homi- 
cides, &,c. that he might people his city. The 
Latereswere some of these men, and they 
were incorporated with the legions. Prap^rt. 
4, el. 1. v. 31. "^ 



LU 

LocERiA, atown of Apulia, famous for wool, 
Liv. 9, c. 2 and 12, 1. 10, c. 35.— Horat. 3, od, 
15, v. 14. — Lucan. 2, v. 473. 

LucERius, a surname of Jupiter, as the fa- 
ther of light. 

LucETius, a Rutulian, killed by Ilioneus. 
Virg. Mn. 9, v» 570. 

LuciANUs, a celebrated writer of Samo* 
sata. His father was poor in his circumstan- 
ces, and Lucian was early bound to one of his 
uncles, who was a sculptor. This employ- 
ment highly displeased him ; he made no pro- 
ficiency in the art, and resolved to seek bis 
livelihood by better means. A dream in which 
Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to 
promise lame and immortality, confirmed hia 
resolutions, and he began to Avrite. The arti- 
fices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life 
which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he 
began to study philosophy and eloquence. He 
visited difterent places, and Antioch, Ionia, 
Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly 
Athens, became successively acquainted with 
the depth of his learning and the power of his 
eloquence. The emperor M. Aurelius was 
sensible of his merit, and appointed him re- 
gister to the Roman governor of Egypt. He 
died A. D. 180, in his 90th yeai*, and some of 
the moderns have asserted that he was torn 
to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly 
for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The 
works of Lucian, which are numerous, and 
written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of 
dialogues, in which he introduces different 
characters with much dramatic propriety. 
His style is easy, simple, elegant, and anima- 
ted, and he has stored his compositions with 
many lively sentiments, and much of the true 
Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his 
manner of exposing to ridicule not only the 
religion of his country, but also that of every 
other nation, have deservedly drawn upon 
him the censure of every age, and brand- 
ed him with the appellation of atheist and 
blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostra- 
tes, a philosopher of Bceotia, as also that of 
the philosopher Demonax. Some have also 
attributed to him, with great impropriety, the 
life of Apollonius Thyaneus. The best edi- 
tions of Lucian are that of Graevius, 2 vols. 
8vo. Amst. 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols. 
4to. Amst. 1743. 

LxTciFER, the name of the planet Venus, 
or morning star. It is called Lucifer, w hen 
appearing in the morning before the sun ; but 
w hen it follows it, and appears some time after 
its setting, it is called Hesperus. According 
to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Ju- 
piter and Aurora. A Christian writer 

whose work was edited by the Coleti, fo!. Ve- 
net. 1778. 

LuciFERi FANUM, a towu of Spain. 

C. LuciLius, a Roman knight born at Au- 
runca, illustrious not only for the respectability 
of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the 
uprightness and (he innocence of his own im- 
maculate character. He lived in the greatest in- 
timacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and even 
attended him in his first war against Numantia. 
He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and 
as the first great satirical writer among the^ 
Romans. He is superior to his poetical pre- 
-decessors at Rome ; and though he wrote with 



LU 

great roughness and inelegance, but with 
much facility, he gained many admirers, whose 
praises have often been lavished with too libe- 
ral a hand. Horace compares him to a river 
which rolls upon its waters precious sand ac- 
companied with mire and dirt. Of the thirty 
satires which he wrote, nothing but a few 
verses remain. He died at Naples, the 46th 
year of his age, B. C. 103. His fragments have 
been collected and published with notes b}' 
Fr. Dousa, 4to. L. Bat. 1697, and lastly by the 
Vulpii, 8vo. Patav. 1735. quintil. 10, c. 1.— 
Cic. de Oral. 2. — Horai. Luclnus, a fa- 
mous Roman who fled with Brutus after the 
battle of Philippi. They were soon after 
overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius 
suftered himself to be severely wounded by 
the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was 
Brutus. He was taken and carried to the con- 
querors, whose clemency spared his life. Plut. 
A tribune who attempted in vain to elect 

Porapey to the dictatorship. A centurion, 

&c. A governor of Asia under Tiberius. 

■ A friend of Tiberius. 
LuciLLA, a daughter of M. Aurelius, cele- 
brated for the virtues of her youth, her beau- 
ty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the 
age of sixteen her father sent her to Syria to 
marry the emperor Verus, who was then em- 
ployed in a war with the Parthians and Arme- 
nians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were 
great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge 
himself into debauchery and dissipation, she 
followed his example, and prostituted herself. 
At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous 
commerce of her husband with her mother, 
&c. and at last poisoned him. She afterwards 
married an old but virtuous senator, by order 
of her father, and was not ashamed soon to 
gratify the criminal sensualities of her brother 
Coramodus. The coldness and indifterence 
with which Comraodus treated her afterwards 
determined her on revenge, and she with 
many illustrious senators conspired against 
his life, A. D. 185. The plot was discovered, 
Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to 
death by her brother, in the 38th year of her 

LuciNA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and 
Juno, or, according to others, of Latona. As 
her mother brought her into the world with- 
out pain, she became the goddess whom wo- 
itien in labour invoked, and she presided 
over the birth of children. She receives this 
name either from lucus, or from lux^ as Ovid 
explains it: 
Gratia Lucince, dedil hcec iibi nomine lucus; 
Aut quia principium tu, Dea, luds habes. 
Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and 
Juno, because these two goddesses were also 
sometimes called Lucina, and presided over 
the labours of women. She is called Ilythia 
by the Greeks. She had a famous temple at 
Rome, raised A. U. C. 396. Varr. de L. L. 4. 
— Cic. de JVal. D. 2, c. 27.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 
449. — Horat. Carm. Stc. 

Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siege 
of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who 
jumped down from one of the walls. Joseph. 

A brother of M. Antony. [Fid. L. Anto- 

nius.] A Roman general who defeated the 

Etrurians, he. A relation of J. Cajsar. 

A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyr- 



LU 

[ ians. A consul, he. A writer, called by 

I some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in 
I Africa, on the borders of Nuraidia. He studied 
I poetry, music, geometiy, &,c. at Athens, and 
warmly embraced the tenets of tlie Platonists. 
He cultivated magic, and some miracles are 
attributed to his knowledge of enchantments. 
He wrote in Greek and Latin, with great ease 
and simplicity ; his style, however, is some- 
times affected, though his eloquence was 
greatly celebx-ated in his age. Some fragments 
of his compositions are still extant. He dour- 
ished in the reign of M. Aurelius. A bro- 
ther of Vitellius, &c. A sorr of Agrippa, 

adopted by Augustus. A man put to death 

for his incontinence, &;c. The word Lucius 

is a praenomen common to many Romans, of 
whom an account is given under their family 
names. 

LucRETiA, a celebrated Roman lady, daugh- 
ter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarquinius Col- 
iatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal 
to her, and the praises which a number of 
young nobles at Ardea, among whom were 
Collatlnus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed 
upon the domestic virtues of their wives at 
home, were productive of a revolution in the 
state. While every one was warm with the 
idea, it was universally agreed to leave the 
camp and go to Rome, to ascertain the ve- 
racity of their respective assertions. Collati- 
nus had the pleasure to see his expectations 
fulfilled in the highest degree, and, while the 
wives of the other Romans were involved in 
the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was 
found at home, employed in the midst of her 
female servants, and easing their labour by 
sharing it herself The beauty and innocence 
of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus, the 
son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her vir- 
tues and industry. He cherished his flame, 
and he secretly retired from the camp, and 
came to the house of Lucretia, vvhere he met 
with a kind reception. He showed himself un- 
worthy of such a treatment, and, in Vie dead 
of night, he introduced himself to Lucretia, 
who refused to his entreaties what her Tear of 
shame granted to his threats She yielded to 
her ravisher when he threatened to murder 
her, and to slay one of her slaves, and put him. 
in her bed, that this apparent adultery might 
seem to have met with the punishment it de- 
served. Lucretia, in the morning, sent for her 
husband and her father, and, after she had 
revealed to them the indignities she had suf- 
fered from the son of Tarquin, and entreated 
them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed her- 
self with a dagger which she had previously 
concealed under her clothes. This fatal 
blow was the sign of rebellion. The body 
of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the 
eyes of the senate, and the violence and bar- 
barity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity 
and oppression of his father, so irritated the 
Roman populace, that that moment they ex- 
pelled the Tarquina for ever from Rome. 
Brutus, who was present at the tragical deatU. 
of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion* 
and the republican or consular government 
was established at Rome A. U. C. 244. Liv. 
1, c 57, he. — Dionys. Hal. A. c. 15. — Ovid. 
Fast. 2, V. lAl.— Val.Max. 6, c. l.—^/«^— • » 

August.de Civ. D. 1, c. 19 The wife oS 

Numa. Plut. 



LU 

LucRETiLis, now Libretti, a mountain in 
ihe country of the Sabines, hanging over a 
pleasant valley, near which the house and farm 
of Horace was situate. Horaf. 1, od, 17, v. 

i.—cic.7,m. 11. 

T. Lucretius Carus, a celebrated Roman 
poet and philosopher, who was early sent to 
Athens, where he studied under Zeno and 
Phffidrus. The tenets of Epicurus and Em- 
pedocles, which then prevailed at Athens, 
Mere warmly embraced by Lucretius, and 
when united with the infinite of Anaxiraander, 
and the atoms of Democritus, they were ex- 
plained and elucidated in a poem, in six books, 
which is called i)e reram nalurd. In this 
poem the masterly genius and unaffected ele- 
gance of the poet are every where conspicu- 
ous ; but the opinions of the philosopher are 
justly censured, who gives no existence of 
power to a supreme Being, but is the devoted 
advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly 
endeavours to establish the mortality of the 
soul . This composition, which has little claim 
to be called a heroic poem, was written and 
finished while the poet laboured under a violent 
delirium, occasioned by a philtre, which the 
jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had 
administered. It is said that he destroyed him- 
self in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years 
before Christ. Cicero, after his death, revised 
and corrected his poems, which had been part- 
ly written in the lucid intervals of reason and 
of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that 
he wrote Latin better than any other man ever 
did, would have proved no mean rival of Virgil, 
had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. 
The best editions of his works are that of 
Creech, 8vo. Oxon. 1695 ; that of Havercarap, 
2 vols. 4to. Lug. Bat. 1725 ; and that of Glas- 
gow, 12mo. 1759. Paterc.2, c. 36. — Quintil. 

3, c. 1, 1. 10, c. 1. Quintus, a Roman who 

killed himself because the inhabitants of Sul- 
rao, over which he was appointed with a gar- 
rison, seemed to favour the cause of J. Cssar. 
C(£s. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 18. He is called Ves- 

pillo. Sp. Tricipitinus, father of Lncretia, 

wife of Collatinus, was made consul after the 
death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. 
Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. Liv. 1, c. 

58. — Plut.in Pub. An interrex at Rome. 

A consul. Osella, a Roman, put to 

death by Sylla because he had applied for the 
consulship without his permission. Pint. 

LucuiKUM, a town of Apulia. 

LucRiNus, a small lake of Campania, op- 
posite Puteoli. Some believe that it was made 
by Hercules when he passed through Italy 
with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with 
excellent oysters, and was united by Augus- 
tus to the Avernus, and a communication 
formed with the sea, near the harbour called 
Julius Portus. The Lucrii^e lake disappeared 
on the 30th of September, 153S, in a violent 
earthquake, which raised on the spot a moun 
tain 4 miles in circumference, and about 1000 
feet t igh, with a crater in the middle. Cic. 4. 
.^tl. lO.—Strab. 5 and 6— Mela, 2, c. 4.— 
Properl. 1, el. 11, v. lO.—Virg. G. 2, v. 161. 
—HoTui. 2, od. 15. 

C. LucTATius Catulus, a Roman consul 
with Murius. He assisted his colleague in 
conqueriiig the Cjtiibrians. \^Via. Cimbricum 
bollum.] He was eloquent as well as valiant. 



LU 

and his history of his consulship, which he 
wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his 
literary talents. That history is lost. Cic. da 

Orat. — Varro de L. L. — Flor. 2, c. 2. C. 

Catulus, a Roman consul, who destroyed the 
Carthaginian fleet. Vid. Catulus. 

LucuLLEA, a festival established by the 
Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behav- 
ed with great prudence and propriety in his 
province. Plut. in Luc. 

LucuLLi HORATi, gardens of Lucullus situa- 
ted near Neapolis, &-c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c 

1. Villa, a country seat near mount Mise- 

nus, where Tiberius died. Tacit. Ann. 6, 
c. 50. 

Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman cele- 
brated for his fondness of luxury and for his 
military talents. He was born about 115 years 
before the Christian era, and soon distinguished 
himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, 
particularly eloquence and philosophy. His 
first military campaign was in the Marsian 
war, where his valour and cool intrepidity re- 
commended him to public itotice. His mild- 
ness and constancy gained him the admiration 
and confidence of Sylla, aud from this connex- 
ion hederived honour, and during his quaestor- 
ship in Asia, and pretorship in Africa, he ren- 
dered himself more conspicuous by his justice, 
moderation, and humanity. He was raised to 
the consulship A. U. C. 680, and intrusted with 
the care of the Mithridatic war, and first dis- 
played his military talents in rescuing his col- 
league Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged 
in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a 
celebrated victory over the forces of Mithri- 
dates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by 
the conquest of all Bithynia. His victories by 
sea were as great as those by land, and Mith- 
ridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. 
Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, 
and Mithridates retired with precipitation to- 
wards Armenia, to the court of king Tigranes, 
his father-in-law. His flight was perceived, 
and Lucullus crossed the Eu{)hrates with great 
expedition, and gave battle to the numerous 
forces which Tigranes had already assembled 
to support the cause of his son-in-law. Ac- 
cordingtotheexaggerated account of Plutarch, 
no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 
horse, of the Armenians, lost their lives in that 
celebrated battle. All this carnage was made 
by a Roman army amounting to no more thau 
18,000 men, of whom only five were killed and 
100 wounded during the combat. The taking 
of Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, was 
the consequence of this immortal victory, and 
Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of 
the royal treasures. This continual success, 
howcver,was attended with serious consequen- 
ces. The severity of Lucullus, and the haugh- 
tiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, 
and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pom- 
pey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to 
continue the Mithridatic war, and the inter- 
view which he had with Lucullus began with 
acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most 
inveterate reproaches, and open enmity. Lu- 
cullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and 
only 1600 of the soldiers who had t-hared his 
fortune and his glories were suffered to accom- 
pany him. He was received with coldness at 
Rome, and he obtained with difficuhy a tri- 



I 



LU 

umpb, which was deservedly claimed by his 
fame,his successes, and his victories. In this en- 
ded the days of his glory; and he retired to the 
enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and 
no longer interested himself in the commotions 
whicii disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He 
dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to 
literary conversation. His house was enriched 
with a valuable library, which was opened for 
the service of the curious, and of the learned. 
Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part 
of his life, and died in the 67th or 68th year of 
his age. The people showed their respect for 
his merit, by their wish to give him an hon- 
ourable burial in the Campus Martius; but 
their oflfers were rejected, and he was private- 
ly buried, by his brother, in his estate at Tus- 
culum. Lucullus has been admired for his 
many accomplishments, but he has been cen- 
sured for his severity and extravagance. The 
expenses of his meals were immoderate, his 
halls were distinguished by the different names 
of the gods ; and when Cicero and Pompey at- 
tempted to surprise him, they were astonished 
at the costliness of a supper which had been 
prepared upon the word of Lucullus, who had 
merely said to his servant that he would sup in 
the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus 
was fond of artificial variety ; subterraneous 
cav'es and passages were dug under the hills on 
the coast of Campania, and the sea water was 
conveyed round the house and pleasure 
grounds, where the fishes flocked in such abun- 
dance that not less than 25,000 pounds worth 
were sold at his death. In his public character 
Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and 
he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of hu- 
man affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one 
of the cities of Armenia, which his soldiers re- 
duced to ashes. He was a perfect master of 
the Greek and Latin languages, and he em- 
ployed himself for some time to write a con- 
cise history of the Marsi in Greek hexameters. 
Such are the striking characteristics of a man 
who meditated the conquest ofParthia, and for 
a while gained the admiration of all the inhab- 
itants of the east, by his justice and modera- 
tion, and who might have disputed the empire 
of the world with a Caesar or Pompey, had not, 
at last, his fondness for retii'ement withdrawn 
liim from the reach of ambition. Cic.pro ^rch. 
4. — Qu(£st. Ac. 2, c. 1. — Plxd. in vita. — Flor. 
3, c. 5. — Strab. — Jippian. in Millir. &.c. — Oro- 

sius 6, &.C. A consul who went to Spain, 

&c.- A Roman, put to death by Domitian. 

■A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant 
under Sylla. A praetor of Macedonia. 

LucuMO, the first name of Tarquinius Pris- 
cus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The 
word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. 
Plut. in Rom. 

Luc us, a king of ancient Gaul. A town 

','f Gaul, at the foot of the Alps. 

LuGDUNENSis Gallia, a part of Gaul, 
which received its name from Lugdununi,the 
capital city of the province. It was anciently 
called Celtica. H(/. Gallia. 

LugdCxVum, a town of Gallia Celtica, built 
at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, 
or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was 
governor of the province. This town, now 
called Lyons, is the second city of France in 
liniul of population. Jitv.l,v. 44. — Strab. 4. 



LU 

Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as 

it falls into the ocean. It is now called Ley- 
den, and is famous for its university. Con- 

venarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrennees, 
now St. Berlrand in Gascony. 

Luna, {the moon) was daughter of Hype- 
rion and Terra, and was the same, according 
to some mythologists, as Diana. She was wor- 
shipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth 
with many superstitious forms and ceremo- 
nies. It was supposed that magicians and en- 
chanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had 
an uncontrollable power over the moon, and 
that they could draw her down from heaven 
at pleasure by the mere force of their incan- 
tations. Her eclipses, according to their opi- 
nion, proceeded from thence ; and, on that 
account, it was usual to beat drums and cym- 
bals, to ease her labours, and to render the 
power of magic less effectual. The Arca- 
dians believed that they were older than the 
moon. Olid. Met. 12, v. 263, hc.—Tihull. 1, 
el. 8, V. 2\.—Uesiod. Theog.— Virg. Ed. 8, 
V. 69. A maritime town of Etruria, fa- 
mous for the white marble which it produced, 
and called also Lunensis portus. It contained 
a fine capacious harbour, and abounded in 
wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were na- 
turally given to augury, and the observation of 
uncommon phaenomena. Mela, 2, c. 4. — Lu- 
can. 1, V. 596.— P/»i. 14, c. 6.— Lip. 34, c. 8. 
—Sill. 8, V. 481. 

LuPA, (a she-wolf) was held in great ve- 
neration at Rome, because Romulus and Re- 
mus, according to an ancient tradition, were 
suckled and preserved by one of these animals. 
This fabulous story arises from the surname of 
Lupa, prostitute, which was given to the wife 
of the shepherd Faustulus, to whose care and 
humanity these children owed their preserva- 
tion. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 415. — Plut. in RomuL 

Lupercal, a place at the foot of mount 
Aventine, sacred to Pan, where festivals called 
Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where 
the she- wolf was said to have brought up Ro- 
mulus and Remus. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 343. 

Lupercalia, a yearly festiv^al observed at 
Rome the loth of February, in honour of the 
god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two 
goats and a dog, and to touch with a bloody 
knife the forehead of two illustrious youths, 
who always were obliged to smile while they 
were touched. The blood was wiped away 
with soft wool dipped in milk. After this the 
skins of the victims were cut in thongs, with 
which whips were made for the youths. With 
these whips the youths ran about the streets 
all naked except the middle, and whipped 
freely all those they met. Women in particu- 
lar were fond of receiving the lashes, as they 
superstitiously believed that they removed 
barrenness, and eased the pains of child-birth. 
This excursion in the streets of Rome was per- 
formed by naked youths, because Pan is al- 
ways represented naked, and a goat was sacri- 
ficed, because that deity was supposed to have 
the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a ne- 
cessary and useful guardian of the shecpfold. 
This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first 
instituted by the Romans in honour of the she- 
wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This 
opinion is controverted by others, and Livy, 
w iili Dionysius of Halicai'unssus, observes, that 



LU 

ihty were introduced into Italy by Evander. 
The name seems to be borrowed from the 
Greek name of Pan, Lycceus, from kvxo;, a wolf; 
not only because these ceremonies were like 
the Lycasan festivals observed in Arcadia, but 
because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected 
the sheep from the rapacity of the wolves. 
The priests who officiated at the Lupercalia 
were called Lttpem. Augustus forbade any per- 
son above the age of fourteen to appear naked, 
or to run about the streets during the Luper- 
calia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches 
Antony for having disgraced the dignity of the 
consulship, by running naked, and armed with 
a whip, about the streets. It was during the 
celebration of these festivals that Antony of- 
fered a crown to J. Cassar, whicli the indigna- 
tion of the populace obliged him to refuse. 
Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 427.— Farro L. L. 5, c. 3. 

LuPERci, a number of priests at Rome, who 
assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, 
in honour of the god Pan, to whose service 
they were dedicated. This order of priests 
was the most ancient and respectable of all 
the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into 
two separate colleges, called Fabiani and 
Quintiliani, from Fabius and Quintilius, two 
of their high priests. The former were insti- 
tuted in honour of .Romulus, and the latter of 
Remus. To these two sacerdotnl bodies, J. 
Cassar added a third, called, from himself, the 
Julii, and this action contributed not a little to 
render his cause unpopular, and to betray his 
aspiring and ambitious views. [Vid. Luper- 
calia.] Fans, in Rom. — Dio. Cas. 48. — Virg. 
JEn. 8, v. 663. 

LuPERcus, a grammarian in the reign of 
the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some gram- 
matical pieces, which some have preferred to 
Herodian's compositions. 

LupiAS or LupiA, now Lippe, a town of 
Germany, with a small river of the same name, 
falling into the Rhine. Tacit. Ann. 1, &c. 
Lupus, a general of the emperor Severus. 

A governor of Britain. A quaestor in 

the reign of Tiberius, &.c. A comic writer 

of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of 
Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the des- 
truction of Troy. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. 
26. P. Rut, a Roman, who, contrary to the 
omens, marched against the Marsi, and was 
killed with his army. He has been taxed with 
impiety, and was severely censured in the Au- 
gustan age. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 68. 

LusiTANiA, a part of ancient Spain, whose 
extent and situation have not been accurate- 
ly defined by the ancients. According to the 
better descriptions, it extended from the Tagus 
to the sea of Cantabria, and comprehended 
the modern kingdom of Portugal. The inha- 
bitants were warlike, and were conquered by 
the Roman army under Dolabella, B. C. 99, 
with great difficulty. They generally lived 
upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished 
in their manners. It was usual among them 
to expose their sick in the high roads, that 
their diseases might be cured by the directions 
and advice of travellers. They were very mo- 
derate in their meals, and never eat but of one 
dish. Their clothes were commonly black, 
and they generally warmed themselves by 
means of stone, heated in the fire. Stra^. 3. 
—Mela, 2, c. 6, 1. 3, c. l.—Liv. 21, c. 43, 1. 
7, G. 20. 



LY 

Lusius, a river of Arcadia. Cic. de .Va». 
D. 3, c. 22.'-Paus. Arc. 28. 

LusoNES, apeople of Spain near the Ibe- 
rus, 

LusTRicus Brutianus, a Roman poet. 
Martial. 4, ep. 23. 

LuTATius Catulus, a Roman who shut 
the temple of Janus after peace had been 
made with Carthage. Vid. Luctatius. 

LuTERius, a general of the Gauls, de- 
feated by Caesar, &.c. 

LuTETiA, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the 
confluence of the rivers Sequana andMatrona, 
which received its name, as some suppose, 
from the quantity of clay, lutum, whicn is in 
its neighbourhood. J. Caesar fortified and em- 
bellished it, from which circumstance some 
authors call it Julii Civitas. Julian the apos- 
tate resided there some time. It is now Parisj 
and is the capital of France. C(es. de Bell. G. 
6 and 7. — Strab. 4. — Ammian. 20. 

C. LuTORius Prjscus, a Roman knight, 
put to death by order of Tiberius, because 
he had written a poem In which he had be- 
wailed the death of Germanicus, who then 
laboured under a severe illness. Tacit. Ann. 
3, c. 49, kc. 

Ly^sus, a surname of Bacchus. It is de- 
rived from >'W«i', solvere, because wine, over 
which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the 
mind, and delivers it from ^11 cares and me- 
lancholy. Horat. ep. 9. — Lucan. 1, v. 675, 

Lybas, one of the companions of Ulys- 
ses, &c. 

Lybya or LvBissA, a small village of Bi- 
thynia, where Annibal was buried. 

Lycabas, an Etrurian, who had been 
banished from his country for murder. He 
was one of those who offered violence to Bac- 
chus, and who were changed into dolphins. 

OijU Met. 4, v. 624. One of the Lapi- 

thae, who ran away from the battle which was 
fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. Id. Met. 
12, V. 302. 

Lycabetus, a mountain of Attioa, near 
Athens. Stat. 

Lycvea, festivals in Arcadia in honour of 
Pan, the god of shepherds. They are the 

same as the Lupercalia of the Romans. 

A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo 
Lycaeus, who delivered the Argives from 
wolves, &c. 

Lyceum, a celebrated place near the 
banks of the Ilissus, in Attica. It was in 
this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aris- 
totle tatight philosophy, and as he generally 
instructed his pupils in walking, they were 
called Peripatetics, a wi^tTrceTiu,, ambulo. The 
philosopher continued his instructions for 12 
years, till, terrified by the false accusations of 
Eurytoedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis. 

Lyc^us, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred 
to Jupiter, where a temple was built in hon- 
our of the god by Lycaon, the son of Pelas- 
gus. It was also sacred to Pan, whose fes- 
tivals, called Lycop.a, were celebrated there. 
Virg. G. 1, V. 16. ^n. 8, v. 343.Strab. 8.— 
Horai. 1, od. 17, v. 2.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 698. 

Lycambes, the father of Neobule. He 
promised his daughter in marriage to the 
poet Archilocus, and afterwards refused to 
fulfil his engagement when she had been 
couited by a man whose opulence had more 



LY 

influence than the fortune of the po»t. This 
irritated Archilocus ; he wrote a bitter invec- 
tive against Lycambes and his daughter, and 
rendered them both so desperate by the satire 
of his composition, that they hanged them- 
selves. Horat. ep. 6, v. 13.— Ovid, in lb. 52.— 
JriMot. Rhet. 3. 

Lycaon, the first king of Arcadia, son of 
Pelasgus and Melibcea. He built a town 
called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycseus, 
in honour of Jupiter. He had many wives, 
by whom he had a daughter, called Calisto, 
and fifty sons. He was succeeded oji the 
throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. 
He lived about 1820 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Apollod. 3. — Hygin. fab. 176.— 
Catul ep. IG.—Paus. 8, c. 2, &,c.— Ano- 
ther king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruel- 
ties. He was changed into a wolf by Ju- 
piter, because he offered human victims on 
the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute 
this metamorphosis to another cause. The 
sins of mankind, as they relate, were become 
so enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to 
punish wickedness and impiety. He came 
to Arcadia, where he was announced as a 
god, and the people began to pay proper 
adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, 
who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wan- 
ton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his 
subjects, and to try the divinity of the god, 
he served up human flesh on his table. This 
impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he imme- 
diately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and 
changed him into a wolf. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 

198, kc. These two raonarchs are often 

confounded together, though it appears that 
they were two different characters, and that 
no less than an age elapsed between their 

reigns. A son of Priam and Laothoe. He 

was taken by Achilles, and carried to Lemnos, 
whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed 
by Achilles in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 21, 

&,c. The father of Pandarus, killed by 

Diomedes before Troy. A Gnossian artist, 

who made the sword which Ascanius gave to 
Euryalus. Tirg. ^n. 9, v. 304. 

Lycaonia, a country of Asia, between 
Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, 
made a Roman province under Augustus. 
Iconium was the capital. Sirab. 10. — Mela, 

1, c. 2.—Liv. 27, c. 54, 1. 38, c. 39. Arcadia 

bore also that name from Lycaon, one of 

its kings. Dionys. Hal. An island in the 

Tiber. 

Lycas, a priest of Apollo in the interest of 
Turnus. He was killed by jEneas. Virg. 

JEn. 10, v. 315. Another officer of Turnus. 

Id. 10, c. 561. 

Lycaste, an ancient town of Crete, whose 
inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the 

Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. A daughter of 

Priam by a concubine. She married Polyda- 
mas, the son of Antenor. A famous courte- 
zan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of 
her great beauty. She had a son called Eryx 
by Butes, son of Amycus. 

Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia. 

Lycastus, a son of Minos L He was fa- 
ther of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of Co- 

rybas. Diod. 4. A son of Minos and Phi- 

lonome, daughter of Nyctimus. He succeed- 
e d his father on the thfone of Ai'cadia. Ptius. 
8, c. 3 and 4. 



LY 

Lyce, one of the Amazons, kc. Flaec. €. 
v. 374. 
Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Lii\ 31, c. 

Lyceum. Vid. Lycaeum. 

Lychnidus, now Achridna, a city with a 
lake of the same name, in lilyricum. Liv. 27, 
c. 32, 1. 44; c. 15. 

Lycia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded 
by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on 
the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia 
on the north. It was anciently called Milyas, 
and Tremile, from the Milyae, or Solymi, a 
people of Crete, who came to settle there. 
The country received the name of Lycia from 
Lycus, the son of Pandion, who established 
himself there. The inhabitants have been 
greatly commended by all the ancients, not 
only for their sobriety and justice, but their 
great dexterity in the management of the bow. 
They were conquered by Crcesus, king of Ly- 
dia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they 
were subject to the power of Persia, yet they 
were governed by Uieir own kings, and only 
paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. 
They became part of the Macedonian empire 
when Alexander came into the east, and after- 
wards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidse. 
The country was reduced into a Roman pro- 
vince by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had 
there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the 
epithet hyberna is applied to the country, be- 
cause the god was said to pass the winter in 
his temple. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 143 and 446, 1. 7, 
v. 816.— S^ra6. Theb. 6, v. ^Q.—Herodot. 1, c. 
n^.—Slat. 13.— Lw. 37, c. 16, 1. 38, c. 39. 

Lycidas, a centaur killed by the Lapithae 
at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, 

V. 310. A shepherd's name. Virg. Eel. 

A beautiful youth, the admiration of 

Rome in the age of Horace. Horat. 1, od. 4, 
V. 19. 

Lycimma, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Lycimnia, a .slave, mother of Helenor by a 
Lydian prince. Virg. M,n. 9, v. 446. 

LYCisrus, an Athenian arch on.- ■■"A Mes- 
senian of the family of the .ffipytidae. When 
his daughters were doomed by lot to be 
sacrificed for the good of their country, he 
fled with them to Spai-ta, and Aristodemus 
upon this cheerfully gave his own children, 
and soon after succeeded to the throne. Paus. 

4, c. 9. A youth of whom Horace was 

enamoured. 

Lycius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta. 

A son of Lycaon. An epithet given to 

Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he 
gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where the 
appellation of Lycics, sortes was given to his an- 
swers, and even to the will of the Fates. Virg 
JEn. 4, v. 346. A surname of Danaus. 

Lycomedes, a king of Scyros, an island in 
the JEge&n sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. 
He was secretly intrusted with the care of 
young Achilles, jvhora his mother Thetis had 
disguised in woman's clothes, to remove him 
from the Trojan war, whei*e she knew he must 
unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered 
himself famous for his treacheiy to Theseus, 
who had implored his protection when driveji 
from the throne of Athens by the usurper 
Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, 
either envious of the fame of his illustrioif' 



LY 

guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnee- 
fheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on 
pretence of showing him the extent of his do- 
miniotis, and perfidiously threw him down a 
precipice, where he was killed. Plut. in Thes. 
—Pans. 1, c. 17, 1. 7, c. 4.—ApoUod. 3, c. 13. 

An Arcadian, wlio, with 500 chosen men, 

put to flight 1000 Spartans, and 500 Argives, 

&c, Diod. 15. A seditious person at Te- 

gea. A Mantinean general, &lc. An 

Athenian, the first who took one of the ene- 
my 's ships at the battle of Salamis. Plat. 

Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of As- 
tyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was great- 
ly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, he. He 
died in the 74th year of his age. Diog. in vit. 

A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. 

A poet. A writer of epigrams. A 

player, greatly esteemed by Alexander. 'A 

Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion. 
A peripatetic philosopher. 

LycoNE,acity of Thrace. A mountain 

of Argolis. Paus. 2, c. 24. 

Lycophron, a son of Periander, king of 
Corinth. The murder of his mother Melis§^a, 
by his father, had such an effect upon him, 
that he resolved never to speak to a man who 
had been so wantonly cruel against his rela- 
tions. This resolution was strengthened by 
the advice of Procles, his maternal uncle, and 
Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son 
whose disobedience and obstinacy had render- 
ed him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of 
Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lyco- 
phron was the only surviving child who had 
any claini to the crown of Corinth. But, when 
the infirmities of Periander obliged him to 
look for his successor, Lycophron refused to 
come to Corinth while his father was there, 
and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on 
promise that Periander would come and dwell 
there while he remained master of Corinth. 
This exchange, however, was prevented. The 
4;^ircyreans, who were apprehensive of the ty- 
itanny of Periander, murdered Lycophron be- 
lore he left that island. Herodul. 3. — Arislot. 

A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander, 

tyrant of Pheras. He assisted his sister in mur- 
dering her husband, and he afterwards seized 
the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Phi- 
lip of Macedonia. Plut. — Diod. 16. A ge- 
neral of Corinth killed by Nicias. Plut. in 

Mc. .A native of Cythera, son of Mastor. 

He went to the Trojan war with Ajax, the son 
of Telamon, after the accidental murder of one 
of his citizens. He was killed, &c. Horner. II. 
15, V. 450. A famous Greek poet and gram- 
marian, born at Chalcis, in Euboia. He was 
one of the poets who flourished under Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, and who, from their number, 
obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died 
by the wonnd of an arrow. He wrote tra- 
gedies, the titles of twenty of which have been 
pre.served. The only remaining composition 
of this poet is called Cassandra, or Mexandra. 
It contains 14T4 verses, whose obscurity has 
procured the epithet of Tenebrotus to its au- 
thor. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, 
which, as he supposes, were given by Cassan- 
dra during the Trojan war. The best editions 
of Lycophron are that of Basil; 1546, fol. en- 
riched with the Greek commentary of Tzet- 
zes; that of Canter, Bvo. apud. Commelin, 



LY 

1596; and that of Potter, fol. Oxon. 17t«. 
Ovid, in lb. 533.— Stat. 5. Sylv. 3. 

Lycopolis, now Siut, a town of Egypt. 
It received this name on account of the im- 
mense number of wolves, a-wo., which repelled 
an army of Ethiopians, who had invaded 
Egypt. Diod. l.Strab. 17. 

Lycopus, an Etolian who assisted the Cy- 
reneans against Ptolemy. Polycen. 8. 

Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of 
Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took 
refuge during Deucalion's deluge, directed by 
the bowlings of wolves. Paus. Phoc. 6. 

LycoreuS; the supposed founder of Lyco- 
rea, on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo 
and Corycia. Hygin. fab. 161. 

Lycorias, one of the attendant nymphs of 
Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 339. 

Lycoris, a freedwoman of the senator Vo- 
lumnius, also called Cytheris, and Volumnia, 
from her master. She is celebrated for her 
beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was 
greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Vir^ 
gil comforts him in his 10th eclogue, for the 
loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed 
M. Antony's camp, and was become the As- 
pasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, 
however, prevailed over those of Cytheris, and 
the unfortunate courtezan lost the favours of 
Antony and of all the world at the same time. 
Lycoris was originallv a comedian. Vii^. Ed. 
TlO.— Ovid. ^.^.3, v. 537. 

Lycormas, a river of Etolia, whose sands 
were of a golden colour. It was afterwards 
called Evenus from king Evenus, who threw 
himself into it. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 245. 

Lycortas, the father of Polybius, who 
flourished B. C, 184. He was chosen general 
of the Achaean league, and he revenged the 
death of Philopcemen, fee. Plut. 

LycostJra, a city built by Lycaon on mount 
Lycaeus in Arcadia. 

Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of 
Idomeneus, whence he is often called Lyctius. 
Virg.JEn.3,v.4Q\. 

Lycurgides, annual days of solemnity ap- 
pointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta. 
The patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. Ovid, 
in lb. v. 503. 

Lycurgus, a king of Nemasa, in Pelopon- 
nesus. He was raised from the dead by Mi- 

culapius. Stat. Theb. 5, v. 638. A giant 

killed by Osiris in Thrace. Diod. 1. A 

king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been 
represented as cruel and impious, on account 
of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. 
He, according to the opinion of the mytholo- 
gists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom, 
and abolished his worship, for which impiety 
he was severely punished by the gods. He 
put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and 
he cutoff his own legs, mistaking them for 
vine boughs. He was put to death in the great- 
est torments by his subjects, who had been in- 
formed by the oracle that they should not taste 
wine till Lycurgus was no more. This fable is 
explained by observing, that the aversion of 
Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus pre- 
sided, arose from the filthiness and disgrace of 
intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely 
ordered all the vines of his dominions to be 
cut down, that himself and his subjects might 
be preserved from the extravagance and de- 



LY 

baucheiy which are produced by too free an 
use of wine, Hygin. fab. 132. — Homer. II. 6, 
V. 130.— Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 22. 
■^Virg. JEn. 3, v. U.—Horat. 2, od. 19 
A son of Hercules and Praxithea, daughter of 

Thespius. ApoUod. 2, c. 7. A son of Phe- 

res, the son of Cretheus. Id. I, c. 9.— —An 
orator of Athens? surnamed Ibis, in the age 
of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and 
impartiality when at the head of the govern- 
ment. He was one of the thirty orators whom 
the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alex- 
ander. Some of his orations are extant. He 
died about 330 years before Christ. Diod. 16, 

A king of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Neaera, 

the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleo- 
phile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had 
AmphidamaSj &c. Apollod. 3, c. 9. — Homer. 

II. 7. A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta; 

son of king Eunomus, and brother to Polydec- 
tes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan 
throne ; but when he saw that the widow of 
Polydectes was pregnant, he kept the king- 
dom not for himself, but till Charilaus, his 
nephew, was arrived to years of maturity. He 
had previously refused to marry his brother's 
widow, who wished to strengthen him on his 
throne by destroying her own son Charilaus, 
and leaving him in the peaceful possession of 
the crown. The integrity with which he act- 
ed, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, 
united with the disappointment and the resent- 
ment of the queen, raised him many enemies, 
and he at last yielded to their satire and ma- 
levolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled 
like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt 
without suffering himself to be corrupted by 
the licentiousness and luxuiy which prevailed 
there. The confusion which followed his de- 
parture from Sparta, now had made his pre- 
sence totally necessary, and he returned home 
at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen. 
The disorder which reigned at Sparta, induced 
him to reform the government ; and the more 
effectually to execute his undertaking, he had 
recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was re- 
ceived by the priestess of the god with every 
mark of honour, his intentions were warmly 
approved by the divinity, and he was called 
the friend of gods, and himself rather god than 
man. After such a reception from the most 
celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found 
no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the 
state, and all were equally anxious in promo- 
ting a revolution which had received the sanc- 
tion of heaven. This happened 884 years be- 
fore the Christian era. Lycurgus first estab- 
lished a senate, which was composed of 28 
senators, whose authority preserved the tran- 
quillity of the state, and maintained a due and 
just equilibrium between the kings and the 
people, by watching over the intrusions of the 
former, and checking the seditious convulsions 
of the latter. All distinction was destroyed, 
and by making an equal and impartial division 
of the land among the members of the com- 
monwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and 
encouraged the useful arts. The use of mo- 
ney, either of gold or silver, was totally forbid- 
den, and the introduction of heavy brass and 
iron coin, brought no temptation to the dis- 
honest, and left every individual in the pos- 
session of his effects without an v fears of rob- 
50 



LY 

beiy or violence. All the citizens dined in com- 
mon, and no one had greater claims to indul- 
gence or luxury than another. The inter- 
course of Sparta with other nations was for- 
bidden, and few were permitted to travel. 
The youths were intrusted to the public mas- 
ter as soon as they had attained their seventh 
year, and their education was left to the wis- 
dom of the laws. They were taught early to 
think, to answer in a short and laconic man- 
ner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They 
were instructed and encouraged to carry things 
by surprise, but if ever the theft was discover- 
ed they were subjected to a severe punish- 
ment. Lycurgus was happy and successful in 
establishing and enforcing these laws, and by 
his prudence and administration the face of 
affairs in Lacedaemon was totally changed, and 
it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for 
their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their mag- 
nanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from 
Sparta to Delphi, or according to others to 
Crete, and before his departure he bound all 
the citizens of Lacedaemon by a solemn oath, 
that neither they nor their posterity, would 
alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he had 
established before his return. He soon after 
put himself to death, and he ordered his ashes 
to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest if they 
were carried to Sparta the citizens should call 
themselves freed from the oath which they 
had taken, and empowered to make a revolu- 
tion. The wisdom and the good effect of the 
laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demon- 
trated at Sparta, where for 700 years they re- 
mained in full force, but the legislator has beea 
censured as cruel and impolitic. He has 
shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers 
to destroy such of their children, whose feeble- 
ness or deformity in their youth seemed to 
promise incapability of action in maturer years, 
and to become a burden to the state. His re- 
gulations about marriage must necessarily be 
censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be 
expected from the union of a man with a per- 
son whom he perhaps never knew before, and 
whom he was compelled to choose in a dark 
room, where all the marriageable women iii 
the state assembled on stated occasions. The 
peculiar dress which was appointed ifor tha 
females, might be termed improper; and the 
law must, for ever, be called injudicious, which 
ordered them to appear naked on certain days 
of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly, 
promiscuously with boys of equal age with 
tliemselves. These tilings indeed contributed 
as much to corrupt the morals of the Lacede- 
monians, as the other regulations seemed to be 
calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and de- 
bauchery. Lycurgus has been compared to 
Solon, the celebrated legislator of Athens, and 
it has been judiciously observed that the former 
gave his citizens morals conformable to the 
laws which he had established, and that the 
latter had given the Athenians laws which co- 
incided with their customs and manners. The 
office of Lycurgus demanded resolution, and 
he showed himself inexorable and severe. In 
Solon artifice was requisite,and he showed him- 
self mild and even voluptuous. The modera* 
tion of Lycurgus is greatly commended, par- 
ticularly when we recollect that he treated 
with the irrcatest humanity and coufid»*n<;e 



LY 

Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his 
eyesin a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son 
called Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lace- 
daemonians showed their respect for their great 
le<^islator by yearly celebrating a festival in his 
honour, called Lycurgidae or Lycurgides. The 
introduction of money into Sparta in the reign 
of Agis the son of Archidamus, was one of the 
principal causes which corrupted the inno- 
cence of the Lacedaemonians, and rendered 
them the prey of intrigue and of faction. The 
laws of Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopce- 
men,B. C. 188, but only for a little time, as they 
were soon after re-established by the Romans. 
Plut. in vita. — Justin. 3, c. 2, kc. — Strab. 8, 
10, 15, &ic. — Dionys. Hal. 2. — Paus. 3, c. 2. 

Lycus, a king of Boeotia, successor to his 
brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He was 
intrusted with the government only during the 
minority of Labdacus the son of the daughter 
of Nycteus. He was farther enjoined to make 
war against Epopeus, who had carried away by 
force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He 
was successful in this expedition, Epopeus was 
killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and mar- 
ried her though she was his niece. This new 
connexion highly displeased his first wife Dirce, 
and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling 
queen, and tortured in the most cruel manner. 
Antiope at last escaped, and entreated her 
sons, Zethus and Amphion, to avenge her 
wrongs. The children, incensed on account 
of the cruelties which their mother had suf- 
fered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied 
Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, who dragged 
her till she died. Paus. 9, c. 5. — JipoUod. 3. 
G. 5. A king of Libya, who sacrificed what- 
ever strangers came upon his coast. When 
Diomedes at his return from the Trojan war, 
had been shipwrecked there, the tyrant seized 
him and confined him. He, however, escaped 
by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant's daughter, 
who was enamoured of him, and who hung 

herself when she saw herself deserted. A 

eon of Neptune by Celaeno, made king of a 

f)art of Mysia by Hercules. He ottered vio- 
ence to Megara, the wife of Hercules, for 
which he was killed by the incensed hero. 
Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argonauts. 
Apollod. 3, c. W.—Hygin. fab. 18, 31, 32, 137. 

A son of iEgyptus of Mars of Ly- 

caon, king of Arcadia of Pandion, king of 

Athens. The father of Arcecilaus. One 

of the companions of iEneas. jSpollod. 2, c. 3. 
— Paus. 1, &c. — Virg. JEn. 1, &.c. — Hygin. 

fab. 97 and 159. An officer of Alexander in 

the interest of Lysimachus. He made him- 
self master of Ephesus by the treachery of 

Andron, &.c. Polyan. 6. One of the cen 

taurs. A son of Priam. A river of 

Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, «nd 
rises again at the distance of about four stadia, 
and at last falls into the Majander. Ovid. Met. 

16, V. 273. A river of Sarmatia falling into 

the Palus Maeotis. Another in Paphlagonia, 

near Heraclea. Ovid. 4, ex Pont. el. 1, v. 47. 
Another in Assyria. Another in Ar- 
menia, falling into the Euxine near the Phaois. 

Virg. G. 4, V. 367. One of the friends ol 

^t^neas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 

545 A youth beloved by Alcasus. Horat. 

1, od. 32. A town of Crete. 

LvDE, the wile of the poet Antiinachus, Lc. 



LY 

I Ovid. Trist. I, el. 6. A woman in Domi- 

jtian's reign, who pretended she could remove 
barrenness by medicines. Juv. 2, v. 141. 

LyoiA, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, 
whose boundaries were different at different 
times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, 
Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its 
more flourishing times it contained the whole 
country which lies between the Halys and the 
iEgean sea. It was anciently called Maonia, 
and received the name of Lydia from Lydus 
one of its kings. It was governed by mo- 
narchs who after the fabulous ages reigned 
for 249 years in the following order : Ardysus 
began to reign, 797 B. C. Alyattes, 761 ; Me- 
les, 747 ; Candaules, 735 ; Gyges, 718 ; Ardy- 
sus 2d, 680; Sadyattes, 631 ; Alyattes 2d, 619, 
and Croesus, 562, who was conquered by Cy- 
rus, B, C. 548, when the kingdom became a 
province of the Persian empire. There were 
three different races that reigned in Lydia, 
the Atyadae, Heraclidae, and Mermnadae. The 
history of the first is obscure and fabulous ; the 
Heraclidae began to reign about the Trojan 
war, and the crown remained in their family 
for about 505 years, and was always transmit- 
ted from father to son. Candaules was the last 
of the Heraclidae; and Gyges the first, and 
Croesus the last of the Mermnadse. The Ly- 
dians were great warriors in the reign of the 
Mermnadae. They invented the art of coining 
gold and silver, and were the first who exhibit- 
ed public sports, &.c. Herodot. 1, c, 6, 1. 3, c. 
90, 1. 7, c. 14.— Strab. 2, 5, and \3.—Mela, 1, 
c. 2. — Plin 3, c. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Diod. 4. 
— Justin. 13, c. 4.— —A mistress of Horace, 
he. 1, Od. 8. 

LvDiAs, a river of Macedonia. 

Lydius, an epithet applied to the Tiber 
because it passed near Etruria, whose inhabi- 
tants were originally a Lydian colony. Virg. 
^n.2,v. 781, 1. 8, v.479. 

Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of 
Maeonia, which from him received the name 
of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony 
to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to 
the settlement he made on the coast of the Me- 
diterranean. Herodot. 7, c. 74. An eu- 
nuch, fcc. 

Lygdamis or Lygdamus, a man who made 

made himself absolute at Naxos. Polycen. 

A general of the Cimmerians who passed into 
Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign of 

Ardyes king of Lydia. Callim. An athlete 

of Syracuse, the father of Artimisia the cele- 
brated queen of Halicarnassus. Herodot. 7, 

c. 99. A servant of the poet Propertius, or 

of his mistress Cynthia. 

Lygii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, dt 
Germ. 42. 

Lygouesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta, 
because her statue was brought by Orestes 
from Taurus, shielded round with osiers. 
Paus. 3, c. 16, 

Lygus. Vid. Ligus. 

Lymxre, a town of Lycia. Ovid. Met. fab. 
12. 

Lymax, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 41. 

LvNciDEs, a man at the court of Cepheus. 
Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 12. 

LvNCEt?TiE, a noble family of Macedonia, 
connected with the royal family. Justin. 11, 
c. 2; kc. 



II 



LY 

LvNCESTES, asoa of Amyntas, inthe army 
of Alexander, kc. Curt. 7, &.c. Alex- 
ander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who con- 
spired against Alexander, and was put to 
death. Ibid. 

Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whose 
waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid. 
Met. 17, V. 329. 

Lynceus, son of Aphareus, was among the 
hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the 
Argonauts. He was so sharp sighted that, as 
it is reported, he could see through the earth; 
and distinguish objects at the distance of 
above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his 
brother Idas, and they were both killed by Cas- 
tor and Pollux when they were going to cele- 
brate their nuptials with the daughters of Leu- 
cippus. Mpollod. 1 and 3. — Hygin. fab. — Pans. 
4, c. 2.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 303.— Apollon. Jirg. 

1. A son of ^^gyptus, who married F'yperm- 

nestra, the daughter of Danaus, His lite was 
spared by the love and humanity of his wife. 
[Firf. Danaides.] He made war against his 
father-in-law, dethroned him and seized his 
crown. Some say that Lynceus was reconciled 
to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after 
his death, and reigned forty-one years. Apol- 
lod. 2, c. \.—Paus. 2, c. 16, 19, 25.— Ovid. 

Htroid. 14. One of the companions of j^Eue- 

as killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 768. 

Lyncus, Lynceus, or Lynx, a cruel king 
of Scythia, or according to others, of Sicily. 
He received, with feigned hospitality, Trip- 
tolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the 
world to teach mankind agriculture, and 
as he was jealous of his commission he resolved 
to murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. 
As he was going to give the deadly blow to 
Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into a 
lynx, an animal which is the emblem of per- 
fidy and ingratitude. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 650. 

Lyncos, a town of Macedonia, of which 
the inhabitants were called Lyncestae. Plin. 
2, c. 103, 1. 4, c. 10. 

Lyndus, a town of Sicily. 
LYRCiE, a people of Scythia, who live upon 
hunting. 
LYRca:us, a mountain of Arcadia. Vid. 

tycasus. A fountain. Stat. Theb- 4, v. 711. 

Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus, for- 
merly called Lyncea. Paus. 2, c. 35. 

Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, he. 
Parthen. 

Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native 
country of Briseis, called from thence Lyr- 
nesseis. It was taken and plundered by 
Achilles and the Greeks, at the time of the 
Trojan war, and the booty divided among the 
conquerors. Homer. II. 2, v. 197. — Ovid. 
Met. 12, V. 108.— Heroid. 3, v. 5. Trist. 4, 
el. l,v. 15. 

Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, 
in the last years of ■ the Peloponnesian war. 
He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, 
and gained the friendship of Cyrus the young- 
er. He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, 
consisting of 120 ships, at .^gospotamos, and 
destroyed it all, except three ships, with 
which the enemy's general fled to Evagoras 
king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, 
which happened 405 years before the Chris- 
tian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and 
with them their empire and inflnence among 



LY 

the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew 
how to take advantage of his victory, and 
the following year Athens, worn out by a 
long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its 
misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of 
the enemy, and consented to destroy the 
Piraeus, to deliver up all its ships, except 13^ 
to recall all those who had been banished, 
and in short to be submissive in every de- 
gi-ee to the power of Lacedaemon. Besides 
these humiliating conditions, the government 
of Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants 
were set over it by Lysander. This glorious 
success, and the honour of having put an 
end to the Peloponnesian war, increased the 
pride of Lysander. He had already begun to 
pave his way to universal power, by establish- 
ing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, 
and now he attempted to make the crown of 
Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambi- 
tion he used prudence and artifice ; and as he 
could not easily abolish a form of government 
which ages and popularity had confirmed, he 
had recourse to the assistance of the gods. His 
attempt, however, to corrupt the oracles of 
Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved 
ineffectual, and he was even accused of using 
bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. 
The sudden declaration of war against the 
Thebans, saved him from the accusations of 
his adversaries, and he was sent, together with 
Pausanias, against the enemy. The plan of 
his military operations was discovered, and the 
Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly meditated, 
attacked him unexpectedly, and he was 
killed in a bloody battle which ended in the 
defeat of his troops, 394 years before Christ. 
His body was recovered by his colleague Pau- 
sanias,and honoured witha magnificent funeral. 
Lysander has been commended for hisbra very, 
but his ambition deserves the severest censure, 
and his cruelty and duplicity have greatly 
stained his character. He was arrogant and 
vain in his public as well as private conduct, 
and he received and heard with the greatest 
avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flat- 
terers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of 
all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he 
died extremely poor, and his daughters were 
rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta to 
whom they had been betrothed during the life 
of their father. This behaviour of the lovers 
was severely punished by the Lacedaemonians, 
who protected from injury the children of a 
man whom they hated for his sacrilege, his 
contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The fa- 
ther of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites 
or Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, 
though not reckoned of tjie race of the Hera- 
clidae. Plut. ^ C. JVep. invitd.—Diod. 13.— 
A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Tela- 
mon before Troy. Homer. It. 11, v. 491. 
One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &.c, 

Plut. A grandson of the great Lysander. 

Paus. 

Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, 
who married Agathocies the son of Lysima- 
chus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and 
fled to Seleucus for protection. Paus. 1, c« 
9, &.C. 

Lysaniax, a man made king of Itnrsea by 
Antony, &,c. 

Lvsk, a daughter of Thespius. Jpollod 



LY 

Lysiades, an Athenian, son of Phaedrus 

the philosopher, &c, Cic. Philip. 5. An 

Athenian archon. A tyrant of Megalopolis, 

who died B. C. 226. Plat. 

LvsiANASSA, one of the Nereides. Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 2. A daughter of Epaphus, mo- 
ther of Busiris. Id. 2, c. 5. 

Lysias, a celebrated orator, son of Cepha- 
lus, a native of Syracuse, His father left Sicily 
and went to Athens, where Lysias was born 
and carefully educated. In his 15tb year he 
accompanied the colony which the Athenians 
sent to Thurium, and after a long residence 
there he returned home in his 47th year. He 
distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by 
the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his 
orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 
according to Plutarch, though the number may 
with more probability be reduced to 230. Of 
these 34 are extant, the best editions of which 
are that of Taylor, 8vo. Cantab. 1740, and that 
of Auger, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1783. He died in 
the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the 
Christian era. Plut. de Orat. — Cic de Brut. 

de Orat. — Quintil. 3, k.c. — Diog. 2. An 

Athenian general, &,c. A town of Phry- 

gia. Strab. Another of Syria, now Ber- 

siech near Emesa. A tyrant of Tarsus, 

B.C. 267. 

LysrcLES, an Athenian sent with Chares 
into Bceotia, to stop the conquests of Philip 
of Macedonia. He was conquered at Cha^- 
ronaea, and sentenced to death for his ill con- 
duct there. 

Lysidice, a daughter of Pelops and Hip- 
podamia, who married Mastor the son of 
Perseus and Andromeda. Apollod. 2, c. 4. 

— Paus. 8, c. 14. A daughter of Thespius. 

Apollod. 

Lysimeche, a daughter of Abas the son 

ofMelampus. Apollod. 1, c.9. A daughter 

of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. 

Lysimachia, now Hexamili, a city on 
the Thracian Chersonesus. Paus. 1, c. 9. 

A town of ^tolia, built by Lysimachus. 

Strab. 7 and 10. Another in ^olia. Mela, 

% c. 2. 

Lysimachus, a son of Agathocles, who 
was among the generals of Alexander. After 
the death of that monarch, he made him- 
self master of part of Thrace, where he 
built a town which he called Lysimachia, 
He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against 
Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with 
them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He 
afterwards seized Macedonia, after expelling 
Pyrrhus from the throne, B. C. 286; but 
his cruelty rendered him odious, and the 
murder of his son Agathocles so offended his 
subjects, that the most opulent and powerful 
revolted from him, and abandoned the king- 
dom. He pursued them to Asia, and de- 
clared war against Seleucus, who had given 
them a kind reception. He was killed in a 
bloody battle, 281 years before Christ, in 
the 80th year of his age, and his body was 
found in the heaps of slain only by the fidelity 
of a little dog, which had carefully watched 
near it. It is said that the love and respect of 
Lysimachus for his learned master Callisthenes 
proved nearly fatal to him. He. as .Justin 
mentions, was i}iron\'n into the den of a hungry 
iion, by order of Alexander, for having given 



LY 

Callisthenes poison, to save his life from igno- 
miny and insult ; and when the furious animal 
darted upon him, he wrapped his hand in his 
mantle, and boldly thrust it into the lion's 
mouth, and by twisting his tongue, killed an 
adversary ready to devour him. This act of 
courage in his self-defence recommended him 
to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever af- 
ter esteemed by the monarch. Justin. 15, c. 

3, &c. — Diod. 19, &.C. — Pans. 1, c. 10. Ara 

Acarnaian, preceptor to Alexander the Great. 
He used to call himself Phoenix, his pupil 
Achilles, and Philip Peleus. Plut. in Mtx. — 
Justin. 15, c. 3. An historian of Alex- 
andria. A son of Aristides, rewarded by 

the Athenians on account of the virtue of his 

father. A chief priest among the Jews, 

about 204 years before Christ, he. Jose- 

pfius. A physician greatly attached to the 

notions of Hippocrates. A governor of He- 

raclea in Pontus, &.c. 

Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near Syra- 
cuse. 

Lysinoe, now Agassolon, a city of Asia, 
near Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 15. 

Lysippe, a daughter of Prcetus. [Vid, 

Prcetides.] A daughter of Thespius. 

Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon. 
He was originally a white-smith, and after- 
wards applied himself to painting, till his 
talents and inclination taugnt him that he 
was born to excel in sculpture. He flour- 
ished about 325 years before the Christian 
era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The 
monarch was so partial to the aitist, that 
he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to 
make his statue. Lysippus excelled in ex- 
pressing the hair, and he was the first who 
made the head of his statues less large, and the 
body smaller than usual, that they might 
appear taller. This was observed by one of 
his friends, and the artist gave for answer, 
that his predecessors had represented men in 
their natural form, but that he represented 
them such as they appeared. Lysippus made 
no less than 600 statues, the most admired 
of which were those of Alexander; one of 
Apollo of Tarentum, 40 cubits high; one of 
a man coming out of a bath, with which 
Agrippa adorned his baths ; one of Socrates ; 
and those of the 25 horsemen «who were 
drowned in the Granicus. These were so 
valued that in the age of Augustus, they 
were bought for their weight in gold. Plut. 
in Alex. — Cic. in Brut. c. 164. ad Her. 4, c. 
148.— P/in. 37, c. 7. Paierc. 1, c. 11.— 

Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 240. A comic poet, 

some of whose plays are mentioned by Athe- 

naeus. Plin. 7, c. 37. A general of the 

Achaean league. 

Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, pre- 
ceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about 
388 years before the Christian era. He is sup- 
posed by some to be the author of the golden 
verses which are attributed to Pythagoras. 
C. A''ep. in Epam. 2. 

Lysistratus, an Athenian parasite. 

A brother of Lysippus. He was the first ar- 
tist who ever made a statue with wax. Plin. 
34, c. 8, 1.35, c. 12. 

Lysituous, a son of Priam. Apollod. 
Lyso, a friend of Cicero, o:c. Cie. 13, 
fam. 19. 



LY 

LvsTRA, a town of Laconia. 

JLvTiA, a daughter of Hyacinthus, 



LY 

j death by the Athenians. Apollod. 
put to I Lyzanias, a king of Chalcis, ha. 



MA 

MAGiE, a people of Arabia Felix. Mtla, 3, 
c. 8. They are placed in Africa near the 
larger Syrtis by Herodot. 4, v. 175. — Sil. 3, v. 
275, 1.5, v.i94. 

Macar, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the 
first Greek who led a colony to Lesbos. His 
four sons took possession of the four neigh- 
bouring islands,. Chios, Samos, Cos, and 
Rhodes, which were called the seats of the Ma- 
cares or the blessed ('/.«««r, beatus.) Dionys. Hal. 
I.— Homer. II. 24.—Diod. 5.— Mela, 2, c. 7. 

Macareus, an ancient historian. A son 

of jSlolus, who debauched his sister Canace, 
and had a son by her. The father being in- 
formed of the incest, ordered the child to be 



exposed, and sent a sword to his daughter, and 
commanded her to destroy herself Maca- 
reus fled to Delphi, where he became priest 
of Apollo. Ovid. Met. mroid. U.in lb. 563. 
■One of the companions of Ulysses, left at 
Caieta in Italy, where ^neas found him. 

Ovid. Met. 14, v, 159. A son of Lycaon. 

Jipollod. 3, c. Q.—Paus. 8, c. 3. 

Macaria, a daughter of Hercules and De- 
janira. After the death of Hercules, Eurys- 
theus made war against the Heraclidae, whom 
the Athenians supported, and the oracle de- 
clared, that the descendants of Hercules should 
obtain the victory, if any one of them devoted 
himself to death. This was cheerfully accept- 
ed by Macaria, who refused to endanger the 
life of the children of Hercules by suffering 
the victim to be drawn by lot, and the Atheni- 
ans obtained a victory. Great honours were 
paid to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain 
of Marathon was called by her name. Pans. 
I, c. 32. An ancient name of Cyprus. 

Macaris, an ancient name of Crete. 

Macednus, a son of Lycaon. Apollod. 

Macedo, a son of Osiris, who had a share 
in the divine honours which were paid to his 
father. He was represented clothed in a wolf's 
skin, for which reason the Egyptians held that 
animal in great veneration. Diod. 1. — Plut. 

in Isid. et Os. A man who gave his name 

to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the 
same as the son or general of Osiris, whilst 
others considered him as the grandson of 
Deucalion by the mother's side. Diod. 1. 

Macedonia, a celebrated country, situated 
between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. Its 
boundaries have been different at different 
periods. Philip increased it by the conquest 
of Thessaly and of part of Thrace, and ac- 
cording to Pliny it contained no less than 150 
different nations. The kingdom of Macedo- 
nia, first founded B. C. 814, by Caranus, a de- 
scendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, 
continued in existence 646 years, till the battle 
of Pydna. The family of Caranus remained 
in possession of the crown until the death of 
Alexander the Great, and began to reign in 
the following order: Caranus, after a reign of 
28 years, was succeeded by Ccenu.S; who ascen- 



MA 

ded the throne 786 B. C. Thurimus, 774, Per^ 
diccas 729, Argaeus 678, Philip 640, .^ropas 
602, Alcetas or Alectas 576, Amyntas 547, Al- 
exander 497, Perdiccas 454, Archelaus 413, 
Amyntas 399, Pausanias 398, Amyntas 2d. 397, 
Argaeus the tyrant 390, Amyntas restored 390, 
Alexander 2d. 371, Ptolemy Alorites 370, Per- 
diccas 3d. 366, Philip son of Amyntas 360, Al- 
exander the Great 336, Philip Aridasus 323, 
Cassander 316, Antipater and Alexander 298, 
Demetrius king of Asia 294, Pyrrhus 287, Ly- 
simachus 286, Ptolemy Ceraunus 280, Melea- 
Iger two months, Antipater the Etesian 45 
days, Antigonas Gonatas 277, Demetrius, 243, 
Antigonus Doson 232, Philip 221, Perseus 179, 
conquered by the Romans 168 B. C. at Pydna. 
Macedonia has been severally called ^monia, 
Mygdonia, Paeonia, Edonia, i^Emathia, &c. 
The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally 
warlike, and though in the infancy of their em- 
pire they were little known beyond the borders 
of their country, yet they signalized them- 
selves greatly in the reign of Philip, and added 
the kingdom of Asia to their European domi- 
nions by the valour of Alexander. The Ma- 
cedonian phalanx, or body of soldiers, was 
always held in the highest repute, and it re- 
sisted and subdued the repeated attacks of the 
j bravest and most courageous enemies. Liv. 
\44.— Just. 6, c. 9, 1. 7, c. 1, k,c.Strab. 7. —Me- 
la, 1, c. 3, &c.— P/wi. 4, c. 10, kc.—Curt. 3 and 
4. — Pans. 8, c. 7. 

Macedonicum bellum, was undertaken 
by the Romans against Philip king of Mace- 
donia, some few months after the second 
Punic war, B. C. 200. The cause of this war 
originated in the hostilities which Philip had 
exercised against the Achseans, the friends 
and allies of Rome. The consul Flaminius 
had the care of the war, and he conquered 
Philip on the confines of Epirus, and after- 
wards in Thessaly. The Macedonian fleets 
were also defeated ; Eubcea was taken ; and 
Philip, after continual losses, sued for peace, 
which was granted him in the fourth year 
of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Per- 
seus, the son and successor of Philip, soon irri- 
tated the Romans. Another war was underta- 
ken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. 
This, however, did not discourage them ; Pau- 
lus iEmilius was chosen consul in the 60th year 
of his age, and intrusted with the care of the 



war. He came to a general engagement near 
the city of Pydna. The victory sided with the 
Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian sol- 
diers were left on the field of battle. This de- 
cisive blow put an end to the war, which had 
already continued for three years, 168 years 
before the christian era. Perseus and his sons 
Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners, 
and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of 
the conqueror. About fifteen years after, new 
seditious were raised in Macedonia, and the 
false pretensions of Aiidiiscus, who called him- 



MA 

self the son of Perseus, obliged the Romans to 
send an army to quell the commotions. An- 
driscus at first obtained many considerable ad- 
vantages over the Roman forces, till at last he 
was conquered and delivered to the consul Me- 
tellus, who carried him to Rome. After these 
commotions, which are sometimes called the 
third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally 
reduced into a Roman province, and governed 
by a regular proconsul, about 148 years before 
the Christian era. 

Macedonicus, a surname given to Metel- 
lus, from hi» conquests in Macedonia. It was 
also given to such as had obtained any victory 
in that province. 

Macella, a town of Sicily, taken by the 
consul Duilius. Liv. 26, c. 21. 

Macer iEwYLius, a Latin poet of Verona, 
intimate with TibuUus and Ovid, and com- 
mended for his genius, his learning, and the 
elegance of his poetry. He wrote some poems 
upon serpents, plants, and birds, mentioned by 
Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the 
ruins of Troy, to serve as a supplement to Ho- 
mer's Iliad. His compositions are now lost. 
He died B. C. 16. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 44. 

ex Pont. 2, ep. 10. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. L. 

Claudius, a pro-praetor of Africa in the reign of 
Nero. He assumed the title of emperor, and 
was put to deatli by order of Galba. 

Mach^ba, a river of Africa. A com 

mon crier at Rome. Juv. 7, v. 9. 

Machanidas, a man who made himself 
absolute at Sparta. He was killed by Philo- 
poemen, after being defeated at Matinea, B. C. 
208. Nabis succeeded him. Plut. — Liv. 27, 
C.30, 1.28, c. 5 and 7. 

Machaon, a celebrated physician, son of 
.lisculapius, and brother to Podalu-us. He 
went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants 
of Trica, Ithome, and CEchalia. According 
to some, he was king of Messenia. As phy- 
sician to the Greeks, he healed the wounds 
which they received during the Trojan war, 
and was one of those concealed in the wooden 
horse. Some suppose that he was killed be- 
fore Troy by Eurypylus the son of Telephus. 
He received divine honours after death, and 
had a temple in Messenia. Homer. II. 2, he. 
— Ovid, ex Pont. 3, ep. 4. — Quint. Smyr, 6, v. 
409.— rirg. Mn, 2, v. 263 and 426. 

Macra, a river flowing from the Apennines, 
and dividing Liguria from Etruria. Lucan. 2, 
Y. 426.— Liv. 39, c. 32.— PZm. 3, c. 6. 

Macri campi, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, 
near the river Gabellus. Liv. 41, c. 18, 1. 45, 

c, 12. A plain near Mutina bears the same 

name. Col. 7, c. 2. 

Macrianus, Titus Fulvius Julius, an Egyp- 
tian of obscure birth, who, from a private sol- 
dier, rose to the highest command in the array, 
and proclaimed himself emperor when Vale- 
rian had been made prisoner by the Persians, 
A. D. 260. His liberality supported his usur- 
pation ; his two sons, Macrianus and Quietus, 
were invested with the imperial purple, and 
the enemies of Rome were severely defeated 
either by the emperors or their generals. 
When he had supported his dignity for a year 
in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus 
marched towards Rome, to crush Gallienus, 
who had been proclaimed emperor. He was 
defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gal- 



MA 

lienus, and put to death with his son, at his 
own expressive request, A. D.262. 

Macrinus, M. Opilius Severus, a native 
of Africa, who rose from the most ignominious 
condition to the rank of praefect of the praeto- 
rian guards, and at last of emperor, after the 
death of Caracalla, whom he inhumanly sacri- 
ficed to his ambition, A. D. 217. The begin- 
ning of his reign was popular; the abolition of 
the taxes, and an affable and complaisant be- 
haviour, endeared him to his subjects. These 
promising appearances did not long continue, 
and the timidity which Macrinus betrayed in 
buying the peace of the Persians by a large 
sum of money, soon rendered him odious j 
and while he affected to imitate the virtuous 
Aurelius, without possessing the good qualities 
of his heart, he became contemptible and in- 
significant. This affectation irritated the 
minds of the populace, and when severe pun- 
ishments had been inflicted on some of the dis- 
orderly soldiers, the whole army mutinied; 
and their tumult was increased by their con- 
sciousness of their power and numbers, which 
Macrinus had the imprudence to betray, by 
keeping almost all the military force of Rom» 
encamped together in the plains of Syria. He- 
liogabalus was proclaimed emperor, and Ma- 
crinus attempted to save his life by flight. 
He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and 
his head was cut oft' and sent to his successor, 
June seventh, A. D. 218. Macrinus reigned 
about two months and three days. His son, 
called Diadumenianus, shared his father's fate. 

A friend of the poet Persius, to whom 

his second satire is inscribed. 

Macro, a favourite of the emperor Tibe- 
rius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, 
and cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and 
raised himself upon the ruins of that unfor- 
tunate favourite. He was accessary to the 
murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good 
opinion of Caligula, by prostituting to him 
his own wife called Ennia. He soon after 
became unpopular, and was obliged by Cali- 
gula to kill himself together with his wife, A. 
D. 38. 

Macrobii, a people of Ethiopia, cele- 
brated for their justice and the innocence of 
their manners. They generally lived to their 
120th year, some say to a thousand ; and, 
indeed, from that longevity they have ob- 
tained their name (/*»>:eo; ^w;, long life) to 
distinguish them more particularly from the 
other inhabitants of j^thiopia. Alter so long 
a period spent in virtuous actions, and freed 
from the indulgences of vice, and from mala- 
dies, they dropped into the grave as to sleep, 
without pain and without terror. Orph. Ar- 
gon. 1 105. — Herodot. 3, c. IT.— Mela, 3, c. 9. — 
Plin. 7, c. 48.— Fa/. Max. 8, c. 3. 

Macrobius, a Latin writer who died 
A. D. 415. Some suppose that he was cham- 
berlain to the emperor Theodosius II. but 
this appears groundless, when we observe 
that Macrobius was a follower of paganism, 
and that none were admitted to the confidence 
of the emperor, or to the enjoyment of high 
stations, except such as were of the Christian 
religion. Macrobius has rendered himself 
famous for a composition called Saturnalia, a 
miscellaneous collection of antiquities and 
criticisms, supposed tQ have been the result 



of tt conversation of some of the learned Ro- 
mans, during the celebration of the Saturnalia. 
This was written for the use of his son, and the 
bad latinity which the author has often intro- 
duced, proves that he was not born in a part 
of the Roman empire where the Latin tongue 
was spoken, as he himself candidly confesses. 
The Saturnalia are useful for the learned re- 
flections they contain, and particularly for 
some curious observations on the two greatest 
epic poets of antiquity. Besides this, Macro- 
bius wrote a commentary on Cicero's somnium 
Scipionis, which is likewise composed for the 
improvement of the author's son, and dedica- 
ted to him. The best editions are that of 
Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1670, and that of Lips. 
8vo. 1777. 

Macrochir, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, 
the same as Longimanus. This surname 
arises from his having one hand longer than 
the other. C. JVep. in Reg. 

Macrones, a nation of Pontus, on the con- 
fines of Colchis and Armenia. Flacc. 5, v. 
153.— Herodot. 

Mactorivm, a town of Sicily at the south 
near Gela. 

Maculonos, a rich and penurious Roman, 
he. Juv. 7, v. 40. 

Madaura, a town on the borders of Nu- 
midia and Gajtulia, of which the inhabitants 
were called Madaurensis. It was the native 
place of Apuleius. ^pul Met. 11. 

Madestes, a town of Thrace. 

Madetes, a general of Darius, who brave- 
ly defended a place against Alexander. The 
conqueror resolved to put him to death, though 
thirty orators pleaded for his life. Sisygam- 
bis prevailed over the almost inexorable Alex- 
ander, and Madetes was pardoned. Curt. 6, 
C.3. 

Maduateni, a people of Thrace. Liv. 38, 
c. 40. 

Madyes, a Scythian prince who pursued 
the Cimmerians in Asia, and conquered Cy- 
axares, B. C. 623. He held for some time 
the supreme power of Asia Minor. Herodot. 
8, c. 103. 

M/EANDER, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. 

. A celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising 

near Ce\ieme, and flowing through Caria and 
Ionia into the iEgean sea between Miletus and 
Priene, after it has been increased by the 
waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Le- 
thaeus, &.c. It is celebrated among the poets 
for its windings, which amount to no less than 
600, and from which all obliquities have re- 
ceived the name of Mizandtrs. It forms in 
its course, according to the observations of 
some travellers, the Greek letters » ? ^ r & <«, 
and from its windings Daedalus had the first 
idea of his famous labyrinth. Ovid. Met. 8, v, 
145, he. — Virg. JEn. 5, v. 254. — Lucan. 5, v. 
208, 1. 6, V. 411.— Homer. II. 2.— Herodot. 2, c. 
29.— Cic. Pis. 22.—Strab. 12, he— Mela, 1, c. 
17. 

M^ANDRiA, a city of Epirus. 

MiKATiE, a people at the south of Scotland. 
Dio. 76, c. 12. 

MiECENAS. Vid. Mecaenas. 

M^ui, a people of Mcedica, a district of 
Thrace near Rhodope. Liv. 26, c. 26, 1. 40, 
(•-. 21. 

MELIUS, a Roman, thrown do wo from 



MM 

the Taipeian rock, for aspiring to tyranny at 
Rome, in the early ages of the republic. 

M^MACTERiA, sacrifices offered to Jupi- 
ter at Athens in the winter month Maemacte- 
rion. The god surnamed Mamades was en- 
treated to send mild and temperate weather, 
as he presided over the seasons, and was the 
god oi the air. 

MiENADEs, a name of the Bacchantes, or 
priestesses of Bacchus. The word is derived 
from /Mit^ofKu, to be furious, because in the cele- 
bration of the festivals their gestures and ac- 
tions were those of mad women. Ovid. Fast 
4, V. 458. 

Mjsnala, a town of Spain. 

MiENALus, (plur. Maenala,; a mountain of 
Arcadia sacred to the god Pan, and greatly 
frequented by shepherds. It received its name 
from Maenalus, a son of Lycaon. It was cov- 
ered with pine trees, whose echo and shade 
have been greatly celebrated by all the ancient 
poets. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 216. — Virg. G. 1, v. 
17. Ed. 8, v. 24.— Paw*. 8, c. S.—Strab. 8.— 

Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Arcadia. A 

son of Lycaon. The father of Atalanta. 

MiENius, a Roman consul. A dictator ac- 
cused and honourably acquitted, &c.- A 

spendthrift at Rome. Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 26. 

M^NON, a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 285. 

MvENus, a river of Germany, now called the 
Mayne^ falling into the Rhine at Mayence. 

MiEoNiA, a country of Asia Minor, the 
same as Lydia. It is to be observed, that only 
part of Lydia was known by the name of M«e- 
onia, that is, the neighbourhood of mount 
Tmolus, and the country watered by the Pac- 
tolus. The rest on the sea coast was called 
Lydia. Strab. 12.— Ovid. M^t. The Etru- 
rians, as being descended from a Lydian colo- 
ny, are often called Moeonida. (Virg. JEn. 
11, V. 769.) and even the lake Thrasymenus in 
their country is called Maonius lacus. SiL 
Ital. 15, v. 35. 

MiEONiD-a:, a name given to the Muses, be- 
cause Homer, their greatest and worthiest fa- 
vourite, was supposed to be a native of Mzeonia. 

MiEoNiDEs, a surname of Homer, because, 
according to the opinion of some writers, be 
was born in Maeonia, or because his father's 

name was Maeon. Ovid. The surname is 

also applied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped 
in Majonia. 

MiEoNis, an epithet applied to Omphale as 
queen of Lydia or Masonia. Ovid. The epi- 
thet is also applied to Arachne as a native of 
Lydia. Id. Met. 6. 

M-KOTJE, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia 

MiEoTis Palus, a large lake, or part of 
the sea between Europe and Asia, at the 
north of the Euxine, to which it communicates 
by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the 
sea of Azoph or Zaback. It was worshipped 
as a deity by the Massagetae. It extends about 
390 miles from south-west to north-east, and 
is about 600 miles in circumference. The Ama- 
zons are called Maotides, as living in the 
neighbourhood. Strah. — Mela, 1, c. 1, &c. — 
Justin. 2, c. 1. — Curt. 6, c. 4. — Lucan. 2, he. — 
Ovid. Fast 3, el. 12. ep. Sab. 2, v. 9. — Virs 
JEn. 6, V. 739. 

M^-.siA Sylva, a wood in Etruria, near tiie 
mouth of the Tiber. Liv. I, c. 33. 

MX.YIA, an immodest woman. Juv. 1, v. 23. 



MA 

Mjevius, a poet of inferior note in the 
\ueustan age, who made himself known by 
his illiberal attacks on the character of the 
first writers of his time, as well as by his af- 
fected compositions. His name would have 
sunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed 
him in his third eclogue, and Horace in his 
lOthepode. . 

Magas, a king of Cyrene m the age ot 
Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, 
and died B. C. 257. Polymn.2. 

Magella, a town of Sicily about the mid- 
dle of the island. 

Maget^;, a people of Africa. 

Magi, a religious sect among the eastern 
nations of the world, and particularly in Per- 
sia. They had great influence in the politi- 
cal as well as religious aflfairs of the state, 
and a monarch seldom ascended the throne 
without their previous approbation. Zoro- 
aster was founder of their sect. They paid 
particular homage to fire, which they deemed 
a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of 
all things. In their religious tenets they had 
two principles, one good, the source of every 
thing good ; and the other evil, from whenc6 
sprung all manner of ills. Their professional 
skill in the mathematics and philosophy ren- 
dered every thing familiar to them, and from 
their knowledge of the phaenomena of the 
heavens, the word Magi was applied to all 
learned men; and in process of time, the 
Ma^i, from their experience and profession, 
we?e confounded with the magicians who 
impose upon the superstitious and credulous. 
Hence the word Magi and magicians became 
synonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, 
one of the Magi, usurped the crown of Per- 
sia, after the death of Cambyses, and the 
fraud was not discovered till the seven noble 
Persians conspired against the usurper, and 
elected Darius king. From this circumstance 
there was a certain day on which none of the 
Magi were permitted to appear in public, as 
the populace had the privilege of murdering 
whomsoever of them they met. Strab.—Cic. 
dc Div.—Herodot 3, c. 62, &c. 

IVIagiiis, a lieutenant of Piso, he. A 



man m the interest of Pompey, grandfather 
to the historian Velleius Paterculus, &c. Pa- 

terc.2,c. 115. . r r* i r-/ 

Magna Gb«cia, a part of Italy, lid. 
Graecia Magna. ^ 

Magna Mater, a name given to Cybele. 
Magnentius, an ambitious Roman who 
distinguished himself by his cruelty and per- 
fidy. He conspired against the life of Con- 
stans, and murdered him in his bed. This 
cruelty was highly resented by Constantius ; 
and the assassin unable to escape from the fu- 
ry of his antagonist, murdered his own mo- 
ther and the rest of his relations, and after- 
wards killed himself by falling upon a sword, 
which he had thrust against a wall. He was 
the first of the followers of Christianity who 
ever murdered his lawful sovereign, A. D. 

Magnes, a young man who found him- 
self detained by the iron nails which were 
under bis shoes as he walked over a stone 
mine. This was no other than the magnet, 
which received its name from the person who 
had been first sensible of its power. Some 



MA 

say that Magnes was a slave of Medea, whom 
that enchantress changed into a magnet. 

Orph. de lapid. 10. v. 7. A son of iEolus 

and Anaretta, who married Nais, by whom 

he had Pierus, he. Apollod. 1, c. 7. A 

poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of 
Gyges king of Lydia. 

Magnesia, a town of Asia Minor on the 
Mccander, about 15 miles from Ephesus, now 
called Guzelhiser. It is celebrated for the 
death of Themistocles, and for a battle which 
was fought there 187 years before the Chris- 
tian era, between the Romans and Antiochus 
king of Syria. The forces of Antiochus 
amounted to 70,000 men, according to Ap- 
pian, or 70,000 foot and 12,000 horse, accord- 
ing to Livy, which have been exaggerated by 
Florus to 300,000 men ; the Romanarmy con- 
sisted of about 28, or 30,000 men, 2000 of 
which were employed in guarding the camp. 
The Syrians lost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse, 
and the Romans only 300 killed with 25 horse. 
It was founded by a colony from Magnesia in 
Thessaly, and was commonly called Magnesia 
ad Mceandrum, to distmguish it from another 
called Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia, at 
the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was de- 
stroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Ti- 
berius. A country on the eastern parts of 

Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was some- 
times called JEmonia and Magnus Campus. 

The capital was also called I^lagnesia. A 

promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. Liv. 
37. — Flor. 2. — Appian. 

Mago, a Carthaginian general sent against 
Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a 
victory, and granted peace to the conquered. 
In a battle, which soon after followed this 
treaty of peace, Mago wa's killed. His son 
of the same name succeeded to Ihe command 
of the Carthaginian army, but he disgraced 
himself by flying at the approach of Timo- 
leon, VN'ho had come to assist the Syracusans. 
He was accused in the Carthaginian senate, 
and he prevented by suicide the execution of 
the sentence justly pronounced against him. 
His body was hung on a gibbet, and exposed 

to public ignominy. A brother of Annibal 

the Great. He was present at the battle of 



Cannae, and was deputed by his brother to 
carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated 
victory which had been obtained over the 
Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was 
unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish 
his countrymen on account of the victory at 
Cannae, he emptied in the senate house the 
three bushels of golden rings which had been 
taken from the Roman knights slain in battle. 
He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he de- 
feated the two Scipios, and was himself, in 
another engagement, totally ruined. He re- 
tired to the Baleares, which he conquered ; 
and one of the cities there still bears his name, 
and is called Portus Magonis, Port MaJion. 
After this he landed in Italy with an army, 
and took possession of part of Insubria. He 
was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, 
and died of a mortal wound 203 years before 
the Christian era. Liv. 30, he. — C. JVep. m 
Ann. 8, gives a very different account of his 
death, and says, he either perished in a ship- 
wreck, or was murdered by his servants. Per- 
haps Annibal bad two brothers of that name. 



MA 

A Carthaginian more known by the excel- 
lence of his writings than by his military ex- 
ploits. He wrote 28 volumes upon husban- 
dry ; these were preserved by Scipio at the 
taking ofCarthage, and presented to the Ro- 
man senate. They were translated into Greek 
by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin 
by order of the Roman senate, though Cato 
had already written so copiously upon the sub- 
ject ; and the Romans, as it has been obser- 
ved,consulted the writings of Mago with great- 
er earnestness than the books of the Sibylline 

verses. Columella. A Carthaginian sent 

by his countrymen to assist the Romans against 
Pyrrhusand the Tarentines, with a fleet of 
120 sail. This offer was politely refused by 
the Roman senate. This Mago was father of 
Asdrubal and Hamilcar. Val. Max. 

Magon, a river of India falling into the 
Ganges. Jlrrian. 

AlAGONTiACDM or Magontea, a large 
city of Germany, now called Ments. Tacit. 
4, Hist. 15 and 23. 

Magus, an officer of Turous, killed by 
JEneas. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 522. 

Maherbal, a Carthaginian who was at 
the siege of Saguntum, and who commanded 
the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Canna. 
He advised the conqueror immediately to 
march to Rome, but Annibal required time to 
consider on so bold a measure; upon which 
Maherbal observed, that Annibal knew how to 
conquer, but not how to make a proper use of 
victory. 

Maia, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one 
of the Pleiades, the most lu tinous of the se- 
ven sisters. [Vid. Pleiades.] Apollod. 3, c. 

\0.— Virg.M.n. 1, v. 301. A surname of 

Cybele. 

Majestas, a goddess among the Romans, 
daughter of Honour and Reverence. (J^id, 
6, Fast. 5, V. 25. 

Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an emperor 
of the western Roman empire, raised to the 
imperial throne A. D. 457. He signalized 
himself by his private as well as public virtues. 
He was massacred after a reign of 87 years by 
one of his generals, who envied in his master 
the character of an active, virtuous, and hu- 
mane emperor. 

Majorca, the greatest of the islands called 
Baleares, on the coast of Spain, in the Medi- 
terranean. Slrah. 

Mala Fortuna, the goddess of evil for- 
tune, was worshipped among the Romans. 
Cic. de JVat. D. 3. 

Malea, a promontory of Lesbos. Ano- 
ther in Peloponnesus, at the south of Laconia. 
The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that 
the dangers which attended a voyage round it 
gave rise to the proverb of Cum ad Maleam 
dejlexeris ohliviscert qua sunt domi. Strab. 
8 and 9.—Lucan. 6, v. 58.— Plut. in Arat.— 
Vir<r.Mn.b,\.WS.—Melay%c. 3.~Liv. 21, 
c. 44.-^0vid. Jim. 2, el. 16, v. 24, el. 11, v. 20 
—Paus. 3, c. 23. 

Maleventum, the ancient name of Be- 
neventum. Liv. 9, c. 27. 

Malho or Matho, a general of an army 
of Carthaginian mercenaries, 268 B. C. 

Malia, a city of Phthiotis near mount 
<Eta and Thermopyla?. There were in its 
6\ 



MA 

neighbourhood some hot mineral waters whicl* 
the poet Catullus has mentioned. From Ma- 
lia, a gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood, at 
the western extremities ofthe island of Eubcea, 
has received the name ofthe gulf of Malia, 
Maiacum Fretum or Maliacus Sinus. Some 
call It the gulf of Lamia from its vicinity to La- 
mia It IS often taken for the Sinus Pelasgicits 

i^^ ^"cients. Paiis. 1, c. 4.~Herodot 

Malii, a people of Mesopotamia. 

Malis, a servant maid of Omphale, beloved 
by Hercules. 

MALiEA or Mallia aqua. Vid. Malia. 

Malleolus, a man who murdered his 
mother, &;c. Clc. ad Heren. 1, c. 13. 

Mallius, a Roman consul defeated by the 
Gauls, kc. ' 

MA;i.LOPHORA, (lanam ferens,) a surname 
under which Ceres had a temple at Megara. 
because she had taught the inhabitants the uti- 
lity ot wool, and the means of tending sheep 
to advantage. This temple is represented as 
so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was fai- 
ling to decay. Paus. 1, c. 44. 

Mallos, a town of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 

Malthinus, a name under which Horace 
has lashed some of his friends or enemies. 1, 
Sat. 2, v. 27. 
Mamaus, a river of Peloponnesus. 
Mamercus, a tyrant of Catana, who sur- 
rendered to Timoleon. His attempts to speak 
ma public assembly at Syracuse were received 
with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed 
his head against a wall, and endeavoured to 
destroy himself. The blows were not fatal, 
and Mamercus was soon after put to death as 
a robber, B. C. 340. Polya^n. 5.~C. JVep. in 

Tim. A dictator at Rome, B. C. 437. 

A consul with D. Brutus. 

Mamerthes, a Corinthian who killed his 

brother's son in hopes of reigning ; upon which 

he \yas torn to pieces by his brother. Ovid. 

m lb. 

Mamertina, a town of Campania, famous 

tor Its wines. A name of Messana in Si- 

cily. Martial. 13, ep. Ul.—Strab.l. 

Mamertini, a mercenary band of soldiers 
which passed from Campania into Sicily, at 
the request of Agathocles. When they were 
in the service of Agathocles, they claimed the 
privilege of voting at the election of magis- 
trates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms 
to support their unlawful demands. The se- 
dition was appeased by the authority of some 
leading men, and the Campanians were or- 
dered to leave Sicily. In their way to the 
coast they were received with great kindness 
by the people of Messana, and soon returned 
perfidy for hospitality. They conspired against 
the inhabitants, murdered all the males m the 
city, and married their wives and daughters 
and rendered themselves masters of the place' 
After this violence they assumed the name of 
ivlamertini, and called their city Mamertina, 
from a provincial word, which in their Ian- 
guage signified martial, or icarlike. The Ma 
mertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero 
and totally disabled to repair their ruined at'' 
fairs. Plut. m Pyrrh. kc. 

Mamilia Lex de limitibus, by the tri- 
bune Mamilius. It ordained that in the 
boundaries ofthe lands five gr six feet of land 



MA 

should be left uncultivated, which no person 
could convert into private property. It also 
appointed commissioners to see it carried into 
execution. 

Mamilii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
scended from the Aborigines. They first lived 
at Tusculum, from whence they came to 
Rome. Liv. 3, c. 29. 

Mamilius Octavius, a son-in-law of Tar- 
quin, who behaved with uncommon bravery 
at the battle of Regillfe. He is also called 
Manilius. Vid. Maniiius. 

Mammea, the mother of the emperor Se- 
verus, who died A. D. 235. 

Mamurius Veturics, a worker in brass in 
Numa's reign. He was ordered by the mo- 
narch to make a number of ancylia or shields, 
like that one which had fallen from heaven, 
that it might be difficult to distinguish the 
true one from the others. He was very 
successful in his undertaking, and he asked 
for no other reward but that his name 
might be frequently mentioned in the hymns 
which were sung by the Salii in tiie feast 
of the Ancylia. This request was grant- 
ed. Gvid. Fast. 3, v. 392.— Varro L. L. 5, 
c. 6. 

Mamurra, a Roman knight born at For- 
mias. He followed the fortune of J, Cajsar in 
Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. He 
built a magnificent palace on mount Coelius, 
and was the first who incrusted his walls with 
marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epi- 
grams. Formiae is sometimes called Mamur- 
rarumurbs. Plin. 36, c. 6. 

Manastabal, son of Masinissa, w^ho was 
fathei' to the celebrated Jugurtha. Sallttst. 
Jug, bell. 

C. Mancinus, a Roman general, who, 
though at the head of an army of 30,000 men, 
was defeated by 4000 Numantians B.C. 138. 
He was dragged from the senate, he. Cic. in 
Oral. 1, c. 40. 

Mandane, a daughter of king Astyages, 
married by her father to Cambyses, an ignoble 
person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed 
that his daughters urine had drowned all his 
city, which had been interpreted in an unfa- 
vourable manner by the soothsayers, who as- 
sured him that his daughter's son would de- 
throne him. The marriage of Mandane with 
Cambyses would, in the monarch's opinion, 
prevent the effects of the dream, and the chil- 
dren of this connexion would , like their father, 
be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of 
Astyages were frustrated. He was dethroned 
by his grandson. [Vid. Cyrus.] Ilerodot. 1, 
c. 107. 

Mandakes, an Indian prince and philoso- 
pher, whom Alexander invited by his ambas- 
sadors, on pain of death, to come to his ban- 
quet, as being the son of Jupiter. The philo- 
sopher ridiculed the threats and promises of 
Alexander, he. Slrab. 15. 

Mandela, a village in the country of the 
Sabines, near Horace's country seat. Jlurat. 
1, ep. 18, V. 105. 

Mandonius, a prince in Spain, who for 
some time favoured the cause of the Romans. 
When he heard that Scipio the Roman com- 
mander was ill, he raised coniraotlons in the 
provinces, for which he was severely repri- 
manded and punished. Liv. 2i>. 



&,c. 



MA 

Mandrocles, a general of Artaxerxes, 
&c. C.Mp.inDat. 

Mandron, a king of the Bebryces, 
Poly (en. 8. 

Mandubii, a people of Gaul, (now Bur- 
gundy) in Caesar's army, &.c. Cces. Bell. G. 
7, c. 78. 

Mandubratius, a young Briton who came 
over to Caesar in Gaul. His father, Im- 
manuentius, was king in Britain, and had been 
put to death by order of Cassivelaunus. Cos. 
Bell. G. 5, c. 20. 

Manduria, a city of Calabria, near Ta- 
rentum, whose inhabitants were famous for 
eating dog's flesh. Plin, 2, c. 103. — Liv. 27, 
c. 15. 

Manes, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who 
reigned in Maeonia. He was father of Cotys 
by Callirhoe, the daughter of Oceanus. 

Manes, a name generally applied by the 
ancients to the souls when separated from the 
body. They were reckoned among the infer- 
nal deities, and generally supposed to preside 
over the burying places, and the monuments 
of the dead. They were worshipped with great . 
solemnity, particularly by the Romans. The 
augurs always invoked them when they pro^ 
ceeded to exercise their sacerdotal otfices. 
Virgil introduces his hero as sacrificing to the 
infernal deities, and to the Manes, a victim 
whose blood was received in a ditch. The 
word Manes is supposed to be derived from 
Mania, who was by some reckoned the mo- 
ther of those tremendous deities. Others derive 
it from manor e-, quod per omnia adherea ter- 
renaque manabant^ because they filled the air 
particularly in the "night, and were intent to 
molest and disturb the peace of mankind. 
Some say, that manes comes from manis, an 
old Latin word which signified good or propi- 
tious. The word manes is differently used by 
ancient authors; sometimes it is taken for the 
infernal regions, and sometimes it is applied 
to the deities of Pluto's kingdom, whence the 
epitaphs of the Romans were always super- 
scribed with D. M. Dis. Manibus^ to remind 
the sacrilegious and profane, not to molest the 
monuments of the dead, which were guarded 
with such sanctity. Proper/. 1, el. 19. — Virg. 
4, G. V. 469. JEn. 3, hc.—Horat. 1, Sat. 8, v. 

28. A river of Locris. 

Manetho, a celebrated priest of Heliopo- 
lis in Egypt, surnamed the Mendesian, B. C. 
261. He wrote in Greek an history of Egypt, 
which has been often quoted and commended 
by the ancients, particularly by Josephus. It 
was chiefly collected from the writings of Mer- 
cury, and from the journals and annals which 
were preserved in the Egyptian temples. This 
history has been greatly corrupted by the 
Greeks. The author supported, that all the 
gods of the Egyptians had been mere mortals, 
and had all lived upon earth. This history, 
which is now lo.st, had been epitomized, and 
some fragments of it are still extant. There is 
extant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in 
which the power of the stars, which preside 
over the birth and fate of mankind, is explain- 
ed. The Apotelesraata of this author were 
edited in 4to. by Gronovius, L. Bat. 1698. 
Mama, a goddess supposed to be the 

mother of the Lares and Manes. -A female 

servant of queen Berenice the daughter ol 



MA 

Ptolemy. A mistress of Demetrius Polior- 

cetes, called also Demo and Mania from her 
folly. Plut.inDem. 

Manilia lex, by Manilius the tribune, 
A. U. C. 678. It required that all the forces of 
LucuUus and his province, together with Bi- 
thynia, which was then under the command of 
Glabrio, should be delivered to Pompey, and 
that this general should, without any delay, 
declare war against Mithridates, and still re- 
tain the command of the Roman fleet, and the 

empire of the Mediterranean, as before. 

Another which permitted all those whose fa- 
thers had not been invested with public offices, 
to be employed in the management of affairs. 
——A woman famous for her debaucheries, 
Juv. 6, V. 242. 

Manilius, a Roman who married the 
daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tusculum, 
and received his father-in-law in his house, 
when banished from Rome, &,c. Liv. 2, c. 15. 

Caius, a celebrated mathematician and 

poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise 
on astronomy, of which five books are extant 
treating of the fixed stars. The style is not 
elegant. The age in which he lived is not 
known, though some suppose that he flourish- 
ed in the Augustan age. No author, however, 
in the age of Augustus, has made mention of 
Manilius. The best editions of Manilius are 
those of Bentley, 4to. London, 1739, and Stoe- 
berus, 8vo. Argentor, 1767. Titus, a learn- 
ed historian in the age of Syllaand Marius. He 
is greatly commended by Cicero, pro Roscio. 

Marcus, another mentioned by Cicero de 

Oral. 1, c. 48, as supporting the character of 
a great lawyer, and of an eloquent and power- 
ful orator. 

Manimi, a people in Germany. Tacit. G. 
43. 

Manlia lex, by the tribune P. Manlius, A. 
U. C. 557. It revived the office of treviri epu- 
lones, first instituted by JNuma. The epulones 
■were priests, w ho prepared banquets for Jupi- 
ter and the gods at public festivals, &c. 

Manlius Torquatus, a celebrated Ro- 
man, whose youth was distinguished by a lively 
and cheerful disposition. These promising ta- 
lents were, however, impeded by a difficulty 
of speaking; and the father, unwilling to ex'- 
pose his son's rusticity at Rome, detained 
him in the country. The behaviour of the fa- 
ther was publicly censured, and Marius Pom- 
ponius the tribune cited him to answer for 
his unfatheyly behaviour to his son. Young 
Manlius was informed of this, and with a dag- 
ger in his hand he entered the house of the 
tribune, and made him solemnly promise that 
he would drop the accusation. 'This action of 
Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon 
after be was chosen military tribune. In a 
war against the Gauls, he accepted the chal- 
lenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic 
stature and ponderous arms had rendered him 
terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of 
the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and 
Manlius stripped him of his arms, and from 
the collar (torquis) which he took from the 
enemy's neck, he was ever after surnamed 
Torquatus. Manlius was Ihe first Romafl who 
was raised to t)ie dictatorship, without having 
been previou.sly consul. The severity of Tor- 
quatus to his son, has been deservedly eensin-ed. 



MA 



This father had the courage and heart to put 
to death his son, because he had engaged one 
of the enemy, and obtained an honourable vic- 
tory, without his previous permission. This 
uncommon rigour displeased many of the Ro- 
mans ; and though Torquatus was honoured 
with a triumph, and commended by the senate 
for his services, yet the Roman youth showed 
their disapprobation of the consul's severity, 
by refusing him at his return the homage which 
every other conqueror received. Some time 
after the censorship was oflfered to him, but he 
refused it, observing, that the people could 
not bear his severity, nor he the vices of the 
people. From the rigour of Torquatus, all 
edicts, and actions of severity and justice have 

been called Manliana edicta. Liv. 7, c. 10. 

Val. Max. 6, o. 9. Marcus, a celebrated 

Roman, whose valour was displayed in the 
field of battle, even at the early age of sixteen. 
When Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius 
with a body of his countrymen fied into the 
capitol, which he defended when it was sud-. 
denly surprised in the night by the enemy. 
This action gained him the surname of Capi- 
tohnus, and the geese, which by their clamour 
had awakened him to arm himself in his owi* 
defence, were ever after held sacred among' 
the Romans. A law which Manlius proposed 
to abolish the taxes on the common people, 
raised the senators against him. The dictator, 
Corn. Cossus, seized him as a rebel, but the 
people put on mourning, and delivered from 
prison their common father. This did not, in 
the least, check his ambition ; he continued to 
raise factions, and even secretly to attempt to 
make himself absolute, till at last the tribunes 
of the people themselves became hisaccusers^^ 
He was tried in the Campus Martius ; but whe» 
the distant view of the capitol which Manlius 
had saved, seemed to influence the people in 
bis favour, the court of justice was removed^ 
and Manlius was condemned. He was thrown- 
down from the Tarpeian rock, A U, C. 371, 
and to render his ignominy still greater, none- 
of his family v/ere afterwai-ds permitted to 
bear the surname of Marcus, and the place 
where his house had stood was deemed un- 
worthy to be inhabited. Liv. 5, c.31, 1. 6, c. 5. 
—Fl&r. 3, c. 13 and 26.— Fa/. Max. 6, c. 3.— 

Virg. JEn. 6, v. 825. Imperiosus, father of 

iManlius Torquatus. He was made dictator. 
He was accused for detaining his son at home. 
[Vid. Manlkis Torquatus.] Volso, a Ro- 
man consul who received an army of Scipio in 
Asia, and made war against the Gallo-grecians, 
whom he conquered. He was honoured with 
a triumph at his return, though it was at first 
strongly opposed. Flor. 3, c. U.~Liv. 38, c. 

12, &c. Caius, orAulus, a senaJorsent to 

Athens to collect the best and wisest laws 
of Solon, A. U. C. 300.— L/y. 2, c. 54, 1. 3, 

G. 31. Another, called also Cincinnatus. 

He made war against the Etrurians and Veien- 
tes with great success. He died of a wound 

he had received in a battle.- Another, who 

in his praetorship reduced Sardinia. He was af- 
terwords made dictator. Another, who was 

defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily. 

A praetor in Gaul, who fought against the 

Boii, with very little success. Another, cal- 
led Attilius, who defeated a Carthr.^-inian fleet, 
&c. Anotlicr, who conspired with CatiliiK> 



MA 

zigainst the Roman republic. Another, in 

whose consulship the temple of Janus was shut. 
Another, who was banished under Tiberi- 
us for his adultery. A Roman appointed 

judge between his son Silanus and the province 
of Macedonia. When all the parties had been 
heard, the father said, " It is evident that my 
son has suffered himself to be bribed, there- 
fore I deem him unworthy of the republic and 
of my house, and I order him to depart from 
my presence." Silanus was so struck at the 
rigour of his father, that he hanged himself. 

Val. Max. 6, c. 5. A learned man in the 

age of Cicero. 

Mannus, the son of Thiasto, both famous 
divinities among the Germans. Taxnt. de 
Germ. c. 2. 

J. Mansuetus, a friend of Vitellius, who 
entered the Roman armies, and left his son, 
then very young, at home. The son was pro- 
moted by Galba, and soon after met a detach- 
ment of the partisans of Vitellius in which his 
father was. A battle was fought, and Mansue- 
tus was wounded by the hand of his son, kc. 
Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 25. 

Mantinea, a town of Arcadia in Pelopon- 
nesus. It was taken by Aratus and Anligonus, 
and on account of the latter it was afterwards 
called Antigonia. The emperor Adrian built 
there a temple in honour of his favourite Al- 
cinous. It is famous for the battle which 
was fought there between Epaminondas at the 
head of the Thebans, and the combined force 
>of Lacedafmon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Ar- 
cadia, about 363 years before Christ. The 
Theban general was killed in the engagement, 
and from that time Thebes lost its power 
and consequence among the Grecian states. 
Slrub.8.—C. Mp. in Epam.—Diod. l5.—Ptol. 
3, c. 16. 

Mantineus, the father of Ocalea, who mar- 
ried Abas the son of Lynceus and Hyperm- 
nestra. Apollod.2, c. 9. 

Mantinorum oppinuM, a town of Corsica, 
oow supposed to be Bastia. 

Mantius, a son of Melarapus. 

Manto, a daughter of the prophet Tire- 
sias, endowed with the gift of prophecy. She 
was made prisoner by the Argives when the 
city of Thebes fell into their hands, and as she 
was the worthiest part of the booty, the con- 
querors sent her to Apollo, the god of Delphi, 
as the most valuable present they could make. 
Manto, often called Daphne, remained for 
some time at Delphi, where she officiated as 
priestess, and where she gave oracles. From 
Delphi she came to Claros in Ionia, where she 
established an oracle of Apollo. Here she 
married Rhadius the .sovereign of the country, 
by whom she had a son called Mopsus. Manto 
afterwards visited Italy, where she married 
Tiberinus the king of Alba, or, as the poets 
mention, the god of the river Tiber. From 
tliis marriage sprang Ocnus, who built a town 
in the neighbourhood, which, in honour of 
his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, accord- 
ing to a certain tradition, was so struck at 
tlie misfortunes which afflicted Thebes, her na- 
tive country, that she gave way to her sorrow, 
and was turned into a fountain. Some sup- 
pose her to be the same who conducted iEneas 
into bell, and who sold the Sibylline books to 
Tarquin the Proud. She received divine 



MA 

honours after death. Virg. Mn. 1, v. 199,1. 
10, V. 199.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. \57.—Diod. 4.— 
Apollod. 3, c. I.—Strab. 14 and \Q.—Paus. 9, 
c. 10 and 33, 1. 7, c 3. 

Mantua, a town of Italy beyond the Po, 
founded about 300 years before Rome, by Bi- 
anor or Ocnus, the son of Manto. It was the 
ancient capital of Etruria. When Cremona, 
which had followed the interest of Brutus, 
was given to the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua 
also, w^hich was in the neighbourhood, shared 
the common calamity, though it had favoured 
the party of Augustus, and many of the inha- 
bitants were tyrannically deprived of their 
possessions. Virgil, who was among them, 
and a native of the town, and from thence 
often called Mantuanus, applied for redress 
to Augustus, and obtained it by means of his 
poetical talents. Slrab. 5. — Virg. Ed. l,kc. 
G. 3, V. 12. .En. 10, v. 180.— Ovid. Jlmar. 3, 
el. 15. 

Maracanda, a town of Sogdiana. 

Maratha, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
c. 28. 

Marathon, a village of Attica, 10 miles 
from Athens, celebrated for the victory which 
the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Plataeans, un- 
der the command of Miltiades, gained over 
the Persian army, consisting of 100,000 foot 
and 10,000 hoise, or, according to Val. Maxi- 
mus, of 300,000, or, as .Justin says, of 600,000, 
under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, 
on the 28th of Sept. 490, B. C. In this bat- 
tle, according to Herodotus, the Athenians 
lost only 192 men, and the Persians 6,300. 
Justin has raised the loss of the Persians in 
this expedition, and in the battle, to 200,000 
men. To commemorate this immortal victory 
of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small 
columns, with the names inscribed on the 
tombs of the fallen heroes. It was also in the 
plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a 
celebrated bull, which plundered the neigh- 
bouring country. Erigone is called Mant' 
thonia virgo, as being born at Marathon. 
Stat. 5, Sylv. 3, v. 74.— C. A'ep. in MUt.^ 
Herodot. 6, &,c. — Justin. 2, c. 9. — Fal. Max. 5, 
c. 3. — Plut. in Parol. — A king of Attica, son 
of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small 

village there. Paus. 2, c. 1. A king of Si- 

cyon. 

Marathos, a town of Phoenicia. Mela, ], 
c. 12. 

Marc£Lla, a daughter of Octavia the sis- 
ter of Augustus by Marcellus. She married 
Agrippa. . 

Mabcellinus Ammianus, a celebrated his- 
torian, who carried arms under Constantius, 
Julian, and Velens, and wrote an history of 
Rome from the reign of Domitian, where 
Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens. 
His style is neither elegant nor laboured, but 
it is greatly valued for ils veracity, and in 
many of the actions he mentions, the author 
was nearly concerned. This histoiy was com- 
posed at Rome, where Ammianus retired 
from the noise and troubles of the camp, and 
does not betray that severity against the Chris- 
tians which other writers have manifested, 
though the author was warm in favour of Pa- 
ganism, the religion which for a while was 
seated on the throne. It was divided into 
thirty-one books, of which only the eighteen 



jVIA 

last remain, beginning at the death of Magnen- 
tius. Ammianus has been liberal in his enco- 
miums upon Julian, whose favours he enjoyed, 
and who so eminently patronized his religion. 
The negligence with which some facts are 
sometimes mentioned, has induced many to 
believe that the history of Ammianus has suf- 
fered much from the ravages of time, and that 
it is descended to us mutilated and imperfect. 
The best editions of Ammianus, are those of 
Gronovius, fol. and 4to. L. Bat. 1693, and of 

Ernesti, 8vo. Lips. 1773. An officer under 

Julian. 

Marcellds, Marcus Claudius, a famous 
Roman general, who after the first Punic war, 
had the management of an expedition against 
the Gauls, where he obtained the Spolia 
opima, by killing with his own hand Virido- 
marus the king of the enemy. Such success 
rendered him popular, and soon after he was 
intrusted to oppose Annibal in Italy. He was 
tlie first Roman who obtained some advan- 
tage over this celebrated Carthaginian, and 
showed his countrymen that Annibal was not 
invincible. The troubles which were raised 
in Sicily by the Carthaginians at the death 
of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and 
Marceilus, in his third consulship, was sent 
with a powerful force against Syracuse. He 
attacked it by sea and land, but his operations 
proved ineffectual, and the invention and in- 
dustry of a philosopher [Vid. Archimedes] 
were able to baffle all the efforts, and to destroy 
all the great and stupendous machines and mi- 
litary engines of the Romans during three suc- 
cessive years. The perseverance of Marceilus 
at last obtained the victory. The inattention 
of the inhabitants during their nocturnal cele- 
bration of the festivals of Diana, favoured his 
operations ; he forcibly entered the town, and 
made himself master of it. The conqueror 
enriched the capital of Italy with the spoils of 
Syracuse, and when he was accused of rapa- 
ciousneso, for stripping the conquered city of 
all its paintings and ornaments, he confessed, 
that he had done it to adorn the public build- 
ings of Rome, and to introduce a taste for the 
fine artsand elegance of the Greeks among his 
countrymen. After the conquest of Syracuse, 
Marceilus was called upon by his country to 
oppose a second time Annibal. In this cam- 
paign he behaved with greater vigour than be- 
fore ; the greatest part of the towns of the 
Samnites, which had revolted, were recovered 
by force of arms, and 3000 of the soldiers of 
Annibal made prisoners. Some time after an 
engagement with the Carthaginian general 
proved unfavourable ; Marceilus had the dis- 
advantage ; but on the morrow a more suc- 
cessful skirmish vindicated his military char- 
acter, and the honour of the Roman soldiers. 
Marceilus, however, was not sufficiently vigi- 
lant against the snares of his adversary. He 
imprudently separated himself from his camp, 
and was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th 
year of his age, in his fifth consulship, A. U. C. 
646. His body was honoured with a magnifi- 
cent funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes 
were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. 
Marceilus claims our commendation for his 
private as well as public virtues ; and the hu- 
manity of a general will ever be remembered, 
v.ho; at the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the 



MA 

thought that many were going to be exposed to 
the avarice and rapaciousness of an incensed 
soldieiy, which the policy of Rome and the 
laws oi war rendered inevitable. Virg. JEn. 6, 

V. Qbb.—Pattrc. 2, c. S8.—Pluf. in vita, &,c. 

One of his descendants, who bore the same 
name, signalized himself in the civil wars of 
Caesar and Pompey, by his firm attachment to 
the latter. He was banished by Caesar, but af- 
terwards recalled at the request of the senate. 
Cicero undertook his defence in an oration 

which is still extant. The grandson of Pom- 

pey's friend, rendered himself populsu* by his 
universal benevolence and affability. He was 
son of Marceilus by Octavia the sister of Au- 
gustus. He married Julia, that emperor's 
daughter, and was publicly intended as his suc- 
cessor. The suddenness of his death, at the 
early age of eighteen, was the cause of much 
lamentation at Rome, particularly in the fami- 
ly of Augustus, and Virgil procured himself 
great favours by celebrating the virtues of this 
amiable prince. [Vid. Octavia.] Marceilus 
was buried at the public exj^iense. Virg. ^n. 
6, V. 883.— 5ue/. in Aug.—Plut. in MarcelL— 
Senec. Consol. ad Marc. — Paterc. 2, c. 93. 
The son of the great Marceilus who took Sy- 
racuse, was caught in the ambuscade which 
proved fatal to his father, but he forced his 
way from the enemy and escaped. He receiv- 
ed the ashes of his father from the conqueror. 

Plut. in MarcelL A man who conspired 

against Vespasian. The husband of Octa- 
via the sister of Augustus. A conqueror of 

Britain. An officer under the emperor Ju- 
lian. A man put to death by Galba. A 

man who gave Cicero information of Catiline's 

conspiracy. A colleague of Cato in the 

quaestorship. A native of Pamphylia, who 

wrote an heroic poem on physic, divided into 
42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus 

Aurelius. A Roman drowned in a storm, 

&c. 

Marcia lex, by Marcius Censorinus. It 
forbad any man to be invested with the office 
of censor more than once. 

Marcia, the wife of Regulus. When she 
heard that her husband had been put to death 
at Carthage in the most excruciating manner, 
retorted the punishment, and shut up some 
Carthaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she 
had previously filled with sharp nails. The 
senate was obliged to stop her wantonness and 
cruelty. Diod. 24. A favourite of the em- 
peror Commodus, whom he poisoned.- A 
vestal virgin, punished for her incontinence. 

A daughter of Philip, who married Cato 

the censor. Her husband gave her to his 
friend Hortensius for the sake of procreating; 
children, and after his death he took her again 

to his own house. An ancient name ofthe 

island of Rhodes. A daughter of Cato of 

Utica. A stream of water. Vid. Martia 

aqua. 

Marciana, a sister of the emperor Trajan, 
who, on account of her public and private 
virtues and her amiable disposition, was de- 
clared Augusta and empress by her brother. 
She died A. D. 113. 

Marcianopolis, the capital of Lower Moe- 
sia in Greece. It receives its name in honour 
of the empress Marciana. 

Marcianus, a native of Thrace, born oi 



MA 

an obscure family. After he had for some 
time served in the army as a common soldier, 
he was made private secretary to one of the 
otficers of Theodosiiis. His winning address 
and uncommon talents raised him to higher 
stations; and on the death of Theodosius the 
2d, A. D. 450, he was invested with the impe- 
rial purple in the east. The subjects of the 
Roman empire had reason to be satisfied with 
their choice. Marcianus showed himself ac- 
tive and resolute, and when Attila, the barbar- 
ous king of the Huns, asked of the emperor 
the annual tribute which the indolence and 
cowardice of his predecessors had regularly 
paid, the successor of Theodosius firmly said, 
that he kept his gold for his friends, but that 
iron was the metal which he had prepared for 
his enemies. In the midst of universal popu- 
larity Marcianus died, after a reign of six years, 
in the 69th year of his age, as he was making 
warlike preparations against the barbarians 
that had invaded Africa. His death was la- 
mented, and indeed his merit was great, since 
his reign has been distinguished by the appel- 
lation of the golden age. Marcianus married 
Pulcheria, the sister of his predecessor. It is 
said, that in the years of his obscurity he found 
a man who had been murdered, and that he 
had the humanity to give him a private burial, 
for which circumstance he was accused of the 
homicide and imprisoned. He was condemned 
to lose his life, and the sentence would have 
been executed, had not the real murderer 
been discovered, and convinced the world of 

the innocence of Marcianus. Capella, a 

writer. Vid. Capella. 

M, Marcius Sabinus, was the progenitor 
of the Marcian family at Rome. He came to 
Rome with Numa, and it was he who advised 
Ts'uraa to accept of the crown which the Ro- 
mans offered to him. He attempted to make 
himself king of Rome in opposition to TuUus 
Hostilius, and when his efforts proved unsuc- 
cessful, he killed himself His son, who mar- 
ried a daughter of Numa, was made high priest 
by his father-in-law. He was father of An- 

cus Martius. Plut. in JVuma. A Roman 

who accused Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt, 
of misdemeanor, in the Roman senate 



A Roman consul, defeated by the Samnites, 
He was more successful against the Cartha- 
ginians, and obtained a victory, &.c. 



Another consul, who obtained a victory over 

the Etrurians. Another, who defeated the 

Hernici. A Roman who fought against 

Asdrubal. A man whom Catiline hired to 

assassinate Cicero. 

Marcius Saltus, a place in Liguria, &:c. 

Marcomanni, a people of Germany, who 
originally dwelt on the banks of the Rhine 
and the Danube. They proved powerful ene- 
mies to the Roman emperors. Augustus 
granted them peace, but they were afterwards 
subdued by Antoninus and Trajan, &c. Pa- 
terc. 2, c. 109.— Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 46 and 62, 
G. 42. 

Marcus, a praenomen common to many of 

the Romans. Vid. .^milus, Lepidus, he. 

A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, fee. 

Carynensis, a general of the Achaean league, 
255 B. C. 

Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines 
of Media, They were very poor; and gene- 



MA 

rally lived upon the flesh of wild beists. Their 
country, in latter times, became the residence 
of the famous assassins destroyed by Hulakou 
the grandson of Zingis Khan. Herodot. 1 and 
3.—Plin. 6, c. 16. 

Mardia, a place of Thrace, famous for a 
battle between Constantine and Licinius, 
A. D. 315. 

Mardonius, a general of Xerxes, who, 
after the defeat of his master at Thermopylae 
and Salamis, was left in Greece with an army 
of 300,000 chosen men, to subdue the country, 
and reduce it under the power of Persia. His 
operations were rendered useless by the cour- 
age and vigilance of the Greeks; and, in a 
battle at Plataea, Mardonius was defeated and 
left among the slain, B. C. 479. He had been 
commander of the armies of Darius in Eu- 
rope, and it was chiefly by his advice that 
Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law 
of Darius. Plut. in Arist. — Herodot. 6, 7 and 
S.—Diod. U.— Justin. 2, c. 13, kc. 

Mardus, a river of Media, falling into the 
Caspian sea. 

Mare Mortuum, called also, from the 
bitumen it throws up, the lake Asphallites, is 
situate in Judaga, and near 100 miles long and 
25 broad. Its waters are salter than those of 
the sea, but the vapours exhaled from them 
are not so pestilential as have been generally 
represented. It is supposed that the 13 cities, 
of which Sodom and Gomorrah, as mentioned 
in the Scriptures, were the capital, were de- 
stroyed by a volcano, and on the site a lake 
formed. Volcanic appearances now mark the 
face of the country, and earthquakes are fre- 
quent. Plin. 5, c. 6. — Joseph. J. Bell. 4, c. 27. 
— Strab. 16, p. 764. — Justin. 36, c. 3. 

Mareotis, now Siwah, a lake in Egypt, 
near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is fa- 
mous for wine, though some make the Ma- 
reoiicum vinum grow in Ejiirus, or in a cer- 
tain part of Libya, called also Mareotis, near 
Egypt. Virg. G. 2, v. 91.— Horat. 1, od. 38, 
V. 14. — Lucan. 3 and 10. — Strab. 17. 

Marginia and Margiania, a town and 
country near the river Oxus, at the east of 
Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The vines 
are so uncommonly large that two men can 
scarcely grasp the trunk of one of them. Curt. 
7, c. 10.— Ptol. 5. 

Margites, a man against whom, as some 
suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his 
superficial knowledge, and to expose his afi'ec- 
tation. When Demosthenes wished to prove 
Alexander an inveterate enemy to Athens, he 
called him another Margites. 

Margus, a river of Mcesia falling into the 
Danube, with a town of the same name, now 
Kastolats. 

Mariaba, a city in Arabia near the Red 
Sea. 

Maria lex, by C. Marius, the tribune, 
A. U. C. 634, It ordered the planks called 
pontes, on which the people stood up to give 
their votes in the comitia, to be narrower, 
that no other might stand there to hinder the j 
proceedings of the assembly by appeal, or I 
other disturbances. — '—Another, called also 
Porcia, by L. Marius and Porcius, tribunes, 
A. U, C, 691. It fined a certain sum of 
motley such commanders as gave a false ac- 
count to the Roman senate of the number of 



MA 

slain in a battle. It obliged them to swear 
to the truth of their return when they enter- 
ed the city, according to the best computa- 
tion. 

Mariamna, a Jewish woman, who mar- 
ried Herodes, &:c. 

Mariana FOSsiE, a town of Gaul Narbo- 
^ensis, which received its name from the 
dyke (fossa,) which Marius opened from 
thence to the sea. Plin. 3, c. 4. — Strab. 4. 

Mariandynum, a place near Bithynia, where 
the poets feigned that Hercules dragged Cer- 
berus out of hell. Dionys — Ptol. 5, c. 1. — 
Mela, 1, c. 2 and 19, 1. 2, c. 7. 

Marias U3, a surname given to Jupiter, 
from a temple built to his honour by Marius. 
It was in this temple that the Roman senate 
assembled to recall Cicero, a circumstance 
communicated to him in a dream. Vol, Max. 
1, c. 7. 

Marica, a nymph of the river Liris, near 
Minturnee. She married king Faunus, by 
whom she had king Latinus, and she was af- 
terwards called Fauna and Fatua, and honour- 
ed as a goddess. A city of Campania bore 
her name. Some suppose her to be the same 
as Circe. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 47.— Liv. 27, c. 37. 

A wood on the borders of Campania bore 

also the name of Marica, as being sacred to 
the nymph. Liv. 27, c. 37. — Horat. 3, od. 
17, V. 7. 

Maricus, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the 
reign of Vitellius, who refused to devour him, 
&.C. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 61. 

Marina, a daughter of Arcadius, &,c. 

Marinus, a friend of Tiberius, put to 
death, &.c. 

Marion, a king of Tyre, in the age of 
Alexander the Great. 

Marissa, an opulent town of Judsea. 

Marita lex. Vid. Julia de Maritandis. 

Maris, a river of Scythia. A son of Ar- 

raisodares, who assisted Priam against the 
Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. Ho- 
mer. II. 6, v. 317. 

Marisus, a river of Dacia. 

C. Marius, a celebrated Roman, who, 
from a peasant, became one of the most pow- 
erful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld 
during her consular government. He was 
born at Arpinum, of obscure and illiterate pa- 
rents. His father bore the same name as 
himself, and his mother was called Fulcinia, 
He forsook the meaner occupations of the 
country for the camp, and signalized himself 
under Scipio at the siege of INumantia. The 
Roman general saw the courage and intrepi- 
dity of young Marius, and foretold the era of 
his future greatness. By his seditions and 
intrigues at Rome, while he exercised the 
inferior offices of the state, he rendered him- 
self known; and his marriage with Julia, 
who was of the family of the Cajsars, contri- 
buted in some measure to raise him to conse- 
f]uencc. He passed into Africa as lieutenant 
to the consul Melellus against Jugurtha, and, 
after he had there ingratiated himself with ihe 
soldiers, and raised enemies to his friend and 
benefactor, he returned to Rome, and canvas- 
sed for the.consulship. The extravagant pro- 
mises he made to the people, and his malevo- 
tent insinuations about the conduct of Metel- 
lus, proved successful. He was elected,, and 



MA 

appointed to finish the war against Jugurtha. 
He showed himself capable in every degree 
to succeed to Metellus. Jugurtha was defeated, 
and afterwards betrayed into the hands of the 
Romans by the perfidy of Bocchus. JNo soon- 
er was Jugurtha conquered than new honours 
and fresh trophies awaited Marius. The pro- 
vinces of Rome were suddenly invaded by an 
army of 300,000 barbarians, and Marius was 
the only man whose activity and boldness could 
resist so powerful an enemy. He was elected 
consul, and sent against the Teutones. The 
war was prolonged, and Marius was a third and 
fourth time invested with the consulship. At 
last two engagements were fought, and not less 
than 200,000 of the barbarian forces of the Am- 
brones and Teutones were slain in the field of 
battle, and 90,000 made prisoners. The fol- 
lowing year was also marked by a total over- 
throw of the Cimbri, another hoi-de of barba- 
rians, in which 140,000 were slaughtered by 
the Romans, and 60,000 taken prisoners. Af- 
ter such honourable victories, Marius, with his 
colleague Catulus, entered Rome in triumph, 
and, for his eminent services, he deserved the 
appellation of the third founder of Rome. He 
was elected consul a sixth time; and, as his in- 
trepidity had delivered his country from its for- 
eign enemies, he sought employment at home, 
and his restless ambition began to raise sedi- 
tions, and to oppose the power of Sylla. This 
was the cause and the foundation of a civil war. 
Sylla refused to deliver up the command of the 
forces with which he was empowered to pro- 
secute the Mithridatic war, and he resolved to 
oppose the authors of a demand which he con- 
sidered as arbitrary and improper. He advan- 
ced to Rome, and Marius was obliged to save 
his life by flight. The unfavourable winds 
prevented him from seeking a safer retreat in 
Africa, and he was left on the coast of Cam- 
pania, where the emissaries of his enemy soon 
discovered him in a marsh, where he had 
plunged himself in the mud, and left only his 
mouth above the surface for respiration. He 
was violently dragged to the neighbouring 
town of Minturnae, and the magistrates, all de- 
voted to the interest of Sylla, passed sentence 
of immediate death on their magnanimous 
prisoner. A Gaul was commanded to cut oft' 
his head in tbe dungeon, but the stern coun- 
tenance of Marius disarmed the courage of 
the executioner, and, when he heard the ex- 
clamation of Tune homo, audes occidere Caium 
Marium, the dagger dropped from his hand. 
Such an uncommon adventure awakened the 
compassion of the inhabitants of Minturnae. 
They released Marius from prison, and fa- 
voured his escape to Africa, where he joined 
his son Marius, who had been arming the 
princes of the country in his cause. Marius 
landed near the walls of Carthage, and he re- 
ceived no small consolation at the sight of the 
venerable ruins of a once powerful city, which 
like himself had been exposed to calamitv, 
and felt tlie cruel vicissitude of fortune. This 
place of his retreat was soon known, and the 
governor of Africa, to conciliate the favoui*s of 
Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neighbour- 
ing island. He soon after learned that Cinna 
had embraced his cause at Rome, when the 
Roman senate had stripped him of his consu- 
lar dignity and bestowed it upon one of his 



MA 

enemies. This intelligence animated Marius ; 
be set sail to assist his friend, only at the head 
of a thousand men. His army, however, gra- 
dually increased, and he entered Rome like a 
conqueror. His enemies were inhumanly sa- 
crificed to his fury, Rome was filled with blood, 
and he who had once been called the fathei* of 
his country, marched through the streets of 
the city, attended by a number of assassins, 
who immediately slaughtered all those whose 
salutations were not answered by their leader. 
Such were the signals for bloodshed. When 
Marius and Cinna had sufficiently gratified 
their resentment, they made themselves con- 
suls; but Marius, already worn out with old 
age and infirmities, died sixteen days after he 
had been honoured with the consular dignity 
for the seventh time, B. C. 86. His end was 
probably hastened by the uncommon quanti- 
ties of wine which he drank when labouring 
under a dangerous disease, to remove, by in- 
toxication, the stings of a guilty conscience. 
Such was the end of Marius, who rendered 
himself conspicuous by his victories, and by 
his cruelty. As he was brought up in the 
midst of poverty and among peasants, it will 
not appear wonderful that he always betrayed 
rusticity in his behaviour, and despised in 
others those polished manners and that studied 
address which education had denied him. He 
hated the conversation of the learned only be- 
cause he was illiterate, and if he appeared an 
example of sobriety and temperance, he owed 
these advantages to the years of obscurity 
which he had passed at Arpinum. His coun- 
tenance was stern, his voice firm and imperi- 
ous, and his disposition untractable. He al- 
ways betrayed the greatest timidity in the 
public assemblies, as he had not been early 
taught to make eloquence and oratory his 
pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his age 
when he died, and Rome seemed to rejoice at 
the fall of a man whose ambition had proved 
fatal to so many of her citizens. His only 
qualifications were those of a great general, 
and with these he rendered himself the most 
Tllustrious and powerful of the Romans, be- 
cause he was ihe only one whoso ferocity 
seemed capable to oppose the barbarians of 
the north. The manner of his death, accord- 
ing to some opinions, remains doubtful, though 
some have charged him with the crime of 
suicide. Among the instances which are men- 
tioned of his firmness this may be recorded : 
a swelling in the leg obliged him to apply to a 
physician, who urged the necessity of cutting 
it oft*. Marius gave it, and saw the operation 
performed without a distortion of the face, and 
without a groan. The physician asked the 
other, and Marius cave it with equal compo- 
fture. Plut. in vita. — Paierc. 2, c. 9. — Flor. 
3, C.3. — Juv. 8, v. 245, &.c. — Lucan. 2, v. 69. 

Caius, the son of the great Marius, was 

as cruel as his fatlier, and shared his good and 
his adverse fortune. He made himself consul 
in the 25th year of his age, and murdered all 
the senators who opposed his ambitious views. 
He was defeated by Sylla, and fled to Praeneste, 

where he killed himself Plut. in Mario.- 

Fii?cus, a governor of Africa, accused of ex- 
tortion in his province by Pliny the younger, 
and banished from Italv. J"/m. 2, ep. 11. — 
Juv. 1, V. 48. A lovJr, kc. Vid. Hellas. 



MA 

—One of the Greek fathers of the 5th cen- 
tury, whose works were edited by Garner, 2 
vols.fol. Paris, 1673; and Baluzius, ib. 1684. 

M. Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, from 

the mean employment of ablacksmith, became 
one of the generals of Gallienus, and at last 
caused himself to be saluted emperor. Three 
days after this elevation, a man who had shared 
his poverty without partaking of his more pros- 
perous fortune, publicly assassinated him, and 
he was killed by a sword which he himself had 
made in the time of his obscurity. Mariua 
has been often celebrated for his great strength, 
and it is confidently reported that he could 
stop with one of his fingers only the wheel of a 

chariot in its most rapid course. Maxiraus, 

a Latin writer, who published an account of 
the Roman emperors from Trajan to Alexan- 
der, now lost. His compositions were enter- 
taining, and executed with great exactness an4 
fidelity. Some have accused him of inatten- 
tion, and complain that his writings abounded 
with many fabulous and insignificant storiea. 

Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved from 

death by Otho, kc. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 45. 

Sextus, a rich Spaniard, thrown down from 
the Tarpeian rock, on account of his riches, 
kc. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 19. 

M ARM AC us, the father of Pythagoras. 
Diog. 
Marmarenses, a people of Lycia. 
Marmarica. Via. Marmaridae. 
Marmarid.*, the inhabitants of that part 
of Libya called Marmarica^ between Cyrene 
and Egypt. They were swift in running, and 
pretended to possess some drugs or secret pow- 
er to destroy the poisonous effects of the bite 
of serpents. Sil. It. 3, v. 300, 1. 11, v. 182.— 
Lucan. 4, v. 680, 1. 9, v 894. 

Marmarion, a town of Euboea, whence 
Apollo is called Marmarinus. Strab. 10. 
Maro. Vid. Virgilius. 
Marobodui, a nation of Germany. Ta- 
cit, dt Germ. 42, 

Maron, a son of Evanthes, high priest of 
Apollo, in Africa, when Ulysses touched upon 
the coast. Homer. Od. 9, v. 179. An Egyp- 
tian who accompanied Osiris in his conquests, 
and built a city in Thrace, called from him 
Maronea. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Diod. 1. 

Maronea, a city of the Cicones, in Thrace, 
near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus is the 
chief deity. The wine has always been reck- 
oned excellent, and with it, it was supposed, 
Ulysses intoxicated the Cyclops Polyphemus. 
Plin.U,c.4.—Herodot.—Mela, 2, c. 2.— Ti- 
bull. 4, el. 1, V. 57. 

Marpesia, a celebrated queen of the Am- 
azons, who waged a successful war against the 
inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The moun- 
tain was called Marpesius Mans, from its fe- 
male conqueror. Justin. 2, c. 4. — Virg. JEn. 6. 
Marpessa, a daughter of the Evenus, who 
married Idas, by whom she had Cleopatra, the 
wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly 
loved by her husband ; and when Apollo endea- 
voured to carry her away, Idas followed the 
ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved on 
revenge. Apollo and Idas were separated by 
Jupiter, who permitted Marpessa to go with 
that of the two lovers whom she most approved 
of. She returned to her husband. Homer. II. 
9, V. 649.— Owd. Met. 8, v. 305.— v?po«orf. 1, 
c. l.-.Pau^. 4, c. 2. 1-5, c. 18. 



MA 

Marpesus, a town of Mysiau A moun- 
tain of Pares, abounding in white marble, 
whence Marptsia cautes. The quarries are 
still seen by modern travellers. FzVg. JEn. 6, 
V. 471.— P/m. 4, c. 12, 1. 36, c. 5. 

Marres, a king of Egypt, who had a crow 
which conveyed his letters wherever he plea- 
sed. He raised a celebrated monument to this 
faithful bird near the city of Crocodiles. JEli- 
an. An. 6, c. 7. 

Marruciki, a people of Picenum. Si7. //. 
15, V. 564. 

Marruvium or Marrubium, now San 
Bentdetto, a place near the Liris, in Italy. 
Virg. „En. 7, v. 750. — Sil. It. 8, v. 497. 

Mars, the god of war among the an- 
cients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, ac- 
cording to Heslod, Homer, and all the Greek 
poets, or of Juno alone, according to Ovid. 
This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished 
to become a mother without the assistance 
of the other sex, like Jupiter, who had pro- 
duced Minerva all armed from his head, and 
she was shown a flower by Flora in the 
plains near Olenus, whose very touch made 
women pregnant. [Vid Juno.] The educa- 
tion of Mars was intrusted by Juno to the 
god Priapus, who instructed him in dancing 
and every manly exercise. His trial before 
the celebrated court of the Areopagus, ac- 
cording to the authority of some authors, for 
the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an interest- 
ing epoch in history. [Firf. Areopagitae.] 
The amours of Mars and V^enus are greatly 
celebrated. The god of war gained the affec- 
tions of Venus, and obtained the gratification 
of his desires; but Apollo, who was conscious 
of the familiarities, informed Vulcan of his 
wife's debaucheries, and awakened his suspi- 
cious. Vulcan secretly laid a net around the 
bed, and the two lovers were exposed, in each 
others arms, to the ridicule and satire of all the 
gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the husband 
to set them at liberty. This unfortunate dis- 
covery so provoked Mars that he changed into 
a cock his favourite Alectryon, whom he had 
stationed at the door to watch against the ap- 
proach of the sun, [l^id. Alectryon,] and Ve- 
Bus also showed her resentment by persecu- 
ting with the most inveterate fury the children 
of Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Ti- 
tans, Mars was seized by Otus and Ephialtes, 
and confined for fifteen months, till Mercury 
procured him his liberty. Duringthe Trojan 
war Mars interested himselfon the side of the 
Trojans, but whilst he defended these favour- 
ites of Venus with uncommon activity, he was 
wounded by Diomedes, and hastily retreated 
to heaven to conceal hrs confusion and his re- 
sentment, and to complain to Jupiter that Mi- 
nerva had directed the unerring weapon of 
his antagonist. The worship of Alars was not 
very universal among the ancients; his tem- 
ples were not numerous in Greece, but in 
Rome he received the most unbounded hon- 
ours, and the warlike Romans were proud of 
paying homage to a deity whom they esteem- 
ed as the patron of their city, and tlie father 
of the first of their monarchs. His most cele- 
brated temple at Rome was built by Augustus 
after the battle of Philippi. It was dedicated 
to Mars ullor, or the avtngtr. His priests 
among the Romans were called Salii : they 



MA 

were first instituted by Numa, and their chief 
office was to guard the sacred Ancylia, one of 
which, as was supposed, had fallen down from 
heaven. Mars was generally represented in 
the naked figure of an o!d man, armed with a 
lielmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he 
appeared in a military dress, and with a long 
flowing beard, and sometimes without. He 
generally rode in a chariot drawn by furious 
horses, which the poets call Flight and Ter- 
ror. His altars were stained with the blood 
of the horse, on account of his warlike spi- 
rit, and of the wolf, on account of his fe- 
rocity. Magpies and vultures were also 
offered to him, on account of their greediness 
and voracity. The Scythians generally offer- 
ed him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. 
The weed called dog grass was sacred to him, 
because it grows, as it is commonly reported, 
in places which are fit for fields ot battle, or 
where the ground has been stained with the 
effusion of human blood. The surnames of 
Mars are not numerous. He was called Gra- 
divus, Mavors, Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among 
the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares, 
and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the 
Camulusof the Gauls, and the Mamers of Car- 
thage. Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros, 
and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He 
had Ascalaphus and lalmenus by Astyoche ; 
Alcippe by Agraulos ; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, 
and Thestius, by Demonice, the daughter 
of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed 
father of Romulus, CEnomaus, Bythis, Thrax, 
Diomedes of Thrace, iic. He presided over 
gladiators, and was the god oi hunting, and 
of whatever exercises or amusements have 
something manly and warlike. Among the 
Romans it was usual for the consul, before h«- 
went on an expedition, to visit the temple c« 
Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in d 
solemn manner shook the spear which was \f- 
the hand of the statue of the god, at the samiV 
time exclaiming, " Mara viliga ! god of war 
watch over the safety of this city." Ovid 
Fast. 5, v. 231. Trist. 2, v. 926.— Hygin. fab 
l4H.— rirg. G. 4, V. 346. JEn. 8, v. 701.— Lm- 
cian. in Eltctr. — Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. — 
Homtr. Od. 1. //. 5. — Flacc. 6. — Apollod. 1 
kc. — Hesiod. Theog. — Pindar, od. 4, Pyth. — 
i^uint. Smyr. 14. — Pans. 1, c. 21 and 28. — 
Juv. 9, V. 102. 

Marsala, a town of Sicily. 

Mars*;ds, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace, 
1 Sat. 2, V. 55, for his prodigality to courtezans. 

Marse, a daughter of TUespius. Apollod. 

Marsi, a nation of Germany who after- 
wards came to settle near the lake Fucinus, in 
Italy, in a country chequered with forests, 
abounding with wild boars, and other ferocious 
animals. They at first proved very inimical to 
the Romans, out, in process of time, they be- 
came their firmest supporters. They are par- 
ticularly celebrated for the civil war in which 
ihey were engaged, and which from them has 
received the name of the Marsian war. The 
large contributions they made to support the 
interest of Rome, and the number of men 
which they continually supplied to the repub- 
lic, rendered them bold and aspiring, and they 
claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a 
share of the honour and pri\ i'eges which were 
enjoyed by the cifi;ren« of Rome, B C. ^\ 



MA 

This petition, though supported by the Inter- 
est, the eloquence, and the integrity of the 
tribune Drusus, was received with contempt 
by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, with 
their allies, showed their dissatisfaction by 
taking up arms. Their resentment was in- 
creased when Drusus, their friend at Rome, 
had been basely murdered by the means of 
the nobles; and they erected themselves into 
a republic, and Corfinium was made the capi- 
tal of their new empire. A regular war was 
now begun, and the Romans led into the field 
an army of 100,000 men, and were opposed 
by a superior force. Some battles were fought, 
in which the Roman generals were defeated, 
and the allies reaped no inconsiderable advan- 
tages from their victories. A battle, however, 
near Asculum proved fatal to their cause ; 
4000 of them were left dead on the spot ; their 
general, Francus, a man of uncommon expe- 
rience and abilities, was slain, and such as es- 
caped from the field perished by hunger in 
the Apennines, where they had sought a shel- 
ter. After many defeats and the loss of Ascu- 
lum, one of their principal cities, the allies, 
grown dejected and tired of hostilities which 
had already continued for three years, sued 
for peace one by one, and tranquillity was at 
last re-established in the republic, and all the 
states of Italy were made citizens of Rome. 
The armies of the allies consisted of the Marsi, 
the Peligni, the Vestini, the Herpini, Pora- 
peiani, Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Feren- 
tanee, Apuli, Lucani, and Samnites. The 
Marsi were greatly addicted to magic. Horat. 
ep. 5, V. 76, ep 27, v. 29. — Jlppian. — Val. 

.Vax. 8. — Paterc. 2. — Plut. in Sert. Mario, 
TO. — Cic. pro Balb. — Strah. — Tacit. Ann. 1, 

{g 50 and 56. G. 2. 

Marsigni, a people of Germany. Tacit. 

P r. 43. 

.| Marsus Domitius, a Latin poet. 

r. Marsyaba, a town of Arabia. 

Marsyas, a celebrated piper of Celaena;, 

^n Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, 

-or CEagrus. He was so skilful in playing on 
the flute, that he is generally deemed the in- 

Ventor of it. According to the opinion of some 

'he found it when Minerva had thrown it aside 
on account of the distortion of her face when 
she played upon it. Marsyas was enamoured 
of Cybele, and he travelled with her as far as 
Nysa, where he had the imprudence to chal- 
lenge Apollo to a trial of his skill as a musician. 
The god accepted the challenge, and it was mu- 
tually agreed tliat he who was defeated should 
be flayed alive by the conqueror. The Muses, 
or according to Diodorus, the inhabitants of 
Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each exerted 
his utmost skill, and the victory, with much dif- 
ficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The god, 
upon this, tied his antagonist to a tree and 
flayed him alive. The death of Marsyas was 
universally lamented ; (he Fauns, Satyrs, and 
Dryads, wept at his fate, and from their 
abundant tears, arose a river of Phrygia, well 
% knoAvn by the name of Marsyas. The unfor- 
tunate Marsyas is often represented on monu- 
ments as tied, his hands behind his back to a 
tree, while Apollo stands before him with his 
lyre in his hands. In independent cities among 
the ancients the statue of Marsyas was gene- 
rally erected in the forum, to represent the 



MA 

intimacy which subsisted between Bacchus 
and Marsyas, as the emblems of liberty. It 
was also erected at the entrance of the Roman 
forum, as a spot where usurers and merchants 
resorted to transact business, being principal- 
ly intended in terrorem litigaiorum ; a circum- 
stance to which Horace seems to allude, 1 Sat. 
6, V. 120. At Celaenae, the skin of Marsyas 
was shown to travellers for some time ; it was 
suspended in the public place in the form of a 
bladder or a foot-ball. Hygin. (ah. 165. — Ovid. 
Fast. 6, V. 707. Met. 6, fab. I.—Diod. 3.-— 
Hal. 8, v. 503.— P/in. 5, c. 29, 1. 7, c. 56.— 

Pans. 10, c. SO.— Apotlod. 1, c. 4. The 

sources of the Marsyas were near those of the 
Maeander, and those two rivers had their con- 
tinence a little below the town of Celaena. 
Liv. 38, c. IS.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 263.— Lwcaw. 
3, V. 208. A writer, who published a histo- 
ry of Macedonia, from the first origin -and 
foundation of that empire till the reign of 
Alexander, in which he lived. An Egyp- 
tian who commanded the armies of Cleo- 
patra against her brother Ptolemy Physcon, 

whom she attempted to dethrone. A man 

put to death by Dionysius, the tyremt of Si- 
cily. 

Martha, a celebrated prophetess of Sy- 
ria, whose artifice and fraud proved of the 
greatest service to C. Marius in the numerous 
expeditions he undertook. Plut. in Mario. 

Martia, a vestal virgin, put to death for 

her incontinence. A daughter of Cato. Vid. 

Marcia. 

Martia aqua, water at Rome, celebrated 
for its clearness and salubrity. It was con- 
veyed to Rome, at the distance of above 30 
mileS; from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Mar- 
tins, whence it received its name. Tibull. 
3, el. 7, v. 26.— P/m. 31, c. 3, 1. 36, c. 15. 

Martiales LUDi, games celebrated at Rome 
in honour of Mars. 

Ma.rtialis, Marcus Valerius, a native of 
Bilbilis in Spain, who came to Rome about the 
20th year of his age, where he recommended 
himself to notice by his poetical genius. As 
he was the panegyrist of the emperors, he 
gained the greatest honours, and was reward- 
ed in the most liberal manner. Domitian 
gave him the tribuneship; but the poet, un- 
mindful of the favours he received, after 
the death of his benefactor, exposed to ri- 
dicule the vices and cruelties of a monster 
whom, in his life time, he had extolled as 
the pattern of virtue, goodness, and excel- 
lence. Trajan treated the poet with coldness; 
and Martial, after he had passed thirty-five 
years in the capital of the world, in The great- 
est splendour and affluence, retired to his na- 
tive country, where he had the mortification 
to be (he object of malevolence, satire, and 
ridicule. lie received some favours from his 
friends, and his poverty was alleviated by the 
liberality of Pliny the younger, whom he had 
panegyrized in his poems. Martial died about 
the I04th year of the Christian era, in the 75th 
year of his age. He is now well known by the 
fourteen books of epigrams which he wrote, 
and whose merit is now best described by 
the candid confession of the author in this 
line, 

Hunt bona, sunt qu(£dam mediocria, sunt maJa 
plura. 



MA 

But the genius -which he displays In some of 
his epigrams deserves commendation, though 
many critics are liberal in their censure upon 
his st,vle, his thoughts, and particularly upon 
his puns, \\hich are often low and despicable. 
In many ef his epigrams the poet has shown 
himself' a declared enemy to decency, and the 
book is to be read with caution which can cor- 
rupt the purity of morals, and initiate the vo- 
taries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has 
been observed of Martial, that his talent was 
e})igrams. Every thing he did was the subject 
of an epigram. He wrote inscriptions upon 
monuments in the epigrammatic style, and 
even a new-years gift was accompanied with a 
distich, and his poetical pen was employed in 
begging a favour as well as satirizing a fault. 
ThTbest editions of Martial are those of Ra- 
der, fol. Mogunt, 1627, of Schriverius, 12mo. 
L. Bat. 1619, and of Smids, 8vo. Amst. 1701. 
A friend of Otho. A man who conspi- 
red against Caracalla. 

Martianus. Vid. Marcianus. 

Martina, a woman skilled in the know- 
ledge of poisonous herbs, Lc. Tacit. Ann. 2, 
c. 79, Sic. 

Martiniakus, an oflBcer, made Caesar by 
Licinius, to oppose Constantine. He was put 
to death by order of Constantine. 

MartiCs, a surname of Jupiter in Attica, 
expressive of his power and valour. Pans. 5, 
c. 14. A Roman consul sent against Per- 
seus, fcc. A consid against the Dalmatians, 

&c. Another, who defeated the Carthagi- 
nians in Spain. Another who defeated the 

Privernates, &:c. 

Marullus, a tribune of the people, who 
tore the garlands which had been placed upon 
Caesar's statues, and who ordered those that 
had saluted him king to be imprisoned. He 
■was deprived of his consulship by J. Cssar. 

Pint, A governor of Judaea. A Latin 

poet in the reign of M. Aurelius. He satirized 
the emperor with great licentiousness, but his 
invectives were diregarded, and himself des- 
pised. 

Mards, (the Morava) a river of Germany, 
which separates modern Hungary and Mora- 
via. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 63. 

Massa B^sb, an informer at the couet of Do- 
mitian. Juv. 1, v. 35. 

. Mas^esylii, a people of Libya, where Sy- 
phax reigned. Vid. Massy\a. 

Masinissa, son of Gala, was king of a 
small part of Africa, and assisted tlie Cartha- 
ginians in their wars against Rome. He pro- 
ved a most indefatigable and courageous ally, 
but an act of generosity rendered him amica- 
ble to the interests of Rome. After the de- 
feat of Asdi-ubal, Scipio, the first Africanus 
who had obtained thp victor)', found, among 
the prisoners of war, one of the nephews of 
Masinissa. He sent him back to his uncle 
loaded with presents, and conducted him with 
a detachment for the safety and protection of 
his person. Masinissa was struck with the 
generous action of the Roman general, he for- 
got all former hostilities, and joined his troops 
to those of Scipio. Thi.s change of sentiments 
was not the eflect of a wavering or unsettled 
mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most 
attached and the firmest ally the Romans ever 
had. It was to hi.s exertions they owed many 



MA 

of tlieir victories in Africa, and particularly 
in that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal 
and Syphax. The IVumidian conqueror, 
charmed with the beauty of Sophonisba, the 
captive wife of Syphax, carried her to his 
camp, and married her; but when he per- 
ceived that this new connexion displeased 
Scipio, he sent poison to his wife, and recom' 
mended her to destroy herself, since he could 
not preserve her life in a manner which be- 
came her rank, her dignity, and fortune, 
without offending his Roman allies. In the 
battle of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed 
to the defeat of the great Annibal, and the 
Romans, who had so often been spectators of 
his courage and valour, rewarded his fidelity 
with the kingdom of Syphax, and some of 
the Carthaginian territories. At his death 
Masinissa showed the confidence he had in, 
the Romans, and the esteem he entertained 
for the rising talents of Scipio Ji^milianus, by 
intrusting him with the care of his kingdom, 
and empowering him to divide it among his 
sons. Masinissa died in the 97th year of his 
age, after a reign of above sixty years, 149 
years before the Christian era. He experien- 
ced adversity as well as prosperity, and, ia 
the first years of his reigo, he was exposed to 
the greatest danger, and obliged often to save 
his life by .seeking a retreat among his savage 
neighbours. But his alliance with the Ro- 
mans was the beginning of his greatness, and 
he ever after lived in the greatest affluence. 
He is remarkable for the health he long en* 
joyed. In the last years of his life he was 
seen at the head of his armies, behaving with 
th€ most indefatigable activity, and he often 
remained for many successive^ days on horse- 
back, without a saddle under him, or a cover- 
ing upon his head, and without showing the 
least marks of fatigue. This strength of mind 
and body he chiefly owed to the temperance 
which he observed. He was seen eating brown 
bread at the door of his tent, like a private 
soldier, the day after he had obtained an im- 
mortal victory over the armies of Carthage. 
He left ^fty-four sons, three of whom were le- 
gitimate, Micipsa, Gulussa, and Manastabal. 
The kingdom was fairly divided among thera. 
by Scipio, and the illegitimate children recei- 
ved, as their portions, very valuable presents. 
The djeath of Gulussa and Manastabal soon 
after left Micipsa sole raasterof the large pos- 
sessions of Masinissa. Strah. IJ. — Polyb. — 
Appian. Lybic.-^Cic. de Sencct. — Vol. Max. 8. 
Sallust. in Jug. — Liv. 25, &lq. — Oind. Fast. Q, v. 
769. — Justin. 33, c. 1, 1. 38, c. 6. 

Maso, a name common to several persons 
mentioned by Cicero. 

Massaga, a town of India, taken by Alex- 
ander the Great. 

Massaget^, a people of Scythia, who 
had their wives in common, and dwelt in. 
tents. They had no temples, but worshipped 
the sun, to whom they offered horses, on ac- 
count of their swiftness. When their parents 
had come to a certain age, they generally put 
them to death, and eat their flesh mixed with 
that of cattle. Authors are divided with res- 
pect to the place of their residence. Some 
place them near the Caspian sea, others at the 
north of the Danube, and some confound them 
with the Getae and the Scythians Horat.. Jj 



MA 

Oil. 35, V. 40. — Dionys. Per. 738. — Herodot. 1, 
c, 204 — Strab. 1. — Mela, 1, c. 2. — Lucan. 2, v. 
50. — Ji«/m. 1, c. 8. 

Massana. Vid, Messana. 

Massani, a nation at the mouth of the 
Indus. 

Massycus, a mountam of Campania, near 
Miuturnae, famous for its wine, which even 
now preserves its ancient character. Plin. 
14, c. Q.—Horat. 1, od. 1, v. 19.— Kirg. G. 2, 

V. 143. An Etrurian prince, who assisted 

JEneas against Turnus with 1000 men. Virg. 
JEn. 10, V. 166, &c. 

Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Narbo- 
nensis, now called Marseilles, founded B. 
C. 539, by the people of Phocasa, in Asia, 
who quitted their country to avoid the tyran- 
ny of the Persians. It is celebrated for its 
laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and for its 
being long the seat of literature. It acquired 
great consequence by its commercial pursuits 
during its infancy, and even waged war 
against Carthage. By becoming the ally 
of Rome, its power was established ; but in 
v/armly espousing the cause of Pompey 
against Caesar, its views were frustrated, and it 
was so much reduced by the insolence and re- 
sentment of the conqueror, that it never after 
recovered its independence and warlike spirit. 
Herodot. 1, c. 164. — Plin. 3, c. 4. — Justin. 37, 
&c. — Strab. 1. — Liv. 5, c. 3. — Horat. ep. 16. — 
Flor. 4, c. 2.—Cic. Flac. 26. Off. 2, 8.— Tacit. 
Ann. 4, c. 44. Agr. 4. 

Massyla, an inland part of Mauritania, 
near mount Atlas. When the inhabitants, cal- 
led Massyli, went on horseback, they never 
used saddles or bridles, but only sticks. Their 
character was warlike, their manners simple, 
and their love of liberty unconquerable. Some 
suppose them to be the same as the Masaesylii, 
though others say half the country belonged 
onl v to this last mentioned people. Liv. 24, c. 
48,'l. 28, c. 17, 1. 29, c. 32.— 5t7. 3, v. 282, 1. 16, 
V. Ml.— Lucan. 4, v. 682.— Firg. ^n. 4, v. 132. 

Mastramela, a lake near Marseilles, mer 
de Mariegues. Plin. 3, c. 4. 

Masurius, a Roman knight under Tiberius, 
learned, but poor. Pers. 5, v. 90. 

Masus Domitius, a Latin poet. Vid. Domi- 
tius. 

Matho, an infamous informer, patronized 
by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 32. 

Matieni, a people in the neighbourhood of 
Armenia. 

Matinus, a mountain of Apulia, abounding 
in yew-trees and bees. Lucan. 9, v. 184. — 
Horat. 4, od. 2, v. 27, ep. 16, v. 28. 

Matisco, a town of the JEdxii, in Gaol, now 
called Maeon. 

Matralia, a festival at Rome in honour 
of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free- 
born women were admitted. They made of- 
ferings of flowers, and carried their relations' 
children in their arms, recommending them 
to the care and patronage of the goddess whom 
they worshipped. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 22.— 
Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 47.~Plut. in Cam. 

MvTRoNA, a river of Gaul, now called the 
Marne, falling into the Seine. Auson. Mos. 

462. One of (he surnames of Juno, because 

she presided over marriage and over child- 
birth. 

Matbonalia, festivals at Rome in honour 



MA 

of Mars, celebrated by married women, in com- 
memoration of the rape of the Sabines, and of 
the peace which their entreaties had obtained 
between their fathers and husbands. Flowers 
were then oflfered in the temples of Juno. 
Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 229.— Plut. in Rom. 

Mattiaci, a nation of Germany, now Mar- 
purg in Hesse. The Mattiacce aqua, was a 
small town, now Wisbaden opposite Mentz. 
Tacit, de Germ. 29. An. 1, c. 56. 

Matuta, a deity among the Romans, the 
same as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She 
was originally Ino, who was changed into asea 
deity, [Vid. Ino and Leucothoe,] and she was 
worshipped by sailors as such, at Corinth in 
a temple sacred to Neptune. Only married 
women and freeborn matrons were permit- 
ted to enter her temples at Rome, where they 
generally brought the children of their rela- 
tions in their arms. Liv. 5, &.c. — Cic. de J^at. 
D. 3, V. 19. 

Mavors, a name of Mars. Vid. Mars. 

Mavortia, an epithet applied to every 
country whose inhabitants were warlike, but 
especially to Rome, founded by the reputed 
son of Mavors. Virg. M,n. 1, v. 280, and to 
Thrace. Id. 3, v. 13. 

Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania. 
This name is derived from their black com- 
plexion (i«w.o«.) Every thing among them 
grew in greater abundance and greater per- 
fection than in other countries. Strab. 17. — 
Martial. 5, ep. 29, 1. 12, ep. 67.— Si7. Ital. 
4, V. 569, 1. 10, V. 402.'-Mela, 1, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 10. 
— Justin. 19, c. 2. — Sallust. Jug. — Virg. JEn. 
4, V. 206. 

Mauritania, a country on the western 
part of Africa, which forms the modern king- 
dom of Fez and Morocco. It was bounded on 
the west by the Atlantic, south by Gaetulia, 
and north by the Mediterranean, and is some- 
times called Maurusia. It became a Roman 
province in the reign of the emperor Claudius. 
Vid. Mauri. 

Maitrus, a man who flourished in the reign 
of Trajan, or according to others, of the Anto- 
nini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper 
Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the 
rules of poetry and versification. 

Maurusii, the people of Maurusia, a coun- 
try near the columns of Hercules. It is also 
called Mauritania. Vid. Mauritania. Virg. 
M.n. 4, V. 206. 

Mausolus, a king of Caria. His wife Ar- 
temisia was so disconsolate at his death, 
which happened B. C. 353, that she drank 
up his ashes, and resolved to erect one of 
the grandest and noblest monuments of an- 
tiquity, to celebrate the memory of a hus- 
band*whom she tenderly loved. This famous 
monument, which passed for one of the se- 
ven wonders of the world, was called Mau- 
soleum, and from it all other magnificent se- 
pulchres and tombs have received the same 
name. It was built by four different archi- 
tects. Scopas erected the side which faced 
the east, Timotheus had the south, Leochares 
had the \vest, and Bruxis the north. Pithis 
was also employed in raising a pyramid over 
this stately monument, and the top was 
adorned by a chariot drawn by tour horses. 
The expenses of this edifice were immense, 
and this gave an occasion to the philosopher 



MA 

Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he saw it, 
how much money changed into stones! [Vid. 
Artemisia.] Herodot. 7, v. 99. — Strab. 14. — 
Diod. m.—Paus. 8, c. 16.—Flor. 4, c. 11. Gell. 
10, c. 18.— Prapert. 3, el. 2, v. 21.— Suet. Aug. 
100. 

Maxentius, Marcus Aurellus Valerius, a 
son of the emperor Maximianus Hercules. 
Some suppose him to have been a suppositi- 
tious child. The voluntary abdication of Dio- 
cletian, and of his father, raised him in the 
state, and he declared himself independent 
emperor, or Augustus, A. D. 306. He after- 
wards incited his father to re-assume his impe- 
rial authority, and in a perfidious manner de- 
stroyed Severus, who had delivered himself in- 
to his hands, and relied upon his honour for 
the safety of his life. His victories and suc- 
cesses were impeded by Galerius Maximianus, 
who opposed him with a powerful force. The 
defeat and voluntary death of Galerius soon 
restored peace to Italy, and Maxentius passed 
into Africa, where he rendered himself odious 
by his cruelty and oppression. He soon after 
returned to Rome, and was informed that 
Constantine was come to dethrone him. He 
gave his adversaiy battle near Home, and, af- 
ter he had lost the victory, he fled back to .the 
city. The bridge over which he crossed the 
Tiber was in a decayed situation, and he fell 
into the river and was drowned, on the 24th 
of September, A. D. 312. The cowardice and 
luxuries of Maxentius are as conspicuous as his 
cruelties. He oppressed his subjects with 
heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his plea- 
sures, or the avarice of his favourites. He was 
debauched in his manners, and neither virtue 
nor innocence were safe whenever he was in- 
clined to voluptuous pursuits. He was natu- 
rally deformed, and of an unwieldy body. 
To visit a pleasure ground, or to exercise him 
self under a marble portico, or to walk on a 
.shady terrace, was to him a Herculean labour, 
which required the greatest exertions of 
strength and resolution. 

Corn. Maximiliana, a vestal virgin buried 
alive for incontinency, A. D. 92. 

Maximianus, Herculius Marcus Aurelius 
Valerius, a native of Sirrnium, in Pannonia, 
who served as a common soldier in the Ro- 
man armies. When Diocletian had been rais- 
ed to the imperial throne, he remembered the 
valour and courage of his fellow soldier Max- 
imianus, and rewarded his lidelity by making 
him his colleague in the empire, and by ceding 
to him the command of the j)rovinces of Italy, 
Africa, and Spain, and the rest of the western 
territories of Rome. Maximianus showed the 
justness of the choice of Diocletian by his vic- 
tories over the barbarians. In Britain success 
did not attend his arms ; but in Africa he defeat- 
ed and put to death Aurelius Juliaims, who had 
proclaimed himself emperor. Soon after Dio- 
cletian abdicated the imperial purple, and obli- 
ged Maximianus to follow his example, on the 
1st of April, A. D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly 
complied with the command of a man to whom 
he owed his greatness; but, before the first 
year of his resignation had elapsed, he was rous- 
ed from his indolence and retreat by the am- 
bition of his son Maxentius. He re-assumed 
the imperial dignity, and showed his ingrati- 
tJtde to his son l)y wishinc; him to resign the 



MA 

sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. 
This proposal was not only rejected with the 
contempt it deserved, but the troops mutinied 
against Maximianus, and he fled for safety to 
Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he 
gave his daughter Faustina in marriage. Here 
he again acted a conspicuous character, and re- 
assumed the imperial power, which his misfor- 
tunes had obliged him to relinquish. This of- 
fended Constantine. But, when open violence 
seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of 
Maximianus, he had recourse to artifice. He 
prevailed upon his daughter Faustina, to leave 
the doors of her chamber open in the dead of 
night; and, when she promised faithfully to 
execute his commands, he secretly introduced 
himself to her bed, where he stabbed to the 
heart the man who slept by the side of his 
daughter. This was not Constantine; Fausti- 
na, faithful to her husband, had apprized him 
of her father's machinations, and an eunuch 
had been placed in his bed. Constantine 
watched the motions of his father-in-law, and, 
when he heard the fatal blow given to the eu- 
nuch, he rushed in with a band of soldiers, and 
secured the assassin. Constantine resolved to 
destroy a man who was so inimical to his near- 
est relations, and nothing was left to Maximi- 
anus but to choose his own death. He strang- 
led himself at Marseilles, A. D. 310, in the 
60th year of his age. His body was found 
fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the 

middle of the eleventh century. Galerius 

Valerius, a native of Dacia, who in the first 
yeajs of his life, was employed in keeping his 
lather's fiocks. He entered the army, where 
his valour and bodily strength recommended 
him to the notice of his superiors, and particu- 
larly to Diocletian, who invested him with the 
imperial purple in the east, and gave him his 
daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius deser- 
ved the confidence of his benefactor. He 
conquered the Goths, and Dalmatians, and 
checked the insolence of the Persians. In a 
battle, however, with the king of Persia, Ga- 
lerius was defeated ; and, to complete his ig- 
nominy, and render him more sensible of his 
disgrace, Diocletian obliged him to walk be- 
hind his chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. 
This humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; 
he assembled another army, and gave battle to 
the Persians. He gained a complete victory, 
and took the wives and children of his enemy. 
This success elated Galerius to such a degree, 
that he claimed the most dignified appel- 
lations, and ordered himself to be called the 
son of Mars. Diocletiarj himself dreaded bis 
power, and even, it is said, abdicated the im- 
perial dignity by means of his threats. This re^ 
signation, however, is attributed by some to a 
voluntary act of the mind, and to a desire of 
enjoying solitude and retirement. As soon as 
Diocletian had abdicated, Galerius was pro- 
claimed Augustus, A. D. 304, but his cruelty 
soon rervdered him odious, and the Roman 
peoj)le, offended at his oppression, raised 
Maxentius to the imperial dignity the follow- 
ing year, and Galerius was obliged to yield to 
the torrent of his unpopularity, and to fly be- 
fore his more fortunate adversary. He died 
in the greatest agonies, A. D. 311. The bo- 
dily pains and sufferings which preceded his 
death, were, according to the christian wti- 



MA 



MA 



ters, the effects of the vengeance of an offend- by historians as of a gigantic stature ; he was 
ed providence for the cruelty which he had eight feet high, and the bracelets of his wife 
exercised against the followers of Christ. In | served as rings to adorn the fingers of his 
his character, Galerius was wanton and ty- 1 hand. His voracity was as remarkable as his 



pannical, and he often feasted his eyes with the 
sight of dying wretches, w^hom his barbarity 
had delivered to bears and wild beasts. His 
aversion to learned men arose from his igno- 
rance of letters ; and, if he was deprived of 
the benefits of education, he proved the more 
cruel and the more inexorable. Lactant. de 
M. P. 33.— Eusebius 8, c. 16. 

MaximInus, Caius Julius Verns, the son of 
a peasant in Thrace. He was originally a 
shepherd, and, by heading his countrymen 
against the frequent attacks of the neighbour- 
ing barbarians and robbers, he inured himself 
to the labours and to the fatigues of a camp. 
He entered the Roman armies, where he 
gradually rose to the first offices ; and on the 
death of Alexander Severus he caused him- 
self to be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 233. 
The popularity which he had gained when 
general of the armies, was at an end when 
he ascended the throne. He was delighted 
with acts of the greatest barbarity, and no 
less than 400 persons lost their lives on the 
false suspicion of having conspired against 
the emperor's life. They died in the greatest 
torments, and, that the tyrant might the bet- 
ter entertain himself from their sutterings, 
some wei'e exposed to wild beasts, others ex- 
pired by blows, some were nailed on crosses, 
while others were shut up in the bellies of ani- 
mals just killed. The noblest of the Roman 
citizens were the objects of his cruelty ; and, 
as if they were more conscious than others 
of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no 
means to remove from his presence a number 
of men whom he looked upon with an eye of 
envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for 
his oppression, and despised him for the po- 
verty and obscurity of his early years. Such 
is the character of the suspicious and tyran- 
nical Maximinus. In his military capacity 
he acted with the same ferocity ; and in an 
expedition in Germany, he not only cut down 
the corn, but he totally ruined and set fire 
to the whole country, to the extent of 450 
miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last 
provoked the people of Rome. The Gordians 
were proclaimed eraperors,but their innocence 
and pacific virtues were unable to resist the 
fury of Maximinus. After their fall, the Ro- 
man senate invested twenty men of their num- 
ber whh the imperial dignity, and intrusted 
into their hands the care of the republic. 
These measures so highly irritated Maximi- 
nus, that, at the first intelligence, he howled 
like a wild beast, and almost destroyed him- 
self by knocking his head against the walls of 
his palace. When his fury was abated, he 
marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter. 
His bloody machinations were stopped, and his 
soldiers, ashamed of accompanying a tyrant 
whose cruelties had procured him the name 
of Busiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated 
him in his lent before the walls of Aquileia, 
A. D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The 
news of his death was received with tlie great- 
est rejoicings at Rome, public thanksgivings 
were oll'ered, and whole hecatombs flamed on 
the altars. Maximinus has been represented 



corpulence ; he generally eat forty pounds of 
flesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. 
His strength was proportionable to his gigantic 
shape ; he could alone draw a loaded waggon, 
and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the 
teeth in a horse's mouth ; he broke the hard- 
est stones between his fingers, and cleft trees 
with his hand. Htrodianus. — Jornand. de reb. 
Get. — Capitol. Maximinus made his son, of 
the same name, emperor, as soon as he was 
invested with the purple, and his choice was 
unanimously approved by the senate, by the 
people, and by the array. Galerius Vale- 
rius, a shepherd of Thrace, who was raised to 
the imperial dignity by Diocletian, A. D. 305. 
He was nephew to Galerius Maximianus, by 
his mother's side, and to him he was indebted 
for his rise and consequence in the Roman 
armies. As Maximianus was ambitious and 
fond of power, he looked with an eye of jea- 
lousy upon those who shared the dignity of 
emperor with himself. He declared war against 
Licinius, his colleague on the throne, but a de- 
feat, which soon after followed, on the 30th of 
April, A. D. 313, between Heraclea and Adri- 
anopojis, left him without resources and with- 
out friends. His victoriousenemy pursued him, 
and he fled beyond mount Taurus, forsaken and 
almost unknown. He attempted to put an end 
to his miserable existence, but his efforts were 
ineffectual, and though his death is attributed 
by some to despair, it is more universally be- 
lieved that he expired in the greatest agonies, 
of a dreadful distemper, which consumed him 
day and night wuth inexpressible pains, and 
reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miser- 
able end, according to the ecclesiastical wri- 
ters, was the visible punishment of heaven, for 
the barbarities which Maximinus had exercis- 
ed against the followers of Christianity, and 
for the many blasphemies which he had utter- 
ed. Lactant. — Euseb. ^A minister of the 

emperor Valerian. One of the ambassadore 

of young Theodosius toAttilakingof the Huns. 
Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain, who 
proclaimed himself emperor, A. D. 383. The 
unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpa- 
tion, and he was acknowledged by his troops. 
Gratian marched against him, but he was de- 
feated, and soon after assassinated. Maximus 
refused the honours of a burial to the remains 
of Gratian ; and, when he had made himself 
master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent 
ambassadors into the east, and demanded of 
the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge him 
as his associate on the ihrone. Theodosius 
endeavoured to amuse and delay him, but 
Maximus resolved to support his claim by 
arms, and crossed tlie Alps. Italy was laid 
desolate, and Rome opened her gates to the 
conqueror. Theodosius now determined to 
revenge the audaciousness of Maximus, and 
had recourse to artifice. He began to make a 
naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear 
inferior to his adversary, had already embark- 
ed his troops, when Theodosius, by secret and 
hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged 
him at Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by 
his soldiers, and the conqueror, moved with 



MA 

compassion at the sight of his fallen and deject- 
ed enemy, granted him life, but the multitude 
refused him mercy, and instantly struck ofi'his 
head, A. D. 388. His son Victor, who shared 
the imperial dignity with him, was soon after 

sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers. Petro- 

aius, a Roman, descended of an illustrious fam- 
ily. He caused Valentinian III. to be assas- 
sinated, and ascended the throne, and, to 
strengthen his usurpation, he married the em- 
press, to whom he had the weakness and im- 
prudence to betray that he had sacrificed her 
husband to his love for her person. This de- 
claration irritated the empress ; she had re- 
course to the barbarians to avenge the death 
of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to 
death by his soldiers, and his body thrown into 
the Tiber, A. D. 455. He reigned only 77 
days. Pupianus. Vid. Pupianus. — —A cel- 
ebrated cynic philosopher and magician of 
Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian 
in magic, and, according to the opinion of 
.some historians, it was in the conversation and 
company of Maximus that the apostacy of Ju- 
lian originated. The emperor not only visited 
the philosopher, but he even submitted his 
writings to his inspection and censure. Maxi- 
mus refused to live in the court of Julian, and 
the emperor, not dissatisfied with the refusal, 
appointed him high pontiff in the province of 
Lydia, an office which he discharged with the 
greatest moderation and justice. When Julian 
went into the east, the philosopher promised 
him success, and even said that his conquests 
would be more numerous and extensive than 
those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his 
imperial pupil that, according to the doctrine 
of metempsychosis, his body was animated by 
the soul which once animated the hero whose 
greatness and victories he was going to eclipse. 
After the death of Julian, Maximus was almost 
sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but the 
interposition of his friends saved his life, and 
he retired to Constantinople. He was soon 
after accused of magical practices before the 
emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, 
A. D. 366. He wrote some philosophical and 
rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedi- 
cated to Julian. They are all now lost, dm- 

mian. Tyrius, a Platonic philosopher, in 

the reign of M. Aurelius. This emperor, who 
was naturally fond of study, became one of 
the pupils of Maximus, and paid great defer- 
ence to his instructions. There are extant of 
Maximus forty-one dissertations on moral and 
philosophical subjects, written in Greek. The 
best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo. 
Cantab. 1703 ; and that of Reiske, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Lisp. 1774. One of the Greek fathers of 

the seventh century, whose works were edited 

by Combesis, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1675. Pau- 

lus Fabius, a consul with M. Antony's son. 
Horace speaks of him, 4 od. 1, v. 10, as of a 
gay handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet in- 
dustrious and indefatigable. An epithet ap- 
plied to Jupiter, as being the greatest and 

most powerful of all the gods. A native of 

Sirmium, in Pannonia. He was originally a 
gardener, but, by enlisting in the Roman army, 
he became one of the military tribunes, and 
his marriage with a woman of rank and opu- 
lence, ^oon rendered him independent. He 
was fiifhe'" ^ri iho euinf ror Probns. A gen- 



ME 

eral of Trajan, killed in the eastern provinces, 

One of the murderers of Domitian, he. 

A philosopher, a native of Byzantium, in 

the age of Julian the emperor. 

Mazaca, a large city of Cappadocia, the 
capital of the province. It was called Caisarea 
by Tiberius in honour of Augustus. 

Mazaces, a Persian governor of Memphis. 
He made a sally against the Grecian soldiers 
of Alexander, and killed great numbers of 
them. Curt. 4, c. 1. 

Maz^us, a satrap of Cilicia, under Artax- 
erxes Ochus. A governor of Babylon, son- 
in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexan- 
der, &ic. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

Mazares, a satrap of Media, who reduced 
Priene under the power of Cyrus. Herodot. 
1, c. 161. 

Mazaxes, (sing. Mazax.) a people of Afri- 
ca, famous for shooting arrows. Lucan. 4, v. 
681. 

Mazeras, a river of Hyrcania, falling into 
the Caspian sea. Plut. 

Mazices and Mazyges, a people of Libya, 
very expert in the use of missile weapons. 
The Romans made use of them as couriers, 
on account of their great, swiftness. Suet, in 
JVer. 30.— Lucan. 4, v. 684. 

Mecenas or Mec(enas, C. Cilnius, a cele- 
brated Roman knight, descended from the 
kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself 
immortal by his liberal patronage of learned 
men and of letters; and to his prudence and 
advice Augustus acknowledged himself in- 
debted for the security he enjoyed. His fond- 
ness for pleasure removed him from the reach 
of ambition, and he preferred to die, as he was 
born, a Roman knight, to all the honours and 
dignities which either the friendship of Augus- 
tus or his own popularity could heap upon 
him. It was from the result of his advice, 
against the opinion of Agrippa, that Augustus 
resolved to keep the supreme power in his 
hands, and not by a voluntary resignation to 
plunge Rome into civil commotions. The em- 
peror received the private admonitions of Me- 
coenas in the same friendly manner as they 
were given, and he was not displeased with the 
liberty of his friend, who tlu'ew a paper to him 
with these words. Descend from the tribunal, 
thou butcher! while he sat in the judgment- 
seat, and betrayed revenge and impatience in 
his countenance. He was struck with the ad- 
monition, and left the tribunal without passing 
sentence of death on the criminals. To the 
interference of Meccenas, Virgil owed the res- 
titution of his lands, and Horace was proud to 
boast that his learned friend had obtained his 
forgiveness from the emperor, for joining the 
cause of Brutus at the battle of Philippi. Me- 
cojnas was himself fond of literature, and ac- 
cording to the most received opinion, he 
wrote an history of animals, a journal of the 
life of Augustus, a treatise ou the different 
natures and kinds of precious stones, besides 
the two tragedies of Octavia and Prome- 
theus, and other things, all now lost. He 
died eight years before Christ ; and, on his 
death-bed, he particularly recommended his 
poetical friend Horace to the care and con- 
fidence of Augustus. Seneca, who has libe- 
rally commended the genius and abilities of 
INTecfvnas. has not withheld liit^ censure from 



ME 

hi5dissipation,indolence,andeffeminateluxuiy. 
From the patronage and encouragemeot which 
the piances of heroic and lyric poetry, among 
the Latins, received from the favourite of Au- 
gustus, all patrons of literature have ever since 
been called Meceenates. VMrgil dedicated to 
him his Georgics, and Horace his Odes. Suet, 
in Aug. 66, &.c. — Plut. in Aug. — Herodian. 7. 
— Senec. ep. 19 and 92. 

Meghaneus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
his patronizing undertakings. He had a statue 
near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there 
the people swore, before they went to the Tro- 
jan war, either to conquer or to perish. Faus. 
2, c. 22. 

Mecisteus, a son of Echius or Talaus, was 
©ne of the companions of Ajax. He was kill- 
ed by Polydamas. Homer. 11. 6, v. 28, iic. 
A son of Lycaon. Apollod. 

Mecrida, the wife of Lysimachus. Po- 
ly cen. 6. 

Medea, a celebrated magician, daughter of 
^etes, king of Colchis. Her mother's name, 
according to the more received opinion of 
Hesiod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or according 
toothers, Ephyre, Hecate, Asterodia, Antiope, 
and Nerasa. She was the niece of Circe. 
"When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the 
golden fleece, Medea became enamoured of 
him, and it was to her well-directed labours 
that the Argonauts owed their preservation. 
[Vid. Jason and Argonautae.] Medea had an 
interview with her lover in the temple of He- 
cate, where they bound themselves by the 
most solemn oaths, and mutually prorai?cdeter- 
nal fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome 
all the ditticulties which j^^etes had placed in 
his way, than Medea embarked with the con- 
querors for Greece. To stop the pursuit of 
her father, she tore to pieces her brother Ab- 
syrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way, 
through which Ji^etes was to pass. This act 
of barbarity some have attributed to Jason, 
and not to her. When Jason reached lolchos, 
his native country, the return and victories of 
the Argonauts were celebrated with universal 
rejoicings ; but ^son, the father of Jason, was 
unable to assist at the solemnity, on account of 
the intirmities of his age. Medea, at her hus- 
band's request, removed the weakness of M- 
son, and by drawing away the blood from his 
veins and filling them again with the juice of 
certain herbs, she restored to him the vigour 
and sprightliness of youtli. This sudden change 
in -/Eson astonished the inhabitants of lolchos, 
and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous 
to see their father restored, by the same pow- 
er, to the vigour of youth. Medea, willing to 
vevenge the injuries which her husband's fa- 
mily had suffered from Pelias, increased their 
curiosity, and by cutting to pieces an old ram 
and making it again, in their presence, a 
young lamb, she totally determined them to 
try the same experiment upon their father's 
body. They accordingly killed him of their 
«wn accord, and boiled his flesh in a caldron, 
but Medea refused to perform the same 
friendly oflices to Pelias which she had done 
to J-uSon, and he was consumed by the heat 
of the fire, and even deprived of a burial. 
This action greatly irritated the people of 
lolchos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to 
Corinth to &void the resentment of an offended 



ME 

populace. Here they lived for ten years with j 
much conjugal tenderness; but the love of i 
Jason for Glauce, the king's daughter, soon 
interrupted their mutual harmony, and Me- 
dea was divorced. Medea revenged the infi- 
delity of Jason by causing the death of Glauce, 
and the destruction of her family. [Vid. 
Glauce.] This action was followed by another 
still more atrocious. Medea killed two of her 
children in their father's presence, and, when 
Jason attempted to punish the barbarity of the 
mother, she fled through the air upon a chariot 
drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth 
Medea came to Athens, where, after she had 
undergone the necessary purification of her 
murder, she married king iEgeus, or accord- 
ing to others, lived in an adulterous manner 
with him. From her connexion with .S^geus 
Medea had a son, who was called Medus. 
Soon after, when Theseus wished to make 
himself known to his father, [Vid. iEgeus,] 
Medea, jealous of his fame and fearful of his 
power, attempted to poison him at a feast 
which had been prepared for his entertain- 
ment. Her attempts, however, failed of suc- 
cess, and the sight of the sword which Theseus 
wore by his side convinced iEgeus that the 
stranger against whose life he had so basely 
conspired was no less than Jiis own son. The 
father and the son were reconciled, and Me- 
dea, to avoid the punishment which her wick- 
edness deserved, mounted her fiery chariot, 
and disappeared through the air. She came 
to Colchis, where, according to some, she was 
reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in 
her native country after her sudden departure 
from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as Justin 
mentions, when she had been restored to the 
confidence of her family. After death, she 
married Achilles in the Elysian fields, accord- 
ing to the traditions mentioned by Simonidea. 
The murder of Mermerus and Pheres, the 
youngest of Jason's children by Medea, is not 
attributed to their mother, according to xElian, 
but the Corinthians themselves assassinated 
them in the temj)le of Juno Acra^a. To avoid 
the resentment of the gods, and to deliver 
themselves from the pestilence which visited 
their country after so horrid a massacre, they 
engaged the poet Euripides, for five talents, 
to write a tragedy, which cleared them of the 
murder, and represented Medea as the cruel 
assassin of her own children. And besides, 
that this opinion might be the better credited, 
festivals were appointed, in which the mother 
was represented with all the barbarity of a 
fury murdering her own sons. [P'id. He- 
raea.] Apollod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 21, 22, 
23, &ic. — Plut. in This. — Dionys. Perieg. — 
APAian. V. H. 5, c. 2\.~-Puus. 2, c. 3, 1. 8, c. 
1. — Euripid. in Med. — Diod. 4. — Ovid. Met. 
7, fab. 1, in Med.—Strab. l.—Cic. de ^'at. D. § I 
3, c. 19. — Apollon. Arg. 3, Lc. — Orpheus. — 
Place. — Lucan. 4, v. 556. 

Medesicaste, a daughter of Priam, who 
married Imbrius son of Mentor, who was kil- 
led by Teucer during the Trojan war. Homer. i 
//. 13, V. 172.— Apollod. 3. f 

Media, a celebrated country of Asia, 
bounded on the north by the Caspian Sea, west 
by Armenia, south by Persia, and east by Par- 
thia and Hyrcania. It was originally called 
Aria, till the age of Medus; the sou of Medea, 



ME 

who gave it the name of Media. The pro- 
vince of Media was first raised into a kingdom 
by its revolt from the Assyrian monarchy, B. 
C. 820 ; and, after it had for some time en- 
joyed a kind of republican government, Dei- 
oces, by his artifice, procured himself to be 
called king, 700 B. C. After a reign of 63 
years he was succeeded by Phraortes, B. C. 
647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B. C. 
625. His successor was Astyages, B. C. 585, 
in whose reign Cyrus became master of Me- 
dia, B. C. 551 ; and ever after the empire was 
transferred to the Persians. The Medes were 
warlike in the primitive ages of their power ; 
they encouraged polygamy, and were remark- 
able for the homage which they paid to their 
sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. 
This title was afterwards adopted by their 
conquerors, the Persians, and it w^as still 
in use in the age of the Roman emperors. 
Justin. 1, c. 5. — Herodot. 1, &.c. — Polyb. 5 
and lO.—Curt. 5, hc.—Diod. Sic. IS.— Cfe- 
sias. 

Mj:dias, a tyrant of Mysia, &ic. 

Medicus, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, 
who made war against Lycophron, tyrant of 
Phera). Di^d. 14 

Mediolanum, now Milan, the capital of 
Insubria at the mouth of the Po. Liv. 5, c. 34, 

I. 34, c. 46. Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, 

now Evreux, in Normandy. Santonum, 

another, now Saintes, in Guienne. 

Mediomatrices, a nation Ihat lived on the 
borders of the Rhine, now Melz. Strab. 4. — 
C(BS. Bell. O. 4, c. 10. 

Mediterraneum mare, a sea which di- 
vides Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. 
It receives its name from its situation, medio 
terrm, situate in the middle of the land. It 
has a communication with the Atlantic by 
the columns of Hercules? and with the Eux- 
ine through the JEgean. The word Mediter- 
raneum does not occur in the classics; but it 
is sometimes called internum, nostrum, or me- 
dius liquor, and is frequently denominated in 
Scripture the Great Sea. The first naval 
power that ever obtained the command of 
It, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of the 
writer Castor, is Crete under Minos. After- 
wards it passed into the hands of the Lydians, 
B. C. 1179; of the Pelasgi, 1058; of the 
Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of 
the Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868 ; of 
the Phoenicians, 826 ; of the Egyptians, 787 ; 
of the Milesians, 753 ; of the Carians, 734 ; 
and of the Lesbians, 676, which they retained 
for 69 years. Herat. 3, od. 3, v. 46.— P/m. 2, 
c. 68.—SallvM. Jug. n.—C(Es. B. G. 5, c. 1.— 
Liv. 26, c. 42. 

Meditrina, the goddess of medicines, 

whose festivals, called Meditrinulia, were ce- 

^« lebrated at Rome the last day of September, 

when they made offerings of fruits. Varro de 

L. L. 5, c. 3. 

Medoacus or Meduacus, a river in the 
country of the Veneti, falling into the Adriatic 
Sea. Liv. 10, c. 2. 

Medobithyni, a people of Thrace. 

Medobriga, a town of Lusitania, now de- 
stroyed. Hirtius, 48. 

Medon, son of Codrus the 17th and last 
king of Athens, was the first archon that was 
appointed with regal authority, B. C. 1070. 

r " 



ME 

In the election Medon was preferred to his 
brother Neleus, by the oracle of Delphi, and 
he rendered himself popular by the justice 
and moderation of his administration. His 
successors were called from him Mtdontidoij 
and the office of archon remained for above 
200 years in the family of Codrus under 12 
perpetual archons. Paus. 7, c. 2. — Paterc. 2, 

c. 2. A man killed in the Trojan war. 

jEneas saw him in tbe infernal regions. Virg. 

Mn. 6, V. 483. A statuary of Laceda?mon, 

who made a famous statue of Miner%'a, seen 
in the temple of Juno at Olympia. Paus. 7, c. 
17.-:> — One of the Centaurs, kc. Ovid. Met. 

12, V. 303. One of the Tyrrhene sailors 

changed into dolphins by Bacchus. Id. Met. 

3, V. 671. A river of Peloponnesus. An 

illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. Homer.- 
One of Penelope's suitors. Ovid. Heroid. li 
A man of C}'^icus, killed by the Argo- 
nauts. A king of Argos, who died about 

990 years B. C. A son of Pylades by Elec- 

tra. Paus. 2, c. 16. 

Medontias, a woman of Abydos, with 
whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife. 
She had a daughter, &.c. Lysias. 

Meduacus, two rivers, (Major, now Brenta» 
and Minor, now Bachilione) falling near Ve- 
nice into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 3, c. 16. — 
Liv. 10, c. 2. 

Meduana, a river of Gaul, flowing into 
the Ligeris, now the Mayne. Lucan. 1, v. 
438. 

Medullina, a Roman virgin ravished by 
her father, &c. Plut. in Paral. An infa- 
mous courtezan in Juvenal's age. 6, v. 321. 

Medus, now Kur, a river df Media, fall- 
ing into the Araxes. Some take Medus ad- 
jectively, as applying to any of the great ri- 
vers of Media. Strab. 15. — Horat. 2, od. 9, 

V. 21. A son of iEgeus and Medea, who 

gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus, 
when arrived to years of maturity, went to 
seek his mother, whom the arrival of Theseus 
in Athens had driven away. [Vid. Medea,] 
He came to Colchis, where he was seized by 
his uncle Perses, who usurped the throne of 
iEetes, his mother's father, because the ora- 
cle had declared that Perses should be mur- 
dered by one of the grandsons of ^etes. Me- 
dus assumed another name, and called him- 
self Hippotes, son of Creon, Mean while 
Meda arrived in Colchis disguised in the habit 
of a priestess of Diana, and when she heard 
that one of Creon's children was imprisoned, 
she resolved to hasten the destruction of a per- 
son whose family she detested. To effect 
this with more certainty she told the usurper, 
that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent 
by his mother to murder him. She begged 
Perses to give her Hippotes, that she might 
sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses con- 
sented. Medea discovered that it was her 
own son, and she instantly armed him with 
the dagger which she had prepared against 
his life, and ordered him to stab the usur- 
per. He obeyed, and Medea discovered who 
he was, and made her son Medus sit on his 
gi-andfather's throne. Hesiod. Theog. — Paus. 
2. — JlpoUod. 1. — Justin. 42. — Senec. in Med. 
—Diod. 

MroitsA, one of the three Gorgons, daugh- 
ter of Phorrys and Cctb. She was th« only 



ME 

o?ie of the Gorgons who was subject to j 
mortality. She is celebrated for her personal j 
charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune 
became enamoured of her, and obtained her 
favours in the temple of Minerva. This vio- 
lation of the sanctity of the temple provoked 
Minerva, and she changed the beautiful 
locks of Medusa, which had inspired Nep- 
tune's love, into serpents. According to Apol- 
lodorus and others. Medusa and her sisters 
came into the world with snakes 6n their 
heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and 
brazen hands. Their body was also covered 
with impenetrable scales, and their very looks 
had the power of killing or turning to stones. 
Perseus rendered his name immortal by the 
conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, 
and the blood that dropped from the wound 
produced the innumerable serpents that in- 
fest Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's 
head on the aegis of Minerva, which he 
had used in his expedition. The head still 
retained the same petrifying power as be- 
f'lre, as it was fatally known in the court of 
Cepheus. [Vid. Andromeda.] Some sup- 
pose, that the Gorgons were a nation of 
women, whom Perseus conquered. [Vid. 
Gorgones 1 Jpollod. 2, c. 4. — Hesiod. Theog. 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 6\S.—Lucaii. 9, v. 624. 
— Jipollon. 4. — Hygin. fab. 151. A daugh- 
ter of Priam. A daughter of Sthenelus. 

ApoUod, 

Megabizi, certain priests in Diana's tem- 
ple at Ephesus. They were all eunuchs. 
Q^uintil. 5, c. 12. 

Megabyzus, one of the noble Persians 
who conspii-ed against the usurper Smerdis. 
He was set over an army in Europe by king 
Darius, where he took Perinthus and con- 
quered all Thrace. He was greatly esteemed 

by his sovereign. Herodot. 3, k.c. A son 

of Zopyrus, satrap to Darius. He conquered 

Egypt, ^c. Horodot. 3, c. 160. A satrap 

of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his king, 
and defeated two large armies that had been 
sent against him. The interference of his 
friends restored him to the king's favour, and 
he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by 
killing a lion Avhich threatened his life in 
hunting. This act of affection in Megabyzus 
was looked upon with envy by the king. He 
was discarded and afterwards reconciled to 
the monarch by means of his mother. He 
died in the 76th year of his age B. C. 447, 
greatly regretted. Ctesias. 

Megacles, an Athenian arcbon who in- 
volved the greatest part of the Athenians in 
the sacrilege uhich was committed in the 

conspiracy of Cylon. Pint, in Sol. A bi-o- 

ther of Dion, who assisted his brother against 

Dionysius, &c. A son of Alcmwon, who 

revolted with some Athenians after the depar- 
ture of Solon from Athens. He was ejected 

by Pisistratus. A man who exchanged dress 

with Pyrrhus when assisting theTarentines in 

Italy. He was killed in that disguise. A 

native of Messana in Sicily, famous for his in- 
veterate enmity to Agathocles, tyrant of Syra- 
cuse. A man who destroyed the leading 

men of Mitylenc, because he had been punish- 
ed. A man who wrote an account of the 

lives of illustrious persons. Tlie maternal 

grandfather of Alcibiade::. 



ME 

Megaclides, a peripatetic philosopliet ia 
the age of Protagoras. 

Meg.bra, one of the furies, daughter of 
Nox and Acheron. The word is derived from 
y{yxi;'.n> itividtre, odisse, and she is represented 
as employed by the gods like her sisters to pu* 
nish the crimes of mankind, by visiting them 
with diseases, with inward torments, and with 
death. Virg. ^n. 12, V.S4&. [Fici. Eume- 
nides.] 

Megale, the Greek name of Cybele, the 
mother of the gods, whose festivals were call- 
ed Megalesia. 

Megaleas, a seditious person of Corinth. 
He was seized for his treacheiy to king Phi- 
lip of Macedonia, upon which he destroyed 
himself to avoid punishment. 

Megalesia, games in honour of Cybelt^ 
instituted by the Phrygians, and introduced 
at Rome in the second Punic war, when the 
statue of the goddess was brought from Pes- 
sinus. Liv. 29, c. U.—Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 337. 

Megalia, a small island of Campania, neav 
Neopolis. Stat. 2, Sylv. v. 80. 

Megalopolis, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
ponnesus, built by Epaminondas. It joined 
the Achaean league B. C. 232, and was taken 
and ruined by Cleomenes, king of Sparta. 
The inhabitants were called MegalopolilcB, or 
Megalapolitani. Strab. 8. — Paus. 9, c. 14. — 
Liv. 28, c. 8. 

Megamede, the wife of Thestius, mothei* 
by him of 50 daughters. Jlpollod. 2. 

Meganira, the wife of Ceieus, king of 
Eleusis in Attica. She was mother to Tripto- 
lemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over 
Attica, taught agriculture. She received df- 
vine honours after death, and she had an altar 
raised to her, near the fountain where Ceres 
had first been seen when she arrived in Atti- 
ca. Paus. 1, c. 39. The wife of Areas. 

£pollod. 

Megapenthes, an illegitimate son of 
Menelaus, who, after his father's return from 
the Trojan war, was married to a daughter of 
Alector, a native of Sparta. His mother's 
name was Teridae, a slave of Menelaus. Ho- 
mer. Od. 4. — Apollod. 3. 

Megara, a daughter of Creon, king of 
Thehes, given in marriage to Hercules, because 
he had delivered the Thebans from the tyran- 
ny of the Orchomenians. [Vid. Erginus.] 
When Hercules went to hell by order of Eu- 
lystheus, violence was offered to Megara by 
Lycus, a Theban exile, and she would have 
yielded to her ravisher, had not Hercules re- 
turned that moment and punished him with 
death. This murder displeased Juno, and she 
rendered Hercules so delirious, that he killed 
Megara and the three children he had by her 
in a fit of madness, thinking them to be wild 
beasts. Some say that Megai a did not perish 
by the hand of her husband, but that he after- 
wards married her to his friend lolas. The 
names of Megara's children by Hercules were 
Creoiitiades, 'iherimachus, and Deicoon. Hy- 
gin. fab. 82. — Stutc. in Here. — ApoUod. 2, r 
6.—Diod. 4. 

Megara, (a^, and pi. orum,) a city of 
Acliaia, the capital of a country called Mega- 
vis, founded about 1131 B. C. It is situate 
iieraly at an equal distance from Corinth and 
Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It we^- 



ME 

built upon two rocks, and is still in being, 
and preserves its ancient name. It was called 
after Megareus the son of Neptune, who was 
buried there, or from Megareus a son of 
Apollo. It was originally governed by twelve 
kings, but became afterwards a republic, and 
fell into the hands of the Athenians, from 
whom it was rescued by the Heraclida3. At 
the battle of Salamis the people of Megara 
furnished 20 ships for the defence of Greece; 
and at Plataea they had 300 men in the army 
of Pansanias. There was here a sect of phi- 
losophers called the Me^aric, who held the 
world to be eternal. Cic. Arcad. 4, c. 42. 
Oral. 3, c. 17.—Att. 1, ep. S.—Paus. 1, c. 39. 
— Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Sici- 
ly founded by a colony from Megara in Atti- 
ca, about 728 years before the Christian era. 
It was destroyed by Gelon, king of Syracuse ; 
and before the arrival of the Megareau colotiy 
it was called Ht/bla, Slrab. 26, iic. — Virg. 
.En. 3, V. 689. 

Megareus, the father of Hippomenes, was 

son of Onchestus. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 605. 

A son of Apollo. 

Megaris, a small country of Achaia, be- 
tween Phocis on the west and Attica on the 
east. Its capital city was called Megara. [Vid. 
Megara.] Strab. S.—Flin. 3, c. S.—Mela, 2, c. 
3 and 7. 

Megarsus, a town of Sicily of Cilicia. 

A river of India. 

Megasthenes, a Greek historian in the 
age of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years be- 
fore Christ. He wrote about the Oriental 
nations, and particularly tlie Indians. His 
history is often quoted by the ancients. 
What now passes as his composition is spu- 
rious. 

Meges, one of Helen's suitors, governor 
of Dulichium and of the Echinades. He \vent 
w-ith forty ships to the Trojan war. Homer. 

11. 2. 

Megilla, a native of Locris, remarkable 
for beauty, and mentioned by Horat. 1, od. 
27, V. 11. 

Megista, an island of Lycia, with an har- 
bour of the same name. Liv. 37, c. 22. 

Megistias, a soothsayer who told the Spar- 
tans that defended Thermopylae, that they all 
should perish, k.c. Htrodot. 7, c. 219, kc. — -- 
A river. [^Vid. Mella.] 

Mela Pomponius, a Spaniard who flour- 
ished about the 4oth yeair of the Christian 
era, and distinguished himself by his geogra- 
phy divided into three books, and written 
with elegance, with great perspicuity and 
brevity. The best editions of this book, cal- 
led dt situ orbis, are those of Gronovius, 
8vo. L. Bat. 1722, and Reinhold, 4to. Eton. 
1761. 

Mel^en*, a village of Attica. Siat. Theb. 

12, V. 619. 

Melampus, a celebrated soothsayer and 
physician of Argos, son of Amythaon and 
Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in 
Peloponnesus. His servants once killed two 
large serpents who had made their nests at 
the bottom of a large oak, and Melampus paid 
so much regard to these two reptiles, that he 
raised a burning pile and burned them upon it. 
He also took particular care of their young 
ones, and fed tb<?m with ruifk. Some time 



ME 

after this the young serpents crept to Melatu 
pus as he slept on the grass near the oak, and 
as if sensible of the favours of their benefactor, 
they wantonly played around him, and softly 
licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who 
was astonished at the sudden change which his 
senses had undergone. He found himself ac- 
quainted with the chirping of the birds, and with 
all their rude notes, as they flew around him. 
He took advantage of this supernatural gift, and 
soon made himself perfect in the knowledge of 
futurity, and Apollo also instructed him in the 
art of medicine. He had soon after the hap- 
piness of curing the daughters of Pratus, by 
giving them ellebore, which from this circum- 
stance has been called melampodium, and as a 
reward for his trouble he married the eldest of 
these princesses. [Vid. Proetides.] The ty- 
ranny of his uncle Neleus, king of Pylos, obli- 
ged him to leave his native country, and Prce- 
tus, to show himself more sensible of his ser- 
vices, gave him part of his kingdom, over 
which he established himself. About this time 
the personal charms of Pero, the daughter of 
Neleus, had gained many admirers, but the fa- 
ther promised his daughter only to him who 
brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. 
This condition displeased many ; but Bias, who 
was also one of her admirers, engaged his 
brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and de- 
liver them to him. Melampus was caught in 
the attempt, and imprisoned, and nothing but 
his services as a soothsayer and physician to 
Iphiclus would have saved him from deaths 
All this pleaded in favour of Melampus, but 
when he had taught the childless Iphiclus how 
to become a father, he not only obtained his 
liberty, but also the oxea, and with them he 
compelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage to 
Bias. A severe distemper, which had render- 
ed the women of Argos insane, was totally re- 
moved by Melampus, and Anaxagoras, who 
then sat on the throne, rewarded his merit b}' 
giving him part of his kingdom, where he es- 
tablished himself^ and where his posterity 
reigned during six successive generations. He 
received divine honours after death, and tem- 
ples were raised to his memory. Homer. Od. 
11, V. 287, 1. 15, v. 225.— Herodot. 2 and 9.— 
Apollod 2, c. 2.— Pans. 2, c. 18, 1. 4, c. 3.— 

Virg. G. 3, v. 550. The father of Cisseus 

and Gyas. Virg.^n. 10. A son of Priam. 

ApoUod. 3. One of Action's dogs. Ovid.. 

Mtt.3. 

Meeampvges, a surname of Horcules, from 
the black and hairy appearance of his back; 

Melanch^tes, one of Actaeon's dogs, so 
called from his black hair. Ovid. Met. 3. 

Melanchj.veni, a people near the Cimme- 
rian Bosphorus. 

Melanchrus, a tyrant of Lesbos who died 
about 612 B. C. 

Melane, the same as Samothrace. 

Mei.anecs, a son of Eurytas, from whom 
Eretria has been called Melaneis. A cen- 
taur. Ovid. Mel. 12.- -One of Action's 

dogs. Id. 2. An Ethiopian killed at the 

nuptials of Perseus. Id. 5. 

Mkeaniua, a surname of VenHs. 

Mei, ANION, the same as Hippomenes, who 
married Alalanta according to some n\vt!iOiO- 
irists. .-hmllod. 3. 



MELA51PPE, a daughter of JEolus, who 
had two children by Neptune, for which her 
father put out both her eyes, and confined her 
in a prison. Her children, who had been ex- 
posed and preserved, delivered her from con- 
finement, and Neptune restored her to hei' 
eye-sight. She afterwards married Metapon- 
tus. Hygin. fab. 186. A nymph who mar- 
ried Itonus, son of Amphictyon. by whom she 
had Bceolus, who gave his name to Boeotia. 
Faus. 9, c. 1. 

Melamppides, a Greek poet about 520 
years before Christ. His grandson, of the 
same name, flourished about 60 years after 
at the court of Perdiccas the second, of Ma- 
cedonia. Some fragments of their poetry are 
extant. 

Melanippus, a priest of Apollo, at Cy- 
renC; killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. Poly- 

an. 8. A son of Astacus, one of the The- 

ban chiefs who defended the gates of Tiiebes 
against the army of Adrastus king of Argos. 
He was opposed by Tydeus, whom he slightly 
wounded, and at last was killed by Amphia- 
raus, who carried his head to Tydeus. Ty- 
deus, to take revenge of the wound he had 
Feceived, bit the head with such barbarity, 
that he swallowed the brains, and Minerva, 
offended with his conduct, took away the 
herb which she had given him to curi^ his 
wound, and he died, .dpollod. 1, c. 8. — 

JEschyl. ante Theh. — Pans. 9, c. IS.-" A 

son of Mars, who became enamoured of Co- 
metho, a priestess of Diana Triclaria. He 
concealed himself in the temple, and ravished 
his mistress, for which violation of the sanc- 
tity of the place, the two lovers soon after 
perished by a sudden death, and the country 
was visited by a pestilence, which was stopped 
only after the offering of a human sacrifice 
by the direction of the oracle. Pans. 7, c. 19. 
A Trojan killed by Antilochus in the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 15. Another killed by 

Patroclus. Another killed by Teucer. 

A son of Agrius. Another of Priam.- — A 

son of Theseus. 
Melanosyri, a people of Syria. 
Melanthii, rocks near the bland of Sa- 
mos. 

Melanthius, a man who wrote an history 

of Attica. A famous painter of Sicyon. 

Plin. 35. A tragic poet of a very malevo- 
lent disposition, in the age of Phocion. Plul. 

A Trojan killed by Eurypylus in the 

Trojan war. Homer. Od. A shepherd in 

Theocrit. Idyll. A goat-herd killed by Te- 

lemachus after the return of Ulysses. Ovid. 

], Heroid. An elegiac poet. Plut. 

Melantho, a daughter of Proteus, ravished 
by Neptune under the form of a dolphin. 
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 12. One of Penelope's wo- 
men, sister to Melanthius. Uomer. II. 18, 
&.C. and Od. 18. 

Malanthds, Melanthes, or Melanthius, 
a son of Andropompus, whose ancestors were 
kings of Pylos. He was driven from his pa- 
ternal kingdom by the Heraclids, and cnme 
to Athens, where king Thyma?tus resigned 
the crown to him, provided he fought a battle 
against Xanthus, a general of the Boeotians, 
who made war against him. He fought and 
conquered, [Vid. Apaturia,] and his family, 
surnamed the JYeleidce, sat on the throne q{ 



ME 

Athens, till the age of Codrus. He succeeded 
to the crown 1128 years B. C. and reigned 

37 years. Paus. 2, c. 18. -A man of Cy- 

zicus. Flacc. A river of European Sarma- 

tia falling into the Borysthenes. Ovid. Pont. 
4, ep. 10, V. 65. 

Melas, (ae), a river of Peloponnesus. 

Of Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Cher- 

sonesus. Another in Thessaly, in Achaia, 

in Boeotia, in Sicily, in Ionia, 

inCappadocia. A son oi Neptune. Ano- 
ther, son of Proteus. — — Ason of Phryxus who 
was among the Argonauts, and was drowned 
in that part of the sea which bore his name. 
Apollod^\. 

Meld/e, or Meldorumurbs, a city of Gaul, 
now Meaux in Champagne. 

Mei.eager, a celebrated hero of anti- 
quity, son of (Eneus, king of .ffitolia by Al- 
thaea, daughter of Thestius. The Parcae were 
present at the moment of his birth, and pre* 
dieted his future greatness. Clotho said, that 
he W'Ould be brave and courageous; Lachesis 
foretold his uncommon strength, and Atropos 
declared that he should live as long as that 
fire-brand, which was on the fire, remained 
entire and nnconsumed. Althaea no sooner 
heard this, than she snatciied the stick from 
the fire, and kept it with the most jealous 
care, as the life of her son was destined to de- 
pend upon its preservation. The fame of 
Meleager increased with his years ; he signa- 
lized himself in the Argonatic expedition, 
and afterwards delivered his country from the 
neighbouringinhabitants,whomadewar against 
his father, at the instigation of Diana, whose 
altars (Eneus had neglected. [Vid. (Eneus.] 
No sooner were they destroyed, than Diana 
punished the negligence of (Eneus by a greater 
calamity. She sent a hnge wild boar, which 
laid waste all the country, and seemed invin- 
cible on account of its immense size. It be- 
came soon a public concern, all the neighbour- 
ing princes assembled to destroy this terrible 
animal, and nothing became more famous in 
mythological history, than the hunting of the 
Calydonian boar. The princes and chiefs 
who assembled, and who are mentioned by 
mythologists, are Meleager, son of (Eneus, 
Idas and Lynceus, sons of Aphareus, Dryajj 
son of Mars, Castor and Pollux sons of Ju- 
piter and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, The- 
seus son of JEgeus, Anceus and Cepheus 
sons of Lycurgus, Admetus son of Pheres, 
.Tason son of iEson, Peleus and Taleraon sons 
of yEacus, Iphicles son of Amphitryon, Enry- 
trion son of Actor, Atalanta daughter of Schoe- 
neus, lolas the friend of Herculus, the sons of 
Thestius, Amphiaraus son of Oileus, Protheus, 
Cometes, the brothers of AlthEca, Hippothous 
son of Cercyon, Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneus, 
Phileus, Echeon, Leiex, Phoenix son of Amyn- 
tor, Panopeus, Hyleus, Hippasus, Nestor, Me- 
noetius, the father of Patroclus, Amphicides, 
Laertes the father of Ulysses, and the four sons 
of Hippocoon. This troop of armed men at- 
tacked the boar with unusual fury, and it was 
at last killed by Meleager. The conqueror 
gave the skin and the head to Atalanta, who 
had first wounded the animal. This partiality 
to a woman irritated the others, and particu- 
larly Toxeus and Plexippus, the brothers of 
Althaea, and they endeavoured to rob Atalanta 



ME 

of the honourable present. Meleager defended 
a woman, of whom he was enamoured, and 
killed his uncles in the attempt. Mean time 
the news of this celebrated conquest had al- 
ready reached Calydon, and Althaea went to 
the temple of the gods to return thanks for 
the victory which her son had gained. As she 
■went she met the corpses of her brothers that 
were brought from the chase, and at this 
mournful spectacle she filled the whole city 
with her lamentations. She was upon this in- 
formed that they had been killed by Meleager, 
and in the moment of resentment, to revenge 
the death of her brothers, she threw into the 
fire the fatal stick on which her son's liCe de- 
pended, and Meleager died as soon as it was 
consumed. Homer does not mention the fire- 
brand, whence some have imagined that this 
fable is posterior to that poet's age. But he 
says that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus 
so irritated Althaea, that she uttered the most 
horrible curses and imf)recations upon the head 
of her son, Meleager married Cleopatra, the 
daughter of Idas and Marpessa, as also Ata- 
lanta, according to some accounts. Apollod. 1, 
c. %.—Apollon. 1, arg. 1, v. 997, I. 3, v. 518.— 
Flacc. 1 and Q.~Paus. 10, c. 3l.-^Hygin. 14. 

— Ovid. Met. 8. — Homer. Jl. 9. A general, 

who supported Aridaeus when he had been 
made king after the death of his brother Al- 
exander the Great. A brother of Ptolemy, 

made king of Macedonia B. C. 280 years. He 
was but two months invested with the regal 

authority. A Greek poet in the reign of 

Seleucus the last of the Seleucidae. He was 
born at Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his 
Avell-directed labours that we are indebted for 
the anthofogia, or collection of Greek epi- 
grams, which he selected from 46 of the best 
and most esteemed poets. The original collec- 
tion of Meleager has been greatly altered by 
succeeding editors. The best edition of the 
anlhologia, is that of Brunk, in 3 vols. 4to. and 
.8vo. Agenlor, 1772. 

Meleagrides, the sisters of Meleager, 
daughters of (Eneus and Althtea. They were 
so disconsolate at the death of their brother 
Meleager, that they refused all aliments, and 
were, at the point of death, changed into birds 
called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, 
as it is supposed, are of a different colour. The 
youngest of the sisters. Gorge and Dejanira, 
who had been married, escaped this meta- 
morphosis. Apollod. 1, c 8. — Ovid. Met. 8, 
V. 540.— P/m. 10, c. 26. 

Melesandkr, an Athenian general who 
diedB. C. 414. 

Meles (etis,) a river of Asia Minor, in 
Ionia near Smyrna. Some of the ancients 
supposed that Homer was born on the banks 
of that river, from which circumstance they 
call him Melesigenes, and his compositions 
MetetcEce c/iartcr. It is even supported that 
he composed his poems in a cave near the 
source of that river. Strab. 12. — Stat. 2.— 
Hiflv. 7, V. 34.— Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 201.— 

Paus. 7, c. 5. A beautiful Athenian youth, 

greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose atfecttons 
he repaid with the greatest coldness and in- 
difference. He even ordered Timagoras to 
leap down a precipice, from the top of the 
citadel of Athens, and Timagoras, not to dis- 
oblige him, obeyed; nnd was killed in the fall. 



ME 

This token of true friendship and affecUon 
had such an effect upon Meles, that he threw 
himself down from the place, to atone by his 
death for the ingratitude which he had shown 

to Timagoras. Perns. 1, c. 30. A king of 

Lydia, who succeeded his father Alyattes, 
about 747 years before Christ. He was father 
to Candaules, 

Melesigenes, or Melesigena, a name 
given to Homer. Fid. Meles. 

Me HA, a daughter of Oceanus, who mar- 
ried Inachus. A nymph, Ike. Apollod. — 

A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caaathus. 
She became mother of Ismarius and Tenerus 
by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed with the 
gift of prophecy, and the river Ladon inBoeo- 
tia assumed the name of Ismarus. Paus. 6, 
c. 10. One of the Nereides. A daugh- 
ter of Age nor. 

Melibcea, a daughter of Oceanus, wiio 

married Pelasgus. A daughter of Am- 

phion and Niobe. Apollod. A maritime 

town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the foot of 
mount Ossa, famous for dying wool. The 
epithet of Mdibmus is applied to Philoctetes 
because he reigned there. Firg. Mn. 3, v. 

401, 1. 5, V. 261.— Herodot. 7, c. 188. 

Also an island at the mouth of the Orontes in 
Syria, whence Melibos perpura. MtL 2, c. 3. 

Melib(eus, a shepherd introduced in Vir- 
gil's eclogues. 

Melicerta, Melicertes, or Melicer- 
Tus, asonof Athamas and [no. He was sa- 
ved by his mother, fi-om the fury of his father, 
who prepared to dash him against a wall as he 
had done his brother Learchus. The mother 
was so terrified that she threw herself into the 
sea, with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had 
compassion on the misfortunes of Ino and her 
son, and changed them both into sea deities. 
Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Me- 
licerta was known among the Greeks by the 
name ofPalgeraon,and among the Latins bythat 
ofPortumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian 
games were in honour of Melicerta. Vid. IstU- 
miau. Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c, 4. — Paus. 1, c. 
44. — Hygiii. fab. 1 and 2. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
529, &;c. — Plid. de Symp. 

MeligCnis, one of the ^Eolian islands near 
Sicily. 

Melina, a daughter of Thespius, mother 
of Laomedon, by Hercules. 

Melisa, a town ofMagna Graecia. 

Melissa, a daughter of Mellssus king of 
Crete, who with her sister Amaltha^a, fed Ju- 
piter with the milk of goats. She first found 
out the means of collecting honey ; whence 
some have imagined that she was changed 
into a bee, as her name is the Greek word for 
that insect. Colunietl.- One of the Ocean- 
ides, who married Inachus, by whom she had 

Phoroneus and iEgialus. A daughter of 

Procles, who married Periander, the son of 
Cypselus, by whom in her pregnancy she was 
killed vv ith a blow of his fool, by the false accu- 
sation of his concubines. Diog. Laert. — Paus. 

1, c. 28. A woman ofCorinth, who refused 

to initiate others in the festivals of Ceres, after 
she had received admission. She was torn to 
pieces upon this disobedience, and the goddess 
made a swarm of bees rise from her body. 

Melissus, a king of Crete, father to Me- 
Ijs.sa and Amaltha^a. Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 13. — 



ME 

Lacl&nl. 1, c. 22. An admiral of, the Sa- 

mian fleet B. C. 441. He was defeated b> 

Pericles, fcc. Plut. in Per. A philosopher 

of Samos, who maintained that the world 
was infinite, immoveable, and without a va- 
cuum. According to his doctrines, no one 
could advance any argument upon the power 
or attributes of providence, as all human 
knowledge was weak and imperfect. The- 
mistocles was among his pupils. He flourished 
about 440 years before the Christian era. 

Diog. A tVeedraan of Mecaenas, appointed 

librarian to Augustus. He wrote some come- 
dies. Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. 30. — Sueton. de 
Gram. 

Mkijta, an island in the Libyan sea, be- 
tween Sicily and Africa, now called Malta. 
The soil was fertile, and the country famous 
for its wool. It was first peopled by the Phoe- 
nicians. St. Paul was shipwrecked there, and 
cursed all venomous creatures, which now are 
not to be found in the whole island. Some, 
however, suppose that the island on which the 
Apostle was shipwrecked, was another island 
of the same name in the Adriatic on the coast 
of Illyricum, now called Melede. Malta is 
now remarkable as being the residence of the 
knights of Malta, formerly of St. John of Je- 
rusalem, settled there A. D. 1630, by the con- 
cession of Charles V. after their expulsion 
from Rhodes by the Turks. Strab. 6. — Mela, 

2, C.7. — Cic.in Veri'.4,c. 46. Another on 

the coast of Illyricum in the Adriatic, now 

Melede. Plin. 3, c. 26. An ancient name 

of Samothrace. Slrab. 10. One of the 

Nereides. Virg. Mn. 5, v. 826. 

Melitene, a province of Armenia. 

Melitus, a poet and orator of Athens, 
who became one of the principal accusers of 
Socrates. After his eloquence had prevailed, 
and Socrates had been put ignominionsly to 
death, the Athenians repented of their seve- 
rity to the philosopher, and condemned his ac- 
cusers. Melitus perished among them. His 
character was mean and insidious, and his po- 
ems had nothing great or sublime. Diog. 

Sp. Melius, a Roman ki)ig!it accused of 
aspiring to tyranny, on account of his uncom- 
mon liberality to the populace. He was sum- 
moned to appear by the dictator L. Q. Cincin- 
natus, and when he refused to obey, he was 
put to death by Ahala, the master of horse. 
A.U. C. 314. Varro de L. L. 4.— Val. Max. 
6, c. 3. 

Memxandrus, a Milesian who wrote an 
account of the wars of the Lapithaj and Cen- 
tuars. JElian. V. /Ml, c. 2. 

Meela or Mela, a small river of Cisal- 
pine Gaul falling into the Allius and with it 
into the Po. Caiull. 68, v. 33.— Virg. G. 4, 
V. 278. 

Melia AnntTus, the father of Lucan. He 
was accused of being privy to Piso's con- 
spiracy against Nero, upon which he opened 
bis veins. Tacit. 16, Ann. c. 17. 

Melobosis, one of the Oceanides. 

Melon, an astrologer who feigned mad- 
ness and burnt his house that he might not go 
to an expedition, which he knew would be at- 
tended with great calamities. An interpre- 
ter of king Darius. Curl 5, c. 13. 

Melos, now Milo, an island between Crete 
and Peloponnesus, about 24 miles from Scyl- 



ME 

iieura, about GO miles in circumference, and 
jf an oblong figure. It enjoyed its indepen- 
dence for above 700 years before the time of 
the Peloponnesian war. This island was ori- 
ginally peopled by a Lacedaemonian colony, 
1116 years before the Christian era. From 
this reason the inhabitants refused to join the 
rest of the islands and the Athenians against 
the Peloponnesians. This refusal was severely 
punished. The Athenians took Melos, and 
put to the sword all such as were §ble to bear 
arms. The women and children were made 
slaves and the island left desolate. An Athe- 
nian colony re-peopled it, till Lysander re- 
conquered it and re-established the original in- 
habitants in their possession. The island pro- 
duced a kind of earth successfully employed 
in painting and medicine. Strab. 7. — Mela, 2, 
c. 7.— Plin. 4, e. 12, 1. 35, c. 9.—Tfmcyd. 2, &c. 

Melpes, now Melpa, a river of Lucania, 
falling into the Tyii'hene sea. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Melpia, a village of Arcadia. Paiis. 8, 
c. 38. 

Melpomene, one of the muses, daughter 
of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided 
over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest 
of his odes to her, as to the patroness of lyric 
poetry. She was generally represented as a 
young woman wiUi a serious countenance. 
Her garments were splendid ; she wore a bus- 
kin, and held a dagger in one hand, and in the 
other a sceptre and crowns. Horat. 3, od. 4. 
— Hesiod. Theog. 

Memaceni, a powerfal nation of Asia, 
&.C. Curt. 

Memmia Sulpitia, a woman who mar- 
ried the emperor Alexander Severus. She 
died when young. 

Memmia Lex, ordained that no one should 
be entered on the calendar of criminals who 
was absent on the public account. 

Memmius, a Roman citizen accused of 

ambitus. Cic. ad fratrem, 3. A Roman 

knight who rendered himself illustrious for 
his eloquence and poetical talents. He was 
made tribune, praetor, and afterwards gover- 
nor of Bithynia. He was accused of extor- 
tion in his province and banished by J. Caesar, 
though Cicero undertook his defence. Lucre- 
tius dedicated his poem to him. Cic. in Brut. 
Regulus, a Roman of whom JNero obser- 
ved that he deserved to be invested with the 

imperial purple. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 47. 

A Roman who accused Jugurtha before the 

Roman people. A lieutenant of Pompey, 

&c. The family of the Mcmmii were ple- 
beians. They were descended according to 
some accounts from Mnestheus, the friend of 
iEneas. Virg. .En. 5, v. 117. 

Memnox, a king of Jilthiopia, son of 
Tithonus and Aurora. He came with a body 
of 10,000 men to assiet bis uncle Priam, dur- 
ing the Trojan war, ^vhere he belmved with 
great courage, and killed Antilochus, JNestor's 
son. The aged father challenged the -iEthio- 
plan monarch, but Memnon refused it on 
account of the venerable age of Nestor, and 
accepted that of Achilles. He was killed in 
the combat in the sight of the Grecian and 
Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate at 
the death of her son, that she flew to Jupiter 
all bathed in tears, and begged the god to 
grant her son such honours as might distiR-> 



ME 

wuish him from other moilals, Jupiter consent- 
ed, and immediately a numerous flight of birds 
issued from the burning pile on which the body 
was laid, and after they had flown three times 
round the flames, they divided themselves into 
two separate bodies, and fought with such acri- 
mony that above half of them fell down into 
the Are, as victims to appease the manes of 
Memnon. These birds were called Memno- 
. lilts ; and it has been observed by some of 
the ancients, that they never failed to return 
yearly to the tomb of Memnon, in Troas, and 
repeat the same bloody engagement, in honour 
of the hero, from whom they received their 
name. The iElhiopians or Egyptians, over 
whom Memnon reigned, erected a celebrated 
statue to the honour of their monarch. This 
statue had the wonderful property of uttering 
a melodious sound every day, at sun-rising, 
like that which is heard at the breaking of the 
string of a harp when it is wound up. This 
was effected by the rays of the sun when they 
fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and in 
the night, the sound was lugubrious. Tlws is 
supported by the testimony of the geographer 
Strabo, who confesses himself ignorant whe- 
ther it proceeded from the basis of the statue, 
or the people that were then round it. This 
celebrated statue was dismantled by order of 
Cambyses, when he conquered Egypt, and its 
Fuins still astonish modern travellers by their 
grandeur and beauty. Memnon was the in- 
ventor of the alphabet, according to Antlcli- 
des, a writer mentioned by Pliny, 7, c. 66. 

Mosch. in Bioii. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 678, fitc. 

— JElian. 5, c. 1. — Paus. 1, c. 42, 1. 10, c. 31. 
— Strab. 13 and 17. — Juv. 16, v. 5. — Philos- 
tra. in Apollod. — Plin. 36, c. 7. — Homer. Od. 

9. — Quint. Calab. A general of the Persian 

forces when Alexander invaded Asia. He 
distiug-uished himself by his attachment to the 
interest of Darius, his valour in the field, the 
soundnessof his counsels, and his great saga- 
city. He defended Miletus against Alexander, 
and died in the midst of his successful enter- 
prises, B. C. 333. His wife Barsine was taken 
prisoner with the wife of Darius. Diod. 16. 
A governor of Ccelosyria. A man ap- 
pointed governor of Thrace by Alexander. 

A man who wrote an history of Heraclea 

in Pontus, in the age of Augustus. 

Memphis, a celebrated town of Egypt, on 
the western banks of the Nile, above the Del- 
ta. It once contained many beautiful temj)les, 
particularly those of the god Apis, (bos Mem- 
pkites.) whose worship was observed with the 
greatest ceremonies. [Vid. Apis.] It was in 
the neighbourhood of Memphis tiiat those fa- 
mous pyramids were built, whose grandtur and 
beauty still astonish the modern traveller. 
These noble monuments of Egyptian ,vTinity, 
which pass for one of tlie wonders of the 
world, are about 20 in number, three of 
which by their superior size particularly claim 
attention. The largest of these is 481 feet 
in height, measured perpendicularly, and the 
area of its basis is on 480,249 square feet, or 
something more than 11 English acres of 
ground. It has steps all round with massy and 
polished stones, so large that the breadth 
and depth of every step is on*i single stone. 
The smallest stone, according to ai! ancient 
historiau, is not less than 30 feet. The num 



ME 

] ber of steps, according to modern observation, 
I amounts to 208, a number which is not al- 
ways adhered to by travellers. The place 
where Memphis formerly stood is not now 
known ; the ruins of its fallen grandeur were 
conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its pala- 
ces or to adorn the neighbouring cities. Ti- 
buLl. 1, el. 7, V. 28.— Si7. It. 14, v. 660.— 5/ra6. 
17.— .¥£/a, 1, c. 9.— Diod. l.—Plut. in Jsid.— 

Herodot. 2, c. 10, &c. — Joseph, ant. Jud. 8. 

A nymph, daughter of the Xile, who married 
Ephesus, by whom she had Libya. She gave 
her name to the celebrated city of Memphis. 

Apollod. 2, c. 1. The wife of Danaus. Jipel- 

lod. 2, c. 1. 

Memphitis, a son of Ptolemy Physeon 
king of Egypt. He was put to death by his 
father. 

Me5a, a goddess worshipped at Rome, and 
supposed to preside over the monthly infirmi- 
ties of women. She was the same as Juno. 
According to some, the sacrifices offered to 
her were young puppies that still sucked their 
mother. Aug. d& Civ. D. 4, e. 2. — FUn. 29, 
c. 4. 

Mena or Menes, the first king of Egypt^ 
according to some accounts. 

Menalcas, a shepherd in Virgil's eclogues. 

Menalcidas, an intriguing Lacedaemonian 
in the time of the famous Achaean league. He 
was accused before the Romans, and he kill^ 
ed himself. 

Mesalippe, a sister of Antiope, queen of 
the Amazons, taken by Hercules when that 
hero made war against this celebrated nation. 
She was ransomed, and Hercules received in 
exchange the arms and belt of the queen. Juv, 
8, V. 229. A daughter of the centaur Chi- 
ron, beloved and ravished by uEolus, son of 
Hellen. She retired into the woods to hide her 
disgrace from the eyes of her father, and when 
she had brought forth, she entreated the god» 
to remove her totedly from the pursuits of 
Chiron. She was changed into a mare, and 
called Ocyroe. Some suppose that she assum- 
ed the name of Menalippe, and lost that of 
Ocyroe. She became a constellation after 
death, called the horse. Some authors call 
her Hippe or Evippe. Plygin. P. Ji. 2, c. 18. 

— Pollux.'^. .^IeuaIippe is a name common 

toother persons, but it is generally s^eiiMela- 
nippt, by the best authors. V^id. iMelanippe. 

Menalippus, Vid. Melanippius. 

Menakder, a celebrated comic poet of 
Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He 
was universally esteemed by the Greeks, and 
received the appellation of Prince of the iVew 
Comedy. He did not disgrace his composi- 
tions like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent 
reflections and illiberal satire, but his writings 
were replete with elegance, refined wit, and 
judicious observations. Of 108 comedies which 
he wrote, nothing remains but a few frag- 
ments. It is said, that Terence translated all 
these, and indeed we have cause to lament 
the loss of such valuable writings when we are 
told by the ancients that the elegant Terence, 
so much admired, was in the opinion of his 
countrymen reckoned inferior to Menander. 
It is said that iMenander drowned himself in 
the 52d year of his age, B. C. 293, because 
the compositious of his rival Philemon obtain- 



I ed more applause than his tiwn. 



Only eight ef 



ME 

his numerous comedies were rewarded With a 
poetical prize. The name of his father was 
Diopythus, and that of his mother Hegistrata. 
His fragments, with those of Philemon, were 
pubHshed by Ciericus, 8vo. 1709. Quintil. 10, 

c. 1. — Palerc. 1, c. 16. A man who wrote 

an account of embassies, ho,. A king of 

Bactria, whose ashes were divided among his 

subjects, &.C An historian of Ephesus. 

Another of Pergamus. An Athenian gene- 
ral defeated at ^Egospotamos by Lysander. 

An Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias. A 

man put to death by Alexander for deserting 
a fortress of which he had the command. 



An officer under Mithridates sent against Lu- 
cullus. 

Menapii, a people of Belgic Gaul, near 
the Mosa. Cczs. B. Gall. 

Menapis, a Persian exHe made satrap of 
Hyrcania, by Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 4. 

Menas, a fx'eedman of Pompey the Great, 
who distinguished himself by the active and 
perfidious part he took in the civil wars which 
were kindled between the younger Pompey 
and Augustus. When Pompey invited Augus- 
tus to his galley, Menas advised his master to 
seize the person of his enemy, and at the same 
time the Roman empire, by cutting the cables 
of his ship. No, replied Pompey, 1 would 
have approved of the measure if you had done 
it without consulting me ; but I scorn to break 
my word. Suet, in Oct. — Horace ep. epod. 4, 
has ridiculed the pride of Menas, and recalled 
to his mind his former meanness and obscurity. 

Menchkres, the 12th king of Memphis. 

Mjendes, a city of Egypt near Lycopolis, 
on one of the mouths of the Nile, called the 
Mendesian mouth. Pan under the form of a 
goat was worshipped tliere with the greatest 
solemnity. It was unlawful to kill one of these 
animals, with which the Egyptians were not 
ashamed to have public commerce, to the dis- 
grace of human nature, from the superstitious 
notion that such embraces had given birth to 
ihe greatest heroes of antiquity, as Alexander, 
Scipio, &,c. Herodot. 2, c. 42 and 46. — Strab. 
XT.—Diod. 1. 

Menecles, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, 
who settled at Rhodes. Cic. de Orat. 2, c. 63. 
— S/m6. 14. 

Meneclides, a detractor of the character 
of Eparainondas. C. JVep. in Epam. 

Menecrates, a physician of Syracuse, 
famous for his vanity and arrogance. He 
was generally accompanied by some of his 
patients whose disorders he had cured. He 
disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and the 
other in that of iEsculapius, while he reserv- 
ed for himself the title and name of Jupit#r, 
whose power was extended over those inferior 
deities. He crowned himself like the master 
of the gods, and in a letter which he wrote 
to Philip king of Macedon, he styled himself, 
in these words, Menecrates Jupiter to king 
Philip^ greeting. The Macedonian monarch 
answered, Philip to Menecrates, greeting, and 
better sense. Philip also invited him to one of 
his feasts, but when the meats were served 
up, a table was put separate for the physician, 
on which he was served only with perfumes 
and frankincense, like the father of the gods. 
This entertainment displeased Menecrates ; 
lie remembered that he was a jnortal. and 



ME 

hurried away from the company. He lived 
about 360 years before the Christian era. The 
book which he wrote on cures is lost. Milan. 

V. H. 10, c. b\.—Alhen. 7, c. 13. One of 

the generals of Seleucus. A physician un- 
der Tiberius. A Greek historian of Nysa, 

disciple to Aristarchus, B. C. 119. Strab. 16 
An Ephesian architect who wrote on agri- 
culture. Varro de R. R. An historian. 

A man appointed to settle the dispute:^ of 

the Athenians and Lacedaemonians in the 8th 
year of the Peloponnesian war. His father's 

name was Amphidorus. An officer in the 

fleet of Pompey the son of Pompey the Great. 

Menedemus, an officer of Alexander killed 

by the Daha;. Curt. 7, c. 6. A Socratic 

philosopher of Eretria, who was originally a 
tent maker, an employment which he left for 
the profession of arms. The persuasive elo- 
quence and philosophical lectures of Plato had 
such an influence over him that he gave up bis 
offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is 
said that he died through melancholy when 
Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, had 
made himself master of his country, B. C.301, 
in the 74th year of his age. Some attribute 
his death to a different cause, and say, that he 
was falsely accused oflreason, for which he be- 
came so desperate that he died after he had 
passed seven days without taking any aliments. 
He was called the Eretrian Bull, on account 

of his gravity. Strab. 9. — Diog. A Cynia 

philosopher of Lampsacus, who said that he 
was come from hell to observe the sins and 
wickedness of mankind. His habit was that of 
the furies, and his behaviour was a proof of his 
insanity. He wasdiscipleofColotes of Lamp- 
sacus. Diog. An officer of Lucullus. 

A philosopher of Athens. Cic. de Orat. 1, 
c. 19. 

Menegetas, a boxer or wrestler in Phi- 
lip of Macedon's army, &:c. Polyain. 

Menelai portus, an harbour on the coast 
of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. 

C. jYep. in Ages. 8. — Strab. 1. Mons, a 

hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called 
MenetaiuTii. Liv. 34, c. 28. 

Mi:xi:LAiA, a festival celebrated at The- 
rapna3 in Laconia, iu honour of Menelaus. 
He had there a temple, where he was wor- 
shipped with his wife Helen as one of the su- 
preme gods. 

Menelaus, a king of Sparta, brother to 
Agamemnon. His father's name was Atreus, 
according to Homer, or according to the more 
probable opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, kc 
he was the son of Plislhenes and JErope. 
IVid. Plisthenes. ] He was educated with his 
brother Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, 
but soon alter the death of this monarch, Thy- 
estcs his brother U5ur{)ed the kingdomand ban- 
ished the two children of Plislhenes. Mene- 
laus and Agamemnon came to the court of 
ttneus king of Calydonia, who treated them 
with tenderness and paternal care. Trom Ca- 
lydonia they went to Sparta, where, like the 
rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited (he 
marriage of Helen the daughter of kingTyn- 
darus. By the artifice and advice of Ulysses, 
Helen was permitted to choose a husband, and 
she fixed her eyes upon Menelaus and married 
him, after her numerous suitors had solemnly 
bound themselves bv an oath to defend her, 



ME 

and protect her person against the violence 
or assault of every intruder. [Firf. Helena.] 
As soon as the nuptials were celebrated.Tyn- 
darus resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and 
ibeir happiness was complete. This was, how- 
ever, of short duration ; Helen was the fairest 
woman of the age, and Venus had pi'omised 
Paris the son of Priam to reward him witli 
such a beauty. [F/d. Paris.] The arrival of 
Paris in Sparta was the cause of great revolu- 
tions. The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave 
opportunities to the Trojan prince to corrupt 
the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home 
what the goddess of beauty had promised to 
him as his due. This action was highly re- 
sented by Menelaus \ he reminded the Greek 
princes of their oath and solemn engagements 
when they courted the daughter of Tyndarus, 
and immediately all Greece took up arms to 
defend his cause. The combined forces assem- 
bled at Aulis inBoeotia, where they chose Aga- 
memnon for their general, and Calchas for 
their high priest ; and after their applications 
to the court of Priam for the recoverj-^ of He- 
len had proved fruitless, they marched to meet 
their enemies in the field. During the Trojan 
war Menelaus behaved with great spirit and 
courage, and Paris must have fallen by bis 
hand, had not Venus interposed and redeem- 
ed him from certain death. He also expressed 
his wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon 
hindered him from fighting with so powerful 
an adversary. In the tenth year of the Tro- 
jan war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the 
forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus 
by introducing him, with Ulysses, the night that 
Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber 
of Deiphobus, whom she married after the 
death of Paris. This perfidious conduct to- 
tally reconciled her to her first husband; and 
she returned with him to Sparta, during a voy- 
age of eight years. He died some time after 
his return. He had a daughter called Her- 
mione, and Nicostratus according to some, 
by Helen, and a son called Megapenthes by a 
concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to 
Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to 
obtain Helen, who had been detained there by 
the king of tiie country. [Fif/. Helena.] The 
palace which Menelaus once inhabited was 
still entire in the days of Pausanias, as well as 
the temple which had been raised to his me- 
mory by the people of Sparta. Homer. Od. 
4, he. n. 1, hc.—Apolloil. 3, c. 10.— Pauj. 3, 
c. 14 and 19. — Diclys. Cret. 2, &c. — Virg. Mn. 
2, &,c. — Quiniil. Sniyrn. 14. — Ovid. Heroid. 5 
and 13. — Hygin.f-dh. 79. — Eurip.in Iphig. — 

Proptrt. 2. — Sophocles. A lieutenant of 

Ptolemy set over Salamis. Polyocn.—Paus. 
A city of Egypt. Slrab. 14. A mathe- 
matician in the age of the emperor Trajan. 

Menf.nius Agrippa, a celebrated Roman 
who appeased the Roman populace in the 
infancy of the consular government by repeat- 
ing the well known fable ofthebelly and limbs. 
He flourished 495 B. C. Liv. 2, c. 16, 32, 33. 

A Roman consul. An insane person in 

the age of Horace. 

MenephroN) a man who attempted to 
offer violence (o his own mother. He was 
changed into a wild beast. Ovid Met. 7, v. 
367. 

MeneSj the first king of Egypt. He built 



ME 

the town of Memphis as it is generally suppo% 
&ed, and deserved, by his abilities and popula- 
rity, to be called a god after death. Herodot 
2, c. 1 and 90.— Diod. 1. 

Menesthjei Portus; a town of Hispa- 
nia Bffitica. 

Menesteus, or Menestheus, or Mnes- 
THEUS, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated 
himself into the favour of the people of A- 
thens, that, during the long absence of The- 
seus, he was elected king. The lawful mo= 
narch at his return home was expelled, and 
Mnesthcas established his usurpation by his 
popularity and great moderation. As he had 
been one of Helen's suitoi's, he went to the 
Trojan war at the head of the people of Athens, 
and died in his return in the island of Melos. 
He reigned 23 years, 1205, and was succeeded 
by Deraophoon, the son of Theseus. Pint, in 
Thes. A sonof Iphicrates who distinguish- 
ed himself in the Athenian armies. C. JS'e-p, 
in Tim. 

Menesthius, a Greek killed by Paris in 
the Trojan war. 

Menetas, a man set governor over Baby- 
lon by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

Meninx, or LoTopflAGiTis Insula, now 
Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa, 
near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by 
the people of Neritos, and thence called XerU 
tia. Plin. 5, c. H.—Strab. 17 .—Si/. It. 3, v. 
318. 

Menippaj one of the AiBazoos vvho assist-- 
ed ^etes, &i.c. 

Menippides, a son of Hercules. Apollod.^ 

AIenippus, a Cynic philosopher of Phoeni- 
cia. He was origmally a slave, and obtained 
his liberty with a sum^^ of money, and became 
one of the greatest- usurers at Thebes. He 
grew so desperate fronithe continual reproach^ 
es and insults to which he was daily exposed 
on account of his meanness, that he destroyed- 
himself. He wrote 13 books of satires which 
have been lost. M. Van-o composed satires, 
in imitation of his style, and called them Jlfe- 

nippean. A native of Stratonice who was 

preceptor to Cicero for some time. Cic. 
Br. 91. 

Menius, a plebeian consul at Rome. He 
was the first who made tlje rostrum at Rome 
with the beaks (rostra) of the enemy's ships. 

A son of Lycaon, killed by the same tliun 

derbolt which destroyed his father. Ovid, 
lb. 472. 

Mennjs, a town of Assyria, abounding in 
bitumen. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

Menodotus, a physician.- A Samiaii 

historian. 

Mek/eceus, a Theban, father of Hippo- 
nome, Jocasta, and Creon. A young The- 
ban, soa of Creon. He offered himself to. 
death, when Tiresias,^to ensure victory on the. 
side of Thebes against the Argive forces, or- 
dered the Thebans to sacrifice one of the 
descendants of those who sprang from the dra- 
gon's teeth, a«d he killed himself near the 
cave where the dragon of Mars bad formerly 
resided. The gods required tUs sacrifice be-^ 
cause the dragon had been killed by Cadmus,, 
and no sooner was Creon dead than his coun- 
trymen obtained the victory. Slat. Theb. 10> 
V. 614. — Eurip. Phttn. — Apollod. 3, c. 6.-» 
Cic. Tmc. ],c.9S.^SopliQcl. in.'lnti^ 



ME 

MENffiT-ES, the pilot of the ship of Gyas, 
at the naval games exhibited by ^neas at the 
anniversary of his fathers death. He was 
thrown into the sea by Gyas for his inatten- 
tion, and saved himself by swimming to a rock. 
Virg. JEn. 5, v. 161, &-c.— — An Arcadian 
killed by Turnus in the war of ^neas. Id. 12, 
V. 617. 

Mencetiades. Vid. MenoRtius. 

Men(etius, a son of Actor and ^gina 
after her amours with Jupiter. He left his mo- 
ther and went to Opus, where he had, by 
Sthenele, or according to others, by Philome- 
la or Polymela, Patroclus, often called from him 
Mencetiades. Mencetius was one of the Ar- 
gonauts. Apollod. 3, c. 24, — Homer. 11. 1, v. 
Zm.—Hygin. fab. 97. 

Menon, a Thessalian commander in the 
expedition of Cyrus the younger against his 
brother Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on 
the suspicion that he had betrayed his fellow 

soldiers. Diod. 14. A Thessalian refused 

the freedom of Athens, though he furnished a 

number of auxiliaries to the people. The 

husband of Semiramis. A sophist in the 

age of Socrates. One of the first kings of 

Phrygia. Dionys Hal, A scholar of Phi- 
dias, &.C. 

Menophilus, an eunuch to whom Mithri- 
dates, when conquered by Pompey, intrusted 
the care of his daughter, Menophilus mur- 
dered the princess for fear of her falling into 
the enemy's hands, Ammian. 16. 

Menta or MiNTHE. Vid. Minthe. 

Mentes, a king of the Taphians in iEto- 
lia, son of Anchialus, in the time of the Tro- 
jan war. 

Mentissa, a town of Spain. Liv. 26, c. 17. 

MEiNTo, a Roman consul, &,c. 

Mentor, a faithful friend of Ulysses. 

A son of Hercules. A king of Sidonia who 

revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and after- 
wards was restored to favour by his treachery 

to his allies, he. Diod. 16. An excellent 

artist in polishing cups and engraving flow- 
ers on them, Plin. 33, c. 11. — Mart. 9, ep. 
63, V. 16. 

Menyllus, a Macedonian set over the 
garrison which Antipater had stationed at 
Athens. He attempted in vain to corrupt the 
innocence of Phocion, Plut, 

Mera, a priest of Venus. Stat. Theb. 8, 

V. 478. A dog of Ecarius, who by Jiis cries 

showed Erigone where her murdered father 
had been thrown. Immediately after this dis- 
covery, the daughter hung herself in despair, 
and the dog pined away, and was made a con- 
stellation in the heavens, known by the name 
of Canis. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 363. — Hygin. fab. 
130.—^lian. Hist. An. 7, c. 28. 

Mera or MffiRA, one of the Atlantides 
"who married Tegeates son of Lycaon. Paus. 
8, c. 48. 

Mercurii Promontorium, a cape of Afri- 
ca near Clypea. Liv. 26, c. 44, 1. 29, c. 27. 
— Plin. 5, c 4. 

Mercurius, a celebrated god of antiquity, 
called Hermes by the Greeks. There were 
no less than five of this name according to Ci- 
cero; a son of CceIus and Lux; a son of Va- 
lens and Coronis ; a son of the Nile ; a son of 
Jupiter and Maia; and another called by the 
Egyptians Thaut? Some add a sixth, a son 



ME 

of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of 
Jupiter and Maia, the actions of all the others 
have been probably attributed, as he is the 
most famous, and the best known. Mercury 
was the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter 
in particular ; he was the patron of traveller* 
and of shepherds; he conducted the souls 
of the dead into the infernal regions, and not 
only presided over orators, merchants, de- 
claimers, but he was also the god of thieves, 
pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. His 
name is derived a mem6i«, because he was 
the god of merchandise among the Latins. 
He was born, according to the more received 
opinion, in Arcadia, on mount Cyllene, and 
in his infancy he was intrusted to the care of 
the Seasons. The day that he was born, or 
more probably the following day, he gave an 
early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, 
in stealing away the oxen of Admetus which 
Apollo tended. He gave another proof of 
his thievish propensity, by taking also the 
quiver and arrows of the divine shepherd, and 
he increased his fame by robbing Neptune of 
his trident, Venus of her girdle. Mars of hi» 
sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, and Vulcan of 
many of his mechanical instruments. Those 
specimens of his art recommeded him to the 
notice of the gods, and Jupiter took him as 
his messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer ia 
the assembly of the gods. This last office he 
discharged till the promotion of Ganymede. 
He was presented by the king of heaven with 
a winged cap caWe^petasus, and with wings 
for his feet called talaria. He had also a 
short sword called /iCTye, which he lent to Per- 
seus. AVith these he was enabled to go into 
whatever part of the universe he pleased with 
the greatest celerity, and besides he was per- 
mitted to make himself invisible, and to assume 
whatever shape he pleased. As messenger of 
Jupiter he was intrusted with all his secrets. 
He was ambassador and plenipotentiary of 
the gods, and he was concerned in all alliances 
and treaties. He was the confidant of Jupi- 
ter's amours, and he often was set to watch 
over the jealousy and intrigues of Juno. The 
invention of the lyre and its seven strings is 
ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and 
received in exchange the celebrated caduceus 
with which the god of poetry used to drive the 
flocks of king Admetus. [F^/rf. Caduceus.] Ia 
the wars of the giants against the gods. Mer- 
cury showed himself brave, spirited, and ac- 
tive. He delivered Mars from the long con- 
finement which he suffered from the superior 
power of the Aloides. He purified the Da- 
naides of the murder of their husbands, he 
tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions, 
he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argos, he 
sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Ly- 
dia, he conducted Priam to the tent of Achil- 
les, to redeem the body of his son Hector, 
and he carried the infant Bacchus to the 
nymphs of JNysa. Mercury had many sur- 
names and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, 
Caduceator, Acacetos, from Acacus, an Ar- 
cadian ; Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, 
Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Ar- 
eas, k.c. His children are also numerous as 
well as his amours. He was father of Auto- 
lycus, by Chione; Myrtillus, by Cleobula; 
Libys, by Libya; Echion and Eurytus, by 



ME 

Antianira; Cephalus, by Creusa; Prylis, by 
Issa; and of Priapus, according to some. He 
was also father of Herraaphroditus, by Venus ; 
of Eudorus, by Polimela; of Pan,by Dryope, 
or Penelope. His worship was Avell establish- 
ed, particularly in Greece, Egyjjt, and Italy. 
He was worshipped at Tanagra in Boeotia, 
under the name of Criophorus, and repre- 
sented as carrying a ram on his shoulders, be- 
cause he delivered the inhabitants from a pes- 
tilence by telling them to carry a ram in that 
manner round the walls of their city. The 
Koman merchants yearly celebrated a festival 
on the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, 
in a temple near the Circus Maximus. A 
pregnant sow was then sacrificed and some- 
times a calf, and particularly the tongues of 
animals were offered. After the votaries had 
sprinkled themselves with water with laurel | 
leaves, they offered prayers to the divinity, 
and entreated him to be favourable to them, 
and to forgive whatever artful measures, false 
oaths or falsehoods they had used or uttered 
in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury 
appears on monuments with a large cloak 
round his arm, or tied under his chin. The 
chief ensigns of his power and oifices are his 
caducensj his jjetasus, and his talaria. Some- 
times he is represented sitting upon a cray 
fish, holding in one hand his caduceus, and 
in the other the claws of the fish. At other 
times he is like a young man without a beard, 
holding in one hand a purse, as being a tute- 
lary god of merchants, with a cock on his 
wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his 
feet a goat, a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his 
statues represented him as a youth facino 
erecto. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tor- 
toise. In Egypt his statues represented him 
with the head of a dog, whence he was often 
confounded with Anubis, and received the 
sacrifice of a stork. Offerings of milk and ho- 
ney were made because he was the god of 
eloquence, whose powers were sweet and 
persuasive. The Greeks and Romans offered 
tongues to him by throwing them into the fire, 
as he was the patron of speaking, of which the 
tongue is the organ. Sometimes his statues 
represent him as without arms, because, ac- 
cording to some, the power of speech can pre- 
vail over every thing even without the assist- 
ance of arms. Homer. Od. 1, &,c. II. 1, &ic. 
Hymn, in Merc. — Lucian. in Mort. Dial. — 
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 667. Met. 1, 4, II, 14.— 
Martial. 9, ep. 35. — Stat. Theb. 4. — Pans. 1, 
7, 8 and 9. — Orpheus. — Plut. in JVum. — Varro 
de L. L. Q.—Plut. in PhcBd.—Liv. 36.— Virg. 
G. 1. JEn. 1, V. 4S.—Diod. 4 and 6.—Apollod. 
1, 2 and 3. — Apollon. Jirg. 1, — Horat. 1, od. 
lO.—Hygin. fab. P. A. %—Tzetz. in Lye. 219. 
— Cic. de Nat. D. — Lactantius. — Philoslr. 1. 
icon. c. 27. — Manil. — Macrob. 1, Sat. c. 19. 

Trismegistus, a priest and philosopher of 

Egypt, who taught his countrymen how to 
cultivate the olive, and measure their lands, 
and to understand hieroglyphics. He lived in 
the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books on the- 
ology, medicine, and geography, from which 
Sanchoniathon the Phoenician historian has 
taken his theogonia. Diod. 1 and 5. — Plut. de 
hid. ^ Os.—Cic. 3, de JVat. D. 

Mkretrix, a name under which Venus 
was worshipped at Abydos and at Saraos, be- 



ME 

cause both those places had been benefitted 
by the intrigues or the influence of courtezans. 
Athen. 13. 

Meriunes, a charioteer of Idoraeneus king 
of Crete during the Trojan war, son of Mo- 
lus, a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He sig- 
nalized himself before Troy, and fought with 
Deiphobus the son of Priam, whom he wound- 
ed. He was greatly admired by the Cretans, 
who even paid him divine honours after death. 
Horat. 1, od. 6, v. \b.— Homer. It. 2, &c.— 

Dictys. Cret. 1, &:c. — Ovid. Met 13, fab. 1. 

A brother of Jason son of ^son, famous for 
his great opulence and for his avarice. Po- 
ly an. 6, c. 1. 

Mermeros, a centaur. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 

305. A Trojan killed by Antilochus. ^A 

son of Jason and Medea, who was father to 
Ilus of Corinth. Pav^. 2, c. 3. 

Mermnad^:, a race of kings in Lydia of 
which Gyges was the first. They sat on the 
Lydian throne till the reign of Croesus, who 
was conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They 
were descendants of the Heraclidae, and pro- 
bably received the name of Mermnadae from 
Mermnas, one of their own family. They 
were descended from Lemnos, or according 
to others, from Agelaus the son of Omphale by 
Hercules. Herodot. 1, c. 7 and 14. 

Meroe, now Nuabia, an island of Ethiopia 
with a town of the same name, celebrated for 
its wines. Its original name was Saba, and 
Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sis- 
ter. Strab. n.— Herodot. 2, c. 31.— P/in. 2, 
c. \r6.—Mela, l.—Lucan. 4, v. 333, 1. 10, v. 
163 and 303. 

Merope, one of the Atlantides. She mar- 
ried Sisyphus son of j5]o1us, and, like her 
sisters, was changed into a constellation after 
death. [Vid. Pleiades.] It is said, that in the 
constellation of the Pleiades the star of Me- 
rope appears more dim and obscure than the 
rest, because she, as the poets observe, mar- 
ried a mortal, while her sisters married some 
of the gods, or their descendants. Ovid. Fast. 
4, V. 175.— D/od. 4.—Hygin. fab. 192.— Apol- 

lod. 1, 0. 9. A daughter of Cypselus who 

married Cresphontes king of Messenia, by 
whom she had three children. Her husband 
and two of her children were murdered by 
Polyphontes. The murderer obliged her to 
maiTy him, and she would have been forced 
to comply had not Epytus or Telephontes, her 
3d son, revenged his father's death by assassi- 
nating Polyphontes. Apollod. 2, c. 6. — Pans. 

4, c. 3. A daughter of (Enopion beloved 

by Orion. Apollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of 

the Cebrenus who married iEsacus the sou of 

Priam. A daughter of Erechtheus mother 

of Daedalus. Plut. in Thes. A daughter of 

Pandarus. A daughter of the river Sanga- 



rius who married king Priam. 

Merops, a king of the island of Cos, who 
married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
was changed into an eagle, and placed among 
the constellations. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 763. — 
Apollod. S.—Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 16. A cele- 
brated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who 
foretold the death of his sous Adrastus and 
Amphius, who were engaged in the Trojan 
war. They slighted their father's advice and 

were killed by Diomedes, Homer. II. 2. 

On? of the companions of iEaeas, killed by 
Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 703. 



ME 

!\Ieros, a mountain of India sacred to Jupi- 
ter. It is called by Pliny, 6, c. 21, Nysa. 
Bacchus was educated upon it, whence arose 
the fable that Bacchus was confined in the 
thigh (mi^®>) of his father. Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
Plin. 8, c. 13.— Curt. 8, c. 10.— Diod. 1. 

Merula Corn, a Roman who fought against 
the Gauls, and was made consul by Octavius 
in the place of Cinna. He sometime after 
killed himself in despair, &c. Plut. 

Mesabates, an eunuch in Persia, flayed 
alive by order of Parysatis, because he had cut 
off the head and right hand of Cyrus. Plut. 
in .irtax. 

Mesabius, a mountain of Bceotia hanging 
over the Euripus. Paas. 9, c. 22. 

Mesapia, an ancient name of Bceotia. 

Mesaubios, a servant of Eumaeus the ste- 
ward of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 14, v. 449. 

Mesembria, now Mesevria, a maritime city 
of Thrace. Hence Mesembriacm. Ovid. 1, 

Ti^ist. 6, v. 37. Another at the mouth of 

the fiissus. 

Mr.sENE, an island in the Tigris, where 
Apavuea was built, now Disel. Plin. 6, c. 27. 

Mesomedes, a lyric poet in the age of the 
emperor Antoninus. 

Mesopotamia, a country of Asia which 
receives its name from its situation {i^<t@' 
77BT«^©.) between the rivers Tigris and Eu- 
phrates. It is yearly inundated by the Eu- 
phrates, and the water properly conveyed 
over the country by canals. It is now called 
Diarbec. Strab. 2. — Mela, 1, c. 11. — Cic.de 
A'at. D. 2, c. 52. 

Messala, a name of Valerius Corvinus, 
from his having conquered Messana in Sicily. 
This family was very ancient ; the most cele- 
brated was a friend of Brutus, who seized the 
camp of Augustus at Philippi. He was after- 
wards reconciled to Augustus, and died A. D. 
9, in his 77th year. Plut. Another con- 
sul, &£c'. The father of Valeria who mar- 
ried the dictator Sylla. Id. A great flat- 
terer at the court of Tiberius. A governor 

of Syria. A tribune in one of the Roman 

legions during the civil war between Vespasian 
and Viteilius, of which he wrote an historical 

account mentioned by Tacitus. Orat. 14. 

A consul with Domitius, he. A painter at 

Rome, who flourished B. C. 235. A writer 

whose book, dt Augusti progenie was edited 
12mo. L. Bat. 1648. 

Messalina Valeria, a daughter of Mes- 
sala Barbatus. She married the emperor 
Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruel- 
ties and incontinence. Her husband's palace 
■was not the only seat of her lasciviousness, but 
she prostituted herself in the public streets; 
and few men there were at Rome who could 
not boast of having enjoyed the favours of the 
impure Messalina. Her extravagancies at last 
irritated her husband ; he commanded her to 
appear before him to answer to all the accusa- 
tions which were brought against her, upon 
which she attempted to destroy herself, and 
when her courage failed, one of the tribunes, 
who had been sent to her, dispatched her with 
his sword, A. D. 48. It is in speaking of her 
debaucheries and lewdness that a celebrated 
satirist says, 

Et lassata viris, necdum satiata, recessit. 
Juv.— Tacit. Ann. 11, c. '<i1.Swt. in Claud. 



ME 

— I>io.—— Another called also Statilia. She 
was descended of a consular family, and mar- 
ried the consul Atticus Vistinus whom Nero 
murdered. She received with great marks of 
tenderness her husband's murderer, and mar- 
ried him. She had married four husbands be- 
fore she came to the imperial tbrone ; and af- 
ter the death of Nero she retired to literary 
pursuits, and peaceful occupations. Otho 
courted her, and would have married her had 
he not destroyed himself In his last moments 
he wrote her a very pathetic and consolatory 
letter, he. Tacit. Ann. 

Messalinus M. Vai.er, a Roman officer in 
the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed go- 
vernor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself 
known by his opposition to Piso, and by his 
attempts to persuade the Romans of the ne- 
cessity of suffering women to accompany the 
camps on their different expeditions. Tacit. 

Ami. 3. One of Domitian's informers. 

A flatterer of the emperor Tiberius. 

Messana, an ancient and celebrated town 
of Sicily on the straits which separate Italy 
from Sicily. It was anciently called Zancle, 
and was founded 1600 years before the Chris- 
tian era. The inhabitants, being continually 
exposed to the depredations of the people of 
Cuma, implored the assistance of the Messe- 
nians of Peloponnesus, and with them repel- 
led the enemy. After this victorious cam- 
paign, the Messenians entered Zancle, and 
lived in such intimacy with the inhabitants 
that they changed their name, and assumed 
that of the Messenians, and called their city 
Messana. Another account says, that Anax- 
ilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, made war against 
the Zancleans Avith the assistance of the Mes- 
senians of Peloponnesus, and that after he 
had obtained a decisive victory, he called the 
conquered city Messana in compliment to his 
allies, about 494 years before the Christian 
era. After this revolution at Zancle, the Ma- 
mertini took possession of it and made it the 
capital of the neighbouring country. [Vid. 
Mamertini.] It afterwards fell into the hands 
of the Romans, and was for some time the 
chief of their possessions in Sicily. The in- 
habitants were called Messenii, Messanien- 
ses, and Mamertini. The straits of Messa- 
na have always been looked upon as very dan- 
gerous, especially by the ancients, on account 
of the rapidity of the currents, and the irreg- 
ular and violent flowing and ebbing of the 
sea. Strab. 6.— Mela, 2, c. l.—Paus. 4, c. 
23. — Diod. 4. — Thucyd. 1, &c. — Herodot. 6, c. 
23, 1.7, c. 28. 

Messapia, a country of Italy, between 
Tarentum and Biundusium. It is the same 
as Calabria. It received its name from Mes- 
sapus, the son of Neptune, who left a part of 
Bceotia called Messapia, and came to Italy, 
where he assisted the Rutulians against ^neas. 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 5\3.—Virg. JEn. 7, v. 691, I. 
8, v. 6, 1.9, V. 27. 

Messatis, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c 
18. 

Messe, a town in the island of Cithera 
Stat. 1. Theb. 4, v. 226. 

Messeis, a fountain of Thessaly. Strab. 9. 

Messene, a daughter of Triopas, king of Ar- 
gos, who married Polycaon son of Lelex, 
king of Laconia. She encouraged her hus' 



ME 

band to levy troops, and to seize a part of Pe- 
loponnesus, which, after it had been conquer- 
ed, received her name. She received divine 
honours after her death, and had a magnifi- 
cent temple at Ithome, where her statue was 
made half of gold and half of Parian marble. 
— Pans. 4, c. 1 and 13. 

Messjene or Messena, now Maura-Matra, 
a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital of the 
country called Messenia. The inhabitants 
have rendered themselves famous for the war 
which they carried on against the Spartans, 
and which received the appellation of the 
Messenian war. The first Messenian war 
arose from the following circumstances : The 
Messenians offered violence to some Spartan 
women who had assembled to offer sacrifices 
in a temple, which was common to both na- 
tions, and which stood on the borders of their 
respective territories, and besides they killed 
Teleclus, the Spartan king, who attempted 
to defend the innocence of the females. This 
account, according to the Spartan traditions, 
is contradicted by the Messenians, who ob- 
serve that Teleclus with a chosen body of 
Spartans assembled at the temple, before men- 
tioned, disguised in women's clothes, and all 
secretly armed with daggers. This hostile 
preparation was to surprise some of the neigh- 
bouring inhabitants; and in a quarrel which 
soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates 
were all killed. These quarrels were the cause 
of the first Messenian war, which began B. C. 
743 years. It was carried on with vigour and 
spirit on both sides, and after many obstinate 
and bloody battles had been fought and con- 
tinued for 19 years, it was at last finished by 
the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place 
which had stood a siege of ten years, and been 
defended with all the power of the Messe- 
nians. The insults to which the conquered 
Messenians were continually exposed, at last 
excited their resentment, and they resolved to 
shake off the yoke. They suddenly revolted, 
and the second Messenian war was begun 685 
B. C. and continued 14 years. The Messeni- 
ans at first gained some advantages, but a fatal 
battle in the third year of the war so totally 
disheartened them that they fled to Ira, where 
they resolved to maintain an obstinate siege 
against their victorious pursuers. The Spar- 
tans were assisted by the Samians in besieging 
Ira, and the Messenians were at last obliged 
to submit to the superior power of their ad- 
versaries. The taking of Ira, by the Lace- 
dajmonians, after a siege of 11 years, put an 
end to the second Messenian war. Peace was 
se-established for some time in Peleponnesus, 
but after the expiration of 200 years, the 
Messenians attempted a third time to free 
themselves from the power of Laceda3mon, 
B. C. 465. At that time the Helots had re- 
volted from the Spartans, and the Messeni- 
ans, by joining their forces to these wretched 
slaves, looked upon tlieir respective calamities 
as common, and tliought themselves closely 
interested in each other's welfare. The Lace- 
daemonians were assisted by the Athenians, 
but they soon grew jealous of one another's 
power, and their political connexion ended 
in the most inveterate enmity, and at last ii> 
open war. Ithome was the place v\ Aluch the 
Messenians had a ?econd time gaiijered all 



ME 

their forces, and though ten yeai-s had already 
elapsed, both parties seemed equally confi- 
dent of victory. The Spartans were afraid 
of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi 
had threatened them with the greatest calami- 
ties, if they offered any violence to a place 
which was dedicated to the service of Apollo. 
The Messeniansj however, were soon obliged 
to submit to their victorious adversaries, B. C. 
453, and they consented to leave their native 
country, and totally to depart from the Pelo- 
ponnesus, solemnly promising that if they ever 
returned into Messenia, they would suffer 
themselves to be sold as slaves. The Messe- 
nians upon this, miserably exiled, applied to 
the Athenians for protection, and were per- 
mitted to inhabit Naupactus, whence some of 
them were afterwards removed to take pos- 
session of their ancient territories in Messe- 
nia, during the Peloponnesian war. The third 
Messenian war was productive of great revo- 
lutions in Greece, and though almost a private 
quarrel, it soon engaged the attention of zdl 
the neighbouring states, and kindled the 
flames of dissention every where. Every 
state took up arras as if in its own defence, or 
to prevent additional power and dominion 
to be lodged in the hands of its rivals. The 
descendants of the Messenians at last returned 
to Peloponnesus, B. C. 370, after a long ban- 
ishment of 300 years. Paus. Mess. he. — Jus- 
tin. 3, c. 4, hc.—Strab. 6, Lc.— Thucyd. 1, &,c. 
Diod. 11, k.c.—Plut. in Cym. hc—Polycen. 3. 
—Polyb. 4, kc. 

Messenia, a province of Peloponnesus, 
situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and 
the sea. Its chief city is Messena. [Vid. 
Messene.] 

Mestor, a son of Perseus and Andromeda, 
who married Lysidice, daughter of Pelops, by 

whom he had Hippothoe. A son of Pteri- 

laus. Of Priam. Apollod. 

Me SOLA, a town of Italy, in the country of 
the Sabines. 

Metabus, a tyrant of the Privernates, 
He was father of Camilla, whom he conse- 
crated to the service of Diana, when he had 
been banished from his kingdom by his sub- 
jects. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 540. 

Metagitnia, a festival in honour of Apol- 
lo, celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, 
who migrated to Attica. It receives its name 
from its beieg observed in the month called 
Metagitnion. 

Metakira, the wife of Celeus, king of 
Eleusis, who first taught mankind agriculture 
She is also called Meganira. jjpollod. 1, c. 5. 

Metapontum, a town of Lucania in Italy, 
founded about 1269 years B C. by Metabus, 
the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the 
companions of IS'estor. Pythagoras retired 
there for some time, and perished in a sedi- 
tion. Annibal made it his head quarters when 
in that part of Italy, and its attachment to 
Carthage was afterwards severely punished by 
the Roman coiiquerors, who desti'oyed its lib- 
erties and indei^endence. A few broken pil- 
lars of ncarble are now the only vestiges of 
Metapontum. Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4.— Jus- 
tin. 12, c. 2.—lAv. 1, 8, 25, 27, he. 

Metapontus, a son of Sisyphus, who 
mrmri'd Thenna. fVid. Theana] Ht/'j;in. 
tab. 186. . 



ME 

Metaurus, now Metro, a town with a 
small river of the same name in the country of 
the Brutii The river Metaurus falls into the 
Tyrrhene sea above Sicily, and is famous for 
the defeat of Asdrubal by the consuls Livy and 
Nero. Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 38. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 
— Lucan. 2, v. 496. 

Metella, the wife of Sylla. 

Metelli, the surname of the family of 
the Caecilii at Rome, the most known of 
whom were — A general who defeated the 
Achaeans, took Thebes, and invaded Mace- 
donia, ik.c. Q. Caecilius, who rendered 

himself illustrious by his successes against Ju- 
gurtha the Numidian king, from which he was 
surnamed JSumidicus. He took, in this expe- 
dition, the celebrated Marius, as his lieuten- 
ant, and he had soon cause to repent of the 
confidence he had placed in him. Marius rais- 
ed himself to power by defaming the charac- 
ter of his benefactor, and Metellus was recall- 
ed to Rome and accused of extortion and ill- 
management. Marius was appointed succes- 
sor to finish the Numidian war, and Metellus 
was acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge 
before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who 
observed that the probity of his whole life and 
the ojreatness of his exploits were greater 
proofs of his innocence, than the most power- 
ful arguments. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. — Sallust. 

de Bell. Jug. L. Caecilius, another, who 

saved from the flames the palladium, when 
Vesta's temple was on fire. He was then high 
priest. He lost his sight and one of his arms 
in doing it, and the senate, to reward his zeal 
and piety, permitted him always to be drawn 
to the senate house in a chariot, an honour 
which no one had ever before enjoyed. He 
also gained a great victory over the Carthagi- 
nians in the first Punic war, and led in his tri- 
umph 13 generals, and 120elephants taken from 
the enemy. He was honoured with the dicta- 
torship, and the office of master of horse, &,c. 
Q.Caicilius CeIer,another who distinguish- 
ed himself by his spirited exertions against Ca- 
tiline. He married Clodia the sister of Clodius, 
who disgraced him by her incontinence and las- 
civiousuess. He died 57 years before Christ. 
He was greatly lamented by Cicero, who shed 
tears at the loss of one of his most faithful and 

valuable friends. Cic. de Ccel. L. Cajcilius, 

a tribune in the civil wai*sof J. Caesar and Pom- 
pey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and 
opposed Caesar when he entered Rome with a 
victorious army. He refused to open the gates 
of Saturn's temple, in which were deposited 
great treasures, upon which they were broke 
open by Caesar, and Metellus retired, when 

threatened with death. Q. Caecilius, the 

grandson of the high priest, who saved the pal- 
ladium from the flames, was a warlike general, 
who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedo- 
nia, was surnamed Macedonicus. He had six 
sons, of which four are pai-ticularly mentioned 

by Plutarch. Q. Caecilius, surnamed Balea- 

ricus, from his conquest of the Beleares. 

L. Cajcilius, surnaajed Diadematus, but sup- 
posed the same as that called Lucius with 
the surname of Dabnaiicus, from a victory 
obtained over the Dalmatians during his con- 
sulship with Mutius Sca^vola. Caius Cae- 
cilius, surnamed Caprarius, who was consul 
with Carbo, A. U. C. 641. The fourth 



ME 

was Marcus, and of these four brothers it is 
remarkable, that two of them triumphed in 
one day, but over what nations is not men- 
tioned by Eutrop. 4. Nepos, a consul, 

Sic. Another, who accused C. Curio, his 

father's detractor, and who also vented his 
resentment against Cicero when going to ba- 
nishment. Another, who, as tribune, op- 
posed the ambition of Julius Caesar. A 

general of the Roman armies against the Si- 
cilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched 
he offered sacrifices to all the gods, except 
Vesta, for which neglect the goddess was so 
incensed, that she demanded the blood of his 
daughter Metella. When Metella was going 
to be immolated, the goddess placed a heifer 
in her place, and carried her to a temple at 
Lanuvium, of which she became the priestess. 
Lucius Ca3cilius, or Quintus, surnamed 



Creticus, from his conquest in Crete, B. C. 
66, is supposed by some to be the son of 

Metellus Macedonicus. Cimber, one of the 

conspirators against J. Caesar. It was he who 
gave the signal to attack and murder the dic- 
tator in the senate-house. Pins, a general 

in Spain, against Sertorius, on whose head he 
set a price of 100 talents, and 20,00 acres of 
land. He distinguished himself also in the 
Marsian war, and was high priest. He obtain- 
ed the name of Pius from the sorrow he show- 
ed during the banishment of his father Metel- 
lus JYumidicus, whom he caused to be recalled. 
Paterc. 2, c. 5. — Sallust. Jug. 44. A con- 
sul who commanded in Africa, &ic. Val. Max. 
—Plin.—Plut.—Liv.— Paterc. 2.—Flor. 3, c. 
8. — Paus. 7, c. 8 and 13. — Cic. in Tusc. he. — 
Juv. 3, V. 138. — Appian. Civ. — Cmsar. bell. 
Civ. — Sallust. in Jug. 

Metharma, a daughter of Pygmalion king 
of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by Cinyras, 
&.C. Apollod. 3, c. 14. 

Methion, the father of Phorbas, &c. Ovid. 
.WeL5, fab.3. 

Methodius, a bishop of Tyre, who main- 
tained a controversy against Porphyry. The 
best edition is that of Paris, fol. 1657. 

Methone, a town of Peloponnesus, where 
king Philip gained his first battle over the 
Athenians, B. C. 360. A town of Mace- 
donia, south of Pella, in the siege of which, 
according to Justin. 7, c. 6, Philip lost his 

right eye. Another in Magnesia. Homer. 

II. 2, V. 71. 

Methydrium, a town of Peloponnesus, 
near Megalopolis. Val. Place. 

Methymna, (now Porto Petero), a town 
of the island of Lesbos, which receives its 
name from a daughter of Macareus. It is 
the second city of the island in greatness, 
population, and opulence, and its territory 
is fruitful, and the w ines it produces, excel- 
lent. It was the native place of Arion. When 
the whole island of Lesbos revolted from the 
power of the Athenians, Methymna alone re- 
mained firm to its ancient allies. Diod. 5. — 
Thucyd. 3.— Horat. 2, sat. 8, v. 50.— Virg. 
G. 3, V. 90. 

Metiadusa, a daughter of Eupalamus, who 
married Cecrops, by whom she had Pandion. 
Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

Metiha Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 536, 
to settle the power of the dictator and of his 
master of horse, witUia certain bounds. 



ME 

Metilii, a patrician fami^jr brought from 
Alba to Rome, by TuUus Hostilius. Dionys. 
Hal. 

Metilius, a man who accused Fabius Maxi- 
mus before the senate, toe. 

JVLetiochus, a son of Miltiades, who was 
taken by the Phoenicians, and given to Da- 
rius king of Persia. He was tenderly treated 
by the monarch, though his father had con- 
quered the Persian armies in the plains of 

Marathon. Plut. — Herodot. 6, c. 41. An 

Athenian intrusted with the care of the roads, 
&c. Plut. 

Metion, a son of Erechtheus, king of 
Athens, and Praxithea. He married Alcippe, 
daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons 
drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, and 
were afterwards expelled by Pandion's chil- 
dren. Jipollod. 3, c. ]5. — Paus. 2, c. 6. 

Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was 
Jupiter's first wife, celebrated for her great 
prudence and sagacity above the rest of the 
gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should 
bring forth into the world a child more cun- 
ning and greater than himself, devoured her 
in the first month of her pregnancy. Some 
time after this adventure the god had his head 
opened, from which issued INIinerva armed 
from head to foot. According to Apollodorus, 
1, c. 2, Metius gave a potion to Saturn, and 
obliged him to throw up the children he had 
devoured. Hesiod. Tiieog. v. 890. — Apollod. 
1, c.S.—Hygin. 

Metiscus, a charioteer to Turnus. Virg. 
JEn. 12, V. 46y. 

Metids Curtius, one of the Sabines who 
fought against the Romans on account of the 

stolen virgins. Suffetius, a dictator of Alba, 

in the reign of TuUius Hostilius. He fought 
against the Romans, and at last, finally to set- 
tle their disputes, he proposed a single com- 
bat between tlie Horatii and Curiatii. The 
Albans were conquered, and Metius promised 
to assist the Romans against their enemies. 
In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates, 
Metius showed his infidelity by forsaking the 
Romans at the first onset, and retired to a 
neighbouring eminence, to wait for the event 
of the battle, and to fall upon whatever side 
proved victorious. The Romans obtained the 
victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied 
between two chariots, which were drawn by 
four horses two different ways, and his limbs 
were torn away from his body, about 669 years 
before the Christian era. Liv. 2, c. 23, &-c. 

—Flor. 1, c. 3.— Virg. ^n. 8, v. 642. 

A critic. Vid. Tarpa. Carus, a celebrated 

informer under Domitian, who enriched him- 
self with the plunder of those who were sac- 
rificed to the emperor's suspicion. 

Metcecia, festivals instituted by Theseus in 
commemoration of the people of Attica hav- 
ing removed to Athens. 

Meton, an astrologer and mathematician 
of Athens. His father's name was Pausanias. 
He refused to go to Sicily with his country- 
men, and pretended to be insane, because he 
foresaw the calamities that attended that ex- 
pedition. In a book called Enneadecaterides, 
or the cycle of 19 years, he endeavoured to ad- 
just the course of the sun, and of the moon, 
and supported, that the solar and lunar years 
could regularly begin from the same point in 



The daughter 



ME 

the heavens. This is called by the moderes 
the golden numbers. He flourished B. C. 432. 

Vitruv. 1. — Plut. in Kicia. A native of 

Tarentum, who pretended to be intoxicated 
that he might draw the attention of his coun- 
trymen, when he wished to dissuade them 
from making an alliance with king P3n'rhus. 
Plut.inPyrr. 

Metope, the wife of the river Sangarius. 
She was mother of Hecuba, 
of Ladon, who maiTied the Asopus. 
river of Arcadia. 

Metra, a daughter of Eresichthon, a Thes- 
salian prince, beloved by Neptune. When her 
father had spent all his fortune to gratify the 
canine hunger under which he laboured, she 
prostituted herself to her neighbours, and re- 
ceived for reward oxen, goats, and sheep, 
which she presented to Eresichthon. Some 
say that she had received from JNeptune the 
power of changing herself into m hatever ani- 
mal she pleased, and that her father sold her 
continually to gratify his hunger, and that she 
instantly assumed a different shape, and be- 
came again his property. Ovid.Met.8, fab. 21. 

Metragyrte, one of the names of Tellus 
or Cybele. 

Metrobius, a player greatly favoured by 
Sylla. Plut. 

Metrocles, a pupil of Theophrastus, who 
had the care of the education of Cleombrotus 
and Cieomenes. He suffocated himself when 
old and infirm. Diog. 

Metrodorus, a physician of Chios, B. C. 
444. He was a disciple of Democritus, and 
had Hippocrates among his pupils. His com- 
positions on medicine, &,c. are lost. He sup- 
ported that the world was eternal and infinite, 
and denied the existence of motion. Diog. 
A painter and philosopher of Stratonice, B. C. 
171. He was sent to Paulus iEmylius, who, 
after the conquest of Perseus, demanded of 
the Athenians a philosopher and a painter, 
the former to instruct his children, and the lat- 
ter to make a painting of his triumphs, Metro- 
dorus was sent, as in him alone were united 
the philosopher and the painter. P/m. 35, c. 
11. — Cic. 5, de Finib. 1. de Oral. 4. Jicad. — 

Diog. in Epic. A friend of Mithridates, 

sent as ambassador to Tigranes, king of Arme- 
nia. He was remarkable for his learning, 
moderation, humanity, and justice. He was 
put to death by his royal master for his infi- 
delity, B. C. 72. Strab.—Plut. Another, of 

a very retentive memory. 

Metrophanes, an otficer of Mithridates, 
who invaded Euboea, &c. 

Metropolis, a town of Phrygia on the 

Mseander. Another of Thessaly nearPhar- 

salia. 

Mettius, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned 
by J. Ca?sar. Cces. Bell. G. 

Mettus. Vid. Metius. 

Metulum, a town of Libumia, in besieg- 
ing of which Augustus was wounded. Diog, 
49. 

Mevania, now Bevagna, a town of Ura- 
bria, on the Clitumnus, the birth-place of the 
poet Propertius. Lucan. 1, v. 473. — Propert. 
4, el. 1, v. 124. 

Mevius, a wretched poet. Vid. M«vius. 

Mezestius, a king of the Tyrrhenians 
when /Kneas reme into Italy. He was remark- 



MI 

able for his cruelties, and put his subjects to 
death by slow tortures, or. sometimes tied a 
man to a dead corpse face to face, and suffered 
him lo die in that condition. He was expel- 
led by his subjects, and fled to Turnus, who 
employed him in his war against the Trojans. 
He was l<illed by .S^neas, with his son Lausus. 
Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15. — Justin. 43, c. 1. — Liv. 
1, c. %—Virg. JEn. 7, v. 648, 1. 8, v. 482.— 
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 881. 

MicEA, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Philo- 
demus, murdered by a soldier called Lucius, 
&,c. Plut, de cl. Mul. 

MiciPSA, a king of Numidia, son of Masi- 
nissa, who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his 
kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hy- 
empsal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha 
abused his uncle's favours by murdering his 
two sons. Salhist. de Jug. — Flor. 3, c. 1. — 
Plut. in Gr. 

MicYTHus, a youth, through whom Dio- 
medon, by order of the Persian king, made an 
attempt to bribe Epaminondas. C. JVep. in 

Epa.4. A slave of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. 

Herodot. 7, c. 170. 

Midas, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius 
or Gorgias. In the early part of his life, ac- 
cording to some traditions, he found a large 
treasure, to which he owed his greatness and 
opulence. The hospitality he showed to Si- 
lenus, the preceptor of Bacchus, who had 
been brought to him by some peasants, was 
liberally rewarded ; and Midas, when he con- 
ducted the old man back to the god, was per- 
mitted to choose whatever recompense he 
pleased. He had thelmprudenceand the avarice 
to demand of the god that whatever he touch- 
ed might be turned into gold. Fiis prayer was 
granted, but he was soon convinced ot his in- 
judicious ciioice ; and when the very meats 
which he attempted to eat became gold in his 
mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a 
present, which must prove so fatal to the re- 
ceiver. He was ordered to %vash himself in the 
river Pactolus, whose sands were turned into 
gold by the touch of Midas. Some time after 
this adventure, Midas had the imprudence to 
support that Pan was superior to Apollo in 
singing and in playing upon the ilute, for 
which rash opinion the offended god changed 
his ears into those of an ass, to show his igno- 
rance and stupidity. This Midas attempted 
to conceal from the knowledge of his subjects, 
but one of his servants saw the length of his 
ears, and being unable to keep the secret, and 
afraid to reveal it, apprehensive of the king's 
resentment, he opened a hole in the earth, 
and after he had whispered there that Midas 
had the ears of an ass, he covered tiie place as 
before, as if he had buried his words in the 
ground. On that place, as the poets mention, 
grew a number of reeds, which, when agitated 
by the wind, uttered the same sound that had 
been buried beneath, and published to the 
world that Midas had the ears of an ass. Some 
explain the fable of the ears of Midas, by the 
supposition that he kepta number of informers 
and spies, who were continually employed in 
gathering every seditious word that might drop 
Irom the mouths of his subjects. Midas, ac- 
cording to Slrabo, died of drinking bull's hot 
tilood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions, to 
free himself from the numerous ill dreams 



MI 

wliicii continually tormented him. Mida?, 
according to some, was son of Cybele. He 
built a town which he called Ancyrw. Ovid. 
'iMet. 11, fab. 5. — Plut. de Superst. — Strab. 1. — 
Hi/gin. fab. 191,274.— .¥aa;. Tyr. 30.— Pans. 1, 
c. 4.— Fa/. Max. 1, c. Q.—Uerodol. 1, c. 14.— 
JElian. V. H. 4 and 12.— Cic. de Div. 1, e. 36, 
1. 2: c. 31. 

MiDEA, a town of Argolis. P<n«. 6, c. 20. 

Of Lycia. Stat. T/ieb. 4, v. 45. Of ,Bck- 

otia, drowned by the inundations of the lake 

Copais. Strab. 8. A nymph who had As- 

pledon by rs'eptune. Pans. 9, c. 38. A 

mistress of Electryon. jipollod. 

MiLANioN, a youth who became enamour- 
ed~of Atalanta. He is supposed by some to 
be the same as Meleager or Hippomanes- 

Ovid. Art. Jim. 2, v. 188. A son of Am- 

phidamas. 

MiLESii, the inhabitants of Miletus. Vid. 
Miletus. 

MiLESioRUM MURus, a place of Egypt at 
the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile- 

MiLEsius, a surname of Apollo. A na- 
tive of Miletus. 

MiLETiA, one of the daughters of Scedasus, 
ravished with her sister by some young The- 
bans. Plut. and Pans. 

MiLETiuM, a town of Calabria, built by 

the people of Miletus of Asia. A town of 

Crete. Homer. II. 2, v. 154. 

Miletus, a son of Apollo, who fled from 
Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he 
meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, 
where he budt a city which he called by his 
own name. Some suppose that he only con- 
quered a city there called Anactoria, which 
assumed his name. They farther say, that he 
put the inhabitants to the sword, and divided 
Ihe women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a 
daughter of the Maeander, fell to his share. 
Strab. 14.— Ovid. Aht. 9, v. 446.— Paws. 7, c. 

2. — Apollod. 3, c. 1. A celebrated town of 

Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia, situate 
about ten stadia south of the mouth of the ri- 
ver Marauder, near the sea coast on the con- 
fines of Ionia and Caria. It was founded by a 
Cretan colony under Miletus, or, accordfctg-iQ 
others, by Neleus, the son of Codrus, or by 
Sarpedon, Jupiter's son. It has successively 
been called Lelegeis, Pithyusa, and Anactoria. 
The inhabitants, called JV/i/em, were very pow- 
erful, and long maintained an obstinate war 
against the kings of Lydia. They early ap- 
plied themselves to navigation, and planted no 
less than 80 colonies, or, according to Seneca, 
380, in different parts of the world. Miletus 
gave birth to Thales, Anaximencs, Anaxiroan- 
der, HecatEeus, Timotheus the musician, Pit- 
tacus one of the seven wise men, &,c. Miletus 
was also famous for a temple and an oracle of 
Apoilo Didymaius, and for its excellent wool, 
with which were made stuffs and garments, 
held in the highest reputation, both for soft- 
ness, elegance, and beauty. The words Mile- 
si(E J'abida, or Milcsiaca, were used to express 
wanton and ludicrous plays. Ovid. Trist. 2, 
V. AVi.—Capilolin. in Alb. U.— Virg. G. 3, v. 
SOa.— Strab. 15.— Pans. 7, c. 2.— Mela, 1, c. 17- 
— Plin. 5, c. 29. — Herodot. 1, kc. — Senec. de 
Consol. ad Alb. 

MiLiAS, a part of Lycia. 
I MiLicHus, a freedman who discovered 



MI 

t*iso's conspiracy against Nero. Tacit. 15, 
^nn. c. 54. 

MiLiNus, a Cretan king, he. 

MiLioNiA, a town of the Samnites taken by 
the Romans. 

MiLO, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in 
Italy, His father's name was Diotimus. He 
early accustomed himself to carry* the greatest 
burdens, and by degrees became a monster in 
strength. It is said that he carried on his 
shoulders a youn^^ bullock four years old, for 
above forty yai'ds; and afterwards killed it with 
one blow of hi? fist; and eat it up in one day. 
He was seven times crowned at the Pythian 
games, and six at Olympia. He presented 
himself a seventh time, but no one had the 
courage or boldness to enter the lists against 
him. He was one of the disciples of Pytha- 
goras, and to his uncommon strength the 
learned preceptor and his pupils owed their 
life. The pillar which supported the roof of 
the school suddenly gave way, but Milo sup- 
ported the whole weight of the building, and 
gave the philosopher and his auditors time to 
escape. In his old age Milo attempted to pull 
up a tree by the roots and break it. He part- 
ly effected it, but his stren^h being gradually 
exhajsted, the tree when half cleft reunited, 
and his hands remained pinched in the body 
of the ti'ee. He was then alone, and being un- 
able to disentangle himself, he was eaten up 
by the wild beasts of the place, about 500 years 
before the christian era. Ovid. Met. 15. — 
Cic. de Seyied. — Val. Max. 9, c. 12. — Strab. 

16. — Pans. 6, c. 11. T. Annius, a native of 

Lanuvium. who attempted to obtain the consul- 
ship at Rome by intrigue and seditious tumults. 
Clodius the tribune opposed his vieAvs, yet 
Milo would have succeeded had not an unfor- 
tunate event totally frustrated his hopes. As 
he was going into the country, attended by his 
wife and a numerous retinue of gladiators and 
servants, he met on the Appian road his ene- 
my Clodius, who was returning to Rome with 
three of his friends and some domestics com- 
pletely armed. A quarrel arose between the 
servants. Milo supported his attendants, and 
the dispute became general. Clodius received 
many severe wounds, and was obliged to retire 
to a neighbouring cottage. Milo pursued his 
enemy in his retreat, and ordered his servants 
to dispatch him. Eleven of the servants of 
Clodius shared his fate, as also the owner of 
the house v.ho had given them reception. The 
body of the murdered ti'ibunewes carried to 
Ron:e, and exposed to public view. The ene- 
mies of Milo inveighed bitterly against the vio- 
lence and barbarity with which the sacred per- 
son of a tribune had been treated. Cicero un- 
dertook the defence of Milo, but the continual 
clamours of the friends of Clodius, and the 
sigl't of an armed soldiery, which surrounded 
the seat of judgment, so terrified the orator, 
that he forgot the greatest part of his argu- 
ments, and the defence he made was weak and 
injudicious. Milo was condemned and ba- 
nished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent his 
exiled friend a copy of the oration which he 
had delivered in his defence, in the form in 
which we have it now ; and Milo, after he had 
read it, exclaimed, Cicero, hadst thou 
spoken before my accusers in these terms, 
Milo would not be now eating fi^s at Mar- 
55 



MI 

seilles. The friendship and cordiality of Cicerd 
and Milo were the fruits of long intimacy and 
familiar intercourse. It was by the successful 
labours of Milo that the orator Avas recalled 
from banishment and restored to his friends. 
Cic. pro Milan. — Paterc. 2, c. 47 and 68. — 

Dio. 40. A general of the forces of Pyrrhus* 

He was made governor of Tarentum, and that 
he might be reminded of his duty to his sove* 
reign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a chain, 
which was covered with the skin of JSiciasthe 
physician, who had perfidiously offered the 
Romans to poison his royal master for a sura 

of money. Polycen. 8, k.c. A tyrant of 

Pisa in Elis, thrown into the river Alpheusby 
his subjects for his oppression. Ovid, in lb- 
V. 325. 

MiLONius, a drunken buffoon at Rome, ac- 
customed to dance when intoxicated. Horat. 
2, Sat. 1, V. 24. 

MiLTAs, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in 
explaining prodigies, he. 

MiLTiADEs, an Athenian, son of Cypsc- 
lus, who obtained a victory in a chariot race 
at the Olympic games, and led a colony of his 
countrj^men to the Cherscnesus. The causes 
of this appointment are striking and singular* 
TheTliracianDolonci, harassed bya long war 
with the Absynthians, were directed by the 
oracle of Delphi to take for their king the first 
man they met in their return home, who invi- 
ted them to come under his roof and partake 
of his entertainments. This was Miltiades, 
whom the appearance of the Dolonci, their 
strange arms and garments, had struck. He 
invited them to his house, and was made ac- 
quainted wdth the commands of the oracle. 
He obeyed, and when the oracle of Delphi had 
approved a second time the choice of the 
Dolonci, he departed for the Chersonesus, and 
was invested by the inhabitants with sovereign 
power. The first measure he took was to 
stop the further incursions of the Absynthians, 
by building a strong wall across the Isthmus. 
When he had established himself at home, and 
fortified his dominions against foreign inva- 
sion, he turned his arms against Lampsacus. 
His expedition was unsuccessful ; he was ta- 
ken in an ambuscade and made prisoner. 
His friend Croesus, king of Lydia, was inform- 
ed of his captivity, and he procured his release 
by threatening the people of Lampsacus with 
his severest displeasure. He lived a few years 
after he had recovered his liberty. As he had 
no issue, he left his kingdom and possessions to 
Stesagoras the son of Cimon, who was his bro- 
ther by the same mother. The memory of 
Miltiades was greatly honoured by the Dolon- 
ci, and they regularly celebrated festivals and 
exhibited shows in commemoration of a raaa 
to whom they owed their greatness and preser- 
vation. Some time after Stesagoras died witli- 
out issue, and Miltiades the son of Cimon, 
and the brother of the deceased, was sent by 
the Athenians with one ship to take possession 
of the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades 
appeared mournful, as if lamenting the recent 
death of his brother. The principal inhabi- 
Itants of tho country visited the new governor 
I to condole with bin: ; but their confidence in 
I his sincerity proved fatal to them. Miltiade* 
seised their pereons, and made himself abso- 
1 lute in Chersonesus ; and to strengthea him- 



MI 

self he married Hegesipyla, the daughter of 
Olorus the king of the Thracians. His pros-' 
perity however was of short duration. In the 
third year of his government his dominions 
were threatened by an invasion of the Scythian 
P^omades, whom Darius had some time be- 
fore irritated by entering their country. He 
fled before them, but as their hostilities were 
but momentary, he was soon restored to his 
kingdom. Three years after he left Cherso- 
nesus and set sail for Athens, where he was 
received with great applause. He was present 
at the celebrated battle of Marathon, in which 
all the chief officers ceded their power to him,. 
and left the event of the battle to depend upon 
his superior abilities. He obtained an impor- 
tant victory IVid. Marathon] over the more 
numerous forces of his adversaries; and when 
he had demanded of his fellow-citizens an olive 
crown as the reward of his valour in the field 
of battle, he was not only refused, but severe- 
ly reprimanded for presumption. The only 
reward, therefore, that he received for a vic- 
tory which proved so beneficial to the interests 
of universal Greece, was in itself simple and 
inconsiderable, though truly great in the opin- 
ion of that age. He was represented in the 
front of a picture among the rest of the com- 
manders who fought at tiie battle of Mara- 
thon, and he seemed to exhort and animate 
his soldiers to fight with courage and intre- 
pidity. Some time after Miltiades was intrust- 
ed with a fleet of 70 ships, and oi*dered to 
punish those islands which had revolted to the 
Persians. He was successful at first, but a 
sudden report that the Persian fleet was com- 
ing to attack him, changed his operations as 
he was besieging Paros. He raised the siege 
and returned to Athens, where he was ac- 
cused of treason, and particularly of holding 
correspondence with the enemy. The falsity 
of these accusations might have appeared, if 
Miltiades had been able to come into the as- 
sembly. A wound which he had received be- 
fore Paros detained him at home, and his ene- 
mies, taking advantage of his absence, became 
more eager in their accusations and louder in 
their clamours. He was condemned to death, 
but the rigour of his sentence was retracted 
on the recollection of his great services to the 
Athenians, and he was put into prison till he 
had paid a fine of 60 talents to the state. His 
inability to discharge so great a sum detained 
him in confinement, and soon after his wounds 
became incurable, and he died about 489 years 
before the christian era. His body was ran- 
somed by his son Cimon, who was obliged to 
borrow and pay the 50 talents, to give his fa- 
ther a decent burial. The crimes of Miltiades 
were probably aggravated in the eyes of his 
countrymen, when they remembered how he 
made himself absolute in Chersonesns ; and in 
condemning the barbarity of the Athenians 
towards a general, who was the source of their 
military prosperity, we must remember the 
jealousy which ever reigns among a free and 
independent people, and how watchful they 
are in defence of the natural rights which they 
see wrested from others by violence and op- 
pression Cornelius IMepos has written the 
life of Miltiades the son of Cimon, but his his- 
tory is incongruous and not authentic ; and the 
author; by confounding the actions of the son 



MI 

of Cimon with those of the sob of Cypselui. 
has made the whole dark and unintelligible. 
Greater reliance in reading the actions of both 
the Miltiades is to be placed on the narration 
of Herodotus, whose veracity is confirmed, 
and who was indisputably more informed and 
more capable of giving an account of the life 
and exploits of men who flourished in his age? 
and of which he could see the living monu- 
ments. Herodotus was born about six years 
after the famous battle of Marathon, and C 
Nepos, as a writer of the Augustan age, flour- 
ished about 450 years after the age of the fa- 
ther of history. C. JVep. in vitd. — Herodot. 4, 
c. 137, 1. 6, c. 34, kc.—Plut. in Cim.— Val. 

Max. 5, c. 3. — Justin. 2. — Pans. An archon 

at Athens. 

MiLTo, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the 
younger. [^'^iW. Aspasia.] 

MiLA-^ius, a parasite at Rome, he. Horat. 2, 

sat. 7. A bridge at Rome over the Tiber, 

now called Pont de Molle. Cic. ad Mt. 13, ep. 
33.— Sal. Cat. 45.— Tacit. A. 13, c. 47. 

MiLYAS, a country of Asia Minor, better 
known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabi- 
tants, called Milyades, and afterwards Salymiy 
were of the numerous nations which formed 
the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. 
Herodot. — Cic. Verr. 1, c. 38, 

MiMALLoNEs, the Bacchanals, who when 
they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus put 
horns on their heads. They are also called 
Mimallonides, and some derive their name 
from the mountain Mimas. Pers. 1, v. 99. — 
Ovid. A. A. v. 541.— 5/af . Thth. 4, v. 660. 

Mimas, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed 

with thunder. Horat. 3, od. 4. A high 

mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. Ovid. 

Met. 2, fab. 5. A Trojan, son of Theano 

and Amycas, born on the same night as Paris, 
with whom he lived in great intimacy. He 
followed the fortune of i5i)neas, and was killed 
by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 702. 

MiMNERMus, a Greek poet and musician 
of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly 
excelled in elegiac poetry, whence some have 
attributed the invention of it to him, and, in- 
deed, he was the poet who made elegy an 
amorous poem, instead of a mournful and 
melancholy tale. In the expression of love, 
Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this verse 
shows : 
Plus in amore valet Mininermi rcrsvs Homero. 

In his old age Mimnermus became enam- 
oured of a young girl called Nanno. Some 
few fragmeiiis of his poetry remain collected 
by StobcKus. He is supposed by some to b« 
the inventor of the pentameter verse, which 
others however attribute to Callinus or Ar- 
chilochus. The surname of Ligustiades, Kty^ 
(shrill voiced), has been applied to him, though 
some imagine the word to be the name of his 
father. Strab. 1 and 14.—Paus. 9, c, 29.— 
Diog. 1. — Proper I. 1, el. 9, v. 11. — Horat. 1, 
ep. 6, Y, 65. 

MiNCius, now Mincio, a river of Venetia, 
flowing from the lake Benacus, and falling 
into the Po. Virgil was born on its banks, 
Virg. Ed. 7, v. 13. G. 3, v. 15. Mn. 10, v. 206. 

MiNDARUs, a commander of the Spartan 
fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He was 
defeated by the At^ienians, and died 410 B 
C. Plut. 



Ji 



MI 

MiN'iiDES, the daughters of Mlnyas or Mi- 
neus, king of Orchomenos, in Bceotia. They 
were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, 
and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two lirst Cly- 
mene and Iris. They derided the orgies of 
Bacchus, for which impiety the god inspired 
them mth an unconquerable desire of eating 
human flesh. They drew lots which of tliem 
should give up her son as food to the rest. 
The lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up 
her son Hippasus, who was instantly devour- 
ed by the three sisters. They were changed 
into bats. In commemoration of this bloody 
crime, it was usual among the Orchomenians 
for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice 
was finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, 
all the women who had entered the temple, 
and even to kill the first he came up to. Ovid. 
Met. 4, fab. 12.— Plut Quc^t. Gr. 38. 

Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, war. and 
all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupi- 
ter's brain without a mother. The god, as it 
is reported, married Metis, whose superior 
prudence and sagacity above the rest of the 
gods, made him apprehend that the children 
of such an union would be of a more exalted 
nature, and more intelligent than their father. 
To prevent this, Jupiter devoured Metis in 
her pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve 
the pains which he saffered in his head, he 
ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva 
came all armed and grown up from her fa- 
ther's brain, and immediately was admitted 
into the assembly of the gods, and made one 
of the most faithful counsellors of her father. 
The power of Minerva was great in hea- 
ven ; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, 
prolong the life of men, bestow the gift of pro- 
phecy, and, indeed, she was the only one of 
all the divinities, whose authority and conse- 
quence were equal to those of Jupiter. The 
actions of Minerva are numerous, as w'ell as 
the kindness by which she endeared her- 
self to mankind. Her quarrel with Neptune 
concerning the right of giving a name to 
the capital of Cecropia deserves attention. 
The assembly of the gods settled the dispute 
by promising the preference to which ever 
ofthe two gave the most useful and neces- 
sary present to the iniiabitants of the earth. 
Neptune, upon this, struck the ground with 
his trident, and immediately a horse is- 
sued from the earth. Minerva produced 
the olive, and obtained the victory by the 
unanimous voice of the gods, who observ^ed 
that the olive, as the emblem of peace, is far 
preferable to the horse, the symbol of war 
and bloodshed. The victorious deity called 
the capital Alhtnai, and became the tutelar 
goddess of the place. Minerva was always 
very jealous of her power, and the manner in 
which she punished the prestimption of Ar- 
achne is well known. [Fit/. Arachne.] The 
attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence, are 
strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had 
sworn by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who 
made him a complete suit of armour, what- 
ever he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, 
and the father of the gods, who had permitted 
Minerva to live in })erpetual celibacy, con- 
sented, but privately advised his daughter to 
make all the resistance she couhl to frustrate 
the attempts of her lover. Tb« prayers and 



MI 

the force of Vulcan proved ineffectual, and 
her chastity was not violated, though the god 
left on her body the marks of his passion; 
and, from the impurity which proceeded from 
this scuffle, and which Minerva threw down 
upon the earth wrapped up in wool, was born 
Erichthon, an uncommon monster. [Vid. 
Erichthonius.] Minerva was the first who 
built a ship, ajjd it was her zeal for navigation, 
and her care for the Argonauts, which placed 
the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the ship 
Argo, when going to Colchis. She was known 
among the ancients by many names. She wa& 
called Athena, Pallas. [Vid. Pallas.] Parthe^ 
nos, from her remaining in perpetual celibacy ; 
Tritonia, because worshipped near the lake 
Tritonis ; Glaucopis, from the blueness of 
her eyes ; Argorea, from her presiding over 
markets ; Hippia, because she first taught man- 
kind how to manage the horse ; Stratea and 
Area, from her martial chai-acter; Corypha- 
genes, because born from Jupiter's brain: SaiS| 
because worshipped at Sais, he. Some at- 
tributed to her the invention of the fiute^ 
whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia, 
Musica, Salpiga, &,c. She, as it is reported,, 
once amused herself in playing upon her fa- 
vourite flute before Juno and Venus, but the 
goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face 
in blowing the instrument. Minerva, con- 
vinced of the justness of their remarks by 
looking at herself in a fountain near mount 
Ida, threw away the musical instrument, and 
denounced a melancholy death to him who 
found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof 
of the veracit)^ of her expressions. The wor- 
ship of Minerva was universally established: 
she had magnificent temples in Egypt, Phoe- 
nicia, all parts of Greece, Italy, Gaul, and 
Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens, particularly 
claimed her attention, and it is even said, that 
Jupiter rained a shower of gold upon the island 
of Rliodes, which had paid so much venera- 
tion and such an early reverence to the divi- 
nity of his daughter. The festivals celebrated 
in her honour were solemn and magnificent 
[Vid. Panatliensea.] She was invoked by- 
every artist, and particularly such as worked 
in wool, embroidery, painting, and sculpture. 
It was the duty of almost every member of 
society to implore the assistance and patron- 
age of a deity who presided over sense, taste, 
and reason. Hence the poets have had occa- 
sion to say, 

Tu nifdl invitcL diceSf faeiesve Minerva j 
and, 

Qui bene placarif Pallade, doefus erit. 
Minerva was represented in different ways, 
according to the different chai'acters in which 
she appealed. She generally appeared with a 
countenance full more of masculine firmness 
and composure, than of softness and grace. 
iVIost usually she was represented with a hel- 
met on her head, with a large plume nodding 
in the air. In one hand she held a spear, and 
in the other a shield, with the dying head of 
Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's 
head was on her breast-plate, with living ser- 
pents writliuig round it, as well as round her 
shield and helmet. In most of her statues she 
is represented as sitting, and sometimes she 
holds, in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear^ 
When she appeared as the goddess of tUe lib€>. 



MI 

ral arts, she was arrayed in a variegated veil, 
which the ancients called peplum. Sometimes 
Minerva's helmet was covered at the top with 
the figure of a cock, a bird which, on account 
of his great courage, is properly sacred to the 
goddess of war. Some of her statues repre- 
sented her helmet with a sphinx in the middle, 
supported on either side by griflBns. In some 
medals, a chariot drawn by four horses, or 
sometimes a dragon or a serpent, with winding 
spires, appear at the top of her helmet. She 
was partial to the olive tree ; the owl and the 
cock were her favourite birds, and the dragon 
among reptiles w^as sacred to her. The func- 
tions, offices, and actions of Minerva, seem so 
numerous, that they undoubtedly originate in 
more than one person. Cicero speaks of five 
persons of this name ; a Minerva, mother of 
Apollo ; a daughter of the Nile, who was wor- 
shipped at Sais, in Egypt ; a third, born from 
Jupiter's brain; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter 
and Coryphe ; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas, 
generally represented with winged shoes. This 
last put her father to death because he at- 
tempted her virtue. Pans. 1, 2, 3, fcc— 
Eorat. 1, od. 16, 1. 3, od. 4.—Virg. Mn. 2, 
hc.—Strab. 6, 9, and IS.—Phihst. Icon- 2.— 
Ovid. Fast, S, Lc, Met. 6.—Cic. de JVat. D. 1, 
c. 15, 1. 3, c. 23, hc—^pollo(l. 1, k,c.~Pm- 
dar. Olymp. 1.-^Lucan. 9, v. 354.^5ojt7/jocZ. 
CEdip. —Homer. Jl. kc. Od. Hymn. ad. Pall.— 
JDiod. b.—Hcsiod. Theog.—JEschyl. in Eum. 
— Lucian. Dial — Cltm. Mex. Strom. 2. — 
Orpheus, Hymn. 31.— Q. Sm^n. 14, v. 448. 
^Jlpollon. l.—Hygin. fab. 168.— Slat. Thtb. 2, 
V. 721,1. 7, hc.-^Callim. in Cerer.—JElian, V. 



-Plut. in Lye. &c. 



H. 12.— C. Mp. in Pans. 
—Thucyd. 1,—Herodot. 5, 

MiNERY^ Castrum, a town of Calabria, 

now Castor.i Promontorium, a cape at the 

most southern extremity of Campania. 

MiNERVALiA, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Minerva, celebrated in the months of March 
and June. During the solemnities scholars 
obtained some relaxation from their studious 
pursuits, and the present, which it was usual 
for them to offer to their masters, was called 
Mmerval, in honour of the goddess Minerva, 
•who patronized over literature, Varro dt R. 
-R. 3, c. 2.— Ovid Trist. 3, v. e09,r-Liv, 9, 

MiNio, now Mgrwne, a riyer of Etruria, 
lallmg into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. Mi. 10, 
y. 183.- — One olthe favourites of Antiochus, 
kmg of Syria. 

MiNN/Ei, a people of Arabia, on the Red sea, 
Phn. 12, 0. 14. 

MiNo, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, 
when he was pursuing Daedalus, and called 

also Heracha. A town of Peloponnesus. 

' A town of Crete. 

MiNois, belonging to Minos. Crete is cal- 
led Mtnoia regna, as being the legislator's 

kingdom. Virg. JF.n. 6, v. 14. A patrony- 

^^l?^ Ai'adne. Ovid.Mt.8,\. 157. 

MiNos, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and 
f"''5^Pa'^vho gave laws to his subjects B. C. 
J-lOb, vyhich still remained jn full force in the 
age ot the philosopher Plato. His justice and 
moderation procured him the appellation of 
the favourite of the gods, the confident of Ju- 
piter, the wise legislator, in every city of 
urpece ; gjid, according to the poets, he was 



MI 

rewarded for his equity, after death, with 
the office of supreme and absolute judge 
in the infernal regions. In this capacity he 
IS represented sitting in the middle of the 
shades, and holding a sceptre in his hand. 
The dead plead their different causes before 
him, and the impartial judge shakes the fatal 
urn, which is filled with the destinies of man- 
kind. He married Ithona, by whom he had 
Lycastes, who was the fatlier of Minos 2d. 
Homer. Od. 19, v. 118.- Virg. JEn. 6, v. 432, 
— Jlpollod. 3, c. 1. — Hygin. fab. 41. — Diod. 4. 

— Horai. 1, od. 28. The 2d. was a son of 

Lycastes, the son of Minos 1. and king of 
Crete. He married Pasiphae, the daughter 
of Sol and Perseis, and by her he had many 
children. He increased his paternal dominions 
by the conquest of the neiglibourhitg islands, 
but he showed himself cruel in the war which 
he carried on against the Athenians, ^vho had 
put to death his son Androgens. [Vid. An- 
drogeus. He took Megara by the treachery 
of Scylla, [Vid. Scylla,] and, not satisfied 
with a victory, he obliged the vanquished to 
bring him yeaj-ly to Crete seven chosen boys 
and the same number of virgins, to be devour- 
ed by the Minotaur. {Vid. Minotaurus.] 
This bloody tribute was at last abolished 
when Theseus had destroyed the monster. 
[F?rf. Theseus.] When Dtedalus, whose in- 
dustry and invention had fabricated the laby- 
rinth, and whose imprudence in assisting Pa- 
siphae, in the gratification of her unnatural 
desires, had offended IVIinos, fled from the 
place of bis confinement with wings, [Vid, 
Daedalus,] and arrived safe in Sicily, the in- 
censed monarch pursued the offender, resolved 
to punish his infidelity. Cocalus, king of 
Sicily, who had hospitably received Daidalus, 
entertained his royal guest with dissembled 
fi-iendship ; and that he might not deliver to 
him a man whose ingenuity and abilities hs 
so well knew, he put Minos to death. Some 
say that it was the daughters of Cocalus who 
put the king of Crete to death, by detaining 
him so long in a bath till he fainted, after 
which they suffocated him. Minos died about 
35 years before the Trojan war. He was 
father of Androgens, Glaucus, and Deuca- 
lion, and two daughters, Phecdia and Ariadne, 
Many authors have confounded the two raon- 
aichs of this name, the grandfather and the 
grandson, but Homer, Plutarch, and Diodo- 
rus, prove plainly that they were two different 
persons. Paus. iuJlck. 4, — Plut. in 2'hes. — 
Hygin. fab. 41.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 141.— DioJ. 
4.— Virg JEn. 6, v. 2\.—Plut. in Min.— Mien. 
Place. 14. 

Minotaurus, a celebrated monster, half 
a man and half a bull, according to this verse 
ofOvid, ,^..5. 2, v. 24. 

Semibovemque virum. semivirumque bovem. 
It was the fruit of pasiphae 's amour with a bull. 
Minos refused to sacrifice a white bull to iSep- 
tune, an animal which he had received from 
the god for that purpose, This offended Nep- 
tune, and be made Pasiphae, the wife of Mi- 
nos, enamoured of this fine bull, which had 
been refused to his altars. Da;dalus prostitu- 
ted his talents in being subservient to the 
queen's unnatural desires, and, by his means, 
Pasiphae's horrible passions were gratified, 
and the Minotaur came into the world. Mir 



i 



MI 

nos confined in the labyrinth a monster which 
eonvinced the world of his wife's lascivious- 
ness and indecency, and reflected disgrace 
upon his family. The Minotaur usually de- 
voured the chosen young men and maidens, 
whom the tyranny of Minos yearly exacted 
from the Athenians, Theseus delivered his 
country from this shameful tribute, when it 
had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to the vo- 
racity of the Minotaur, and, by means of Ari- 
adne; tUe king's daughter, he destroyed the 
monster, and made his escape from the wind- 
ings of t>ie labyrinth. The fabulous tradition 
of the Miootaur,and of the infamous commerce 
of Pasiphae with a favourite bull, has been of- 
ten esplained. Some suppose that Pasiphae 
was eaaiaoured of one of her husband's cour- 
tiers, called Taums, and that Deedalus favoui-- 
ed the passions of the queen by suffering his 
house to become the retreat of the two lovers. 
Pasiphas, some time after, brotight twins into 
the world, one of whom greatly resembled Mi- 
nos, and the other Taurus, In the natural re- 
semblance of their countenance with that of 
their supposed fathers originated their name^ 
9.ai consequently the fable of the Minotaur. 
Odd. Met. S. lab, 2.—Hygin. fab. 40.— Plut. in 
Thes.—Palaphal.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 26. 

TvIiNTHE, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by 
Pluto. Proserpine discovered her husband's 
amoui, and changed his mistress into an herb, 
called by the same name, mint. Ovid. Met. 
10, V, 729, 

MiNTURi^.E, a town of Campania, between 
Sinuessa and Formiae. It Vvas in the marshes, 
in its neighbourhood, that Marius concealed 
himself in the mud, to avoid the partisans of 
Sylla. The people condemned him to death, 
but when his voice alone had terrified the ex- 
ecutioner, they showed themselves compas- 
sionate, and favoured his escape, Marica was 
worshipped there, hence maricoe regna applied 
to the place. Strab. 2. — Mda, 2, c. 4. — Liv. 
S, c. 10, 1. 10, c. 21, 1. 27, c. ZQ.-^Paterc. 2, c. 
14. — Lucan. 2, v. 424. 

MiNLTiA, a vestal virgin, accused of de- 
bauchery on account of the beauty and ele- 
gance of her dress. She was condemned to 
be buried alive because a female supported the 
false accusation, A. U. C. 418. Liv. 8, c. 15. 

A public way from Rome to Brundusium. 

[Vid. Via.] 

MiNCTius, Augurinus, a Roman consul 

slain in a battle against the Samnites. A 

tribune of the people who put Mailius to death 
when he aspired to the sovereignty of Rome. 
He was honoured with a brazen statue for caus- 
ing the corn to be sold at a reduced price to 

the people. Liv. 4, c. 16. — Plin. 18, c. 3. 

Rufus, a master of horse to the dictator Fa- 
bius Maximus. His disobedience to the com- 
mands of the dictator was productive of an ex- 
tension of his prerogative, and the master of 
the horse was declared equal in power to the 
dictator. Minutius, soon after this, fought witli 
ill success against Annibal, and was saved by 
the interference of Fabius : which circum- 
stance had such an effect upon him that he laid 
down his power at the feet of his deliverer, 
und swore that he would never act again but 
by his directions. He was killed at the battle 
of Cannae. Liv. — C. JVtp.in .Inn. A Ro- 
man consul who defended Conolauus from 



MI 

the insults of the people, he. Another, de- 
feated by the .iS^qui, and disgraced by the dic- 
tator Cincinnatus. An officer under Ceesar, 

in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the 
conspirators against his patron. Cos. B. G. 6, 

c. 29. A tribune who warmly opposed the 

views of C. Gracchus. A Roman chosea 

dictator, and obliged to lay down his office, 
because, during the time of his election, the 

sudden cry of a rat was heard. A Roman, 

one of the first who were chosen quaestors. 

Felix, an African lawyer, who flourished 

207 A. D. He has Avritten an elegant dialogue 
in defence of the Christian religion, called 
Octavius, from the principal speaker in it. 
This book was long attributed to Arnobius, 
and even printed as an 8th book (Ociavus) till 
Balduinus discovered the imposition in his 
edition of Felix, 1560. The two last editions 
are that of Davies, 8vo. Cantab, 1712 ; and of 
Grouovius, 8vo. L. Bat, 1709. 

MiNV^, a name given to the inhabitants of 
Orchomenos, in Boeotia, from Minyas, king of 
the country. Orchomenos, the son of Miny- 
as, gave his name to the capital of the coun- 
try, and the inhabitants still retained their ori- 
ginal appellation in contradistinction to the 
Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Or- 
chomenians passed into Thessaly, and settled 
in lolchos ; from which circumstance the peo- 
ple of the place, and particularly the Argo- 
nauts, were called Minyas. This name they 
received, according to the opinion of some, 
not because a number of Orchomenians had 
settled among them, but because the chief and 
noblest of them were descended from the 
daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orchome- 
nians accompanied the sons of Codrus when 
they migrated to Ionia. The descendants of 
the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts them- 
selves, received the xiame of Minyee. They 
first inhabited Lemnos, where they had been 
born from the Lemnian women w ho had mur- 
dered their husbands. They were driven 
from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about 1160 years 
before the Christian era, and came to settle in 
Laconia, from whence they passed into Cal- 
liste with a colony of Lacedaemonians. Hygin. 
fab. 14. — Pans. 9, c. 6. — .Mpollan. 1, arg. — 
Herodot. 4, c. 145. 

Mjnvas, a king of Boeotia, son of Neptune 
and Tritegonia, the daughter of jEoIus. Some 
make him the son of INeptune and Callirrhoe, 
orofChryses, iNeptune's son, and Chrj-soge- 
nia, the daughter of Halmus. He married 
Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Pericly- 
menus, and Eteoclymenus. He was father of 
Orchomenos, Diochithondes, and Athamas, by 
a second marriage with Phanasora, the daugh- 
ter of Paon. According to Plutarch and Ovid, 
he had three daughters, called Leuconoe, Al- 
cithoe, and Leucippe. They were changed 
into bats. [Vid. Mineides.] Pans. 9, c. 36. 
—Plut. (lucest. Grac. 38.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 1 
and 468. 

MiNYcus, a river of Thessaly falling into 
the sea near Arene, called afterwards Orcho- 
menos. Homtr. II. 11. — Strab. 8. 

Mjnveides. [Fid. Mineides.] 

?,IiNYiA, a festival observed at Orchome- 
nos in honour of Minyas, the king of the 
place. The Orchomenians were called Mi- 
nytC; and the river upon whose banks thei*' 



MI 

town was built, Mynos. A small island near 

Patmos. 

MiNYTUS, one of Niobe's sons. Apollod. 

Ml RACES, an eunuch of Parthia, he. Flacc. 
6, V. 690. 

MisENUM or MisENus. [VidiMlsenns.'] 

MisENus, a son of ^olus, who was piper 
to Hector. After Hector's death he followed 
jEneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast 
of Campania, Isecause he had challenged one 
of the Tritons. iEneas afterwards found his 
body on the sea-shore, and buried it on a pro- 
montory which bears his name, now Miseno. 
There was also a town of the same name on 
the promontory, at the west of the bay of Na- 
ples, and it had also a capacious harbour, 
where Augustus and some of the Roman em- 
perors generally kept stationed one of their 
fleets, rirg. JEn. 3, v. 239, 1. 6, v. 164 and 
234. — Strah. 6.— Mela, 2, c. 4. — Liv. 24, c. 13. 
—Tacit. H. 2, c. 9, M. 15, c 51. 

MisiTHEus, a Roman, celebrated for his 
virtues and his misfortunes. He was father- 
in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose coun- 
sels and actions he guided by his prudence and 
moderation. He was sacrificed to the ambi- 
tion of Philip, a wicked senator, who succeed- 
ed him as praefect of the praetorian guards. 
He died A. D. 243, and left all his possessions 
to be appropriated for the good of the public. 

MiTBRAS, a god of Persia, supposed to be 
the sun, or according to others, Venus Urania. 
His worship was introduced at Rome, and the 
Romans raised him altars, on which was this 
inscription, Deo Soli MitlircR, or Soli Deo in- 
victo Milhrce. He is generally represenU.d as 
a young man, whose head is covered \v:'h a 
turban, after the manner of the Persian?. He 
supports his knee upon a bull that lies en the 
ground, and one of whose horns he holds in 
one hand, while with the other he plunges a 
dagger into his neck. Stat. Theh. 1, v. 720. — 
Curt. 4, c. 13. — Claudian.de Laud. Slil. 1. 

MiTHRACENSES, a Pcrsiau who fled to Al- 
exander after the murder of Darius by Bessus. 
Curl. 5. 

MiTHRADATEs, a herdsman of Astyages, 
ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He re- 
fused, and educated him at home as his own 
son, &.C. Herodot. Judin. 

MiTHRENES, a Persian who betrayed Sar- 
des, &:c. Curt. 3. 

MiTHRiDATEs Ist, was the third king of 
Pontus. He was tributaiy to the crown of 
Persia, and his attempts to make himself in- 
dependent proved fruitless. He was con- 
quered in a battle, and obtained peace with 
difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a 
governor of Cappadocia. He was succeeded 
by Ariobarzanes, B. C. 363. Diod.—Xenoph. 
The second of that name, king of Pon- 
tus, was grandson to Mithridates I. He made 
himself master of Pontus, which had been con- 
quered by Alexander, and been ceded to Anti- 
gonus at the general division of the Macedo- 
nian empire among the conquerors generals. 
Tie reigned about 26 years, and died at the ad- 
vanced age of 84 years, B. C. 302. He was 
succeeded by his son Mithridates III. Some 
say that Antigonus put him to death, because 
he favoured the cause of Cassander. Jippian. 
j^fith. — Diod. Tiie HI was son of the pre- 
ceding monarch. He enlarged his paternal 



MI 

possessldns by the conquest of Cappadocia and 
Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 36 years, 
Diod. The IV. succeeded his father Ario- 
barzanes, who was the son of Mithridates III. 

The V. succeeded his father Mithridates 

IV. and strengthened himself on his throne by 
an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose 
daughter Laodice he married. He was suc- 
ceeded by his son Pharnaces. The VI, suc- 
ceeded his father Pharnaces. He was the first 
of the kings of Pontus who made alliance with 
the Romans. He furnisned them with a fleet 
in tiie third Punic war, and assisted them 
against Aristonicus,who had laid claim to the 
kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity was re- 
warded ; he was called Evergetes, and recei- 
ved from the Roman people the province of 
Phrygia Major, and was called the friend and 
ally of Rome. He was murdered B. C. 123. 

Appian. Miihr. — Justin. 37, he. The VII. 

surnamed Eupator, and The Great, succeeded 
his father Mithridates VI. though only at the 
age of 11 years. The beginning of his reign 
wasmai'kedby ambition, cruelty, and artifice. 
He murdered his own mother, who had been 
left by his father coheiress of the kingdom, and 
he fortified his constitution by drinking anti- 
dotes against the poison with which his ene- 
mies at court attempted to destroy him. He 
early inured his body to hardship, and employ- 
ed himself in many manly exercises, often re- 
maining whole months in the country, and ma- 
king the frozen snow and the earth the place 
of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel, 
he spared no pains to acquire himself power 
and dominion. He murdered the two sons 
whom his sister Laodice had hadby Ariarathes, 
king of Cappadocia, and placed one of his own 
children, only eight years old, on the vacant 
throne. These violent proceedings alarmed 
Nicomedes, kingof Bithynia, who had married 
Laodice, the widow of Ariarathes. He sub- 
orned a youth to be king of Cappadocia, as the 
third son of Ariarathes, and Laodice was sent 
to Rome to impose upon the senate, and assure 
them that her third son was now alive, and that 
his pretensions to the kingdom of Cappadocia 
were just and well grounded. Mithridates used 
the same arms of dissimulation. He also sent 
to Rome Gordius, the governor of his son, who 
solemnly declared before the Roman people, 
that the youth who sat on the throne of Cappa- 
docia was the third son and lawful heir of Ari- 
arathes, and that he was supported as such by 
Mithridates. This intricate affair displeased the 
Roman senate, and, finally to settle the dispute 
between the two monarchs, the powerful ar- 
biters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia 
from Mithridates, and Paj)hlagonia from Ni- 
comedes. These two kingdoms being thus 
separated from their original possessors, were 
presented with their freedom and indepen- 
dence ; but the Cappadocians refused it, and 
received Ariobarzanes for king. Such were 
the first seeds of enmity between Rome and the 
king of Pontus. [Vid. Mithridaticum helium.] 
Mithridates never lost an opportunity by which 
he might lessen the influence of his adversa- 
ries ; and the more effectually to destroy their 
power in Asia, he ordered all the Romans that 
were in his dominions to be massacred. This 
was done in one night, and no less than 150,000, 
according to Plutarch, or 80,00a Romans, as 



MI 

Appian mentions, were made, at one blow, 
the victims of his cruelty. This universal mas- 
sacre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and 
soon after Sylla, marched against Mithridates 
with a lai-ge army. The former was made 
prisoner, but Sylla obtained a victory over the 
king's generals, and another decisive engage- 
ment rendered him master of all Greece, Ma- 
cedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had 
submitted to the victorious arms of the mon- 
arch of Pontus. This ill-fortune was aggrava- 
ted by the loss of about 2(X).000 men, who were 
killed in the several engagements that had 
been fought ; and Mithridates, weakened by 
repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for 
peace from the conqueror, which he obtained 
on condition of defraying the expenses which 
the Romans had incurred by the war, and of 
remaining satisfied with the possessions which 
he had received from his ancestors. While 
these negociations of peace were carried on, 
Mithridates was not unmindful of his real in- 
terest. His poverty, and not his inclinations, 
obliged him to wish for peace. He immedi- 
ately took the field with an army of 140,000 
infantry, and 16,000 horse, which consisted of 
his own forces and those of his son-in-law 
Tigranes, king of Armenia. Vvith such a nu- 
merous army, he soon made himself master 
of-the Roman provinces in Asia ; none dared 
to oppose his conquests, and the Romans, re- 
lying on his fidelity; had withdrawn the great- 
est part of their armies from the country. 
The news of his warlike preparations was no 
sooner heard, than LucuUus, the consul, 
marched into Asia, and without delay, he 
blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was 
then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic mon- 
arch escaped from him, and fled into the 
heart of his kingdom. LucuUus pursued him 
with the utmost celerity, and would have 
taken him prisoner after a battle, had not the 
avidity of his soldiers preferred tlie plundering 
of a mule loaded with gold, to the taking of a 
monarch who had exercised such cruelties 
against their countrymen, and shown himself 
so faithless to the most solemn engagements. 
After this escape, Mithridates was more care- 
ful about the safety of his person, and he even 
ordered his wives and sisters to destroy them- 
selves, fearful of their falling into the enemy's 
bands. The appointment of Glabrio to the 
command of the Roman forces, instead of 
LucuUus, was favourable to Mithridates, and 
he recovered the greatest part of his dominions. 
The sudden arrival of Pompey, hov.ever, 
soon put an end to his victories. A battie, in 
the night, was fought near the Euphrates, in 
which the troops of Pontus laboured under 
every disadvantage. The engagement was by 
mooii-light, and as the moon then shone in 
the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows 
of the arms of the Romans having induced 
Mithridates to believe that the two armies 
Were close together, the arrows of his soldiers 
were darted from a great distance, and their 
ettbrts rendered inelloctual. An universal 
overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold in 
his misfortunes, rushed through the thick 
ranks of the enemy, at the iiead of 800 horse- 
men, 500 of wiiich perished in the attempt to 
foUow him. He fled to Tigranes, but that 
monarch refused an asylum to his father-in- 



MI 

law, whom he had before supported with all 
the coUected forces of his kingdom. Mithri- 
dates found a safe retreat among the Scythians, 
and, though destitute of power, friends, and 
rosources, yet he meditated the destruction of 
the Roman empire, by penetrating into the 
heart of Italy by land. These wild projects 
were rejected by his followers, and he sued 
for peace. It was denied to his ambassadors, 
and the victorious Pompey declared, that, to 
obtain it, Mithridates must ask it in person. 
He scorned to trust himself in the hands of 
his enemy, and resolved to conquer or to die. 
His subjects i-efused to follow him any longer, 
and they revolted from him, and made his son 
Pharnaces king. The son showed himself mi- 
grateful to his father, and even, according to 
some writers, he ordered him to be put to 
death. This unnatural treatment broke the 
heart of Mithridates ; he obliged his wife to 
poison herself, and attempted to do the same 
himself. It was in vain ; the frequent anti- 
dotes he had taken in the early part of his life, 
strengthened his constitution against the poi- 
son, and, when this was unavailing, he at- 
tempted to stab himself. The blow was not 
mortal ; and a Gaul, who was then present, at 
his own request, gave him the fatal stroke, 
about 63 years before the christian era, in the 
72d year of his age. Such were the misfor- 
tunes, abilities, and miserable end of a man, 
who supported himself so long against the 
power of Rome, and who, according to the 
declaration of the Roman authors, proved a 
more powerful and indefatigable adversary to 
the capital of Italy, than the great Annibd, 
and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus. Mithri- 
dates has been commended for his eminent 
virtues, and censured for his vices. As a 
commander he deserves the most unbounded 
applause, and it may create admiration to see 
him waging war with such success during so 
many years, against the most pow^erful people 
on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, a Lucul- 
lus, and a Pompey. He was the greatest 
monarch that ever sat on a throne, according 
to the opinion of Cicero ; and, indeed, no 
better proof of his militaiy character can be 
brought, than the mention of the great re- 
joicings which happened in the Roman armies 
and in the capital at the news of his death. 
No less than twelve days were appointed for 
public thanksgivings to the immortal gods, and 
Pompey, who had sent the first intelligence of 
his death to Rome, and who had partly has- 
tened his fall, was rewarded with the most un- 
common honours. [Vid. Ampia lex.] It is 
said, that Mithridates conquered 24 nations, 
whose different languages he knew, and spoke 
with the same ease and fluency as his own. 
As a man of letters he also deserves attention. 
He was acquainted with the Greek language, 
and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on 
botany. His skill in physic is well known, and 
even now there is a celebrated antidote which 
bears his name, and is called MUhridate. 
Superstition, as well as nature, had united to 
render him great; and if we rely upon the 
authority of Justin, his birth was accompani- 
ed by the appearance of two large comets, 
whioh were seen for seventy days successive- 
ly, aud whose splendour eclipsed the mid-day 
sun, and covered the fourth-part of the 



M! 

heavens. Justin. 37, c. 1, &.c. — Strab. — 
Diod. 14.— Flor. 3, c. 5, &ic.—Plut. in Syll. 
Luc. Mar. .^ Pomp. — Vol. Max. 4, c. 6, &c. 
'—Dio. 30, &.C. — jippidn. Mithrid. — Plin. 2, 
c. 97, 1. 7, c. 24, 1. 25, c. 2, 1. 33, c. 3, &;c.— 
Cic. pro Man. &-c. — Paterc. 2, c. 18. — Eu- 

trop. 5. — Joseph. 14. — Oros. 6, &.c, A king 

of Parthia, who took Demetrius prisoner, 
——A man made king of Armenia by Tiberi- 
us. He was afterwards imprisoned by Cali- 
gula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He was 
murdered by one of his own nephews, and his 
family w^ere involved in his ruin. Tacit. Ann. 

Another, king of Armenia. A king 

of Pergamus, who warmly embraced the 
cause of J. Caesar, and was made king of 
Bosphorus by him. Some supposed him to 
be the son of the great Mithridates by a con- 
cubine. He was murdered, &c. A king 

of Iberia. Another of Comagena. A 

celebrated king of Parthia, who enlarged his 
possessions by the conquest of some of the 
neighbouring countries. He examined with a 
careful eye the constitution and political regu- 
lations of the nations he had conquered, and 
framed from them, for the service of his own 
subjects, a code of laws. Justin. — Orosius. 

Another, who murdered his father, and 

made himself master of the crown. A king 

of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, &tc. 

A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He 

was rewarded by the monarch for having 
wounded Cyrus the younger ; but, when he 
boasted he had killed him, he Avas cruelly put 

to death. Plut. in Artax. A son of Ario- 

barzanes, who basely murdered Datames. C. 
JVep. in Dot. 

MiTHRiDATicuM Bellum, begun 89 years 
B. C. was one of the longest and most cele- 
brated wars ever carried on by the Romans 
against a foreign power. The ambition of 
IWithridates, from whom it receives its name, 
may be called the cause and origin of it. 
His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, 
of which he was stripped by the Romans, 
first engaged him to take up arms against the 
republic. Three Roman officers, L. Cassius, 
the proconsul, M. Aquilius, and Q. Oppius, op- 
posed Mithridates with the troops of Bithynia, 
Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Gallo-graecia. 
The army of these provinces, together with 
the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to 
70,000 men, and 6000 horse. The forces of 
the king of Pontus were greatly superior to 
these ; he led 250,000 foot, 40,000 horse, and 
130 armed chariots, into the field of battle, un- 
der the command of Neoptoleraus and Arche- 
laus. His fleet consisted of 400 ships of war, 
well manned and provisioned. In an engage- 
ment the king of Pontus obtained the victory, 
and dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. He 
became master of the greatest part of Asia, 
and the Hellespont submitted to his power. 
Two of the Roman generals were taken, and 
M. Aquilius, who was the principal cause of 
the war, was carried about in Asia, and expos- 
ed to the ridicule and insults of the populace, 
and at last put to death by Mithridates, who 
ordered melted gold to be poured down his 
throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the Ro- 
mans. The conqueror took every possible 
advantage ; he subdued all the islands of the 
.'Egcan .sea, and, though Rhodes refused to 



MI 

submit to his power, yet all Greece was sodrt 
over-run by his general Archelaus, and made? 
tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Mean- 
while the Romans, incensed against Mithri- 
dates on account of his perfidy, and of his 
cruelty in massacring 80,000 of their country- 
men in one day all over Asia, appointed Syl- 
la to march into the east. Sylla landed in 
Greece, where the inhabitants readily ac- 
knowledged his power; but Athens shut her 
gates agamstthe Roman commander, and Ar- 
chelaus, who defended it, defeated, with the 
greatest courage, all the efforts and opera- 
tions of the enemy. This spirited defence 
was of short duration. Archelaus retreated 
into Boeotia, where Sylla soon followed him. 
The two hostile armies drew up in a line of 
battle near Chaeronea, and the Romans ob- 
tained the victory, and, of the almost innu- 
merable forces of the Asiatics, no more than 
10,000 escaped. Another battle in Tliessaly, 
near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the 
king of Pontus. Dorylaus, one of his gene- 
rals, was defeated, and he soon after sued for 
peace. Sylla listened to the terms of ac- 
commodation, as his presence at Rome was 
now become necessary to quell the commotions 
and cabals which his enemies had raised against 
him. He pledged himself to the king of Pon- 
tus to confirm liim in the possession of his do- 
minions, and to procure him the title of friend 
and ally of Rome ; and Mithridates consented 
to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver 
Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to 
Kicomedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 
talents to defray the expenses of the war, 
and to deliver into their hands 70 galiies 
with all their rigging. Though Mithridates 
seemed to have re-established peace in his 
dominions, yet Fimbria, whose sentiments 
were contrary to those of Sylla, and who 
made himself master of an army by intrigue 
and oppression, kept him under continual 
alarms, and rendered the existence of his 
power precarious. Sylla, who had returned 
from Greece to ratify the treaty which had 
been made with Mithridates, rid the world 
of the tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of 
Pontus, awed by the resolution and deter- 
mined firmness of his adversary, agreed to 
the conditions, though with reluctance. The 
hostile preparations of Mithridates, which 
continued in the time of peace, became sus- 
pected by the Romans, and Mura?na, who 
was left as governor of Asia in Sylla's ab- 
sence, and who wished to make himself 
known by some conspicuous action, began 
hostilities by taking Comana, and plundering 
the temple of Bellona. Mithridates did not 
oppose him, but he complained of the breach 
of peace before the Roman senate. Mtirsena 
was publicly reprimanded; but as he did not 
cease from hostilities, it was easily understood 
that he acted ^y the private directions of the 
Roman people. The king upon this marched 
against him, and a battle was fought, in which 
both the adversaries claimed the victory. This 
was the last blow which the king of Pontus 
received in tliis war, which is called the se- 
cond Mithridatic war, and which continued 
for about three years. SyMa, at that time, 
was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he 
commanded Murjena to retire from tlie king- 



Ml 

dona of Mithridates. The death of Sylla 
changed the face of affairs ; the treaty of peace 
between the king of Pontus and the Roomns- 
which had never been committed to writing, 
demanded frequent explanations, and Mithri- 
dates at last threw oft' the mask of friendship, 
and <?eclared war. Nicomedes, at his death, 
left his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithri- 
dates disputed their right to the possessions of 
the deceased monarch, and entered the field 
with 120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships 
in his ports, 16,000 horsemen to follow him, 
and 100 chariots armed with scythes. Lucul- 
lus was appointed over Asia, and intrusted 
with the care of the Mithridatic war. His 
valour and prudence showed his merit ; and 
Mithridates, in his vain attempts totakeCyzi- 
cum, lost no less than 300,000 men. ; Success 
continually attended the Roman arms. The 
king of Pontus was defeated in several bloody 
engagements, and with difficulty saved his life, 
and retired to his son-in-law Tigranes, king of 
Armenia. Lucullus pursued him, and, when 
his application for the person of the fugitive 
monarch had been despised by Tigranes, he 
marched to the capital of Armenia, and terri- 
fied, by his sudden approach, the numerous 
forces of the enemy. A battle ensued. The 
Romans obtained an easy victory, and no less 
than 100,00(» foot of the Armenians perished, 
and only five men of the Romans were killed. 
Tigranocerla, the rich capital of the country, 
fell into the conqueror's hands. After such 
signal victories, Lucullus had the mortification 
to see his own ti*oops mutiny, and to be dis- 
possessed of the command by the arrival of 
Pompey. The new general showed himself 
worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mi- 
thridates, and rendered hisaffaire so desperate, 
that the monarch fled for safety into the coun- 
try of the Scythians, where, for a while, he 
meditated the ruin of the Roman empire, and 
with more wildness than prudence, secretly 
resolved to invade Italy by land, and march 
an army across the northern wilds of Asia 
and Europe to the Apennines. Not CMily the 
kingdom of Mithridates had fallen into the 
enemy's hands, but also all the neighbouring 
kings and princes were subdued, and Pompey 
saw prostrate at his feet Tigranes himself, that 
king of kings, who had lately treated the Ro- 
mans with such contempt. Meantime, the 
wild projects of Mithridates terrified his sub- 
jects ; and they, fearful to accompany him in 
a march of above 2000 miles across a barren 
and uncultivated country, revolted and made 
his son king. The monarch, forsaken in his 
old age, even by his own children, put an end 
to his life, (Vid. Mithridates VII.) and j^ave 
the Romans cause to rejoice, as the third Mith- 
ridatic war was ended in his fall B. C. 63. 
Such were the unsuccessful struggles of Mith- 
ridates against the power of Rome. He was 
always full of resources, and the Romans had 
never a greater or more dangerous war to 
sustain. The duration of the Mithridatic war 
is not precisely known. According to Justin, 
Orosius, Florus, and Eutropius, it lasted for 
forty years ; but the opinion of others, who 
fix its duration to 30 years, is far more credi- 
ble ; and, indeed, by proper calculation, there 
elapsed no more than 26 years from the time 
^hat Mithridates fir-t entered th*^ field against 
5G 



MI 

the Romans, till the time of his d^th. Jip~ 
pian. in Afithrid. — Justin. 37, &;c. — Flor. 2, 
i^c. — Lit'. — Plut. in Luc. he. — Orosius. — Pa- 
terc. — Dion. 

MiTHRioATis, a daughter of Mithridates 
the Great. She was poisoned by her father. 

Mithrobarzanes, a king of Armenia, kc. 
An officer sent by Tigranis against Lu- 
cullus, &c. Piul. The father-in-law of 

Datamas. 

MiTVLENE and MiTVLENa:, the capital city 
of the island of Lesbos, which receives its 
name from Mitylene, the daughter of Meca- 
reus, a king of the country. It Avas greatly 
commended by the ancients for the stateliness 
of its buildings, and fruitfulness of its soil, 
but more particularly for the great men it pro- 
duced. Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, Terpander, 
Theophanes, Hellenicus, k,c. were all natives 
of Mitylene. It was long a seat of learning, 
and, with Rhodes and Athens, it had the hon- 
our of having educated many of the great 
men of Rome and Greece. In the Pelopon- 
nesian war the Mityleneans suffered greatly 
for their revolt from the power of Athens; 
and in the Mithridatic wars, they had the 
boldness to resist the Romans, and disdain the 
treaties which had been made between Mithri- 
dates and Sylla. Cic. de leg. ag. — Strab. 13. 
—Mela, 2, c. l.—Diod. 3 and 12.-— Paterc. 1, 
c. 4.—Horat. 1, od. 7, kc.— Thucyd. 3, &-c.— - 
Plut. in Pomp. he. 

MiTYs, a man whose statue fell upon his 
murderer and crushed him to death, he. Arts- 
tot. 10, dc Poet. A river of Macedonia. 

MizJEi, a people of Elymai&. 

Mnasalces, a Greek poet, who wrote ep- 
igrams. Athen. — Strab. 

Mnasias, an historian of Phcenicia. 

Another of Colophon. A third of Patrae, 

in Achaia, who flourished 141 B. C. 

Mxasicles, a general of Thymbro, &c. 
Diod 58. 

Mnasilus, a youth who assisted Chromis 
to tie the old Silenus, whom they found asleep 
in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of 
Varus under th.e name of Mnasilus. Virg, 
Ed. 6, V. 13. 

MnASippiDAs, a Lacedaemonian who im- 
posed upon the credulity of the people, he 
PolycBu. 

Mnasippus, a Lacedaemonian sent with 
a fleet of 65 sliips and 1500 men to Corcyra, 
where he was killed, he. Diod. 15. 

Mnasitheus, a friend of Aratus. 

MflAsoN, a tyrant ofElatia. who gave 1200 
pieces of gold for twelve pictures of twelve 
gods to Asclepiodorus. Plin. 35, c. 16. 

Mnasyeicm, a place in Rhodes. Strab. 14. 

Mne.von, a surname given to Artaxerxes, 
on account of his retentive memory. C. Aep. 
in Reg. A Rhodian. 

Mnkmosvne, a daughter of Ccelus and 
Terra, mother of the nine Muses, by .lupiter, 
who assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy 
her company. The word Mnemosyne signifies 
memory f and therefore the poets have rightly- 
called memory tlie mothsr of the muses, be- 
cause it is to that mental endowment that 
mankind are indebted for their progress in 
science. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4.— Pindar. Islh. 

Q.— Hcsiod. Theog.—Jipollod. 1, c. 1, &-c. 

A fouutaia of Boeotia, whose waters were gc- 



MCE 

jierally drunk by those who consulted the 
oracle of Trophonius. Paus. 9, c. 39. 

Mnesarchus, a celebrated philosopher of 
Greece, pupil to Panaetius, &c. Cic. de Oral. 
I, c. 11. 

Mnesidamus, an officer who conspired 
against the lieutenant of Demetrius. Poiy- 
an. 5. 

Mnesilaus, a son of Pollux and Phoebe. 
£pollod. 

Mnesimache, a daughter of Dexamenus 
kingof Olenus, courted by Eurytion, whom 
Hercules killed. Apollod. 2. 

Mnesimachus, a comic poet. 

Mnester, a frecdman of Agrippina, who 
murdered himself at the death of his mistress. 
Tacit. M. 14, c. 9. 

Mnestheus, a Trojan, descended from 
Assaracus. He obtained the prize given to 
the best sailing vessel by ^neas, at the fune- 
ral games of Anchises, in Sicily, and became 
the f)rogenitor of the family of the Memmii 

at Rome. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 116, &c. A 

son of Peteus. [Vid. Menestheus.] A 

freedman of Aurelian, &.c. Euirop. 9. — 
.^ur Vict. 

Mnestia, a daughter of Danaus. ^pollod. 

Mnestra, a mistress of Cimon. 

MxEVis, a celebrated bull, sacred to the sun, 
in the town of Heiiopolis. He was wor- 
shipped with the same superstitious ceremo- 
nies as Apis, and, at his death, he received 
the most magnificent funeral. He was the 
emblem of Osiris. Diod. 1. — Plut. dt hid. 

Moaphernes, the uncle of Strabo's mo- 
ther, &c. Strab. 12. 

MoDESTus, a Latin writer, whose book 



MO 



De re Militarih&s been elegantly edited in two 
vols. 8vo, Vesaliaj. 1670. 

Modia, a rich widow at Rome. Juv. 3, 
V.130, 

M(EciA, one of the tribes at Rome. Liv. 
8, c. 17. 

McENus, now Mayne, a river of Germany, 
which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. Tacit, 
de Germ, 28. 

McERAGETEs, factoTum ductoT^ a surname 
of Jujnter. Paus. 5, c. 15. 

Mceris, a king of India, who fled at the ap- 
proach of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 8. A 

steward of the shepherd Menalcas in Virgil's 

Ed. 9. A king of Egypt. He was the last 

of the 300 kings from Menes to Sesostris, and 
reigned 68 years. Herodoi. 2, c. 13. A ce- 
lebrated lake in Egypt, supposed to have been 
dug by the king of the same name. It is about 
220 miles in circumference, and intended as a 
reservoir for the superfluous waters during the 
inundation of the Nile. There were two py- 
ramids in it, 600 feet high, half of which lay 
under the water, and the other appeared above 
the surface. Herodot. 2, c. 4, &c. — Mela, 1, 
c. 6.— P/in. 36, c. 12. 

M(EDi, a people of Thrace, conquered by 
Philip of Macedonia. 

MffioN, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agatho- 
cles, he. 

McERA, a dog. [Vid. Mera.] 

McEsiA, a country of Europe, bounded on 
the south by the mountains of Dalmatia, north 
by mount Ha?mus, extending from the con- 
fluence of the Snvus and the Danube to the 
shores of the Kuxhio. It M'as divided into 



Upper find Lower Mcesia. Lower Mcesia was 
on the borders of the Euxine, and contained 
that tract of country which received the name 
of Pontus from its vicinity to the sea, and 
which is now part of Bulgaria. Upper Mcesia 
lies beyond the other, in the inland country, 
now called Servia. Plin. 3, c. 26. — Virg. G. 1, 
V. 102. 

MoLEiA, a festival in Arcadia, in comme- 
moration of a battle in which Lycurgus ob- 
tained the victory. 

Moi.ioN, a Trojan prince who distinguished 
himself in the defence of his country against 
the Greeks, as the friend and companion of 
Thymbreeus. They were slain by Ulysses and 
Diomedes. f/omer. //. 11, v. 320. 

MoLioNE, the wife of Actor, son of Phor- 
bas. She became mother of Ctealus and Eu- 
rytus, who, from her, are called Molionides, 
Paus. 8, c. 14, — Apollod. 2, c 7. 

MoLo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also 
Apollonius, Some are of opinion that Apol- 
lonius and Molo are two different persons, 
who were both natives of Alabanda, and dis- 
ciples of Menecles, of the same place. They 
both visited Rhodes, and there opened a 
school, but Molo flourished some time after 
Apollonius. Molo had Cicero and J. Caesar 
among his pupils. [Firf. Apollonius.] Cic.de 

Oral. A prince of Syria, who revolted 

against Antiochus, and killed himself when his 
rebellion was attended with ill success. 
MoLOEis, a river of Bceotia, near Plataea. 
MoLORCHUs, an old shepherd near Cleo- 
nee, who received Hercules with great hospi- 
tality. The hero, to repay the kindness he 
received, destroyed the JNemaean lion, which 
laid waste the neighbouring country , and there- 
fore, the JNemaean games, instituted on this 
occasion, are to be understood by the words 
Lucus Molorchi. There were two festivals 
instituted in his honour, called Malorchece. 
Martial. 9, ep. 44, 1, 14, ep. 44. — jlpollod. 
2,c.5.— Firg. G.3,\'.19.^Stat. Theb. 4, v. 
160. 

MoLossr, a people of E{)irus, who inha- 
bited that part of the country which was 
called Molossia or Molossis from king Molos- 
sus. This country had the bay of Ambracia on 
the south, and the country of the Perrbaebeans 
on the east. The dogs of the place were 
famous, and received the name of Molossi 
among the Romans. Dodona was the capital 
of the country according to some writers. 
Others, however, reckon it as the chief city of 
Thesprotia. Lucret. 5, v. 10, 62. — Lucan. 4, 
V. 440. — i:>trab. 7. — Liv. — Justin. 7, c. 6. — C. 
JVcp. 2, c. S.—Virg. G.3, v. 495.~-Horat. 2, 
Sal. 6, V. 114. 
Molossia, or Molossis. Vid. Molossi. 
MoLossus, a son of Pyrrhus and Andro- 
mache. He reigned in Epirus after the death 
of Helenus, and part of his dominions received 
the name of Molossia from him. Paus. 1, c. 

11. A surname of Jupiter in Epiius. 

An Athenian general, kc. Id. in Thes. 
The father of Merion of Crete. [^Vid. Molus.] 
Homer. Od. 6. 

MoLPADiA, one of the Amazons, &c. 
Plut. 

MoLPus, an author 
tory of Lacedaemon. 
MoLUP, a Cretan, 



who wrote an his* 



father of Merione^t- 



MO 

Homtr. Od. 6. A son of Deucalion.—— 

Another, son of Mars and Demonice. 

MoLYCRiON, a town of ^olia between the 
Evenus and Naupactum. Pans. 5, c. 3. 

MoMEMPHis, a town of Egypt. Strab. 17. 

MoMns, the god of pleasantry among the 
ancients, son of Nox, according to Hesiod. 
He was continually employed in satirizing the 
gods, and whatever they did was freely turned 
to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, because in 
the human form which he had made of clay, 
he had not placed a window in his breast, by 
which whatever was done or thought there, ' 
might be easily brought to light. He censured 
the house which Minerva had made, because 
the goddess had not made it moveable, by 
which means a bad neighbourhood might be 
avoided. In the bull which Neptune had pro- 
duced, he observed that his blows might have 
been surer if his eyes had been placed nearer 
the horns. Venus herself was exposed to his 
satire ; and when the sneering god had found 
no fault in the body of the naked goddess, he . 
observed as she retired, that the noise of her 
feet was too loud, and greatly improper in the 
goddess of beauty. These illiberal reflections 
upon the gods were the cause that Momus was 
driven from heaven. He is generally repre- 
sented raising a mask from his face, and hold- 
ing a small figure in his hand. Hesiod. in 
Theog. — Lucian. in Henn. 

MoNA, an island between Britain and Hi- 
bernia, anciently inhabited by a number of 
Druids. It is supposed by some to be the 
modern \sls.ndo( Anglesey, and by others, the 
island oiMan. Tacit. 14. Ann. c. 18 and 29. 

MoNiESES, a king of Parthia, who favoured 
the cause of M. Antony against Augustus. 

Horat. 3, od. 6, c. 9. A Parthian in the age 

of Mithridates, Lc. 

MoNDA, a river between the Durius and 
Tagus, in Portugal. Ptin. 4, c. 22. 

MoNESos, a general killed by Jason at Col- 
chis, &ic. 

MoNETA, a surname of Juno among the 
Romans. She received it because she advised 
them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele, to 
avert an earthquake. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 15. — 
Livy says, (7, c. 28,) that a temple was vowed 
to Juno, under this name, by the dictator 
Furius, when the Romans waged war against 
the Aurunci, and that the temple was raised 
to the goddess by the senate, on the spot 
where the house of Manlius Capitolinus had 
formerly siood.—Saidas, however, says, that 
Juno was surnamed Moneta, from assuring 
the Romans, when in the war against Pyrrhus 
they complained of want of pecuniary ■ re- 
sources, that money could never fail to those 
who cultivated justice. 

MoNiMA, a beautiful woman of Miletus, 
whom Mithridates the Great married. When 
his affairs grew desperate, Mithridates ordered 
his wives to desti-oy themselves ; Moniraa at- 
tempted to strangle herself, but when her ef- 
forts were unavailing, she ordered one of her 
attendants to stab her. Pint, in Luc. 

MoNi.-\rus, a philosopher of Syracuse. 

MoNODUS, a son of Prusias. He had one 
continued bone instead of a row of teeth, 
whence his name (/-ux^' "^Q')- PUn. 7, c. 16 

MoNCEcus, now Monaco, a town and port 
of Liguria, where Hercules had*a temple, 



MO 

whence he is called Monoecius, and the har- 
bour iiercu/wPortiw. Slrab.4. — Virg. .^n. 6, 
v. 830. 

MoNOLEus, a lake of ^Ethiopia. 
MoNOPHAGE, sacrifices in ^dna. 
MoNOPHiLus, an eunuch of Mithridates. 
The king intrusted him with the care of one 
of his daughters ; and the eunuch, when he 
saw the affairs of his master in a desperate sit- 
uation, stabbed her lest she should fall into the 
enemy's hands, &.c. 

MoNs SACER, a mountain near Rome, 
where the Roman populace retired in a tu- 
mult, which was the cause of the election of 
the tribunes. 

MoNS seVerus, a mountain near Rome, &c. 
MoNTANus, a poet who wrote in hexame- 
ter and elegiac verses. Ovid, ex Pont. 4. 

An orator under Vespasian. A favourite 

of Messalina. One of the senators whom 

Domitian consulted about boiling a turbot. 
Juv. 4. 

MoNYCHus, a powerful giant, who could 
root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. He 
receives his name from hisliaving the feet of a 
horse, as the word implies. Juv. 1, v. 11. 
MoNYMA. [Vid. Monima.] 
MoNYMus, a servant of Corinth, who, not 
being permitted by his master to follow Dio- 
genes the cynic, pretended madness, and ob- 
tained his liberty. He became a great admi- 
rer of the philosopher, and also of Crates, and 
even wrote something in the form of face- 
tious stories. Diog. Laert. 

MoPHis, an Indian prince conquered by 
Alexander. 

MopsiuM, a hill and town of Thessaly, be- 
tween Tempe and Larissa. Liv. 42. 

MopsopiA, an ancient name of Athens, from. 
Mopsus one of its kings, and from thence the 
epithet of Mopsopius is often applied to aa 
Athenian. 

Mopsuhestia, or Mopsos, a town of Cili- 
cia near the sea. Cic Fani. 3, c. 8. 

Mopsos, a celebrated prophet, son of 
Manto and Apollo, during the Trojan war. 
He was consulted by Amphimachus, king of 
Colophon, who wished to know what success 
would attend his arms in a war which he was 
going to undertake. He predicted the great- 
est calamities ; but Calchas, who had been a 
soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan 
war, promised the greatest successes. Amphi- 
machus followed the opinion of Calchas, but 
the opinion of Mopsus was fully verified. This 
had such an effect upon Calchas that he died 
soon after. His death is attributed by some 
to another mortification of the same nature. 
The two soothsayers, jealous of each other's 
fame, came to a trial of their skill in divina- 
tion. Calchas first asked his antagonist liow 
many figs a neighbouring tree bore ; ten thou- 
sand except one, replied Mopsus, and one 
single vessel can contain them all. The tigs 
were gathered, and his conjectures were true. 
Mopsus, now to try his adversary, asked him 
how many young ones a certain pregnant sow 
would bring forth. Calchas confessed his ig- 
norance, and Mopsus immediately said, that 
the sow would bring forth on the morrow ten 
young ones, of which only one should be a 
male, all black, and that the females should 
all he known by their white •'treats. THc 



MO 



MU 



morrow proved the veracity of his prediction, j lory of his countiy in his own mother tongue, 

and Calchas died by excess of the grief which | A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed 

his defeat produced. Mopsus after death was [to be the founder of anatomical philosophy, 
ranked among the gods ; and had an oracle at ' Strab. A Greek bucolic poet in the age of 



Malia, celebrated for the true and decisive 
answers which it gave. Strab. 9. — Pans. 7, c. 
3. — Ammian. 14, c. 8. — Plut. de orac. defect. 

A son of Arapyx and Chloris, born at Ti- 

taressa in Thessaly. He was the prophet and 
soothsayer of the Argonauts, and died at his 
return from Colchis by the bite of a serpent in 
Libya. Jason erected him a monument on the 
sea shore, where afterwards tlie Africans built 
him a temple where he gave oracles. He has 
often been confounded with the son of Manto, 
as their professions andtheirnames were alike. 

Hygin. fab. 14, 128, 173.— Strab. 9. A 

shepherd of that name in Virg. Ed. 

MoRGANTiuM (or ia), a town of Sicily, 
near the mouth of the Simethus. Cic. in Vtr. 
3, c. 18. 

MouiNi, a people of Belgic Gauh on the 
shores of the British ocean. The shortest pas- 
sage in Britain was from their Territories. 
They were called extremi hominurn by the Ro- 
mans, because situate on the extremities of 
Gaul. Their city, called Morinorum caslel- 
lum, is now Mount Cassel, in Artois } and Mo- 
rinorum civitas, is Terouenne, on the Lis. 
-Virg. JEn. 8, v. 726.— Cffs. 4, Bdl G. 21. 

MoRiTASGUs, a king of the Senones at the 
arrival of Caesar in Gaul. CcEsar.B. G. 
MoRiiJS, ariver of Bceotia. Plut. 
Morpheus, the son and minister of tlie god 
Somnus, who naturally imitated the grimaces, 
gestures, words, and manners, of mankind. 
He is sometimes called the god of slee[). He 
is generally represented as a sleeping child, of 
great corpulence, and with wings. He holds 
a vase in one hand, and in the other are some 
poppies. He is represented by Ovid as seni 
to inform by a dream and a vision the unhap- 
py Alcyone of the fate of her husband Ceyx 
Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10. 

Mors, one of the infernal deities born of 
JNight, without a father. She was worshipped 
by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedse- 
monians, with great solemnity, and represent- 
ed not as an actually existing power, but as an 
imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in 
on'3 Of his tragedies on the stage. The moderns 
represent her as a skeleton armed with a 
scythe and a scymetar. 

MoRTUUM Mare. [Vid. Mare Mortunm.] 
MoRYs, a Trojan killed by Meriones during 
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 13, &.c. 

MosA, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the 
German ocean, and now called the Maese or 
Meuse. The bridge over it, Mosoepons, is now 
supposed to be MacslridU. Tadt. H. 4, c. 
66. 

MoscHA, now Muscat, a port of Arabia on 
the Red Sea. 

MoscHi, a people of Asia, at the west of 
the Caspian sea. Mela, 1, c. 2, I. 3, c. 5. — 
Lucan. 3, v. 270. 

MoscHioN, a name common to four diffe- 
rent writers, whose compositions, character, 
and native place are unknown. Some frag- 
ments of their writings remain, some few 
verses and a treatise ne mortis mulierum, edi- 
ted by Gesner, 4to. Basil. 1566. 
Moscuus, a Phccnician who wrote the his- 



Ptolemy Philadelphus. The sweetness and 
elegance of his eclogues, which are still ex- 
tant, make the world regret the loss of poeti- 
cal pieces no way inferior to the productions 
of Theocritus. The best edition of Moschus 
with Bion is that of Haskin, 8vo. Oxon. 1743. 
A Greek rhetorician of Pergaraus in the 



age of Horace, defended by Torquatus in an 
accusation of having p«)isoned some of his 
friends. Herat. 1, ep. 5, v. 9. 

MosELLA, a river of Belgic Gaul falling 
into the Rhine, at Coblentz, and now called 
the Moselle. Flor. 3, c. 10. — Tadt. Jin. 13, 
c. 53. 

Moses, a celebrated legislator and general 
among the Jews, well known in sacred history. 
He was born in Egypt, 1571 B. C. and after 
he had performed his miracles before Pha- 
raoh, conducted the Israelites through the 
Red Sea, and given them laws and ordinan- 
ces, during their peregrination of 40 years in 
the wilderness of Arabia ; he died at the age 
of 120. His writings have been quoted and 
commended by several of the heathen au- 
thors, who have divested themselves of their 
prejudices against an Hebrew, and extolled 
his learning and the effects of his wisdom. 
Longinus. — Diod. 1. 

MosYCHLus, a mountainof Lemnos. JVte- 
and. 

MosYWiEci, a nation on the Euxine sea, in 
vvhose territories the 10,0(X) Greeks staid on 
their return from Cunaxa. Xenoph. 

MoTHONE. a town of Magnesia, where Phi- 
lip iost one of his eyes. Jusiin. 7, c. 6. The 
word is often spelt Methone. 

MoTYA, a town of Sicily, besieged and 
taken by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. 

MuciANus, a factious and intriguing genera! 
under Otho and Vitellius, kc. 

Mucius. [Vid. Mutius.] 

MucRi?:, a village of Samnium. Jtal. 9, v.- 
565. 

MuLciBER, a surname of Vulcan, (a mul- 
cendo ferrum,) from his occupation. Ovid. 
Md. 2, v. 5. \_Vid. Vulcanus.] 

MuLucHA, a river of Africa, dividing Numi- 
dia from Mauritania. Plin. 5, c. 2. 

MuLvius Pons, a bridge on the Flaminian 
Avay, about one mile distant from Rome. 
Mart. 3, ep. 14. 

L. MuMMius, a Roman consul, sent against 
the Achaeans, whom he conquered, B. C. 
147. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and 
Calchis, by order of the senate, and ob- 
tained the surname of Jldiaicus from his 
victories. He did not enrich himself with 
the spoils of the enemy, but returned home 
without any increase of fortune. He was so 
unacquainted with the value of the paintings 
and works of the most celebrated artists of 
Greece, which were found in the plunder of 
Corinth, that he said to those who conveyed 
them to Rome, that if they lost them or in- 
jured them, they should make others in their 
stead. Paterc. 1, c. \3.—Sirah. 8.— Plin. 34, 
c. 7, 1. 37, c. Ti.~Flor. 2, c. e.—Paus. 5, c. 

24. P^blius, a man commended by C. 

Publicius for the versatility of his mind, and 



MU 

the propriety of his manners. Cic. de Orat. 

2. A Latin poet. Macrobius. 1. Satur. 10. 

M. a praetor. Cic. in Ver. Spurius, a 

brother of Achaicus before mentioned, dis- 
tinguished as an orator, and for his fondness 
for tlie stoic philosophy. Cic. ad Brut. 25. ad 
Att. 13, ep. 6. V lieutenant of Crassus de- 
feated, &.C. Plut. in Crass. 

MuNATius, Plancus, a consul sent to the 
rebellious army of Germanicus. He was al- 
most killed by the incensed soldiery, who sus- 
pected that it was through him that they had 
not all been pardoned and indemnified by a 
decree of the senate. Caipurnius rescued him 

from their fury. An orator and disciple of 

Cicero. His father, grandfather, aiid great- 
grandfather bore the same name. He was 
with Caesar in Gaul, and was made consul 
vvith Brutus. He promised to favour the re- 
publican cause for some time, but he deserted 
again to Caisar. He was long Antony's fa- 
vourite, but he left him at the battle of Actium 
to conciliate the favoui-s of Octavius. His 
services were great in the senate ; for, through 
his influence and persuasion, that venerable 
body flattered the conqueror of Antony with 
the appellation of Augustus. He was rewarded 

with the office of censor. Piut. in Ant. 

Gratus, a Roman knight who conspired with 

Piso against Nero. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 30. 

Suet, in Aug. 23. A friend of Horace, ep. 3, 

V. 31. 

MuNDA, a small town of Hispania Bsetica, 
celebrated for a battle which was fought there 
on the ITth of March, B. C. 45, between 
Ceesar and the republican forces of Rome, 
under Labienus and the sons of Pompey. 
Caesar obtained the victory after an obstinate 
and bloody battle, and by this blow put an 
end to the Roman republic. Pompey lost 
30,000 men, and Caesar only 1000, and 500 
wounded. Sil. Ital. 3, v. 400.— /fiW. Bell. 
Hisp. 27. — Lucan. 1. 

MuNiTus, a son of Laodice, the daughter of 
Priam by Acamas. He was intrusted to the 
eare of ^thra as soon as born, and at the tak- 
ing of Troy he was made known to his fa- 
ther, who saved his life, and carried him to 
Thrace, where he was killed by the bite of a 
serpent. Parthen. 16. 

MuNj'CHiA, (and m) a port of Attica, be- 
tween the Piraeus and the promontory of Su- 
niura, called after king Munydius, who built 
there a temple to Diana, and in whose honour 
he instituted festivals called Munycliia. The 
temple was held so sacred that whatever crim- 
inals fled there for refuge were pardoned. Du- 
ring the festivals they offered small cakes which 
they called aviphipiionlesi »vi to-j u.u?»^»*»-, from 
shining all around, because there were lighted 
torches hung round when they were carried to 
the temple, or because they we re otfcred at 
the full moon, at which time the solemnity was 
oljserved. it was particularly in honour of 
Diana, who is the same as the moon, because it 
was full moon when Themistocles conquered 
the Persian fleet at Salamis. The port of Mu- 
nycbia was well fortified, and of great conse- 
quence ; therefore the Lacedcemonians, when 
sovereigns of Greece, always kept a regular 
garrison there. Plut. — Olid. Met. 2, v. 709. 
h)lrab.'2. — Pans. l,c. 1. 

MuRJSiTA, a celebrated Roman, left at the 



MU 

1 head of the armies of the republic in Asia by 
I Sylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithrt- 
( dates with success, but soon after met with a 
I defeat. He was honoured with a triumph at 
his return to Rome. He commanded one of 
the wings of Sylla's army at the battle against 
Archelaus near Chaeronea. He was ably de- 
fended in an oration by Cicero, when his char- 
acter was attacked and censored. Cic. pre 

Mur. — Appian. de Mithrid. A man put t© 

death for conspiring against Augustus, B.C. 22. 

MuRciA. [Vid. Murria.] 

MuRCus, an enemy of the triumvirate of 

J. Caesar. Statins, a man who murdered 

Piso in Vesta's temple in Nero's reign. Tacit. 
H.l.c. 43. 

MuRGANTiA, a town of Samnium. Liv. 
25, c. 27. 

MuRRHENDS, a friend of Turnus killed by 
iEneas, he. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 529. 

MuRSA, now Essek, a town of Hungary, 
where the Drave falls into the Danube. 

MuRTiA, or Myrtia, (a /»wfT©3) a supposed 
surname of Venus, because she presided over 
the myrtle. This goddess was the patron of 
idleness and cowardice. Varro de L. L. 4, 
C.32. 

Mus, a Roman consul. [Vld. Decius.] 

MusA Antokius, a freedman and physician 
of Augustus. He cured his imperial master 
of a dangerous disease under which he labour- 
ed, by recommending to him the use of the 
cold bath. He was greatly rewarded for this 
celebrated cure. He was honoured with a 
brazen statue by the Roman senate, which 
was placed near that of iEsculapius, and Au- 
gustus permitted him to wear a golden ring, 
and to be exempted from all taxes. He was 
not so successtui in recommending the use of 
the cold bath to Marcellusas he had been to 
Augustus, and his illustrious patient died un- 
der his care. The cold bath was for a Jong 
time discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles 
introduced it again, and convinced the world 
of its gi-eat benefits. Musa was brother to Eu- 
phorbus the physician of kin^ Juba. Two 
small treatises, de herbd Bolaruca, and de iu- 
enda Vulttudint, are supposed to be the pro- 
ductions of his pen. A daughter of Nico- 

medes, king of Bithynia. She attempted to 
recover her father's kingdom from the Ro- 
mans, but to no purpose, though Caesar es* 
poused her cause. Palerc. 2. — Suet, in Cces. " 

MusiE, certain goddesses who presided over 
poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal 
arts. They were daughters of Jupiter and 
Mnemosyne, and were nine in number; Clio, 
Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore - 
Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania 
Some suppose that there were in ancient times 
only three muses, Melete, Mneme, and Ace- 
de^ others four, TeLxiope, Acede, Arche, 
Melete. They were, according to others, 
daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which 
circumstance they are all called Pierides. The 
name of Pierides might probably be derived 
from mount Pierus where tliey were born. 
They have been severally called Castalide.-. 
Aganippides, JUbethrides, Aonides, Ikliconi- 
ades, 6lc. from the places where they were 
worshipped, or over which they presided 
Apollo, who was the patron and the conductor 
of the muses, has recdted the nanae of Musa- 



MU 

gtles, or leader of the muses. The same Sur- 
name was also given to Hercules. The palm 
free, the laurel, and all the fountains of Pin- 
dus, Helicon, Parnassus, &.c. were sacred to 
the muses. They were generally represented 
as young, beautiful, and modest virgins. They 
were fond of solitude, and commonly appear- 
ed in diflferent attire according to the arts and 
sciences over which they presided. [Ptd. 
Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, &,c.] 
Sometimes they were represented as dancing 
in a chorus, to intimate the near and indisso- 
luble connexion which exists between the li- 
beral arts and sciences. The muses sometimes 
appear with wings, because by the assistance 
of wings they freed themselves from the vio- 
lence of Pyrenaeus. Their contest with the 
daughters of Pierus is well known. [Vid. 
Pierides.] The worship of the muses was 
universally established, particularly in the 
enlightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and 
Italy. No sacrifices were ever offered to 
them, though no poet ever began a poem 
without a solemn invocation to the goddesses 
who presided over verse. There were fes- 
tivals instituted in their honour in several 
parts of Greece, especially among the Thes- 
pians, every fifth year. The Macedonians 
observed also a festival in honour of Jupiter 
and the muses. It had been instituted by 
king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with 
stage plays, games, and different exhibitions, 
which continued nine days according to the 
number of the muses. Plut. Erot. — Pollux. 
Machin. in Tim.— Pans. 9, c. 29.—ApoUod. 
1, c. 3.—Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 2\.—Hesiod. 
Theog.—Virg. ^n.—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 310.— 
Homer. Hymn. Mus.—Juv. I.—Diod. I.— Mar- 
tial. 4, ep. 14. 

Mus^us, an ancient Greek poet, supposed 
to have been son or disciple of Linus or Or- 
pheus, and to have lived about 1410 years be- 
fore the christian era. Virgil has paid great 
honour to his memory by placing him in the 
Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, 
and taller by the head than his followers. 
None of the poet's compositions are extant. 
The elegant poem of the loves of Leander 
and Hero, was written by a Musaeus who 
jSourished in the fourth century, according to 
the more received opinions. Among the 
good editions of Musaeus two may be selected 
as the best, that of Rover, 8vo. L. Bat. 1727 ; 
and that of Schroder, 8vo. Leovard, 1743. 

Virg. JEn. 6, v. 677. — Diog. A Latin poet 

whose compositions were very obscene. Mar- 
tial. 12, ep. 96. A poet of Thebes who liv- 
ed during the Trojan war. 

MusoNius RuFus, a stoic philosopher of 
Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. Tadt. 
Hist. 3, c. 81. 

MuTA, a goddess who presided over silence 
among the Romans, Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 580. 

MusTELA, a man greatly esteemed by Cice- 
ro. Ad. Attic. 12. A gladiator. Cic. 

MuTHULLus., a river of Kumidla. Sallusl. 
Jug. 48. 

MuTiA, a daughter of Q. Mutius Scsevola 
and sister of Metellus Celer. She was Pom- 
pey's third wife. Her incontinent behaviour 
so disgusted her husband, that at his return 
from the Mithridatic war, he divorced her, 
ihoiigh she had born^ him three children. She 



MU 

afterwards married M. Scaurus. Augustus 

greatly esteemed her. Plut. in Pomp. A 

wife of Julius Caesar, beloved by Clodius the 

tribune. Suet, in Cou. 50. The mother of 

Augustus. 

MuTiA Lex, the same as that which was 
enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Q. Mutius, 
A. U. C. 657. [Tirf. LiciniaLex.] 

MuTicA, or MuTYCE, a town of Sicily, 
west of the capePachynus. Cic. in Ver. 3, c. 43. 

MuTiLiA, a woman intimate with Livia 
Augusta. T{icit. Ann. 4, c. 12. 

MuTiNA, a Roman colony of Cisalpine 
Gaul, where M. Antony besieged D. Brutus, 
whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius delivered. 
Two battles on the loth of April B C. 43, were 
fought, in which Antony was defeated, and at 
last obliged to retire. Mutina is now called 
Modena. Lucan. 1, v. 42, 1. 7, v. 872.— Si/. 8, 
V. 592.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 822.— Cic. Fam. 10, 
ep. 14. Brut. ep. 5. 

MuxiNES, one of Annibal's generals, who 
was honoured with the freedom of Rome on 
delivering up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, c. 41, 1. 
27, c. 5. 

MuTiNUS. [Vid. Mutunus.] 

Mutius, the faiher-in-law of C. Mai'ius. 
A Roman who saved the life of voun"; Ma- 



rius, by conveying hini away from the pursuits 

of his enemies in a loud of straw. A friend 

of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose means he was 

raised to the office of tribune. C. Scaevola, 

surnamed Cordus, became famous for his cou- 
rage and intrepidity. When Porsenna, king 
of Etruria, had besieged Rome to reinstate 
Tarquin in all his rights and privileges, Mutius 
determined to deliver his country from so 
dangerous an enemy. He disguised himself 
in the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could 
fluently speak the language, he gained an easy 
introduction into the camp, and soon into the 
royal tent. Porsenna sat alone with his sec- 
retary when Mutius entered. The Roman 
rushed upon the secretary and stabbed him 
to the heart, mistaking him for his royal mas- 
ter. This occasioned a noise, and Mutius, 
unable to escape, was seized and brought be- 
fore the king. He gave no answer to the in- 
quiries of the courtiers, and only told them that 
he was a Roman, and to give them a proof of 
his fortitude, he laid his right hand on an altar 
of burning coals, and sternly looking at the 
king and without uttering a groan, he boldly 
told him, that 300 young Romans like himself 
had conspired against his life, and entered his 
camp in disguise, determined either to destroy 
him or perish in the attempt. This extraordi- 
nary confession astonished Porsenna ; he 
made peace with the Romans and retired from 
their city. Mutius obtained the surname of 
•Sccevula, because he had lost the use of his 
right hand by burning it in the presence of 
the Etrurian king. Plut. in Par. — Flor. 1, c. 

10. — Liv. 2, c. 12. Q. Scajvola, a Roman 

consul. He obtained a victory over the Dal- 
matians, and signalized himself greatly in the 
Marsian war. He is highly commended by 
Cicero, whom he instructed in the study of 

civil law. Cic. — Plut. Another appointed 

proconsul of Asia, which he governed with so 
much popularity, that he was generally pro- 
posed to others as a pattern of equity and mod- 
eration. Cicero speaks of Irlm as eloquent. 



MY 

learned, and ingenious, equally eminent as an 
orator and as a lawyer. He was murdered in 
the temple of Vesta, during the civil war of 
Mariusand Sylla, 82 years before Christ. Plut. 
—Cic. de Orat. I, c. 48.— Paterc. 2, c. 22. 

MutOnus, or MuTiNus, a deity among the 
Romans, much the same as the Priapus of the 
Greeks. The Roman matrons, and particu- 
larly new married women, disgraced them- 
selves by the obscene ceremonies which cus- 
tom obliged them to observe before the statue 
of this impure deity. August, de Civ. D. 4, c. 
9, 1. 6, c. 9.—Lactant. 1, c. 20. 

MuTUsca:, a town of Umbria. Virg. ,Mn 

7;V. 711. 

MuzERis, a town of India, now Vizindruk. 
Plin. 6, c. 23. 

Myagrus or Myodes, a divinity among the 
Egyptians, called also Achor. He was en- 
treated by the inhabitants to protect them from 
flies and serpents. His worship passed into 
Greece and Italy. Plin. 10, c. 28. — Paus. 8, 
0.26. 

Mycale, a celebrated magician, who boast- 
ed that he could draw down the moon from 

her orb. Ov'ul. Met 12, v. 263. A city 

and promontory of Asia Minor opposite Sa- 
mos, celebrated for a battle which was fought 
there between the Greeks and Persians on 
the 22d of September, 479 B. C. the same 
day that Mardonius was defeated at Plataea. 
The Persians were about 100,000 men, that 
had just returned from the unsuccessful ex- 
pedition of Xerxes in Greece. They had 
drawn their ships to the shore and fortified 
themselves, as if determined to support a 
siege. They suffered the Greeks to disem- 
bark from their fleet without the least molesta- 
tion, and were soon obliged to give way before 
the cool and resolute intrepidity of an inferior 
number of men. The Greeks obtained a com- 
plete victory, slaughtered some thousands of 
the enemy, burned their camp, and sailed 
back to Samos with an immense booty, in 
which were seventy chests of money among 
other very valuable things. Herodot. — Justin. 

2, c. 14. — Diod. A woman's name. Juv. 4, 

V. 141. 

Mycalessus, an inland town of Bceotia, 
where Ceres had a temple. Paus. 9, c. 19. 

MYCENiE, a town of Argolis, in Pelopon- 
nesus, built by Perseus, son of Danae. It was 
situate on a small river at the east of the Ina- 
chus, about 50 stadia from Argos, and receiv- 
ed its name from Mycene, a nymph of Laco- 
nia. It was once the capital of a kingdom, 
whose monarchs reigned in the following or- 
der : Acrisius 1344 B. C. Perseus, Electryon, 
Maestor, and Sthenelus ; and Sthenelus alone 
for eight years; Atreus and Thyestes, Aga- 
memnon, /Kgysthus, Orestes, ^pytus, who 
was dispossessed 1104 B. C. on the return 
of the Heraclidae. The town of Mycenaj was 
taken and laid in ruins by the Argives B. C. 
668; and it was almost unknown where it 
stood in the age of the geographer Strabo. 
Paus. 2, c. IQ.—Strab. e.—Virg.JEn. 6, v. 839. 
— Mela, 2, c. 3. The word Mycemzus is used 
for Agamemnon as he was one of the kings 
of Mycena?. 

Mycenis. (Idis,) a name applied to Iphi- 
genia as residing at Mycenae. Ovid. Met. 12, 
v,3I. 



MY 

MyeERiNUS, a son of Cheops, king of Egy^st. 
After the death of his father he reigned with 
great justice and moderation. Herodot. 2, c. 
129. 

Myciberna, a town of the Hellespont. 
Diod. 12. 

Mycithos, a servant of Anaxilaus, tyrant 
of Rhegium. He was intrusted with the care 
of the kingdom, and of the children of the 
deceased prince, and he exercised his pow- 
er with such fidelity and moderation, that 
he acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and 
at last restored the kingdom to his master's 
children when come to years of maturity, and 
retired to peace and solitude with a small por- 
tion. He is called by some Micalus. Justin. 
4, c. 2. 

Mycon, a celebrated painter, who witU 
others assisted in making and perfecting the 
Poecile of Athens. He was the rival of Polyg- 

notus. Plin. 33 and 36. A youth of Athens 

changed into a poppy by Ceres. 

Myconos, (or E,) one of the Cyclades 
between Delos and Icaria, which received its 
name from Myconus, an unknown person. 
It is about three miles at the east of Delos, 
and is thirty-six miles in circumference. It 
remained long uninhabited on account of the 
frequent earthquakes to which it was subject. 
Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules 
killed were buried under that island, whence 
arose the proverb of every thing is under My- 
cone, applied to those who treat of difterent 
subjects under one and the same title, as if 
none of the defeated giants had been buried 
under no other island or mountain about My- 
cone. Strabo observes, and his testimony is 
supported by that of modern travellers, that 
the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very 
early, even at the age of 20 or 25, from which 
circumstance they were called by way of 
contempt, the bald heads of Mycone. Pliny 
says that the children of the place were al- 
ways born without hair. The island was poor, 
and the inhabitants very avaricious ; whence 
Archilochus reproached a certain Pericles, 
that he came to a feast like a Myconian, that 
is, without previous invitation. Virg. M.n. 3, 
V. IQ.—Slrab. 10.— Plin. 11, c. 37, 1. 12, c.7, 
1. 14, c. \.—Alhen. l.—Thucyd. 3, c. 29.— 
Mela, 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463. 

Mydon, one of the Trojan chiefs who de- 
fended Troy against the Greeks. He was kill- 
ed by Antilochus. Homer. II. 5, v. 580. 

Myecphoris, a town of Egypt, in a small 
island near Babastis. 

Myenus, a mountain of j^tolia. Plut. dt 
Flum. 

Mygdon, a brother of Amycus, killed in a 
war against Hercules. A brother of Hecu- 
ba. [ Vid. Mygdon us.] 

Mygdonia, a small province of Macedo- 
nia near Thrace, between the rivers Axius 
and Strymon. The inhabitants, called Myg- 
dones, migrated into Asia, and settled near 
Troas, where the country received the name 
of their ancient habitation. Cybele was called 
Mygdonia, from the worship she received 
in Mygdonia in Phrygia. Horat. 2, od. 12, 
V. 22, 1. 3, od. 16, v. 4\.—0vid. Met. 6, v. 45. 

A small province of Mesopotamia bears 

also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably 
peopled by a Macedonian colony. FlacQ. 3, 



MY 

Sao.— Piirt. 4, c. 10.— Ot'id. flerotrf. CO.— Jfo- 
rat. 2, od. 12. 

Mygdokus, or Mygdos", a brother of He- 
cuba, Priana's wife, who reigned in part of 
Thrace. His son Corcebus was called Myg- 
donides from hira, Virg. JEn. 2, v. 341. — 

Homer. 11. 3. A small river running through 

Mesopotamia 

Mylassa (orum), a town of Caria. Liv. 
38, c. 39. 

Myle or Mylas, a small river on the 
east of Sicily, with a town of the same name. 

Liv. 24, c. 30 and 31.— Site^ ^ug. 16. Also 

a town of Thessaly, now Mulazso. Liv. 42, 
c. 54. 

Myles, a son of Lelex. 

Mylitta, a surname of Venus among the 
Assyrians, in whose temples all the women 
were obliged to prostitute themselves to stran- 
gers. Herodot. 1, c. 131 and 199.— Slrab. 16. 

Myndus, a maritime town of Caria near 
Halicamassus. Cic. Fam. 3, ep. 8. — Mela, 1, 
c. 16.— P/in. 5, c. 29. 

Mynes, a prince of Lyrnessus, who mar- 
ried Briseis. He was killed by Achilles, and 
his wife became tlie property of the conqueror. 
Homer. II. 3. 

Myni.e. [rid. Minyae.] 

Myonia, a town of Phocis. Pans. 

Myonnesus, a town and promontory of 
Ionia, now Jalanghi-Liman. Liv. 37, c. 13 and 

27. 

Myra (orum or cb), a town of Lycia on a 
high hill, two miles from the sea. Pli7i. 5, c. 
21. Slrab. 14. 

Myriandros, a town of Seleucia in Syria, 
on the bay of Issus, which is sometimes called 
Sinus Myriandricus. Liv. 2, c. 108. 

Myrina, a maritime town of iEolia, called 
also Sebastopoli^, and now Sanderlic. Tacit. 

Mn. 2, c. 47.— Liv. 33, c. 30.— Slrab. 13. 

A queen of the Amazons, &c. Dion. 4. 

Atownof Lemnos, now Pa^jo Castro. Plin. 

4^ c. 12. A town of Asia destroyed by an 

earthquake in Trajan's reign. The wife of 

Thoas king of Lemnos, by whom she had Hip- 
sipyle. 

Myrinus, a surname of Apollo, from My- 
rina in iEolia, where he was worshipped. 

A gladiator. Mart. 12, c. 29. 

Marie, a town of Arcadia, called also Me- 
2;alopolis. 

Myrl-«:jE or Apamea, a town of Bithynia. 
Plin. 5, c. 32. 

Myrmecides, an artist of Miletus men- 
tioned as making chariots so small that they 
could be covered by the wing of a fly. He 
also inscribed an elegiac distich on a grain of 
Indian sesamum. Cic. 4. ^cad. — JEllan. V. 

H. 1. 

Myrmidoxes, a people on tije sotithern 
borders ofThessaly, who accompanied Achilles 
to the Trojan war. They received their name 
from Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Eury- 
roedusa, who married one of the daughters of 
iEolus, son of Helen. His son Actor married 
JEgina, the daughter of the Asopus. He gave 
his name to his subjects who dwelt near the 
river Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, 
the Myrmidons received their name from 
their having been originally ants, fjeyf/'i. [ Vid. 
iEacus.] According to Strabo, they received 
it from their industry, because they imitated 



MY 

the diligence of the ants, and like them were 
indefatigable, and were continually employed 
in cultivating the earth. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 654. 
— Strab. — Hygin. fab. 52. 

Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man of 

Priene, who wrote an history of Messenia. 

Paus. 4, c. 6. A celebrated statuary of 

Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. 
He made a cow so much resembling life, that 
even bulls were deceived and approached her 
as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many 
epigrams in the Anthologia. He flourished 
about 442 years before Christ. Ovid. Art. 
Am. 3, V. Z\9.—Paus.—Juv. Q.—Propert. 2, el. 
41. 

Myronianus, an historian. Diog. 

Myronides, an Athenian general, who con- 
quered the Thebans. Polymn. 

Myrrha, a daughter of Cinyras, king of 
Cyprus. She became enamoured of her fa- 
ther, and introduced iierself into his bed un- 
known. She had a son by him, called Adonis. 
When Cinyras was apprized of the incest he 
had committed, he attempted to stab his 
daughter, and Myrrha fled into Arabia, where 
she was changed into a tree called myrrh. 
Hygin. fab. 58 and 276.— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 298. 
— Plut. in Par. — ApoUod. 3. 

Myrsilus, a son of Myrsus, the last of the 
Heraclidae, who reigned in Lydia. He is also 
called Candaules. [Vid. Candaules.J 

Myrsus, the father of Candaules. Herodot. 

1, c. 7. A Greek historian in the age of 

Solon. 

Myrtale, a courtezan of Rome, mistress 
to the poet Horace. 1. od. 33. 

Myrtea, a surname of Venus. [Vid. Mur- 
tia.j 

Myrtilds, a son of Mercury and Phaetusa, 
or Cleobule, or Clymene, was arm-bearer to 
(Enomaus, king of Pisa. He was so expe- 
rienced in riding, and in the management of 
horses, that he rendered those of (Enomaus 
the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity 
proved at last fatal to him. CEnomaus had 
been informed by an oracle, that his daughter 
Hippodaraia's husband should cause his death, 
and on that account he resolved to marry her 
only to him who should overcome him in a 
chariot race. This seemed totally impo.ssible, 
and to render it more terrible, (Enomaus de- 
clared that death would be the consequence of 
a defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hip- 
podamia were so great that many sacrificed 
their life in the fruitless endeavour to obtain 
her hand. Peiops at last presented himself, 
undaunted at the fate of those who had gone 
before him, but before he entered the course 
he bribed Myrtilus, and assured him that he 
should share Hippodamia's favours if he re- 
turned victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who 
was enamoured of Hippodamia, gave an old 
chariot to (Enomaus, which broke in the 
course and caused his death. Peiops gained 
the victory, and married Hippodamia ; and 
when Myrtilus had the audacity to claim the 
reward promised to his perfidy, Peiops threw 
him headlong into the sea, where he perished. 
The body of Myrtilus according to some was 
carried by the waves to the sea shore, where 
he received an honourable burial, and as he 
was the son of Mercury, he was made a con- 
stellation. Diod. 4. — Hygin. fab. 84 and 224. 
— Pans. 8, c. 14. — Apollo^u 1. 



MY 

ikTyRTis, a Greek woman who distinguished 
kerself by her poetical talents. She flour- 
ished about 500 years B. C. and instructed the 
celebrated Corinna in the several rules of ver- 
sification. Pindar himself, as some report, 
was also one of her pupils. 

Myrtoum Mare, a part of the JEgean 
sea which lies between Eubosa, Attica, and 
Peloponnesus, as far as cape Malea. It re- 
ceives this name from Myrto, a woman, or 
from Myrtos, a small island opposite to 
Carystos in Euboea; or from Myrtilus, the 
son of Mercury, who was drovi^ned there, 
&c. Pans. 8, c. 14.~Hygin. fab. 84.—Plin. 4, 
e. 11. 

Myrtuntium, a name given to that 
part of the sea which lies on the coast 
of Epirus between the bay of Ambracia and 
Leu c as. 

Myrtusa, a mountain of Libya, Callim. 
in ^poll. 

Mys, (myos,) an artist famous in working 
and polishing silver. He beautifully repre- 
sented the battle of the centaure and Laplthae 
on a shield in the hand of Minerva's statue 
made by Phidias. Pans. 1, c. 28. — Martial. 

8, ep. 34 and 51, 1. 14, ep. 93.—Propert. 3, el. 

9, V. 14. 

MvscELLUs, or MiscELLUs, a native of 
Rhypae in Achaia, who founded Crotona in 
Italy, according to an oracle, which told him 
to build a city where he found rain with fine 
weather. The meaning of the oracle long 
perplexed him, till he found a beautiful wo- 
man all in tears in Italy, which circumstEmce 
he interpreted in his favour. According to 
some, Myscellus, who was the son of Her- 
cules, went out of Argos, without the per- 
mission of the magistrates, for which he was 
condemned to death. The judges had put each 
a black ball as a sign of condemnation, but 
Hercules changed them all and made them 
white, and had his son acquitted, upon which 
Myscellus left Greece, and came to Italy. 
where he built Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
19. — Strab. 6 and 8. — Suidas. 

Mysia, a country of Asia Minor gene- 
rally divided into major and minor. Mysia 
minor was bounded on the north and west by 
the Propontis and Bithynia, and Phrygia on 
the southern and eastern borders. Mysia ma- 
jor had iEolia on the south, the iEgean on the 
west, and Phrygia on the north and east. Its 



MY 

chief cities were Cizicum, Larapsacus, &c. 
The inhabitants were once very warlike, but 
they greatly degenerated ; and the words My- 
sorum ultimus were emphatically used to sig- 
nify a person of no merit. The ancients gene- 
rally hired them to attend their funerals as 
mourners, because they were naturally melan- 
choly and inclined to shed tears. They were 
once governed by raouarchs. They are sup- 
posed to be descended from the Mysians of Eu- 
rope, a nation which inijabited that part pf 
Thrace which was situate between mount Hae- 
mus and the Danube. Strab. — Herodoi. 1, &c. 
Cic.in Verr. — Flacc. 27. — Flor. 3, c 5. — ^p- 

pian. in Mithrid. A festival in honour of 

Ceres, surnamed Mysia from Mysias, an Ar- 
give, who raised her a temple near Pallene in 
Achaia. Some derive the word ^- reu nxxrtxv, to 
cloy or satisfy, because Ceres was the first 
who satisfied the wants of men by giving them 
corn. The festival continued during sevea 
days, &c. 

Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the se- 
ven wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis 
consulted the oracle of ApoUe, to know whicli 
was the wisest man in Greece, he received 
for answer, he who is now ploughing his 
fields. This was Myson. Diog. in V^il. 

Mystes, a son of the poet Valgius, whose 
early death was so lamented "by the father, 
that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of 
his friend. Horat. 2, od. 9. 

Mythecus, a sophist of Syracuse. He 
studied cookery, and when bethought himself 
sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went 
to Sparta, where he gained much practice, 
especially among the younger citizens. He 
was soon after expelled the city by the magis- 
trates, who observed that the aid of Mythecus 
was unnecessary, as hunger was the best sea- 
soning. 

Mytilene. [P7c?. Mitylene.] 

Myus, (Myimiis,) a town of Ionia on the 
confines of Caria. founded by a Grecian colo- 
ny. It is one of the 12 capital cities of Ionia, 
situate at the distance of about 30 stadia from 
the mouth of the Masander. Artaxerxes 
king of Persia gave it to Themistocles to 
maintain him in meat. Magnesia was to sup^ 
port him in bread, and Lampsacus in wine. 
C. Nep. in Themis. — Strab. 14. — H^rodot. 1, 
c. 142.— DiQd. n. 



NA 

NABAZANES, an officer of Darius third 
at the battle of Issus. He conspired with 
Bessus to murder his royal master, either to 
obtain the favour of Alexander, or to seize 
the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexan- 
der. Curt. 3, kc.—Diod. 17. 

Nabath^a, a country of Arabia, of which 
the capital was called Petra. The word is 
«f"ten applied to any of the eastern countries 
of the world by the poets, and seems to be 
derived from Nabath the son of Ismael. Ovid. 
M9t. I, r. «1, 1. i, V. l^.-Strab 16.— Lu- 
67 



NA 

can. 4, V. 63. — Juv. 11, v. 126. — Seneca, wt 
Her. (Et. 160, kc. 

N.\Bi3, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedeemon^ 
who in all acts of cruelty and oppression 
surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His 
iiouse was filled with flatterers and with spies, 
who were continually employed in watching 
the words and the actions of his subject*. 
When he had exercised every art in plunder- 
ing the citizens of Sparta, he made a slatut, 
which in resemblance was like his wife, and 
was clothed in the most magniMcent appartl, 



NA 

and vrhenever any one refused to deliver up 
iis riches, the tyrant led him to the statue, 
which immediately, by means of secret springs, 
seized him in its arms, and tormented him in 
the most excruciating manner with bearded 
points and prickles, hid under the clothes. 
To render his tyranny more popular, Nabis 
made an alliance with Flaminius, the Roman 
general, and pursued with the most invete- 
rate enmity the war which he had undertaken 
against the Achaeans. He besieged Gythium, 
and defeated Philopcemen in a naval battle. 
His triumph was short, the general of the 
Achaeans soon repaired his losses, and Nabis 
uas defeated in an engagement, and treache- 
rously murdered as he attempted to save his 
life by flight, B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 
14 years. Polyh. 13.— Justin. 30 and 31.— 
Pint, in Phil.— Pans. 7, c. S.—Flor. 2, c. 7. 
——A priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the 
second Punic war, as he fought against the 
Romans. Sil. 15, v. 672. 

Nabonassar, a king of Babylon after the 
division of the Assyrian monarchy. From 
him the JVabonassarean epoch received its name, 
agreeing with the year of the world 3237, or 
746 B.C. 

Nacri campi, a place of Gallia Togatanear 
Mutina. Liv. 41, c. 18. 

Nad A G ARA. [ Vid. Nargara.] 

N^NiA, the goddess of funerals at Rome, 
ivhose temple was without the gates of the 
^ty. The songs which were sung at funerals 
were also called ncBnia. They were generally 
filled with the praises of the deceased, but 
sometimes they were so unmeaning and im- 
proper, that the word became proverbial to 
signify nonsense. Varro de Vita P. R. — Plaal. 
Asin. 41, c. 1, v. 63. 

Cn. N^vius, a Latin poet in the first Pu- 
Bic war. He was originally in the Roman ar- 
mies, but afterwards he applied himself to 
Study, and wrote comedies, besides a poetical 
account of the fii'st Punic war in which he 
had served. His satirical disposition displeas- 
ed the consul Metellus, who drove him from 
Rotnc. He passed the rest of his life in Utica, 
where he died, about 203 years before the 
Christian era. Some fragments of his poetry 
are extant. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 1. de, Senect. — 
Ilorat. 2, ep. 1, c. 63. A tribune of the peo- 
ple at Rome, who accused Scipio Africanus 

©f extortion. An augur in the reign of 

Tarquin. To convince the king and the Ro- 
mans of his power, as an augur, he cut a flint 
with a razor, and turned the ridicule of the 
ipopulace into admiration. Tarquin rewarded 
nis merit by erecting him a statue in the comi- 
tiutTiy which was still in being in the age of 
Augustus. The ra^or and flint were buried 
near it under an attar, and it was usual among 
the Remans to make witnesses in civil causes 
swear near it. This miraculous event of cut- 
ting a flint with a razor, though believed by 
some writers, is treated as fabulous and im- 
probable by Cicero, who himself had been an 
augur. Dionys. Hal. — Liv. 1, c. 36. — Cic. de 
divin. 1, c. n', de A'. D. 2, c. 3, 1. 3, c. 6, 

N.s:voLus, an infamous pimp in Domitian's 
reign. Juv. 9, v. 1. 

Naharvah, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
Germ. 43. 

Kaiades or NAicrs, certain inferior dei- 



NA 

I ties who presided over rivers, springs, welilV 
I and fountains. The Naiades generally inhab* 
j ited the country, and resorted to the woods 
I or meadows near the stream over which they 
presided, whence tlie name (fxmv to Jlow.) 
They are represented as young and beautiful 
virgins, often leaning upon an urn, from 
which flows a stream of water. JEg]e was 
the fairest of the Naiades, according to Vir- 
gil. They were held in great veneration 
among the ancients, and often sacrifices of 
goats and lambs were offered to them with 
libations of wine, honey, and oil. Some- 
times they received only offerings of milk, 
fruit, and flowers. [ Vid. Nymphaj.] Virg. Eel. 
fi.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 328.— Homer. Od. 13. 

Nais, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. JipoUod. 1, 

c. 9. A nymph, mother by Bucolion of 

^gesus and Pedasus. Homer. II. 6. A 

nymph in an island of the Red Sea, who by 
her incantations turned to fishes all those who 
approached her residence after she had admit- 
ted them to her embraces. She was herself 
changed into a fish by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 4, 
V. 49, &.C. — The word is used for water by 
TibuU. 3, 7. 

Naissus or N^ssus, now Mssa, a town of 
Moesia, the birth place of Constantine, as- 
cribed by some to Illyricum or Thrace. 

Namtdates, a people of Gaul near the Alps. 
Cces. B. G. 3, c. 1. 

NAPiE^, certain divinities among the an- 
cients who presided over the hills and woods 
of the country. Some suppose that they were 
tutelary deities of the fountains and the Naia- 
des of the sea. Their name is derived front 
v^i, a grove. Virg. G. 4, v. 565. 

Napata, a town of ^Ethiopia. 

Naphilus, a river of Peloponnesus falling 
into the Alpheus. Paus. 1. 

N AR, now JVera, a river of Umbria, whose 
waters, famous for their sulphureous proper- 
ties, pass through the lake Veliuus, and issuing 
from thence with great rapidity, fall into the 
Tiber. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 330.— Virg. Mn. 7, 
V. 517. — Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 15. — Tadt. Arvnr 
1, c. 79, 1. 3, c. 9. 

Narbo Martius, now Narhonne^ a towa 
of Gaul founded by the consul Marcius, A. U, 
C. 636. It became the capital of a large pro- 
vince of Gaul, which obtained the name of 
Gallia JVarbonensis. Paterc. 1, c. 16, 1. 2, c. 8. 
—Pli7i. 3. 

IS ARBONEK313 Gallia, one of the four great 
divisions of ancient Gaul, was bounded by 
the Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, Aquitania, 
Belgicum, and the Mediterranean, and con- 
tained the modern provinces of Languedoc, 
Provence, Dauphine, and Savoy. 

Narceus, a son of Bacchus and Physcoa. 
Pau3. 6, c. 16. 

Nakcea, a surname of Minerva in Elis, 
from her temple there erected by Narcaeus. 

Narcissus, a beautiful jouth, son of Cephi- 
sus and the nymph Liriope, born at Thespia 
in BcBotia. He saw his image reflected in a 
fountain, and became enamoured of it, think- 
ing it to be the nymph of the place. His fruit- 
less attempts to approach this beautiful object 
so provoked him that he grew desperate and 
killed himself. His blood was changed into a 
flower, which still bear»iu«naae. Tkenyuphs; 



NA 

"ijiised a funeral pile to burn his body, accord- 
ingto Ovid, but theyfound nothing buta beau- 
tiful flower. Pausanias says, that Narcissus 
had a sister as beautiful as himself, of whom 
he became deeply enamoured. He often 
hunted in the woods in her company, but his 
pleasure was soon interrupted by her death, 
and still to keep afresh her memory, he fre- 
quented the groves, where he had often at- 
tended her, or reposed himself on the brim of 
a fountain, where the sigh L of his own reflect- 
ed image still awakened tender sentiments. 
Pans. 9, c. 2\.—Hygin. fab. 271.— Ovid. Met. 

3, V. 346, &LC. — PhilostraL 1. A freed-man 

and secretary of Claudius, who abused his 
trust and the infirmities of his imperial master, 
and plundered the citizens of Rome to enrich 
himself. Messalina, the emperor's wife, en- 
deavoured to remove him, but Narcissus sacri- 
ficed her to his avarice and resentment. Agrip- 
pina, who succeeded in the place of Messali- 
na, was more successful. Narcissus was ban- 
ished by her intrigues, and compelled to kill 
himself, A. D. 54. Nero greatly regretted his 
loss, as he had found him subservient to his 
most criminal and extravagant pleasures. Ta- 
cit. — Sueton. A favourite of the emperor 

Nero, put to death by Galba. A wretch 

who strangled the emperor Commodus. 

Nargara, a town of Africa, where Hanni- 
bal and Scipio came to a parley. Liv. 30, c. 29. 

Narisci, a nation of Germany, in the Up- 
per Palatinate. Tacit, de Germ. 42. 

Narnia or Narna, anciently Kequinum. 
now Kami, a town of Umbria, washed by the 
river Nar, from which it received its name. 
In its neighbourhood are still visible the re- 
mains of an aqueduct and of a bridge erected 
by Augustus, Liv. 10, c. 9. 

Naro, now Narenta, a river of Dalmatia 
falling into the Adriatic, and having the town 
of JVarona, now called JVarensa, on its banks, 
a little above the mouth. 

Narses, a king of Persia, A D. 294, defeat- 
ed by Maximianus Galerius, after a reign of 

.>even years. An eunuch in the court of 

Justinian, who was deemed worthy to succeed 
Belisarius, &ic. A Persian general, &;c. 

Narthecis, a small island near Samos. 

Narycia, or VM, or Narvx, a town of 
JMagna Graecia, built by a colony of Locrians 
after the fall of Troy. The place in Greece 
from which they came bore the same name, 
and was the country of Ajax Oileus. The 
word JVarycianis more universally understood, 
as applying to the Italian colony, near which 
pines and other trees grew in abu«4.ance. 
f^irg. G. 2, V. 438. JEn. 3, v. 399.— Olid. Met. 
15, V. 705. 

Nasamones, a savage people of Libya near 
the Syrtes, who generally lived upon plunder. 
Curt. 4, c. 7. — Lucan. 9, v. 439. — Herodot. 2, 
c. 165.— .S't7. //. 2, V. 116, 1. 11, V. 180. 

NASCioor Natio, a goddess at Rome, who 
presided over the birth of children. She had 
a temple at Ardea. Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 18. 

Nasica, the surname of one of the Sci- 
pios. Nasica was the first who invented the 
measuring of time by water, B. C. 159, about 
134 years after the introduction of sun-dials 
at Rome, Vid. Scipio. An avaricious fel- 
low who married his daughter to Coranus, a 
man as mean as himself, that he might not 



NA 

only not repay the money he had borrawe^, 
but moreover become his creditor's heir. Co- 
ranus, understanding his meaning, purposely 
alienated his property from him and his daugh- 
ter, and exposed him to ridicule. Horai. 2* 
Sai. 5, v. 64, &c. 

Nasidjenus, a Roman knight, w^hose luxu- 
ry, arrogance, and ostentation exhibited at aa 
entertainment he gave to Mecasnas, were ridi- 
culed by Horace, 2, Sat. 8. 

L. Nasidius, a man sent by Porapey to 
assist the people of Massilia. After the battle 
of Pharsalia, he followed the interest of Pom- 
pey's children, and afterwards revolted to An-- 
lony. Appian. 

Naso, one of the murderers of J Caesar. 
One of Ovid's names. Vid. Ovidius. 

Nassus or Nasus, a town of Acarnania, 
near the mouth of the Aehelous. Liv. 26, 
c. 24.— —Also a part of the town of Syra- 
cuse. 

Nasua, a general of the Suevi, when Cae-. 
sar was in Gaul. 

Natahs Ahtonius, a Roman knight w^fao 
conspired against Nero with Piso. He was 
pardoned for discovering the conspiracy, &c. 
Tacit. Jinn. 15, c. 50. 

Natiso, now Katisone, a river rising in the 
Alps, and falling into the Adriatic east of Aqui- 
leia. Plin. 3, c. 18. 

Natta, a man whose manner of living was 
so mean that his name became almost prover*- 
bial.at Rome. Horat. 1, od. 6, v. 124. 

Nava, now JVape, a river of Germany, fall- 
ing into the Rhine at Bingen, below Mentz^ 
Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 70. 

Naubolus, a charioteer of Laius, king ojf 

Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphitus. 

The sons of Iphitus were called JVaubolides^ 

from their grandfather. A son of Lernus, 

one of the Argonauts. 

Naucles, a general of the mercenary 
troops of Lacedaeraon against Thebes, he. 

Naucrates, a Greek poet, who was em- 
ployed by Artemisia to write a panegyric 

upon Mausolus. Another poet. Atktn. 

9.— —An orator who endeavoured to ali- 
enate the cities of Lycia from the interest of 
Brutus. 

Naucratis, a city of Egypt oa the left 
side of the Canopic mouth of the Nile, It 
was celebrated for its commerce, and no ship 
was permitted to land at any other place, but 
was obliged to sail directly to the city, there 
to deposit its cargo. It gave birth to Atiie- 
naeus. The inhabitants were called Kaucra- 
lilcE or A'aucrafiotce. Herodot. 2, c, 97 and- 
119.— Plin. 5, c. 9. 

Navius AcTius, a famous augur. Vid. 
Naevius. 

Naolociius, a maritime town of Sicily 

near Pelorum. A town of Thrace on the 

Euxine sea. Plin. 4, c. 11. A promontory 

of the island of Irabros. A town of the Lo- 

cri. Plin. 4, c. 3, 

Naupactus or Nacpactum, a cityofiEto- 
lia, at the mouth of the Evenus, now call- 
ed Lepanto. The word is derived from 
vceu,- Si TTttyiv/m, because it was there that the 
Heraclidffi built the first ship, which carried 
them to Peloponnesus. It first belonged to 
the Locri Ozolae, and afterwards fell into the 
hands of the Athenians, who gave it to th» 



NA 

Messenians, who had been driven from Pelo- i 
ponuesus by the Lacedcemonians. It became 
the property of the Laceda3inonians, after the 
battle of /Egospotanaos, and it was restored 
to the Locri. Philip of Macedonia afterwards 
took it and gave it to the yEtolians, from which 
circumstance, it has generally been called one 
of the chief cities of their country. Strab. 4. 
Pans— 4, c. 2d.--Mela, 2, c. 3,— Ovid. Fast. 
2, V. 43. 

Nauplja, a maritime city of Peloponnesus, 
the naval station of the Argives. The famous 
fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood. 
Pans. 2, c. 38. — Strab. 8. 

Naupiadks, a patronvmic ofPalamedesson 
of r^auplius. Oind. Mel 13, v. 39. 

Nauphus, a sou of iSeptune and Amymone, 
king of Eubffia. He was father to the cele- 
brated Palamedes, who was so unjustly sa- 
crificed to the artifice and resentment of 
Ulysses by the Greeks during the Trojan 
^va^. The death of Palamedes highly irritated 
Nauplius. and to revenge the injustice of 
the Grecian princes, he attempted to de- 
bauch their wives and ruin their charactei*. 
When ih.e Greeks returned from the Trojan 
war; ixaupiius saw thein with pleasure dis- 
tressed in a sLorm on the coasts of Eubuea. 
ana to make their disaoter still more univer- 
sal, he lif^hted iires on such places as were 
surrounded with the most dangerous rocks, 
that the fleet mi&;ht be shipwrecked upon the 
coast. This sui^ceeded, but Nauplius Vv'as so 
disappointed when he saw Ulysses and Dio- 
medes escape from the general calamity, that 
he threw himself into the sea. According to 
some mythologists there were two persons 
of this name, a native of Argos, who wejit 
to Colchis with Jason. He w&s son of ]\ep- 
tuf.e and Amymone. The other was king 
of Eubcea, and lived during the Trojan war. 
He was, according to some, son of Clytonas, 
one ot the descendants of JNauplius, the Ar- 
gonaut. The Ai-gonaut was remarkable for 
his knowledge of sea atlairs, and of astrono- 
my. He built the town of INauplia, and sold 
Auge, daughter of Aleus, to king Teuthras, to 
withdraw her from her father's resentment. 
Orvh. ..:ru;on. — .Bpollod. 2, c. 7. — j^pollon. I, 
&.C. — Ftacc. 1 and 5. — Slrab. S. — Paus. 4, c. 35. 
— /.//,4"^ri. fab. 116. 

Nauportus, a town of Pannonia on a river 

of the same name, now called Ober, or Upper 

Laybach. Veil. Put. 2, c. 110.— P/iJi. 3, c. 18.— 

Tad:. Ann. 1, c. 20. 

Naura, a country of Scythia in Asia. Curl. 

8. Oi i.idia within the Ganges, jirrian. 

Nausicaa, a daughter of Alcinous, king of 
the Pha^aceans. She met Uiysses shipwreck- 
ed on Ijer father's coasts, and it w as to her hu- 
manity that he owed the kind reception be ex- 
perienced from the king. She married, ac- 
cording to Aristotle and Dictys, Telemachus 
the son of Ulysses, by whom she had a son 
ealled Perseptolis or Ptoliporthus. Homer. 

Od. 6. Paus. 6, c. 19.—Hygin. fab. 126. 

INausicles, an Athenian sent to assist the 
Phociaus with 5000 foot, &i.c. 

JSAusiMENKS, an Athenian whose wife lost 
her voice from the alarm she received in see- 
ing he;- .son guilty of incest. 

Nausithok, one of the JN'ereides. 
JVausithous; a king of the Phaeaceans, fa- 



NE 

ther to Alcinous. He was son of Neptune 
and Periboea. Hesiod makes him son of Ulys- 
ses and Calypso. Hesiod. Th. 1, c. 16. The 

pilot of the vessel which carried Theseus int* 
Crete. 

Naustathmus, a port of Phocaea in Ionia.. 

Liv. 37, c. 31. Also a port of Cyrenaica, 

no»v Bondaria. Strab. 17. 

Nautes, a Trojan soothsayer, who comfort- 
ed iEncas when his fleet had been burnt in Si- 
cily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 704, He was the pro- 
genitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family t» 
whom the palladium of Troy was, in conse* 
quence of the service of their ancestors, in- 
trusted. Virg. JF.n. 5, v. 794. ^ 

Naxos, now JVaxia, a celebrated island in 
the j^^gean sea, the largest and most fertile of 
all the Cyclades, about 105 miles in circumfe- 
rence, and 30 broad. It was formerly called 
Strongyle, Dia, DionysiaSf and Callipolis, and 
received the name of Naxosfrom iNaxus, who 
was at the head of a Carian colony, which set- 
tled in the island. Naxos abounds with all 
sorts of fruits, and its wines are still in the same 
repute as formerly. The Naxians were an- 
ciently governed by kings, but they afterwards 
exchanged this form of government for are- 
public, and enjoyed iheir liberty, till the age 
of Pisistratiis, who appointed a tyrant over 
them. They were reduced by the Persians ; 
but in the expedition of Darius and Xerxes 
against Greece, they revolted and fought on the 
side of the Greeks. During the Peloponnesiaa 
war, they supported the interest of Athens. 
Bacchus was the chief deity of the island. Th© 
capital was also called Naxos ; and near it, oa 
the 20th Sept. B. C. 377, the Lacedaemo- 
nians were defeated by Chabrias. Tkucyd. 1, 
cic. — Herodot. — Diod. 5, &ic. — Ovid. Met. 3, v. 
m6.— Virg. ^n. 3, v. 125.— Paus. 6, c. 16.— 

Pindar. An ancient town on the eastern 

side of Sicily, founded 759 years before the 
Christian era. There was also another town 
at the distance of five miles from Naxos, w'hick 
bore the same name, and was often called by 
conti'adistinction Taurominium. Plin. 3. — 

Diod. 13. A town of Crete, noted for 

liones. Plin. 36, c. 7. A Carian who gave 

his name to the greatest of the Cyclades. 

Nazianzus, a town of Cappadocia where 
St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called 
jXazianzenus. 

Nea or JYova insula, a small island betweea 
Lemnos and the Hellespont, which rose out 
of the sea during an earthquake. Plin. 2, c. 
87. 

NEiERA, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and 

Lampetia by the Sun, Homer. Od. 12. A 

woman mentioned in Virgil's Ed. 3. A 

mistress of the poet Tibullus.— ^ — A favourite 

of Horace. A daughter of Pereus, who 

married Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus, 
Lycurgus, and Auge, who was ravished by 

Hercules. Jipollod. 3, c. 9. — Paus. 8, c. 4. 

The wife of Autolycus. Paus. A daughter 

of Niobe and Amphion. -The wife of the 

Strymon. .^pollod. 

NejEthus, now JVelo, a river of Magna 
Graecia near Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 61. 

Nealcfs, a friend of Turnus in his war 
against il^neas. Virg, ^n. 10, v. 753. 

Nealices, a painter, amongst whose capi- 
tal pieces are mentioned a painting of Venus, 



NE 

a sea-fight between the Persians and Egyp- 
tians, and an ass drinking on the shore, with a 
crocodile preparing to attack it. 

Neandros, (or ia,) a town of Troas. Plin. 
5, c. 30. 

Neanthes, an orator and historian of Cy- 
zicum, who flourished 257 years B. C. 

Neapolis, a city of Campania, anciently 
called Parthenope, and now known by the 
name of JVapIes, rising like an amphitheatre 
at the back of a beautiful bay 30 miles in cir- 
cumference. As the capital of that part of 
Italy, it is now inhabited by upwards of 
350,000 souls, who exhibit the opposite marks 
of extravagant magnificence, and extreme po- 
verty. Augustus called it Neapolis. Suet, in 

Aug. 98. A town in Africa. A city of 

Thrace. A town of Egypt. Of Pales- 
tine. Of Ionia. Also a part of Syracuse. 

Liv. 25, c. 24. — Cic. in Ver. 5. 

Nearchus, an officer of Alexander in his 
Indian expedition. He was ordered to sail 
upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus and 
lo examine it. He wrote an account of this 
voyage and of the king's life ; but his veracity 
has been called in question by Arrian. After 
the king's death he was appointed over Lycia 
and Pamphylia. Curt. 9, c. 10. — Polycen. 9. 
— Justin. 13, c. 4. — Sirab. 2, &c.-< A beau- 
tiful youth, &,c. Horat. 3, od. 20. An old 

man mentioned by Cicero de Senect. 

Nebo, a high mountain near Palestine, be- 
yond Jordan, from the top of which Moses 
was permitted to view the promised land. 

Nebrissa, a town of Spain, now Lebrixa. 

Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, where 
the Himera rises. Sil. 14, v. 237. 

Nebrophonos, a son of Jason and Hypsi- 

pyle. Apotlod, One of Actason's dogs. 

Ovid. Met. 3. 

Nebula, a name given to Nephele the 
wife of Athamas. Laetant. ad act. Stat. 1, 
c. 65. 

Necess'itas, a divinity who presided over 
the destinies of mankind, and who was re- 
garded as the mother of the Parcae. Paus. 2, 

€.4. 

Nechos, a king of Egypt, who attempted 
to make a communication between the Me- 
diterranean and Red seas, B. C. 610. No less 
than 12,000 men perished in the attempt. It 
was discovered in his reign (hat Africa was 
eircumnavigable. Herodot. 2, c. 158, 1. 4, c. 
42. 

Necropolis, one of the suburbs of Alexan- 
dt'ia. 

Nectanebus and Nectanabis, a king of 
Egypt, who defended his country against 
the Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, 
B. C. 363. His grandson, of the same name, 
made an alliance with Agesilaus king of Spar- 
ta, and with his assistance he quelled a re- 
bellion of his subjects. Some time after ho 
was joined by the Sidonians, Pha3iiicians, and 
inhabitants of Cyprus, who had revolted from 
the king of Persia. This powerful confedera- 
cy was soon attacked by Darius the king of 
Persia, who marched at the head of his 
troops. Nectanebus, to defend his frontiers 
against so dangerous an enemy, levied 20,000 
mercenary soldiers in Greece, the same num- 
ber in Libya, and 60,000 were furnished in 
Egypt, This numerous body was not equal to 



NE 

the Persian forces ; and Nectanebus, defeat- 
ed in a battle, gave up all hopes of resistance 
and fled into ^Ethiopia, B. C. 350, where he 
found a safe asylum. His kingdom of Egypt 
became from that time tributeuy to the king 
of Persia. Pint. Jlges. — Diod. 16, &c. — 
Poly(Rn. 2. — Kep. in Ages. 

Necysia, a solemnity observed by the 
Greeks in memory of the dead. 

Neis, the wife of Endymion. Apollod. 

Neleus, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He 
was brother to Pelias, with whom he was ex- 
posed by his mother, who wished to conceal 
her infirmities from her father. They were 
preserved and brought to Tyro, who had then 
married Cretheus king of lolchos. After the 
death of Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus seized 
the kingdom of lolchos, which belonged to 
.3ison the lawful son of Tyro by the deceased 
monarch. After they had reigned for some 
time conjointly, Pelias expelled Neleus from 
lolchos. Neleus came to Aphareus king of 
Messenia, who treated him with kindness, and 
permitted him to build a city, which he called 
Pylos. Neleus married Chloris the daughter 
of Amphion, by whom he had a daughter and 
twelve sons, who were all, except Nestor, 
killed by Hercules, together with their father, 
Neleus promised his daughter in marriage on- 
ly to him who brought him the bulls of Iphi- 
clus. Bias was the successful lover. Vid. Me- 
lampus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 418. — Paus. 4, c. 

SQ.— Apollod. 1, c. 9j 1. 2, c. 6. ^A river of 

Eubcea. 

Nelo, one of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, 

NEMiEA, a town of Argolis between Cleonae 
and Philius with a wood, where Hercules, in 
the 16th year of his age, killed the celebrated 
Nemasan lion. This animal, born of the hun- 
dred-headed Typhon, infested the neighbour- 
hood of Nema?a, and kept the inhabitants un- 
der continual alarms. It was the first labour 
of Hercules to destroy it ; and the hero, when 
he found that his arrows and his club wer« 
useless against an animal whose skin was hard 
and impenetrable, seized him in his arms and 
squeezed him to death. The conqueror 
clothed himself in the skin, and games were 
instituted to commemorate so great an event. 
The Nemaean gantes were originally instituted 
by the Argives in honour of Archemorus, who 
died by the bite of a serpent, [Vid. Arche- 
morus,] and Hercules some time after renew- 
ed them. They were one of the four great 
and solemn games, which were observed in 
Greece. The Argives, Corinthians, and the 
inhabitants of Cleonae, generally presided by 
turns at the celebration, in which were exhibit- 
ed foot and horse races, chariot races, boxing, 
wrestling, and contests of every kind, both 
gymnical and equestrian. The conqueror was 
rewarded with a crown of olive, afterwards of 
green parsley, in memory of the adventure of 
Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a 
sprig of that plant. They were celebrated 
every third, or according to others every fifth 
year, or more properly on the 1st and 3d year 
of every Olympiad, on the 12th day of the Co- 
rinthian month Panemos, which corresponds 
to our August. They served as an era to the 
Argives, and to the inhabitants of the neigh- 
bouring country. It was always usual for an 
orat«> to pronounce a funeral oration in me^ 



NE 

mory of the death of Archemonia, and those I atterwartli 
who distributed the prizes were always dress- j Germ. 28. 
cd ill mourning. Liv. 27, c. 30 and 31, 1. 34, c. 
41.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 97, ep. 9, v. 61.— 
Pau^. in Corinth. — Clem. Mexand. — At hen. — 
Polymi.—Strab. S.—Hygin. fab. 30 and 273. 
— Jpollod. 3, c. 6. A river of Pelopon- 
nesus falling into the bay of Corinth. Liv. 33, 
e. 15. 

NiiMAUstjs, a town of Gaul in Languedoc, 
near the mouth of the Rhone, now JYismes. 

Nemesia, festivals in honour of Nemesis, 
[Vid. Nemesis.] 

M. AuREL. Olymp. Nemesianus, a Latin 
poet, born at Carthage, of no very brilliant 
talents, in the third century, whose poems 
on hunting and bird-catching were published 
by Burman, inter scriptores rei venaticae, 4to. 
L. Bat. 1728. 

Nemesis, one of the infernal deities, daugh- 
ter of Nox. She was the goddess of vengeance, 
always prepared to punish impiety, and at the 
same time liberally to reward the good and 
virtuous. She is made one of the Parcae by 
some mythologists, and is represented with a 
helm and a wheel. The people of Smyrna 
were the first who made her statues with 
wings, to show with what celerity she is pre- 
pared to punish the crimes of the wicked both 
by sea and land, as the helm and the wheel in 
her hands intimate. Her power did not only 
exist in this life, but she was also employed 
after death to find out the most effectual and 
rigorous means of correction. Nemesis was 
particularly worshipped at Rhamnus in Attica, 
where she had a celebrated statue 10 cubits 
long, made of Parian marble by Phidias, or ac- 
cording to others, by one of his pupils. The 
Romans were also particularly attentive to the 
adoration of a deity whom they solemnly in- 
voked, and to whom they offered sacrifices be- 
fore they declared war against their enemies, 
to show the world that their wars were under- 
taken upon the most just grounds Her statue 
at Rome was in the capitol. Some suppose 
that Nemesis was the person whom Jupiter 
deceived in the form of a swan, and that Le- 
da was intrusted with the care of the children 
which sprang from the two eggs. Others ob- 
serve that Leda obtained the name of Nemesis 
after death. According to Pausanias, there 
were more than one Nemesis. The goddess 
Nemesis was surnamed Rhanmusia, because 
worshipped at Rhamnus, and Jldrastia from 
tile temple which Adrastus kingof Argos erect- 
ed to her when he went against Thebes to re- 
venge the indignities which his son-m-lawPoly- 
nices had suffered in being unjustly drivenfrom 
his kingdom by Eteocles. The Greeks celebra- 
ted a festival called JVtmesin, in piemory of de- 
ceased persons, as the g-oddess Nemesis was 
supposed to defend the relics and the memory 
of llie dead from all insult. Hygin. P. Ji. 2, c. 
S.—Paus. 1, c. 33.— £pollod. 3, c. 10.— 
Hesiod. Theog. 224.— Plin. U, c. 2S, 1. 36, c. 
5. A mistress of Tibullus, 2, el. 3, v. 55. 

Nemesius, a Greek writer whose elegant 
ai»d useful treatise de Naiura Hoviinis, was 
edited in 12rao. Ant. apud. Plant. 1565, and 
in 8vo. Oxon, 1671. 

Nemetacum, a town of Gaul, now Jirras. 

Nemetes, a nation of Germany, now 
forming the inhabitaxits of Spire, which wae 



called J^ovioma^mi Taui. at 



j Nemokalia, festivals observed in the 
I woods of Aricia, in honour of Diana, who pre- 
sided over the country and the forests, on 
which account that part of Italy was some- 
times denominated ^emorensis ager. Ovid, dt 
Ji. Ji. 1, V. 259. 

Nemossus, (or um,) the capital of the 
Averni in Gaul, now Cltnnord. Lucan. 1. v. 
4\9. —Strab. 4. 

NeobCJle, a daughter of Lycambus, bC' 
trothed to the poet Archilochus. [Vid. Ly- 
cambes.] floral ep. 6, v. 13, 1. 1, ep. v. 19>. 

— Ovid, in lb. 54. A beautiful woman t© 

whom Horace addressed 3, od. 12. 

NeocjESaria, a town of Pontus. 

Neochabis, a king of Egypt. 

Neocles, an Athenian philosopher, father, 
or according to Cicero, brother to the philos- 
opher Epicurus. Cic. 1, de Nat. D. c. 21. — 

Diog. The father of Themistocles. JEliajn... 

V. H. 2, &.C.— C. Mp. in Them. 

Neocenes, a man who made himself abso- 
lute, &,c. Diod. 15. 

Neomoris, one of the Nereides. Jipol- 
lod. 1. 

Neoi*, a town of Phocis. There was also 

another of the same name in the same coun- 
try on the top of Parnassus. It was afterwards 
called Tithorea. Plut. in Syll. — Pam. — Phoc. 
— Herodot. 8, c. 32. One of the command- 
ers of the ten thousand Greeks who assisted 
Cyrus against Artaxerxes. 

Neontichos, a town of jEtolia near the 
Hermys. Herodot. — Plin. 

Neoptolemus, a king of Epirus, son ©f 
Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrhv^, from 
the yellow colour of his hair. He was carefully 
educated under the eye of his mother, and 
gave early proofs of his valour. After the 
death of Achilles, Calchas declared in the as- 
sembly of the Greeks that Troy could not be 
taken without the assistance of the son of the 
deceased hero. Immediately upon this Ulysseft 
and Phffinix were commissioned to bring Pyrr- 
hus to the war. He returned with tiiem with 
pleasure, and received the name of Neoptole- 
mus, {new soldier,) because he bad come late 
to the field. On his arrival before Troy he 
paid a visit to the tomb of his father, and wept 
over his ashes. He afterwards, according to 
some authors, accompanied Ulysses to Lemnos 
to engage Philoctetes to come to the Trojan 
war. He greatly signalized himself during the 
remaining time of the siege, and he was the 
first who entered the wooden horse. He was 
inferior to none of the Grecian warriors in 
valour, and Ulysses and Nestor alone could 
claim a superiority over him in eloquence, 
wisdom, and address. His cruelty, however, 
was as great as that of his father. Not satis- 
fied with breaking down the gates of Priam's 
palace, he exercised the greatest barbarity 
upon the remains of his family, and without 
any regard to the sanctity of the place where 
Priam had taken refuge, he slaughtered him 
without mercy ; or, according to others, drag- 
ged him by the hair to the tomb of his father, 
where he sacrificed him, and where he cut off 
his head, and carried it in exultation through 
the streets of Troy, fixed on the point of a 
spear. He sJbo sacrificed Astyanax to bis fury^ 



NE 

alid miffloiated Polysenaon th« tomb of Achil- 
les according to those who deny that that sac- 
rifice was voluntary. V/hcn Troy was taken, 
the captives were divided among the conque- 
rors, and Pyrrhus had for his share Andro- 
mache the widow of Hector, and Helenas the 
son of Priana. With these he departed for 
Greece, and he probably escaped from destruc- 
tion by giving credit to'the words of Helenas, 
who foretold him that if he sailed with the rest 
of the Greeks, his voyage would be attended 
with fatal consequences, and perhaps with 
death. This obliged him to take a different 
course from the rest of the Greeks, and he 
travelled over the greatest part of Thrace, 
where he had a severe encounter with queen 
Harpalyce. [Fw/. Harpalyce.] The place of 
his retirement after the Trojan war is not 
known. Some maintain that he went to Thes 
saly, where his grandfather still reigned j but 
this is confuted by others, who observe per- 
haps with more reason, that he went to Epi- 
rus, where he laid the foundations of a new 
kingdom, because his grandfather Peleus had 
been deprived of his sceptre by Acastus the 
son of Pelias. JSeoptoleraus lived with An- 
iiromache after his arrival in Greece, but it is 
unknown whether he treated her as a lawful 
wife, or a concubine. He had a son by this 
unfortunate princess called Molossus, and 
two others, if we rely on the authority of 
Pausanias. Besides Andromache he married 
Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, as also 
Lanassa the daughter of Cleodseus, one of the 
descendants of Hercules. The cause of his 
death is variously related. Menelaus, before 
the Trojan war, had promised his daughter 
Hermione to Orestes, but the services he ex- 
perienced from the valour and the courage of 
Neoptolemus during the siege of Troy, indu- 
oed him to reward his merit by making him 
his son-in-law. The nuptials were accordingly 
celebrated, but Hermione became jealous of 
Andromache, and because she had no children, 
she resolved to destroy her Trojan rival v.rho 
seemed to steal away the affections of their 
common husband. In the absence of Neoptole- 
mus at Delphi, Hermione attempted tp murder 
Andromache, but she was prevented by the 
interference of Peleus, or according to others, 
of the populace. "When she saw her schemes 
defeated, she determined to lay violent hands 
Upon herself to avoid the resentment of Neop- 
tolemus. The sudden arrival of Orestes chan- 
ged her resolutions, and she consented to elope 
with her lover to Sparta. Orestes at the same 
time, to revenge and to punish his rival, caused 
him to be assassinated in the temple of Delphi, 
and he was murdered at the foot of the altar 
by Machareus the priest, or by the hand of 
Orestes himself, according to Virgil, Patercu- 
lus, and Hyginus. Some say that he was mur- 
dered by the Delphians, who had been bribed 
b}' the presents of Orestes. It is unknown why 
Neoptolemus went to Delphi. Some support 
that he wished to consult the oracle, to know 
how he might have children by the barren 
Hermione ; others say, that he went thither to 
offer the-spoils which he had obtained during 
(he Trojan war, to appease the resentment of 
Apollo, whom ho had provoked by calling him 
the cause of the death of Achilles, The plun- 
der oi the rich temple gi Delphi, if we believe 



NE 

otbew, was tiie object of the journey of Neep*- 
tolemus, and it cannot but be observed, that 
he suffered the same death and the same bar- 
barities which he had inflicted in the temple of 
Minerva upon the aged Priam and his wretched 
family. From this circumstance the ancients 
have made use of the proverb of JVeoptolernic 
revenge when a person had suffered the same 
savage treatment which others had received 
from his hand. The Delphians celebrated a 
festival with great pomp and solemnity in me- 
mory of Neoptolemus, who had been slain ia 
his attempt to plunder their temple, because, 
as they said, Apollo, the patron of the place, 
had been in some manner accessary to the 
death of Achilles Patsrc. 1, c. 1. — Virg. 
M.n. 2 and 3.— Paiw. 10, c. 24.— Ovid. Met 
13, v. 834, 455, &,c. Heroid. S.—Strab. 9.— 
Find. JVem. 7. — Eurip. Androm. and Or6St. 
kc. — Pliit. in Pyrr. — Justin. 17, c. 3. — ZHc* 
tys. Cret. 4, 5, and d.— Homer. Od. 11, v. 604: 
//. 19, v. 326.— 5op/w)c/. Philod.—ApoUod. 3, 
c. 13.—Eygin. fab. 97 and 102.— Pfdlostr. Her: 

19, k.c. — Dares. Phryg. — Q. Smyrn. 14. 

A king of the Molossi, father of Oly rapias, the 

mother of Alexander. Justin. 17, c. 3. 

Another, king of Epirus. An uncle of the 

celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the Taren- 
tines. He was made king of Epirus by the 
Epirots, who had revolted from their la^vful 
sovereign, and was put to death when he at- 
tempted to poison his nephew, &,c. FhU. m 

Pyrr. A tragic poet «f Athens, great'y 

favoured by Philip, king of Macedonia. When 
Cleopatra, the monarch's daughter, was mar- 
ried to Alexander of Epirus, he wrote some 
verses which proved to be prophetic of the 
tragical death of Philip. Diod. 16. A re- 
lation of Alexander. He was the first who 
climbed the walls of Gaza when that city was 
taken by Alexander. After the king's death 
he received Armenia as his province, and 
made war against Eumenes. He was support- 
ed by Craterus, but an engagement with Eu- 
menes proved fatal to his cause. Craterus 
was killed, and himself mortally wounded, by 
Eumenes, B. C. 321. C. ffep. in Eumen. ■ • ■ 
One of the officers of Mithridates the Great, 
beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. Flut. in 
Luc. A tragic writer. 

Neoris, a large country of Asia, near Ge- 
drosia, almost destitute of waters. The inha- 
bitants were called Kcorita, and it was usual 
among them to suspend their dead bodies on 
the boughs of trees. Diod. 17. 

Njepb, a constellation of the heavens, the 

same as Scorpio. An inland town of Etm- 

ria, called also Nepete, whose inhabitants are 
called Keptsxni. Itai. 8, v. 490. — Liv. 6, c. 19, 
1. 26, c. 34. 

Njsphalia, festivals in Greece, in honour of 
Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses and 
Aurora, Venus, &ic. No wine was used during 
the ceremony, but merely a mixture of water 
and honey. Pollux. 6, c. 3. — Athtn. 15. — 5ia- 
das, 

Nkphrle, the first wife of Athamas, king 
of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus and Helle. 
She was repudiated on pretence of being sub- 
ject to fits of insanity; and Athamas married 
Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he 
had several children, Ino became jealous of 
Neph^le, because her childrea >vould ?uccef d 



NE 

to tbeir father's throne before her's by right 
of seniority, and she resolved to destroy them. 
JVephele was apprized of her wicked inten- 
tions, and she removed her children from the 
reach of Ino, by giving tneai a celebrated 
ram, sprung from the union of Neptune and 
Theophane, on whose back they escaped to 
Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.j Nephele was alter- 
wards changed into a cioud, whence her name 
is given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some 
call her JSebula, which word is the Latin 
translation of Neplide. The fleece of tne 
ram, vv'hich saved the life of Nepheie's chil- 
dren, is often called the Ktpkuian fleece. 
Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Hygin. 2, he. — Ovid. Met. 
11, V. 195. — Flacc. 11, v. 66. A moun- 
tain of Thessaly, once the residence of the 
Centaurs. 

Wephelis, a cape of Cilicia. Liv. 38, c. 20. 

JVepherites, a king of Egypt, who assist- 
ed the Spartans against Persia, when Agesi- 
laus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of 
100 ships, which were intercepted by Conon, 
as they were sailing towards Rhodes, inc. 
JDiod. 14. 

Nephus, a son of Hercules. 

Nepia, a daughter of Jasus, who mar- 
ried Olympus, king of Mysia, whence the 
plains of Mysia are sometimes called jYepice 
eumpi. 

Corn. Nepos, a celebrated historian in the 
Kcign of Augustus. He was born at Hostilia, 
and, like the rest of his learned contempora- 
ries, he shared the favours and enjoyed the 
patronage of the emperor. He was the inti- 
mate friend of Cicero and of Atticus, and re- 
commendedhimself to the notice of the great 
and opulent by delicacy of sentiment and a 
lively disposiiion. According to some writers 
he composed three books of chronicles, as alse 
a biographical account of all the most celebra- 
ted kings, generals, and authors of antiquity. 
Of all his valuable compositions, nothing re- 
mains but his lives of the illustrious Greek and 
Roman generals, which have often been attri- 
buted to TEmyliusProbus, who published them 
in his own name in the age of Theodosius, to 
conciliate the favour and the friendship of that 
emperor. The language of Cornelius has al- 
ways been admired, and as a writer of the 
Augustan age, he is entitled to many commen- 
dations for the delicacy of his expressions, the 
elegance of his style, and the clearness and 
precision of his narrations. Some support 
that he translated Dares Phrygius from the 
Greek original ; but the inelegance of the dic- 
tion, and its many incorrect expressions, plain- 
ly prove that it is the production, not of a wri- 
ter of the Augustan age, but the spurious com- 
position of a more modern pen. Cornelius 
speaks of his account of the Greek historians 
in Dion. c. 3. Among the many good editions 
of Cornelius Nepos, two may be selected as 
the best, that of Verheyk, 8vo. L. Bat. 1773, 

and that of Glasgow, 12mo. 1761. Julius, 

an emperor of the west, ^c. 

Nepotianus Flavins Popilius, a son of Eu- 
tropia, the sister of the emj)eror Constantine. 
He proclaimed himself emperor after the 
death of his cousin Constans, and rendered 
himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. 
He was murdered by Anicetus, alter one 
month's reign, and his family were involved 
in his roin. 



NE 

NbptHys, wife of Typhon, became enam 
oured of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and intro- 
duced herself to his bed. She had a son cal- 
led Anubis by him. Flut. in Isid. 

NeptCni fanum, a place near Cenchreae, 

Mela, 1, c. 19. Another in the island of Ca- 

iauria. Another near Mantinea. 

iSEPTijNiA, a town and colony of Magna 
Grsecia. 

Neptunium, a proraontoiy of Arabia, at the 
entrance of the gulf. 

Neptunius, an epithet applied to Sext. Pom- 
pey, because he believed himself to be god of 
tne sea, or descended from him, on account 
of his superiority in ships, kc. Horat. Epod. 
9.— Dion. 48. 

Neptijnus, a god, son of Saturn and Ops, 
and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. He 
was devoured by his father the day of his 
birth, and again restored to life by means of 
Metis, who gave Saturn a certain potion. Pau- 
sanias says, that his mother concealed him in 
a sheep-fold in Arcadia, and that she imposed 
upon her husband, telling him that she had 
brought a colt into the world, which was in- 
stantly devoured by Saturn. Neptune shared 
with his brothers the empire of Saturn, and 
received as his portion the kingdom of the 
sea. This, however, did not seem equivalent 
to the empire of heaven and earth, which Ju- 
piter had claimed, therefore he conspired to 
dethrone him with the rest of the gods. The 
conspiracy was discovered, and Jupiter con- 
demned Neptune to build the walls of Troy. 
[ Vid. Laomedon.j A reconciliation was sooa 
after made, and Neptune was re-instituted to 
all his rights and privileges. Neptune dispu- 
ted with Minerva the right of giving a name to 
the capital of Cecropia, but he was defeated, 
and the olive which the goddess suddenly rais- 
ed from the earth was deemed more sei-vice- 
able for tiie good of mankind, than the horse 
which Neptune had produced by striking the 
ground with his trident, as that animal is the 
emblem of war and slaughter. This decision 
did not please Neptune, he renewed the com- 
bat by disputing for Trcezene, but Jupiter set- 
tled their disputes by permitting them to be 
conjointly worshipped there, and by giving 
the name of Polias, or the protectress of the 
city, to Minerva, and that of king of Trcezene 
to the god of the sea. He also disputed his 
right tor the isthmus of Corinth with Apollo j 
and Briareus the Cyclops, who was mutually 
ciiosen umpire, gave the isthmus to Neptune, 
and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune, as 
being god of the sea, was entitled to more 
power than any of the other gods, except Ju- 
piter. Not only the ocean, rivers, and foun- 
tains, were subject to him, but he also could 
cause earthquakes at his pleasure, and raise 
islands from the bottom of the sea with a 
blow of his trident. The worship of Neptune 
was established in almost every part of the 
earth, and the Libyans in particular venerated 
him above all other nations, and looked upon 
him as the first and greatest of the gods. The 
Greeks and the Romans were also attached t9 
ais worship, and they celebrated their Isth- 
mian games and Consualia with the greatest 
solemnity. He was generally represented sit- 
ting in a chariot made of a shell, and drawn 
by sea horses or dolphins. Sometimes ht is 



NE 

drawn by winged horses, and holds his trident 
in his hand, and stands up as his chariot flies 
oyer the surface of the sea. Homer repre- 
sents him as issuing from the sea, and in three 
steps crossing the whole horizon. The moun- 
tains and the forests, says the poet, trembled 
as he walked ; the whales, and all the fishes of 
the sea, appear round him, and even the sea 
herself seems to feel the presence of her god. 
The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a 
horse on his altars, and the Roman soothsay- 
ers always offered to him the gall of the vic- 
tims, which in taste resembles the bitterness 
of the sea water. The amours of Neptune 
are numerous. He obtained, by means of a 
dolphin, the favours of Amphitrite, who had 
made a vow of perpetual celibacy, and he pla- 
ced among the constellations the fish which 
had persuaded the goddess to become bis 
wife, He also married Venilia and Sala- 
cia, which are only the names of Amphitrite, 
according to some authors, who observe that 
the former word is derived from venire, allu- 
ding to the continual motion of the sea. Sala- 
ciais derived from salum, which signifies the 
sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. Nep- 
tune became a horse to enjoy the company of 
Ceres. [Vid. Arion.] To deceive Theo- 
phane he changed himself into a ram. [Vid. 
Theophane.] He assumed the form of the 
river Enipeus, to gain the confidence of Tyro, 
the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom he had 
Pelias and Neleus. He was also father of 
Phorcus and Polyphemus by Thoosa ; of Ly- 
cus, Nycteus, and Eupheraus, by Celeno ; 
of Chryses by Chrysogenia; of Ancaeus by 
Astypalae *, of Boeotus and Hellen by Antiope ; 
of Leuconoe by Themisto; of Agenor and 
Bellerophon by Eurynome, the daughter 
of Nysus ; of Antas by Alcyone the daughter 
of Atlas ; of Abas by Arethusa ; of Actor 
and Dictys by Agemede the daughter of Au- 
gias; of Megareus by (Enope daughter of 
Epopeus ', of Cycnus by Harpalyce ; of Taras, 
Otus, Ephialtes, Dorus, Alesus, &c. The 
word Keptmws is often used metaphorically 
by the poets, to signify sea water. In the 
Consualia of the Romans, horses were led 
through the streets finely equipped and crown- 
ed with garlands, as the god in whose honour 
the festivals were instituted, had produced the 
horse, an animal so beneficial for the use of 
mankind. Pans. 1, 2, he. — Homer. 11. 7, 
hc—Varro de L. L. 4.—Cic. de JVat. D. 2, 
c. 26, 1. 2, c. 25.— Hesiod. Theog. — Virg. JE^i. 
1, V. 12, &,c. 1. 2, 3, kc.—JSpollod. 1, 2, he. 
Olid. Met. 6, v. 117, hc.—Herodot. 2, c. 50, 
1. 4, c. 188. — Macrob. Saturn. 1, c. 17. — 
Aug. de Civ. D. 18. — Ptut. in Them. — Hy- 
gin. fab. 157. — Eurip. in Phceniss. — Flacc. — 
Jlpollon. Rhod. 

Nerf.ides, nymphs of the sea, daughters 
©fNereusand Doris. They were fifty, ac- 
cording to the greater number of the raytho- 
logibts, whose names are as follows : Sao, Am- 
phitrite, Proto, Galataja, Thoe, Eucrate, 
Eudora, Galena, Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cy- 
mothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, Eulimene, 
Erato, Pasithea, Doto, Eunice, Nesea, Dyna- 
mene, Pherusa, Protomelia, Actea, Penope, 
Doris, Cyraatolege, Hippothoe, Cymo.Eione, 
Hipponoe, Cymodoce, Neso, Eupoippe, Pro- 
noe, Themisto. Glauconome,,Hftliiriede, Pon- 
58 



NE 

toporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynomc, Lao- 
madia, Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, E- 
varne, Psamathe, Nemertes. In those which 
Homer mentions, to the number of 30, we find 
the following names difl'erent from those spoken 
of by Hesiod : Halia, Limmoria, lera, Amphi- 
troe, Dexamfene, Amphinorae, Callianira, Ap- 
seudes, Callanassa, Clymene, Janira, Nassa, 
Mera, Orithya, Amathea. ApoUodorus, who 
mentions 45, mentions the following names 
different from the others ; Glaucothoe, Pro- 
tomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso, Cranto, 
Neomeris, Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dione, 
Isea, Dero, Eumolpe, lone, Ceto. Hyginus 
and others differ from the preceding authors 
in the following names : Drymo, Xantho, Li- 
gea, Phyllodoce, Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleio, Be- 
roe, Ephira, Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, 
Crenis, Eurydice, and Leucothoe. The Ne- 
reides were implored as the rest of the deities ; 
they had altars, chiefly on the coast of the sea, 
where the piety of mankind made offerings of 
milk, oil, and honey, and often of the flesh of 
goats. When they were on the sea shore they 
generally resided in grottos and caves which 
were adorned with shells, and shaded by the 
branches of vines. Their duty was to attend 
upon the more powerful deities of the sea, and 
to be subservient to the will of Neptune. They 
were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they 
had the power of ruffling or calming the wa- 
ters, they were always addressed by sailors, 
who implored their protection that they might 
grant them a favourable voyage and a prosper- 
ous return. They are represented as young 
and handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins, and 
holding Neptune's trident in their hand, or 
sometimes garlands of flowers. Orpheus Hymn. 
23.— Catul.de Rapt.—Pel.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
361, hc.^Stat. 2, Sylv. 2, 1. 3, Sylv.l.—Paus. 
2, c. 1. — jipollod. l,c. 2, and 2. — Hesiod.Theog.- 
— Homer. Jl. 18, V. 39.— -P/m. 36, c. b.—Hy- 
gin, he. 

Nereics, a name given to Achilles, as sou 
of Thetis, who was one of the Nereides. Horat. 
ep. 17, V. 8. 

Nereus, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus 
and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he 
had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. [Vid. 
Nereides.] Nereus was generally represented 
as an old man with a long flowing beard, and 
hair of an azure colour. The chief place of his 
residence was in the jilgean sea, where he was 
surrounded by his daughters, who often danced 
in chorusses round him. He had the gift of 
prophecy, and informed those that consulted 
him of the different fates that attended ihem. 
He acquainted Paris with the consequences of 
his elopement with Helen ; and it was by his 
directions that Hercules obtained the goldea 
apples of the Hesperides ; but the sea god often 
evaded the importunities of inquirers by assu- 
ming different shapes,and totally escaping from 
their grasp. The word JVereus is often taken 
for the sea itself. Nereus is sometimes called 
the most ancient of all the gods. Hesiod. Theog. 
— Hygin. — Homer. II. 18. — Apollod. — Orpheus 
Argon. — Horat. 1, od. 13. — Eurip. inlphig. 

Nerio, or Neriene, the wife of Mars. 
Gell B. c. 21. 

Neripiius, a desert island near the Thra- 
cian Chersonesus. 

NerYtos, a mountain In the island of Iflla- 



NE 



•NE 



ca, as also a small island in the Ionian sea, . innocent, his character was injured, but not 
according to Mela. The word Neritos is the lives of the people. But his conduct soon 
often applied to the whole island of Ithaca, became more abominable ; he disguised him- 
and Ulysses, the king of it, is called JVeritius self in the habit of a woman, and was publicly 
rfiu:, andhis ship JVeritia navis. The people [ married to one of his eunuchs. This violence 



of Saguntum, as descended from a Neritian 
colony, are called JVeritia proles. Sil. It. 2, 
V. 317.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. Ill.—PUn. 4.— 
Mela, 2, c. l.—Ovid. Met. 13, v. 712. Rem. 
A. 263. 

Neritum, a town of Calabria, now called 
^ardo. 

Nerius, a silversmith in the age of Ho- 
race, 2 SaX. 3, v. 69. An usurer in Nero's 

age, who was so eager to get money, that he 
married as often as he could, and as soon des- 
troyed his wives by poison, to possess himself 
of their estates. Ftrs. 2, v. 14. 

Nero, Claudius Doraillus Caesar, a cele- 
brated Roman emperor, son of Caius Domi- 
tius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter 
of Germanicus. He was adopted by the em- 
peror Claudius, A. D. 50, and four years after 
he succeeded to him on the throne. The be- 
ginning of his reign was marked by acts of the 
greatest kindness and condescension, by afta- 
bility, complaisance, and popularity. The 
object of his administration seemed to be the 
good of his people ; and when he was desired 
to sign his name to a list of malefactors that 
were to be executed, he exclaimed, / wish to 
heaven Icould not write. He was an enemy 
to flattery, and when the senate had liberally 
commended the wisdom of his government, 
Nero desired them to keep their praises till he 
deserved them. These promising virtues were 
soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero dis- 
played the propensities of his nature. He de- 
livered himself from the sway of his mother, 
and at last ordered her to be assassinated. This 
unnatural act of barbarity might astonish some 
of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted ad- 
herents; and when he declared that he had 
taken away his mother's life to save himself 
from ruin, the senate applauded his measures, 
and the people signified their approbation. 
Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy fate 
of Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury 
or caprice all such as obstructed his pleasure, 
or diverted his inclination. In the night he 
generally sallied out from his palace, to visit 
the meanest taverns, and all the scenes of de- 
bauchery which Rome contained. In this 
tJOcturnal riot he was fond of insulting the 
people in the streets, and his attempts to offer 
violence to the wife of a Roman senator, 
nearly cost him his life. He also turned 
actor, and publicly appeared on the Roman 
stage in the meanest characters. In his at- 
tempts to excel in music, and to conquer the 
disadvantages of a hoarse rough voice, he mo- 
derated his meals, and often passed the day 
without eating. The celebrity of the Olym- 
pian games attracted his notice. He passed 
into Greece, and presented himself as a can- 
didate for the public honour. He was defeated 
in wrestling, but the flattery of the spectators 
adjudged him the victory, and Nero returned 
to Rome with all the pomp and splendour of 
an eastern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of 
Augustus, and attended by a band of musi- 
cians, actors, and stage dancers from every 
part of the empire. These private and pub- 
lic amusemeuts of the emperor were indeed 



to nature and decency was soon exchanged for 
anotlier; Nero resumed his sex, and cele 
brated his nuptials with one of his meanest ca- 
tamites, and it was on this occasion that one of 
the Romans observed, that the world would 
have been happy if Nero's father had had such 
a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in 
a more superlative degree, and he sacrificed 
to his wantonness his wife OctaviaPoppaja, and 
the celebrated writers, Seneca, Lucan, Petro- 
nius, &.C. The Christians also did not escape 
his barbarity. He had heard of the burning of 
Troy, and as he wished to renew that dismal 
scene, he caused Rome to be set on fire in 
different places. The conflagration became 
soon universal, and during nine successive days 
the fire was extinguished. All was desola- 
tion, nothing was heard but the lamentations 
of mothers whose children had perished in the • 
flames, the groans of the dying, and the conti- 
nual fall of palaces and buildhigs. Nero was 
the only one who enjoyed the general con- 
sternation. He placed himself on the top of a 
high tower, and he sang on his lyre the des- 
truction of Troy, a dreadfid scene which his 
barbarity had realized before his eyes. He 
attempted to avert the public odium from his 
head, by a feigned commiseration of the mise- 
ries of his subjects. He began to repair the 
streets and the public buildings at his own ex- 
pense. He built himself a celebrated palace, 
which he called his golden house. It was pro- 
fusely adorned with gold, with precious stones, 
and whatever was rsu-e and exquisite. It con- 
tained spacious fields, artificial lakes, woods, 
gardens, orchards, and whatever could exhibit 
beauty and grandeur. The entrance of this 
edifice could admit a large colossus of the em- 
peror 120 feet high ; the galleries w^ere each a 
mile long, and the whole was covered with 
gold. The roofs of the dining halls represent- 
ed the firmament, in motion as well as in fig- 
ure, and continually turned round night and 
day, showering down all sorts of perfumes and 
sweet waters. When this grand edifice, which, 
according to Pliny, extended all round the ci- 
ty, was finished, Nero said, that now he could 
lodge like a man. His profusion was not less 
remarkable in all his other actions. When 
he went a fishing his nets were made with 
gold and silk. He never appeared twice in 
the same garment, and when he undertook a 
voyage, there were thousands of servants to 
take care of his wardrobe. This continuation 
of debauchery and extravagance at last rous- 
ed the resentment of the people. Many 
conspiracies were formed against the empe- 
ror, but they were generally discovered, and 
such as were accessary suffered the greatest 
punishments. The most dangerous conspiracy 
against Nero's life was that of Piso, from 
which he was delivered by the confession of a 
slave. The conspiracy of Galba proved more 
successful ; and tne conspirator, when he was 
informed that his plot was known to Nero, de- 
clared himself emperor. The unpopularity 
of Nero favoured his cause; he was acknow- 
ledged by (ftllthe Roman empire, and the se- 
nate condemned the tyrant that sat on the 



ne 

tiirone lo be dragged naked through the 
streets of Rome, and whipped to death, and af- 
terwards to be thrown down from the Tarpeian 
rock like the meanest malefactor. This, how- 
ever, was not done, and Nero, by a voluntary 
death, prevented the execution of the sen- 
tence. He killed himself, A. D. 68, in the 
32d year of his age, after a reign of 13 years 
and eight months. Rome was filled w ith ac- 
clamation at the intelligence, and the citizens, 
more strongly to indicate their joy, wore caps, 
such as were generally used by slaves who had 
received their freedom. Their vengeance was 
not only exercised against the statues of tlie 
deceased tyrant, but his friends were the ob- 
jects of the public resentment, and many 
were crushed to pieces in such a violent man- 
ner, that one of the senators, amid the uni- 
versal joy, said that he was afraid they pliould 
soon have cause to wish for Nero. The ty- 
rant, as he expired, begged that his head 
might not be cut off from his body, and ex- 
posed to the insolence of an enraged popu- 
lace, but that the whole might be burned on 
the funeral pile. His request was granted by 
one of Galba's freedraen, and his obsequies 
were performed with the usual ceremonies. 
Though his death seemed to-be the source of 
universal gladness, yet many of his favourites 
lamented his fall, and were grieved to see that 
their pleasures and amusements were stopped 
ty the death of the patron of debauchery and 
extravagance. Even the king of Parthia sent 
embassadors to Rome to condole with the 
Romans, and to beg that they w ould honour 
and revere the memory of JSero. His sta- 
tues were also crowned with garlands of 
flowers, and many believed that he was not 
dead, but that he would soon make bis ap- 
pearance, and take due vengeance upon his 
enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, in 
5nishing the character of this tyrannical em- 
peror, that the name of JVero is even now 
used emphatically to express a barbarous and 
unfeeling oppressor. Pliny calls him the com- 
mon enemy and the fury of mankind, and in 
this he has been followed by p.11 writers^ who 
exhibit Nero as a pattern ot the most execra- 
ble barbarity and unpardonable wantoimess. 
Plut. in Galb. — Suet, in viid. — Plin. 7, c. 8, 
&c. — Dio. 64. — AurtL Victor. — Tacit. Ann. 

Claudius, a Roman general sent into 

Spain to succeed the two Scipios. He suffer- 
ed himself to be imposed upon by Asdmbal, 
and was soon after succeeded by young Scipio. 
He was afterwards made consul, and inter- 
cepted Asdrubal, who was passing from Spain 
into Italy with a large reinforcement for his 
brother Annibal. An engagement was fought 
near the river Metaurus, in which 66,000 of 
the Carthaginians were left in the field of bat- 
tle, and great numbers taken prisoners, 207 
B. C. Asdrubal, the Carthaginian general, 
was also killed, and his head cut off and thrown 
into his brother's camp by the conquerors. 
Appian. in Han. — Oros. 4. — Liv. 27, &.c. — 
Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 37.— F/or. 2, c. 6.— VaL 
Max. 4, c. I. Another, who opposed Cice- 
ro when he wished to punish with death such 
as were accessary to Catiline's conspiracy. 

A son of Germanicus, who was ruined by 

Sejanus, and banished from Rome by Tiberius. 
He died in the place of his exile. His death 



NE 

I was voluntary, according to some. Suelan. in 
I Tiber. — Domitian was called JVero, because 
his cruelties surpassed those of his predeces- 
sors, and also Calvus, from the baldness of his 

head. Juv. 4. The Neros were of the 

Claudian family, which, during the republican 
times of Rome, was honoured with 28 con- 
sulships, five dictatorships, six triumphs, 
seven censorships, and two ovations. They 
assumed the surname of Nero, which, in the 
language of the Sabines, signifies strong and 
warlike. 

Neronia, a name given to Artaxata by Ti- 
ridates, who had been restored to his kingdom 
by Nero, whose favours he acknowledged by 
calling the capital of his dominions after the 
name of his benefactor. 

NeuoniaNji; Therm,*:, baths at Rome, made 
by tlie emperor Nero. 

Nertoerigia, a town of Spain, on th& 
Bilbilis. 

Nerva Cocceius, a Roman emperor after 
the death of Domitian, A. D. 96. He ren- 
dered himself popular byJiis mildness, his 
generosity, and the active jp&rt he took in the 
management of affairs. He suffered no sta- 
tues to be raised to his honour, and he applied 
to the use of tlie government all the gold and 
silver statues which flattery had erected to his 
predecessor. In his civil character he was 
the pattern of good manners,, of sobriety and 
temperance. He forbad the mutilation of 
male children, and gave no countenance to 
the law which permitted the maiTiage of an 
uncle with his niece. He made a solemn de- 
claration that no senator should suffer death, 
during his reign ; and this he observed with 
such sanctity that, when two members of the 
senate had conspired against his life, he was 
satisfied to tell them that he was informed of 
their wicked machinations. He also con- 
ducted them to the public spectacles, and- 
seated himself between them, and, v^hen a 
sword was offered to him, according to the 
usual custom, he desired the conspirators to 
try it upon his body. Such goodness of heart, 
such confidence in the self-conviction of the 
human mind, and such reliance upon the con- 
sequence of bis lenity and indulgence, con- 
ciliated the affection of all his subjects% Yet, 
as envy and danger are the constant compa- 
nions of greatness, the praetorian guards at last 
mutinied, and Nerva nee^ly yielded to their 
fury. He uncovered his aged neck in the 
presence of the incensed soldiery, and bade 
them wreak their vengeance upon him, pro- 
vided they spared the life of those to whom he 
was indebted for the empire, and whom his 
honour commanded him to defend. His seem-^ 
ing submission was unavailing, and he was at 
last obliged to surrender, to the fury of his 
soldiers, some of his friends and supporters. 
Tlie infirmities of his age, and his natuml ti- 
midity, at last obliged him to provide himself 
against any future mutiny or tumult, by choos- 
ing a worthy successor. He liadmany friends 
and relations, but he did not consider the ag- 
grandizement of bis family, and he chose for 
his sou and successor, Trajan, a man of whose 
virtues and greatness of mind he was fully 
convinced. This voluntary choice was ap- 
proved by the acclamations of the people, anA 
the wi?dora and prudence which marked thif 



NE 

reign of Trajan, showed how discerning was 
the judgment, and how affectionate were the 
intentions of Nerva for the good of Rome. 
He died on the 27th of July; A. D. 98, in his 
72d year, and his successor showed his re- 
spect for his merit and his character by raising 
him altars and temples in Rome, and in the 
provinces, and by ranking him in the number 
of the gods. JNerva was the first Roman em- 
peror who was of foreign extraction, his father 
being a native of Crete. Plin. paneg. — Diod. 

69. M. Cocceius, a consul in the reign of 

Tiberius. He starved himself, because he 
would not be concerned in the extravagance 
of the emperor. A celebrated lawyer, con- 
sul with the emperor Vespasian. He was fa- 
ther to the emperor of that name. 

Nervii, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, 
who continually upbraided the neighbouring 
nations for submitting to the power of the 
Romans. They attacked J. Caesar, and were 
totally defeated. Their country forms the 
modern province of Hainault. Lucan. 1, v. 
428.— Cow. Bell. G. 2, c. 15. 

JNerulum, an inland town of Lucania, now 
Lagonegro. Liv. 9, g. 20. 

Nerium, or Artabrum, a promontory of 
Spain, now Cape Finisterre. Strab. 3. 

Nes ACTUM, a town of Istria at the mouth 
of the Arsia, now CastelJVuovo. 

NESiEA, one of the iVereides. Virg. G. 4, v. 
338. 

Nesimachus, the father of Hippomedon, 
a native of Argos, who was one of the seven 
chiefs who made war against Thebes. Hygin. 
lO.—Schol. Stat. Th. 1, v. 44. 

Nesis, (w, or idis), now JVisita, an island 
on the coast of Campania, famous for aspara- 
gus. Lucan and Statins speak of its air as un- 
wholesome and dangerous. Plin. 19, c. 8. — 
Lucan. 6, v. 90. — Cic ad Alt. 16, ep. 1 and 2. 
Stat. 3, Sylv. 1, v. 148. 

Nessus, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion 
and the Cloud. He offered violence to De- 
janira, whom Hercules had intrusted to his 
care, with orders to carry her across the river 
Evenus. [Firf. Dejanira.] Hercules saw the 
distress of his wife from the opposite shore of 
the river, and immediately he let fly one of 
his poisoned arrows, which struck the centaur 
to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the 
tunic he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her 
that from the poisoned blood which had 
flowed from his wounds, it had received the 
jiovver of calling a husband away from unlaw- 
lul loves. Dejanira received it with pleasure, 
and this mournful present caused the death 
of Hercules, [Vid. Hercules.] ApoUod. 2, 
c. 7. — Olid. ep. 9. — Senec. in Here. fur. — 

Paus. 3, c. 28.— Diod. 4. A river. [Vid. 

Nestus.] 

Nestocles, a famous statuary of Greece, 
rival to Phidias. Plin. 34, c. 8. 

Nestor, a son of Neleiis and Chloris, 
nepiiew to Pelias, and grandson to Neptune. 
He had eleven brothers, who were all killed, 
with his father, by Hercules. His tender age 
detained him at home, and was the cause of 
his preservation. The conqueror spared his 
life, and placed him on the throne of Pylos. 
He married Eurydice, the daughter of Cly- 
menes, or, according to others, Anaxibia, the 
daughter of Atreus. He early distinguished | 



NE 

I himself in the field of battle, and was present 
! at the nuptials of Pirithous, when a bloodr 
j battle was fought between the Lapithaj ana 
Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Messenia 
he led his subjects to the Trojan war, where 
he distinguished himself among the rest of the 
Grecian chiefs, by eloquence, address, wis- 
dom, justice, and an uncommon prudence of 
mind. Homer displays his character as the 
most perfect of all his heroes ; and Agamem- 
non exclaims, that if he had ten generals like 
Nestor, he should soon see the walls of Troy 
reduced to ashes. After the Trojan war, 
Nestor retired to Greece, where he enjoyed, 
in the bosom of his family, the peace and tran- 
quillity which were due to his wisdom and to 
his old age. The manner and the time of 
his death are unknown ; the ancients are all 
agreed that he lived three generations of men, 
which length of time some suppose to be 300 
years, though, more probably, only 90, al- 
lowing 30 years for each generation. From 
that circumstance, therefore, it was usual 
among the Greeks and the Latins, when they 
wished along and happy life to their friends, 
to wish them to see the years of Nestor. He 
had two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste; 
and seven sons, Perseus, Straticus, Aretus, 
Echephron, Pisistratus, Antilochus, and Tra- 
siraedes. Nestor was one of the Argonauts, 
according to Valerius Flaccus 1, v. 380, &lc. 
— Dictys. Cret. 1, c. 13, &c. — Homer. II. 1, 
&c. Od.3 and U.— Hygin. fab. 10 and 273.— 
Paus. 3, c. 26, 1. 4, c. 3 and 31.— Apollod. 1, 
c. 9, 1. 2, c. I.—Ovid. Met. 12, v. 169, &c. 

— Horat. 1, od. 15. A poet of Lycaonia 

in the age of the emperor Severus. He was 
father to Pisander, who, under the emperor 

Alexander, wrote some fabulous stories. 

One of the body guards of Alexander. Polycen. 

Nestorius, a bishop of Constantinople, 
who flourished A. D. 431. He was condemn- 
ed and degi-aded from his episcopal dignity for 
his heretical opinions, &.c. 

Nesttjs, or Nessus, now JVesto, a small 
river of Thrace, rising in mount Rhodope, 
and falling into the iEgean sea above the 
island of Thasos. It was for some time the 
boundary of Macedonia on the east, in the 
more extensive power of that kingdom. 

Netum, a town of Sicily, now called JVb/o, 
on the eastern coast. Sil. 14, v. 269. — Cic. in 
Ver.4, c. 26, I. 5, c. 51. 

Neuri, a people of Sarmatia. Mela, 2, c. 1. 

Nic.«A, a widow of Alexander, who mar- 
ried Demetrius. A daughter of Antipater, 

who married Perdiccas. A city of India, 

built by Alexander on the very spot where 
he had obtained a victory over king Porus. 

A town of Achaia near Thermopylae, 

on the bay of Alalia. A town of lUyricum. 

Another in Corsica Another ia 

Thrace. In Bceotia. A town of Bithy- 

nia, (now JVice or ls-7iik), built by Antigo- 
nus, the son of Philip, king of Macedonia. 
It was originally called Anligonia, and after- 
wards JViccea, by Lysimachus, who gave it the 
name of his wife, who was daughter of Anti- 
pater. A town of Liguria, built by the 

people of Massilia, in commemoration of a 
victory. 

Nicagoras, a sophist of Athens in the 
reign of the emperor Philip. He wrote the 



ii 



NI 

lives of illustrious men, and was reckoned 
one of the greatest and most learned men of 
his age. 

NiCANDER, a king of Sparta, son of Cha- 
rillus, of the family of the Proclidae. He 

reigned 39 years, and died B. C. 770. A 

writer of Chalcedon. A Greek gramma- 
rian, poet, and physician, of Colophon, 137 
B. C. His writings were held in estimation, 
but his judgment cannot be highly commended, 
since, without any knowledge of agriculture, 
he ventured to compose a book on that intri- 
cate subject. Two of his poems, entitled 
Thtriaca, on hunting, and Ahxipharmaca, 
on antidotes against poison, are still extant ; 
the best editions of which are those of Gor- 
ragus, with a translation in Latin verse by 
Grevinus, a physician at Paris, 4to. Paris, 
1557, and Salvinus, 8vo. Florent. 1764. Cic. 1, 
de Orat. c. 16. 

NiCAJVOR, a man who conspired against the 

life of Alexander, Cu7-t. 6. A son of Par- 

menio, who died in Hyrcania, &;c. A sur- 
name of Demetrius. [Vid. Demetrius 2d.] 

An unskilful pilot of Antigonus. Polycen. 

A servant of Atticus. Cic. 5, ep. 3. 

A Samian, who wrote a treatise on rivers. 

A governor of Media, conquered by Seleucus. 
He had been governor over the Athenians 
under Cassander, by whose orders he was put 

to death. A general of the emperor Titus, 

wounded at the siege of Jerusalem. A man 

of Stagira, by whom Alexander the Great sent 
a letter to recall the Grecian exiles. Diod. 18. 

A governor of Munychia, who seized the 

Piraeus, and was at last put to death by Cas- 
sander, because he wished to make himself ab- 
solute over Attica. Diod. 18. A brother of 

Cassander, destroyed by Olympias. Id. 19. 

A general of Antiochus, king of Syria. 

He made war against the Jews, and showed 
himself uncommonly cruel. 

NiCARCHUs, a Corinthian philosopher in the 

age of Periander. Plut. An Arcadian 

chief, who deserted to the Persians at the re- 
turn of the ten thousand Greeks. 

NiCARTHiDEs, a man set over Persepolis 
by Alexander. 

JVicATOR, a surname of Seleucus, king of 
Syria, from his having been unconquered. 

Nice, a daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 

NicEPHORiuM, a town of Mesopotamia, on 
the Euphrates, where Venus had a temple. 
Liv. 32, c. 33.— Taci/. Ann. 6, c. 41. 

NicEPHORius, now Khabour, a river which 
flowed by the walls of Tigranocerta. Tacit, 
jinn. 15, c. 4. 

NicEPHoRus Cji:sar, a Byzantine histori- 
an, whose works were edited, fol. Paris, 1661. 
Gregoras, another, edited fol. Paris, 

1702. A Greek ecclesiastical historian, 

whose works were edited by Ducajus, 2 vols. 
Paris, 1630. 

JSicER, now the JVecker, a river of Germany 
falling into the Rhine at the modern town of 
Manbeim. Jiuson. Mos. 423. 

Niceratus, a poet who wrote a poem in 
praise ofLysander. The father ofNicias. 

NicETAS, one of the Byzantine historians, 
whose works were edited fol. Paris, 1647. 

NicETERiA, a festival at Athens, in me- 
mory of the victory which Minerva obtained 



NI 

over Neptune, in their dispute about giving a 
name to the capital of the country. 

NiciA, a city. [Vid. Nicaea.] A river 

falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now 
called Lensa, and separates the duchy of Mo- 
denafrom Parma. 

NiciAs, an Athenian general, celebrated for 
his valour and for his misfortunes. He early 
conciliated the good will of the people by his 
liberality, and he established his military cha- 
racter by taking the island of Cythera from 
the power of Lacedaemon. When Athens de- 
termined to make war against Sicily, Nicias 
was appointed, with Alcibiadesand Lamachus, 
to conduct the expedition which he reprobat- 
ed as impolitic, and as the future cause of ca- 
lamities to the Athenian power. In Sicily he 
behaved with great firmness, but he often 
blamed the quick and inconsiderate measures 
of his colleagues. The success of the Athe- 
nians remained long doubtful. Alcibiades was 
recalled by his enemies to take his trial, and 
Nicias was left at the head of affairs. Syra- 
cuse was surrounded by a wall, and, though 
the operations were carried on slowly, yet 
the city would have surrendered, had not the 
sudden appearance of Gylippns, the Corinthian 
ally of the Sicilians, cheered up the courage of 
the besieged at the critical moment. Gylip- 
pus proposed terms of accommodation to the 
Athenians, which were refused ; some battles 
were fought, in which the Sicilians obtained 
the advantage, and Nicias at last, tired of his 
ill success, and grown desponding, demanded 
of the Athenians a reinforcement or a succes- 
sor. Demosthenes,. upon this, was sent with 
a powerful fleet, but the advice of Nicias was 
despised, and the admiral, by his eagerness 
to come to a decisive engagement, ruined his 
fleet and the interest of Athens. The fear 
of his enemies at home prevented Nicias 
from leaving Sicily ; and when, at last, a con- 
tinued series of ill success obliged him to com- 
ply, he found himself surrounded on every 
side by the enemy, without hope of escaping. 
He gave himself up to the conquerors with 
all his army, but the assurances of safety 
which he had received soon proved vain and 
false, and he was no sooner in the hands of 
the enemy than he was shamefully put to 
death with Demosthenes. His troops were 
sent to quarries, where the plague and hard 
labour diminished their numbers and aggra- 
vated their misfortunes. Some suppose that 
the death ofNicias was not violent. He per- 
ished about 413 years before Christ, and the 
Athenians lamented in him a great and val- 
iant but unfortunate general. Flut. in vita. — 
C. JVep. in Alcib. — Thucyd. 4, he. — Diod. 15. 
-A grammarian of Rctme, intimate with 



Cicero. Cic. in epist. A man of Nica, 

who wrote an history of philosophers. A 

physician of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who 
made an ofter to the Romans of poisoning his 
master for a sum of money. The Roman ge- 
neral disdained his ofters, and acquainted 
Pyrrhus with his treachery. He is oftener 

called Cineas. A painter of Athens, in the 

age of Alexander. He was chiefly happy in 
his pictures of women. JFMan. V. H. 2, c. 31. 
ISiciPPE, a daughter of Pelops, who mar- 
ried Sthenekjs.— — A daughter of Thespias. 
Apollod. 



NI 

Nicippus, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose 
slieep brought forth a Hon, which was consi- 
dered as portending his future greatness, and 
his elevation to the sovereignty. Mlian. V. 
H. 1, c. 29. 

Nico, one of the Tarentine chiefs who con- 
spired against the life of Annibal. Liv. 30. 
- ■ A celebrated architect and geometrician. 
He was father to the celebrated Galea, the 

prince of physicians. One of the slaves of 

Craterus. The name of an ass which Au- 
gustus met before the battle of Actiura, a cir- 
cumstance which he considered as a favoura' 

ble omen. The name of an elephant re- 

aaarkable for his fidelity to king PjTrhus. 

NicocHARES, a Greek eoroic poet in the 
age of Ai'istophanes. 

NicocLES, a familiar friend of Phocion, con- 
demned to death. Plut. A king of Sala- 

mis, celebrated for his contest with a king of 
Phoenicia, to prove which of the two was 

most eflferainate. A king of Paphos, who 

reigned under the protection of Ptolemy, king 
of Egypt. He revolted from his friend to 
the king of Persia, upon which Ptolemy or- 
dered one of his servants to put him to death, 
to strike terror into the other dependant 
princes. The servant, unwilling to murder the 
monarch, advised him to kill himt.^elf JVicocles 
obeyed, and all his family followed his exam- 
ple, 310 years before the Christian era. An 

ancient Greek poet, who called physicians a 
happy race of men, because light publijhed 
their good deeds to the world, and the earth 

hid all their faults and imperfections. A 

king of Cyprus, who succeeded his father Eva- 
goras on the throne, 374 years before Christ. 
It was with him that the philosopher Isocl-ates 

corresponded. A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed 

by means of Aratus, the Achaean. Plv,i. in 
Aral. 

NicocRATES, a tyrant of Cyrene. An 

author at Athens. A king of Salamis in 

Cyprus, who made himself known by the va- 
luable collection of books which he had. .^- 
then. 1. 

NicocREON, a tyrant of Salamis, in the 
age of Alexander the Great. He ordered the 
philosopher Anaxarchus to be pounded to 
pieces in a mortar. 

NicoDEMUs, an Athenian appointed by 
Conon over the fleet which was going to the 
assistance of Artaxerses. Diod. 14. A ty- 
rant of Italy, &-C. An ambassador sent to 

Pompey by Aristobulus. 

NicoDORUS, a wrestler of Mantinea, who 
studied philosophy in his old age. JElian. V. 
H. 2, c. 22. — Suidm. An Athenian archon. 

NicoDRoMUs, a son of Hercules and Nice. 

JtpoUod. An Athenian who invaded JEgi- 

na, &,c. 

NicoLAUs, a philosopher. A celebrated 

Syracusan, who endeavoured, in a pathetic 
speech, to dissuade his countrymen from offer- 
ing-violence to the Athenian prisoners who 
had been taken with Nicias their general. His 

eloquence was unavailing. An officer of 

Ptolemy against Antigonus. A peripatetic 

philosopher and historian in the Augustan age. 

NicoMACHA, a daughter of Themistocles. 

NicoMACHus, the father of Aristotle, whose 
.son also bore the same name. The phi- 
losopher composed his ten books of morals 



NI 

for tiie use and improvement of his s»u, and 
thence they are called Nicomachea. Suidas. 
One of Alexander's friends, who disco- 
vered the conspiracy of Dymus. Curt. 6. 
An excellent painter. A Pythagorean phi- 
losopher. 'A Lacedaemonian general, con- 
quered by Timotheus. A writer in the fifth 

century, he. 

NicoMEDES 1st, a king of Bithynia, about 
278 years before the Christian era. It was by 
his exertions that this part of Asia became a 
monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty to 
his brothers, and built a town which he called 
by his own name, jYicomedia. Justin. — Pans. 

&c. The 2d, was ironically surnamed Phi- 

lopaier, because he drove his father Prusias 
from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused 
him to be assassinated, B. C. 149. He reigned 
59 years. IVlithridates laid claim to his king- 
dom, but all their disputes were decided by 
the Romans, who deprived Nicomedes of the 
province of Paphlagonia, and his ambitious 
rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections 
of his subjects by a courteous behaviour, and 
by a mild and peaceful government. Justin. 
The 3d, son and successor of the pre- 
ceding, was dethroned by his brother Socrates, 
and afterwards by the ambitious Mithridates. 
The Romans re-established him on his throne, 
and encouraged hira to make reprisals upon 
the king of Poatus. He followed their advice, 
aod he was, at last, expelled another time 
from his dominions, till Sylla came into Asia, 
who restored him to his former power and 

affluence. Strab. — Appian, ^The fourth of 

that name, was son and successor of Nico- 
medes 3d. He passed his life in an easy and 
tranquil manner, and enjoyed the peace which 
his alliance with the Romans had procured 
him. He died B. C. 75, without issue, and 
left his kingdom, with all his possessions, to 
the Roman people. Strab. 12. — Appian. Mi- 
thrid. — Justin. 38, c. 2, Lc. — Flor. 3, c. 5. 

A celebrated geometrician in the age of 

the philosopher Eratosthenes. He made him- 
self known by his useful machines, k,c. 

An engineer in the army of Mithridates. 

One of the preceptors of the emperor M. An- 
toninus. 

NicoMEDiA, fnow Is-nikmid,) a town of 
Bithynia, founded by Nicomedes 1st. It was 
the capital of the country, and it has been 
compared, for its beauty and greatness, to 
Rome, Antioch, or Alexandria. It became 
celebrated for being, for some time, the resi- 
dence of the emperor Constantine, and most 
of his imperial successors. Some suppose that 
it was originally called Astacus, and Olbia, 
though it was generally believed that they 
were all different cities. Ammian. 17. — Pam. 
5, c. 12.— P/tn. 5, kc— Strab. 12, Lc. 

NicoN, a pirate of Phaere, in Peloponnesus, 

&ic. Polyatn. An athlete of Thasos, 14 

limes victorious at the Olympic games.— —A 
native of Tarentum. [^Vid. Nico.] 

NicoKiA, a town of Pontus. 

NicoPHANEs, a famous painter of Greece, 
whose pieces are mentioned with commenda- 
tion. Plin. 35, c. 10. 

NicoPHRON, a comic poet of Athens some 
time after the age of Aristophanes. 

NicopoLis, a city of Lower Egypt.' A 

town of Armenia, built by Pompey the Great 



NI 

in memory of a victory which he had there 
obtaiQcd over the forces of Mithridates. Strab. 
12.— —Another in Thrace, built on the banks 
of the IVestus by Trajan, in memory of a vic- 
tory which he obtained there over the bar- 
barians. A town of Epirus, built by Au- 
gustus after the battle of Actium. Another, 

near Jerusalem, founded by the emperor 
Vespasian. Another, in Mcesia, Ano- 
ther, in Dacia, built by Trajan, to perpetuate 
the memory of a celebrated battle. Ano- 
ther, near the bay of Issus, built by Alexan- 
der. 

JVicosTRATA, a courtezan who left all her 
possessions to Sylla. — The same as Carmente, 
mother of Evander. 

NicosTRATus, a man of Argos of great 
strength. He was fond of imitating Hercules 
by clothing himself in a lion's skin. Diod. 16. 
One of Alexander's soldiers. He con- 
spired against the king's life, with Hermolaus. 

Curt. 8. A painter who expressed great 

admiration at the sight of Helen's picture by 

Zeuxis. ^lian. 14, c, 47. A dramatic 

actor of louia. A comic poet of Argos. 

An orator of Macedonia, in the reign of 

the emperor M. Antoninus. A son of Me- 

nelaus and Helen. Pans. 2, c. 18. A 

general of the Achaeans, who defeated the 
Macedonians. 

NicoTELEA, a celebrated woman of Messe- 
Bia, who said that she became pregnant of 
Aristomenes by a serpent. Paus. 4, c. 14. 

NicoTELEs, a Corinthian drunkard, k,c. 
Elian. V. H. 2, c. 14. 

Niger, a friend of M. Antony, sent to him 

by Octavia. A surname of Clitus, whom 

Alexander killed in a fit of drunkenness. 

C. Pescennius Justus, a celebrated governor 
in Syria, well known by his valour in the Ro- 
man armies, while yet a private man. At the 
death of Pertinax he was declared emperor 
of Rome, and his claims to that elevated sit- 
uation were supported by a sound understand- 
ing, prudence of mind, moderation, cou- 
rage, and virtue. He proposed to imitate the 
actions of the venerable Ajitoninus, of Trajan, 
of Titus, and M. Aurelius. He was remark- 
able for his fondness for ancient discipline, 
and never sutFered his soldiers to drink wine, 
but obliged them to quench their thirst with 
water and vinegar. He forbade the use of sil- 
ver or gold utensils in his camp, all the bakers 
and cooks were driven away, and the soldiers 
ordered to live, during the expedition they 
undertook, merely upon biscuits. In his pun- 
ishments, Niger was inexorable : he condemn- 
ed ten of his soldiers to be beheaded in the 
presence of the army, because they had stolen 
and eaten a fowl. The sentence vtfas heard 
V. ith groans ; the army interfered ; and, when 
IS'iger consented to diminish the punishment 
for fear of kindling rebellion, he yet ordered 
the criminals to make each a restoration of 
ten fowls to the person whose property they 
had stolen ; they were, besides, ordered not 
to light a fire the rest of the campaign, but to 
live ujion cold aliments, and to drink nothing 
but water. Such great qualifications in a 
general seemed to promise the restoration of 
ancient discipline in the Roman armies, but 
the death of Niger frustrated every hope of 
Vsform. Sererus, who had also been inrested 



NI 

\vith the imperial purple, marched against 
him ; some battles were fought, and Niger wai 
at last defeated, A. D. 194. His head was 
cut off, and fixed to a long spear, and carried 
in triumph through the streets of Rome. 
He reigned about one year. Herodian. 3. — 
Ezttrop. 

Niger, or Nigris, (itis,) a river of 
Africa, which rises in .Ethiopia, and falls 
by three mouths into the Atlantic, little 
known to the ancients, and not yet satis- 
factorily explored by the moderns. Plin, 
5, c. 1 and 8.— Mela, 1, c. 4, 1. 3, c. 10. — 
Ptol. 4, c. 6. 

P. NiGiDics FiGDLus, a celebrated philo- 
sopher and astrologer at Rome, one of the 
most learned men of his age He was inti- 
mate with Cicero, and gave his most unbias^ 
sed opinions conceraing the conspirators who 
had leagued to destroy Rome with Catiline. 
He was made praetor, and honoured with a 
seat in the senate. In the civil wars he follow- 
ed the interest of Pompey, for which he was 
banished by the conqueror. He died in the 
place of his banishment, 47 years before Christ. 
Cit. ad Fara. 4, ep. 13.— Lwcan. 1, v. 639. 

NiGRiTJE, a people of Africa, who dwell on 
the banks of the Niger. Mda, 1, c. 4.—Plinr. 
5, c. 1. 

NiLEUs, a son of Codrus, who conducted a 
colony of lonians to Asia, where he built 
Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, 
Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenas, &c. Pai«. 7, c. 
2, fcc. .A philosopher who had in his pos- 
session all the writings of Aristotle. Alhen. J, 

NiLus, a king of Thebes, who gave his 
name to the river which flows through the 
middle of Egypt and falls into the Mediterra- 
nean sea. The Nile, anciently called >Slgyp- 
tus, is one of the most celebrated rivers in the 
world. Its sources were unknown to the an- 
cients, and the moderns are equally ignorant 
of their situation, whence an impossibility is 
generally meant by the proverb of JVili caput 
qucerere. It flows through the middle of Egypt 
in a northern direction, and when it comes to 
the town of Cercasorum, it then divides itself 
into several streams, and falls into the Medi- 
terranean by seven mouths. The most eastern 
canal is called the Pelusian, and the most west- 
ern is called the Canopic mouth. The other 
canals are the Sebennytican, that of Sais, the 
Mendesian, Bolbitinic, and Bucolic. They 
have all been formed by nature, except the two 
last, which have been dug by the labours of 
men. The island which the Nile forms by its 
division into several streams is called Delta, 
from its resemblance to the fourth letter of the 
Greek alphabet. The Nile yearly overflows 
the country, and it is to those regular inunda- 
tions that the Egj'ptians are indebted for the 
fertile produce oi their lands. It begins to rise 
in the month of May for 100 successive days, 
and then decreases gradually the same num- 
ber of days. If it does not rise as high as 16 
cubits, a famine is generally expected, but if 
it exceeds this by many cubits, it is of the most 
dangerous consequences ; houses are overturn- 
ed, the cattle are drowned, and a great num- 
ber of insects are produced from the mud, 
which destroy the fruits of the earth. The 
river, therefore, proves a blessing or a calam- 
ity to Egypt, anH the prosperity of the nation 



depends so much upon it, that the tiibutei of 
the inhabitants were in ancient times, and are 
still, under the present government, propor- 
tioned to the rise of the waters. The causes 
of the overflowings of the Nile, which remain- 
ed unknown to the ancients, though searched 
with the greatest application, are owing to the 
heavy rains which regularly fall in ^Ethiopia, 
in the monthi| of April and May, and which 
rush down like torrents upon the country, and 
lay it all under water. These causes, as some 
people suppose, were well known to Homer, 
as he seems to show it, by saying, that the 
Nile flowed down from heaven. The inhabi- 
tants of Egypt, near tlie banks of the river, 
were called JViliaci, JViligeruB, &c. and large 
<;anals were also from this river denominated 
MH, or Euripi. Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1, ad Q. //•. 
3, ep. 9, ad Mt. 11, ep, 12.— Strab. 17. —Ovid. 
Met. 5, V. 187, 1. 15, V. Ib^.—Mda, 1, c. 9, 1. 
3, c. 9. — Seneca, quasi. JVat. 4. — Lucan. 1, 2, 
&,c. — Claudian, ep. de .IVilo. — Virg. G. 4, v. 
288. ^n. 6, V. 800, 1. 9, v. Z\.—Diod. 1, he. 
— Herodot. 2. — Lucret. 6, v. 712. — Jlmmian. 

^.—Paus. 10, c. 32.— P/in. 5, c. 10. One 

•f the Greek fathers who flourished A. D. 440. 
His works were edited at Rome, fol. 2 vols. 
1668 and 1678. 

NiKNius, a tribune who apposed Clodius 
the enemy of Cicero. 

NiNiAS. Vid. Ninyas. 

NiNus, a son of Belus who built a city to 
which he gave his own name, and founded the 
Assyrian monarchy, of which he was the first 
sovereign, B. C. 2059. He was very warlike, 
and extended his conquests from Egypt to the 
extremities of India and Bactriana. He be- 
came enamoured of Serairamis the wife of one 
of his officers, and he married her after her 
husband had destroyed himself through fear of 
his powerful rival. Ninus reigned 62 years, 
and at his death he left his kingdom to the 
care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had 
a son. The history of Ninus is very obscure 
and even fabulous according to the opinion of 
some. Ctesias is the principal historian from 
whom it is derived^ but little reliance is to be 
placed upon him, when Aristotle deems him 
unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death 
received divine honours, and became the Jupi- 
ter of the Assyrians and the Hercules of the 
Chaldeans. Ctesias. — Diod. 2. — Justin. 1, c. 

1. — Herodot. 2. A celebrated city, now 

JVino, the capital of Assyria, built on the 
banks of the Tigris by Ninus, and called Mn- 
eveh in Scripture. It was, according to the 
relation of Diodorus Siculus, fifteen miles long, 
nine broad, and forty-eight in circumference. 
It was surrounded by large walls 100 feet high, 
on the top of which three chariots could pass 
together abreast, and was defended by 1500 
towers each 200 feet high. Ninus was taken 
by the united armies of Cyaxares and Nabopo- 
lassar king of Babylon, B. C. 606. Strab. 1.— 
Diod. 2.— Herodot. 1, c. 185, kc,—Paus. 8, c. 
33. — Lucian. 

NiNYAS, a .son of Ninus and Serairamis, 
king of Assyria, who succeeded his mother 
who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. 
Some su[)pose that Semiramis was put to 
death by her own son, because she had en- 
couraged him to commit incest. The reign 
of ^inyas is remarkable for its luxury and 



NI 

extravagance. The prince left the care of 
the government to his favourites and minis- 
ters, and gave himself up to pleasure, riot, 
and debauchery, and never appeared in 
public. His successors imitated the example 
of his voluptuousness, and therefore their 
name or history are little known till the age 
of Sardanapalus. Justin. 1, c. 2. — Diod. 1^ 
SiC. 

NioBE, a daughter of Tantalus, king of 
Lydia by Euryanassa or Dione. She married 
Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom she 
had ten sons and ten daughters according to 
Hesiod, or two sons and three daughters ac- 
cording to Herodotus. Homer and Proper- 
tius say, that she had six daughters and as ma- 
ny sons; and Ovid, ApoUodorus, &,c. accord- 
ing to the more received opinion, support that 
she had seven sons and seven daughters. The 
sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus, Age- 
nor, Pbaedimus, Damasichthon, and Ismenus ; 
and those of the daughters, Cleodoxa, Etho- 
dae or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pelopia of 
Chloris, Asticratea, and Ogygia. The num- 
ber of her children increased her pride, and 
she had the imprudence not only to prefer 
herself to Latona, who bad only two children, 
but she even insulted her, and ridiculed the 
worship which was paid to her, observing, 
that she had a better claim to altars and sacri- 
fices than the mother of Apollo and Diana. 
This insolence provoked Latona. She en^ 
treated her children to punish the arrogant 
Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and imme- 
diately all the sons of Niobe expired by the 
darts of Apollo, and all the daughters, except 
Chloris, who had married Neleus king of Py- 
los, were equally destroyed by Diana ; and Ni- 
obe, struck at the suddenness of her misfor- 
tunes, was changed into a stone. The carcasses 
of Niobe's children, according to Homer, were 
left unburied in the plains for nine successive 
days, because Jupiter changed into stones all 
such as attempted to inter them. On the 
tenth day they were honoured with a funeral 
by the gods. Homer. It. 24. — JElinn. V. H. 
12, c. ZQ.—Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 
fab. 5. — Hygin. fab. 9. — Horat. 4, od. 6. — 

Properf. 2, el. 6. A daughter of Phoro- 

neus, king of Peloponnesus, by Laodice. She 
was beloved by Jupiter, by whom she had a 
son called Argus, who gave his name to Argia 
or Argolis, a country of Peloponnesus. Pam. 
2, c. 22.— Apollod. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 8. 

NiPHiEus, a man killed by horses, &,c. 
Virg. M.n. 10, v. 570. 

NiPHATES, a mountain of Asia, which di- 
vides Armenia from Assyria, and from which 
the Tigris takes its rise. Virg. G. 3, v. 30. — 
Strab. 11. — Mela, 1, c. 15. A river of Arme- 
nia falling into the Tigris. Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 
20. — Lucan. 3, v. 245. 

NiPHE, one of Diana's companions. Ovid. 
Mel. 3, v. 245. 

NiREUs, a king of Naxos, son of Charops 
and Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. He was 
one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan 
war. Homer. II. 2.— Horat. 2, od . 20. 

NiSA, a town of Greece. Homer. II. 2. 

A country woman. Virg. Eel. 8. A place. 

Vid. Nysa. A celebrated plain of Media 

near the Caspian sea- famous for its horses 
HcTfdot. 3, c. 106 



NI 

NisiCA, a naval station on the coasts of Me- 
gan's. Slrab. 8. A town of Parthia, called 



Virg. JEn. 5, v. 826. 



also Nisa. 

NisyEE, a sea nymph, 

NiSEiA. Vid. Nisus. 

NisiBis, a tonn of Mesopotamia, built by a 
eolony of Macedonians on the Tigris, and 
celebrated as being a barrier between the pro- 
vinces of Rome and the Persian empire du- 
ring the reign of the Roman emperors. It was 
sometimes called Antiochia Mygdonica. Joseph. 

20, 0. 2. Sirab. 11. — Aminian. 2o, he. — 

Plin. 6, c. 13. 

Nisus, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount 
Ida, near Troy. He came (o Italy witii iEnea^, 
and signalized himself by his valour against the 
Rutulians. He was united in the closest friend- 
ship with Euryalus, a young Trojan, and with 
him he entered, in the'dead of night, the ene- 
my's camp. As they were returning victori- 
ons,after much bloodshed, they were perceived 
by the Rutulians, who attacked Euryalus. Ni- 
sus, in endeavouring to rescue his friend from 
the enemy's darts, perished himself with him, 
and their heads were cut off and fixed on a 
spear, and carried in triumph to the camp. 
Their death was greatly lamented by all the 
Trojans, and their great friendship, like that of 
a Pylades and an Orestes, or of a Theseus and 
Pirithous, is become proverbial. Virg. JEn. 
9, V. 176, Sic. A king of Dulichium, re- 
markable for his probity and virtue. Homer. 

Qd. 18. A king of Megara, son of Mars, or 

more probably of Pandion. He inherited his 
father's kingdom with his brothers, and receiv- 
ed as his portion the country of Megaris. The 
peace of the brothers was interrupted by the 
hostilities of Mino?, who wished to avenge the 
death of his son Androgeus, who had been 
murdered by the Athenians. Megara was be- 
sieged, and Attica laid waste. The fate of Ni- 
sus depended totally upon a yellow lock,which, 
as long as it continued upon his head,according 
to the words of an oracle, promised him life, 
and success to his affairs. His daughter Scyl- 
la (often called Xiscia Virgo,) saw from the 
walls of Megara the royal besieger, and she 
became desperately enamoured of him. To 
obtain a more immediate interview with this 
obiect of her passion, she stole away the fa- 
tal' hair from her father's head as he was 
asleep ; the town was iminediately taken, but 
Minos disregarded the services of Scylla, and 
she threw herself mto the sea. The gods 
changed her into a lark, and Nisus assumed 
the nature of the hawk at the very moment 
that he gave himself death, not iO fall into the 
enemy's hands. These two birds have conti- 
nually been at vaiiance with each olher, and 
Scylla, by her apprehensions at the sight of 
her father, seems to suffer the punishment 
which her perfidy deserved. ApoUod. 3, c. 15. 
^Paiis. 1, c. \9.—Sirab. 9.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
6, Lc.— Virg. G. 1, v. 404, Lc. 

NisYKos, an island in the MrCRn sea, at 
the west of Rhodes, with a *own of the same 
name. It was originally joined to Jie island 
of Cos, according to Pliny, and »t bor^ the 
name of Porphyria. Neptnie, Avho was sup- 
posed to have separated th"m 'mW a blow oi 
his trident, and to have then over\< helmed the 
giant Polybotes, was worshippea there, and 
called jYisf/reus. Apollod. 1; c 6.~JVfe/«r, 2, c 



7._5/,y7) I A 



• 9 



NO 

NiTETis, a daughter of Apries, king of Egypt' 
married by his successor Amasis to Cyrus. Po- 
ly cen. 8. 

NiTioBRiGES, a people of Gaul, supposed 
to be Agenois, in Guienne. Cces. B. G. 7, 
c. 7. 

NiTocRis, a celebrated queen of Babylon, 
who built a bridge across the Euphrates, in 
the middle of that city, and dug a number of 
reservoirs for the superfluous waters of that 
river. She ordered herself to be buried over 
one of the gates of the city, and placed an in- 
scription on her tomb, which signified that her 
successors would find great treasures within, if 
ever they were in need of money, but that 
their labours would be but ill repaid if ever they 
ventured to open it without necessity. Cyrus 
opened it through curiosity, and was struck to 
find within these words : If thy avarice had 
not been insaliable, thou never wouldst have vio- 
lated the monuments of the dead. Herodot. 1, 

c. 185. A queen of Egypt, who built a third 

pyramid. 

NiTRiA, a country of Egypt, v?ith two towns 
of the same name, above Memphis. 

NiVARiA, an island at the west of Africa, 
supposed to be Teneriff, one of the Canaries, 
Piin. 6, c. 32. 

No AS, a river of Thrace, falling into the Is* 
ter. Herodot. 4, c. 46. 

NocMON, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 
^n. 9, V. 767. 

NoctilOca, a surname of Diana. She 
had a temple at Rome, on mount Palatine, 
where torches were generally lighted in the 
night. Varro. de L. L. 4. — Horat. 4, od. 6^ 
V. 38. 

NoLA, an ancient town of Campania, Avhich 
became a Roman colony before the first Punic 
w^ar. It was founded by a Tuscan, or, accord- 
ing to others, by an Eubcean colony. It is said 
that Virgil had introduced the name of Nola 
in his Georgics, but that, when he was refused 
a glass of water by the inhabitants as he passed 
through the city, he totally blotted it out of his 
poem, and substituted the word ora, in the 
225th line of the 2d book of his Georgics. Nola 
was besieged by Annibal, and bravely defend- 
ed by Marcellus. Augustus died there on his re- 
turn from Neapolis to Rome. Bells were first 
invented there in the beginning of the fifth 
century, from which reason they have been 
called A''ol(B or Campana, in Latin. The in- 
ventor was St. Paulinus, the bishop of the 
place, who died A. D. 431, though many ima- 
gine that bells were known long before, and 
only introduced into churches by that prelate. 
Before his time, congregations were called to 
the church by the noise of wooden rattles, 
(sacra ligna.) Paierc. 1, c. 7. — Suet. in Aug. — 
Sit. 8, V 517, 1. 12, V. 161.— A. Gellius, 7, c. 20. 
—Liv. 23, c. 14 and 39, 1. 24, c. 13. 

NoMADES, a name given to all those uncivil- 
ized people who had no fixed habitation* and 
who continually changed the place of their 
residence to go in quest of fresh pasture, for 
the jmmerous cattle which they tended. There 
were Nomades in Scythia, India, Arabia, and 
Africa. Those of Africa were afterwards call- 
ed JVumidia7is, by a small change of the letters 
w ilif'h composed their name. Ital. 1, v. 215. 
— Piin. 5, c. o. — Herodot. 1, c. 15, 1. 4, c. 187. 
—Strab. 7.— Mela, 2, c. 1, 1. 3. c. 4.— F^r^. <?. 
.3, v. Si3.~.p(rff. 8; c i^. 



NO 

NesfA, a town of Sicily. Diod. 11.— Sil. 14, 
V. 266. 

NoME5TANUs, an epithet applied to L. 
Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He is 
mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury 
and dissipation. Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 102, and 
alibi. 

Nomentum, a town of the Sabines in Italy, 
famous for wine, and now called Lamcntana. 
The dictator, Q. Servilius Priscus, gave the 
Veientes and Fidenates battle there, A. U. C. 
312, and totally defeated them. Ovid. Fast. 4, 
V. 905.— Ltv. 1, c. 38, 1. 4, c. 22.— Virg. JFm. 6, 
V. 773. 

NoMii, mountains of Arcadia. Pavs. 

NoMiDS, a surname given to Apollo, be- 
cause he fed ("f^'O" pasco) the flocks of king 
Admetus in Thessaly. Cic. de A''at. D. 2, c. 
33. 

NoNACRis, a town of Arcadia, which re- 
ceived its name from a wife of Lycaon. 
There was a mountain of the same name in 
the neighbourhood. Evander is sometimes 
called Konacrius heros, as being an Arcadian 
by birth, and Atalanta JYonacria, as being a 
native of the place. Curt. 10, c. 10. — Ovid. 
Fast. 5, V. 97. M&t. 8, fab. 10.— Pans. 8, c. 
17, &c. 

Nonius, a Roman soldier, imprisoned for 
paying respect to Galba's statues, &:c. Tacit. 

Hist. 1, c. 56. A Roman who exhorted his 

countrymen after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, 
and the flight of Pompey, by observing that 
eight standards (aguiloe) still remained in the 
camp; to which Cicero answered, rede, si no- 
bis cum graculis helium esset. 

NoNNius Marcellus, a grammarian whose 
treatise de varia signijicatione verborum was 
edited by Mercer, 8vo. Paris, 1614. 

NoNNus, a Greek writer of the 5th century, 
who wrote an account of the embassy he had 
undertaken to JCthiopia, among the Saracens 
and other eastern nations. He is also known 
by his Dionysiaca, a wonderful collection of 
heathen mythology and erudition, edited 4to. 
Antwerp, 1569. His paraphrase on John was 
edited by Heinsius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1627. 

NoNus, a Greek physician, whose book de 
errmium morborum curalio7ie, was edited in 
12mo. Argent, 1568, 

NopiA or Cnopia, a town of Bceotia, where 
Amphiaraus had a temple. 

Nora, now JVour, a place of Phrygia, where 
Eumenes retired for some time, &c. C. Kepos. 
A town. Vid. Norax. 

NoRAX, a son of Mercury and Eurytbaea, 
who led a colony of Iberians into Sai-dinia, 
where he founded a town, to which he gave 
the name of Nora. Paus. 10, c. 17. 

NoRBA, a town of the Volsci. Liv. 2, c. 34. 

Caisarea, a town of Spain on the Tagus. 

C. NoRBAM's, a young and ambitious Ro- 
man who opposed Sylla, and joined his inte- 
rest to that of young Marius. In his consulship 
he marched against Sylla, by whom he was 

defeated, k,c. Plul. A friend and general of 

Augustus, employed in Macedonia against the 
republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, &,c. 
NorTcum, a country of ancient Illyricum, 
which now forms a part of modern J5aranaand 
Austria. It extended between the Danube, 
and part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its sa- 
^'*ige inhabitants, who were once governed by 



NO 

kings,made many incursions upon the Romafi^; 
and were at last conquered under Tiberiu^ 
and the country became a dependent province. 
In the reign of Dioclesian, Noricum was divi- 
ded into two parts, Ripense and Mediterra- 
nean. The iron that was drawn from Noricum 
was esteemed excellent, and thence J^oricu9 
etisis was used to express the goodness of a 
sword. Dionys. Perieg. — Strab. 4. — Plin. 34, 
c. 14.— Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 5.— Horat. 1, od. 16, v. 
9.— Orirf. JVfe^ 14, v. 712. 

NoRTHipPus, a Greek tragic poet. 

NoRTiA, a name given to the goddess of For,- 
tune among the Etrurians. Lav. 7, c. 3. 

NoTHus, a son of Deucalion. A sur- 
name of Darius, king of Persia, from his ille- 
gitimacy. 

NoTiuM, a town of ^Eolia, near the Cay- 
s(er. It was peopled by the inhabitants of 
Colophon, who left their ancient habitations 
because Notium was more conveniently situ- 
ated in being on the sea shore. Liv. 37, c. 26, 
38, 39. ., 

NoTus, the south wind, called also Auster. 

NoviE (tabernce), the new shops built in the 
forum at Rome, and adorned with the shields 

of the Cimbri. Cic. Oral. 2, c. 66. The 

Veteres tabemce were adorned with those of 
the Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40. 

NovARiA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, aow 
JVovara in Milan. Tacil. Hist. 1, c. 70. 

NovATUs, a man who severely attacked the 
character of Augustus, under a fictitious name. 
The emperor discovered him, and only fined 
him a small sum of money. 

NovEsjuM, a town of the UWi, on the west 
of the Rhine, now called JVuys^ near Cologne. 
Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 26, he. 

NoviODUNUM, a town of the JEdui ia 
Gaul, taken by J, Caesar. It is pleasantly 
situated on the Ligeris, and now called JVoyorip 
or, as others suppose, JVevera. Cces. Bell. G. 
2, c. 12. 

NovioMAGus, or Neomagus, a town of Gbm], 

now JVizeux in Normandy. Another called 

also JS^emeles, now Spire. Another in Bata- 

via, now JVimeguen, on the south side of the 
Waal. 

NoviuM, a town of Spain, now JVoya. 

Novius Priscus, a man banished from 
Rome by Nero, on suspicion that he was 
accessary to Piso's conspiracy. Tacit, jinn. 
15, c. 71. A man who attempted to as- 
sassinate the emperor Claudius. Two bro- 
thers obscurely born, distinguished in the age 
of Horace for their officiousness. Horat. 1, 
sat. 6. 

Novum Comum, a town of Insubria, oa 
the lake Larinus, of which the inhabitants 
were called JVovocomenses. Cic. ad Div. 13, 
c. 35. 

Nox, one of the most ancient deities among 
the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From 
her union with her brother Erebus, she gave 
birth to the Day and the Light. She was 
also the mother of the Parcae, Hesperides, 
Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fi-aud, 
he. She is called by some of the poets the 
mother of all things, of gods as well as of 
men, and therefore she was worshipped with 
great solemnity by the ancients. She had « 
famous statue in Diana's temple at Ephesus. 
It wa» usual to oifer her a black sheep, as 



W 



NU 

a^e was the mother of the furies. The cock 
was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims 
the approach of day, during the darkness of 
the night. She is represented as mounted on 
a chariot and covered with a veil bespangled 
with stars. The constellations generally went 
before her as her constant messengers. Some- 
times she is seen holding two children under 
iser arms, one of which is black, representing 
tdeath, or rather night, and the other white, 
representing sleep or day. Some of the mo- 
derns have described her as a woman veiled 
in mourning, and crowned with poppies, and 
carried on a chariot drawn by owls and 
bats. Virg. ^n. 6, v. 9o0.--0vid. Fast. 1, 
V. 455.— Paw*. 10, c. S8.—Hesiod. Theog. 125 
and 212. 

NucERiA, a town of Campania, taken by 
Annibal. It became a Roman colony under 
Augustus, and was called JVuceria Constantia, 
or Alfaitrna. It now bears the name of JVb- 
eeraf and contains about thirty thousand in- 
habitants. Lucan. 2, v. 472.— Ltr. 9, c. 41, 1. 
27, c. 3.— /to/. 8, V. ^\.— Tacit. Ann. 13 and 

14. A town of Umbria, at the foot of the 

Apennines. Strah. — Plin. 

NuiTHONES, a people of Germany, possess- 
ing the country now called Mecklenburg and 
Pomerania. Tacit. G. 40. 

Noma Marcius, a man made governor of 
Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He was son-in-law 
of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Mar- 
tius. Tadt. A. 6, c. 1 \.—Uv. 1, c. 20. 

Numa Pompilius, a celebrated philosopher, 
born at Cures, a village of the Sabines, on the 
day that Romulus laid the foundation of 
Rome. He married Tatia the daughter of 
Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at her 
death he retired into the country to devote 
himself more freely to literary pursuits. At 
the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon 
him to be their new king, and two senators 
were sent to acquaint him with the decisions 
of the senate and of the people. Numa refus- 
ed their offers, and it was not but at the re- 
peated solicitations and prayers of his friends, 
that he was prevailed upon to accept the roy- 
alty. The beginning of his reign was popular, 
and he dismissed the 300 body guards which 
his predecessor had kept around his person, 
observing that he did not distrust a people 
who had compelled him to reign over them. 
He was not, like Romulus, fond of war, and 
military expeditions, but he applied himself to 
tame the ferocity of his subjects, to inculcate 
in their minds a reverence for the deity, and 
to quell their dissentions by dividing all the 
citizens into different classes. He established 
different orders of priests, and taught the Ro- 
mans not to worship the deity by images ; and 
from his example no graven or painted statues 
appeared in the temples or sanctuaries of 
Rome for upwards of 160 years. He encou- 
raged the report which was spread of his pay- 
ing regular visits to the nymph Egeria, and 
made use of her name to give sanction to the 
Jaws and institutions which he had introdu- 
ced. He established the college of the vestals, 
and told the Romans that the safety of the 
empire depended upon the preservation of 
the sacred muylt or ahidd which, as was gene- 
rally believed, had dropped down from hea- 
ven. He dedicated a temple to Janus, which; 



NU 

during his whole reign, remained shut as a 
mark of peace and tranquillity at Rome. 
Numa died after a reign of 43 years, in which 
he had given every possible encouragement to 
the useful arts, and in which he had cultivated 
peace, B. C. 672. Not only the Romans, but 
also the neighbouring nations, were eager to 
pay their last offices to a monarch whom they 
revered for his abilities, moderation, and hu- 
manity. He forbade his body to be burnt ac- 
cording to the custom of the Romans, but he 
ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculum, 
with many of the books which he had written. 
These books were accidentally found by one 
of the Romans about 400 years after his death, 
and as they contained nothing new or interest- 
ing, but merely the reasons why he had made 
innovations in the form of worship and in the 
religion of the Romans, they were burnt by or- 
der of the senate. He left behind one daugh- 
ter called Pompilia, who married Numa Mar- 
cius, and became the mother of Ancus Martins 
the fourth king of Rome. Some .say that he 
had also four sons, but this opinion is ill found- 
ed. Phit. in vita. — Varro. — Liv. 1, c. IS — 
Plin. 13 and 14, kc.—Flor. 1, c. 2.— I7r^. 
JEn. 6, v. 809, 1. 9, v, 562.— Cic. de jYat. D, 
3, c. 2 and 17.— Fa/. Max. 1, c. 2,.-^Dionys. 

Hal. 2, c. 59.— Ovid. Fast. 3, &,c. One of 

the Rutulian chiefs killed in the night by Nisus 
and Euryalus. Vid. JEn. 9, v. 454. 

NuMANA, a town of Picenum in Italy, of 
which the people were called Numanaits, 
Mela, 2, c. 4. 

NuMANTiA, a town of Spain, near the 
sources of the river Durius, celebrated for the 
war of fourteen years, which, though unpro- 
tected by walls or towers, it bravely main- 
tained against the Romans. The inhabitants 
obtained some advantages over the Roman 
forces, till Scipio Africanus was empowered 
to finish the war, and to see the destruction of 
Numantia. He began the siege with an 
army of sixty thousand men, and was bravely- 
opposed by the besieged, who were no more 
than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both ar- 
mies behaved with uncommon valour, and the 
courage of the Numantines was soon changed 
into despair and fury. Their provisions be- 
gan to fail, and they fed upon the flesh of their 
horses, and afterwards of that of their dead 
companions, and at last were necessitated 
to draw lots to kill and devour one another. 
The melancholy situation of their affairs ob- 
liged some to surrender to the Roman gene- 
ral. Scipio demanded them to deliver them- 
selves up on the morrow; they refused, 
and when a longer time had been granted to 
their petitions, they retired and set fire to 
their houses, and all destroyed themselves, 
B. C. 133, so that not even one remained to 
adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some 
historians, however, deny that, and support 
that a number of Numantines delivered them- 
selves into Scipio's hands, and that fifty of 
them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and 
the rest sold as slaves. The fall of Numan- 
tia was more glorious than that of Carthage 
or Corinth, though inferior to them. The 
conqueror obtained the surname of Kumanti- 
nus. Flor. 2, c. IS—Appian. Ibcr.—Paterc. 
2, c. 3.— Cic. 1. of.—Strab. Q.^Mda, 2, c. 
Pint. —llorat. 2, od. 12; v. 1. 



NU 

Nt'MANTiNA, a woman accused under Tibe- 
rius of making her husband insane by enchant- 
ments, kc. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 22. 

NuMANUs Remulus, a Rutulian who accus- 
ed the Trojans of edeminacy. He had raai'- 
ried the younger sister of Turnus, and was 
killed bv Ascanias during the Rutuiian war. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 592, &€. 

NuMKNEs, a follower of the doctrines of 
Plato and Pathagoras, born at Apamea in 
Syria. He flourished in the reign of M. An- 
toninus. 

NuMENiA, or Neo3ienia, a festival observ- 
ed by the Greeks at the beginning of every 
Junar month, in honour of all the gods, but 
especially of Apollo, or the Sun, who is 
justly deemed the author of light and of 
whatever distinction is made in the months, 
seasons, days, and nights. It was observed 
with games and public entertainments, which 
were provided at the expense of rich citizens, 
and which were always frequented by the 
poor. Solemn prayers were otfered at Athens 
during the solemnity, for the prosperity of the 
republic. The demi-gods as well as the heroes 
of the ancients, were honoured and invoked 
in the festival. 

NuMENius, a philosopher who supposed that 
Chaos, from which the world was created, 
was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. 
He lived in the second century. 

JNuMENTANA VIA, a road at Rome, which 
Jed to mount Sacer, through the gate Vimi- 
nalis. Liv. 3, c. 52. 

NuMERiA, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over numbers. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11. 

NuMERiANus, M. Aurelius, a son of the 
emperor Carus. He accompanied his father 
into the east with the title of Caesar, and at 
his death he succeeded him with his brother 
Carinus, A. D. 282. His reign was short. 
Eight months after his father's death, he was 
murdered in his litter by his father-in-law 
Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in an 
expedition. The murderer, who hoped to 
ascend the vacant throne, continued to follow 
the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he 
found a proper opportunity to declare his 
sentiments. The stench of the body however 
soon discovered his perfidy, and he was sa- 
crificed to the fury oi the soldiers. Numeria- 
nus has been admired for his learning as well 
as his moderation. He was naturally an elo- 
quent speaker, and in poetry he was inferior 

to no writer of his age. A friend of the 

emperor Severus, 

JNuMERius, a man who favoured the es- 
cape of Marius to Africa, &i.c. A friend of 

Pompey taken by J. Caesar's adherents, &c. 
Pirn. 

JNuMiciA VIA, one of the great Roman 
i«oads which led from the capital to the town 
of Brundusium. 

IS'Cmicus, a small river of Latium, near 
Lavinium, where the dead body of iEneas was 
found, and where Anna, Dido's sister, drown- 
ed herself. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 150, kc. Sil. 

1, v. :WJ.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 358, &ic. Fast. 3, 

V. 643. A friend of Horace, to whom he 

addressed 1 ep. 6. 

NuMiDA, a surname given by Horace, 1 od. 
3G, to one of the generals of Augustus, from 
his conquests in Numidia. Some suppose that 
a is Pomponius, others Plotiub. 



NU 

JNi^MiDiA, an inland country of Africa,r 
which now forms the kingdom o( Algiers and 
Bildnlgerid. It was bounded on the north by 
the Mediterranean sea, south by Gajlulia, west 
by Mauritania, and east by a part of Libya 
which was called Africa Propria. The inhabi- 
tants were called J^omades, and afterwards 
Mnnidop.. It was the kingdom of Masinissa, 
who was the occasion of the third Punic war, 
on account of the ofience he had received from 
the Carthaginians. Jugurtha reigned there, 
as also Juba the father and son. It was con- 
quered, and became a Roman province, of 
which Sallust was the first governor. The 
Numidians were excellent warriors, j-and ia 
their expeditions they always endeavoured to 
engage with the enemy in the night time. 
They rode without saddles or bridles, whence 
they have been called infrceni. They had their 
wives in common as the rest of the barbarian 
nations of antiquity. Sallust. in Jug. — Flor. 
2, c. lo.—Slrab. 2 and i7.— Mela, 1, c. 4, &c. 
— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 764. 

NuMiDius QuADRATus, a govcmoF of Syria 
under Craudius. Tacit. Ann. 12. 

NuMisTRo, a ^town of the Brutii in Italy. 
Liv. 46, c. 17. 

NuMiTOR, a son of Procas, king of Alba, 
who inherited his father's kingdom with his 
brother Amulius, and began to reign con- 
jointly with him. Amulius was too avaricious 
to bear a colleague on the throne ; expel- 
led his brother, and that he might more 
safely secure himself he put to death his sou 
Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Ilia to 
the service of the goddess Vesta, which de- 
manded perpetual celibacy. These great pre- 
cautions were rendered abortive. Ilia be- 
came pregnant, and though the two children 
whom she brought forth were exposed in 
the river by order of the tyrant, their life 
was preserved, and Numitor was restored to 
his throne by his grandsons, and the tyranni- 
cal usurper was put to death. Dionys. Hal. — 
Liv. 1, c. 3. — Plul. in liomul. — Ovid. Fast. 4, 

V. 55, &.C. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 768. A son of 

Phorcus who fought with Turnus against M- 

neas. Virg, JEn. 10, v. 342. A rich and 

dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal 7, v. 74. 

NuMiTCRius, a Roman who defended Vir- 
ginia, to whom Appius wished to offer violence. 

He was made military tribune. Q. Pullus, 

a general of Fregeliae, &.c. Cic. dt Inv, 2, c, 

NuiMONius. Vid. Vala. 

NuNcoREWs, a son of Sesostris king of E- 
gypt, who made an obelisk, some ages after 
brought to Rome, and placed in the Vatican. 
Plin. 36, c. 11. He is called Pheron by He- 
rodotus. 

NuNDiNA, a goddess whom the Romans 
invoked when they named their children. 
This happened the ninth day after their birth, 
whence the name of the goddess, A'ona dies. 
Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 16, 

NuNDiNiE. Vid. Feria*. 

NuRs^a:, a town of Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, 
v. 744. 

NiRsciA, a goddess who patronized the 
Etrurians. Juv. 10, v. 74. 

NuRsiA, now Aorza, a town ofPicenum 
whose inhabitants are called J\yrsini. Its si- 
tuation was exposed, and the air cousidered as 



NY 

nnwholesome. Sil. It. 8, v. 416. — Virg. Mn. 
7, V. 116.— Mariial. 13, ep. 20.— Lif. 28, 
c. 45. 

Is\'TRiA, a town of Illyricum. Polyb. 2. 

Nycteis, a daughter of Nycteus, who was 

mother of Labducus. A patronymic of An- 

tiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Am- 
phion and Zetbus by Jupiter, who had assu- 
med the siiape of a satyr to enjoy her com- 
pany. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 1 10. 

j>}VcTELiA, festivals in honour of Bacchus, 
[Vid. Nyctelius,] observed on mount Cithae- 
ron. Plut.in Symp. 

IVvcTELius, a surname of Bacchus, be- 
cause his orgies were celebrated in the night. 
(w5 nox, riKtw perficio.) The word lalex J\'t/c- 
telius thence signify wine. Seneca in (Edip. — 
Pans. 1, c. 40.— Ovid, ^fet.4, v. 15. 

Nycteus, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia. 

A son of Chthonius. A son of Neptune by 

Celene, daughter of Atlas, king of Lesbos, or 
of Thebes, according to the more received 
opinion. He married a nymph of Crete cal- 
led Polyxo or Almathaea, by whom he had two 
daughters, Nyctimene and Antiope. The 
first of these disgraced herself by her criminal 
amours with her father, into whose bed she 
introduced herself by means of her nurse. 
When the father knew the incest he had com- 
mitted, he attempted to stab his daughter, 
who was immediately changed by Minerva in- 
to an owl. Nycteus made war against Epopeus, 
who had carried away Antiope, and died of a 
wound which he had received in an engage- 
ment, leaving his kingdom to his brother Ly- 
cus, whom he entreated to continue the war, 
and punish Antiope for her immodest conduct. 
[Vid. Antiope.] Pau^. 2, c. 6. — Hygin. fab. 
157 and 204.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 590, &ic. 1. 6, v. 
110, itc. 

NvcTiMESE, a daughter of Nycteus. I'td. 
Nycteus. 

Nyctisius, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar- 
cadia. He died without issue, and left his 
kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son of Ca- 
li5to. Paus. 8, c. 4. 

Nymb^um, a lake of Peloponnesus in La- 
conia. Id. 3, v. 23. 

NymphjE, certain female deities among the 
ancients. They were generally divided into 
two classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs 
of the sea. Of the nymphs of the earth, some 
presided over woods, and were called Dryades 
and Hamadryades, others presided over moun- 
tains, and were called Oreades, some presided 
over hills and dales, and were called JS'apcecE, 
k.c. Of the sea nymphs, some were called 
Oceanides, JSYreides, JVaiades, Potamidts, 
Limnades, 8ic. These presided not only over 
the sea, but also over rivei*s, fountains, streams, 
and lakes. The nymphs Sxed their residence 
not only in the sea, but also on mountains, 
rocks, in woods or caverns, and their grottos 
were beautified by evergreens and delightful 
and romantic scenes. The nymphs were im- 
mortal according to the opinion of some my- 
thologists ; others supposed that, like men, 
they were subject to mortality, though their 
life was of long duration. They lived for se- 
veral thousand years according to Hesiod, or 
as Plutarch seems obscurely lo intimate, they 
lived above 9720 years. The number of the 
nymphs is not precisely known. There were 



NY 

above 3000, according to Hesiod, whose pow- 
er was extended over the diflferent places of 
the earth, and the various functions and oc« 
cupations of mankind. They were worship- 
ped by the ancients, though not with so much, 
solemnity as the superior deities. They had 
no temples raised to their honour, and the on- 
ly offerings they received were milk, honey, 
oil, and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. 
They were generally represented as young and 
beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and 
sometimes they held a vase, from which they 
seemed to pour water. Sometimes they had 
grass, leaves, and shells instead of vases. It 
was deemed unfortunate to see them nakttd, 
and such sight was generally attended by a de- 
lirium, to which Propertius seems to allude ia 
this verse, wherein he speaks of the innocence 
and simplicity of the primitive ages of the 
world, 

A'ecfuerat nudas pcsna videre Deas. 
The nymphs were generally distinguished by 
an epithet which denoted the place of theii* 
residence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were 
called Sicelidis ; those of Corycus, Corycides, 
&LC. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320, 1. 5, v. 412, 1. 9, 
651, &c. Fast. 3, v. 169.— Pans. 10, c. 3. — 
Plut. de Orac. def. — Orpheus. Arg. — Hesiod. 
TheGg.—Propert. 3, el. 12.— Homer. Od. 14. 

Nymph^um, a port of Macedonia. Ct&r. 

btU. civ. A promontory of Epirus on the 

Ionian sea. A place near the \\'allsof Apol- 

lonia, sacred to the nymphs, where Apollo had 
also an oracle. The place was also celebrated 
for the continual flames of fire which seemed 
to rise at a distance from the plains. It was 
there that a sleeping satyr was once caught and 
brought to Sylla as he returned from the Mi- 
thridatic war. This monster had the same 
features as the poets ascribe to the satyr. He 
was interrogated by Sylla, and by his interpre- 
ters, but his articulations were unintelligible, 
and the Roman spurned from him a creature 
which seemed to partake of the nature of a 
beast more than that of a man. Plut. in Syl- 
la.—Dio. 41.— Plin. 5, c. 29.—Strab. l.—Liv. 

42, c. 36 and 49. A city of Taurica Cherso- 

nesus. The building at Rome where the 

nymphs were worshipped, bore also this name, 
being adorned with their statues and with 
fountains and water-falls, which afforded an 
agreeable and refreshing coolness. 

Nymph^us, a man who went into Caria at 
the head of a colony of Melians, iic. Polycen. 8. 

NvMPHiDius, a favourite of Nero, who 
said that he was descended from Caligula. He 
was raised to the consular dignity, and soon 
after disputed the empire with Galba. He was 
slain by the soldiers, i^c. Tacit. Ann. 15. 

Nymphis, a native of Heraclea, who wrote 
an history of Alexander's life and actions, di- 
vided into 24 books. JEHan. 7, dt Anim. 

Nymphodorus, a writer of Amphipolis. 
A Syracutan who wrote an history of 



Sicily. 

Nympholeptes, or Nymphomanes, pos- 
sessed by the nymplis. This name was given 
to the inhabitants of mount Cithieron, who be- 
lieved that tliey were inspired by the nymphs. 
Plut. i}i Aris!. 

Nymphon, a native of Colophon, Stc. Cic. 
adfru. 1. 

Nypsius, a general of Dionysius the tyrant. 



NY 

■wfeo took Syracuse, and put all the inhabit- 
ants to the sword. Diod. 16. 

Nysa or Nyssa, a town of Ethiopia, at the 
south of Egj'pt, or according to others, 
of Arabia. This city, with another of the 
same name in India,was sacred to the god Bac- 
chus, who was educated there by the nymphs 
of the place, and who received the name of 
Dionysius, which seems to be compounded of 
A«; &£ NuTse, the name of his father, and that of 
the place of his education. The god made this 
place the seat of his empire and the capital of 
the conquered nations of the east. Diodorus, in 
his third and fourth books, has given a prolix 
account of the birth of the god at JVysa, and 
©f his education and heroic actions. Mela, 3, 
c. T.—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 13, kc.—Ital 7, v. 198. 

—Curt. 8, c. 10.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 805. 

According to some geographers there were 
no less than ten places of the name of Nysa. 
One of these was on the coast of Eubcea, fa- 
mous for its vines, which grew in such an un- 



NY 

common manner, that if a twig was planted 
in the ground in the morning, it immediately 
produced grapes, which were full ripe in the 

evening. A city of Thrace. Another 

seated on the top of mount Parnassus, and 
sacred to Bacchus. Juv. 7, v. 63. 

NvsiEus, a surname of Bacchus, because he 
was worshipped at Nysa, Propert. 3, el. 17, 

V. 22. A son of Dionysius of Syracuse. C. 

JYep. in Dion. 

NysAs, a river of Africa, rising in -SIthiopia.- 

Nysi^e poKTiE, a small island in Africa. 

Nysiades, a name given to the nymphs 
of Nysa, to whose care Jupiter intrusted the 
education of his son Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, 
V. 314, Sic. 

Nysiros, an island. Vid. Nisyros. 

Nysius, a surname of Bacchus as the pr«« 
tecting god of Nysa. Cic. Flac. 25. 

Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates the Great. 
Plut. 



oc 

O ARSES, the original name of Artaxerxes 
Memnon. 

Oarus, a river of Sam atia, falling into the 
Palus Moeotis. Hercdot 4. 

Oasis, a town about the middle of Libya, at 
the distance of seven days journey from The- 
bes in Egypt, where the Persian army sent by 
Cambyses to^plunder Jupiter Ammon's temple 
was lost in the sands. There were two other 
cities of that name very little known. Oasis be- 
came a place of bani^iment under the lower 
empire. Strab. 17. — Zosim. 5, c. 97. — Hero- 
dot. 3, c. 26. 

Oaxes, a river of Crete which received its 
name from Oasus the son of Apollo. Virg. 
Ed. 1, V. 66. 

Oaxus> a town of Crete where Etearchus 

reigned, wiio founded Cyrene. A son of 

Apollo and the nymph Anchiale. 

Obringa, now Ahr, a river of Germany 
falling into the Rhine above Rimmagen. 

Obxjltronius, a quajstor put to death by 
Galba's orders, &c. Tacit. 

OcALEA or Ocalia, a town of Bceotia. 

Homer. 11. 2. A daughter of Mantineus, 

who married Abas, son of Lynceus and Hy- 
permnestra, by whom she had Acrisius and 
Prmtus. Apollod. 2, c. 2. 

Ocr.iA, a woman who presided over the sa- 
cred rites of Vesta for 57 years with the great- 
est sanctity. She died in the reign of Tiberius, 
and the daughter of Domilius succeeded her. 
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 86. 

OcEANiDEs, and OcEAjfiTiDES, sea nymphs, 
daughters of Oceanus, from whom they 
received their name, and of the goddess 
Tethys. They were 3000 according to 
Apollodorus, who mentions the names of 
seven of them ; Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, 
Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis. Hesiod, 
speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons 41, 
Pitlio, Admete, Prynno, lanthe, Rhodia, 
Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clyraene, Idyia, 
Pasithoe, Clythia, Zeuso, Galnxaufe, PJex- 



OC 

aure, Perseis, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora, Melo* 
bosis, Dione, Cerceis, Xantha, Acasta, lanira, 
Telestho, Europa, Menestho, Petrea, Eudora, 
Calypso, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia, Amphiro, 
with those mentioned by Apollodorus except 
Amphitrite. Hyginus mentions 16 whose 
names are almost gdl different from those of 
Apollodorus and Hesiod, which difference pro- 
ceeds from the mutilation of the original text. 
The Oceanides, as the rest of the inferior 
deities, were honoured with libations and 
sacrifices. Prayers were offered to them, and 
they were entreated to protect sailors from 
storms and dangerous tempests. The Argo- 
nauts, before they proceeded to their expe- 
dition, made an offering of flour, honey, and 
oil, on the sea shore, to all the deities of the 
sea, and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated 
their protection. When the sacrifice was made 
on the sea shore, the blood of the victim was 
received in a vessel, but when it was in open 
sea, the blood was permitted to run down 
into the waters. When the sea was calm the 
sailors generally offered a lamb or a young 
pig, but if it was agitated by the winds, and 
rough, a black bull was deemed the most ac- 
ceptable victim. Jlomer.Od. 3. — Horat. — Jpol^ 
ion. Arg. — Virg. G. 4, v. 341. — Hesiod. Theog. 
^49.—Apollod^. 1. 

Oceanus, a powerful deity of the sea, son 
of Ccelus and Terra. He married Tetbys, by 
whom he had the most principal rivers, such 
as the Alpheus, Peneus, Strymon, he. with 
a number of daughters, who are called from 
him Oceanides. [^Vid. Oceanides.] Accord- 
ing to Homer, Oceanus ivas the father of all 
the gods, and on that account he received fre- 
quent visits from the rest of the deities. He 
is generally represented as an old man with a 
long flowing beard, and sitting upon the waves 
of the sea. He often hoids apike in his hand, 
while ships under sail appear at a distance, or 
a sea monster stands near him. Oceanus pre- 
.sided over every part of the sea, and even the 



cc 

rivers were su"bjected to his power. Tke an- 1 
rients were superstitious in their worship to 
•Oceanus, and revered with great solemnity a^ 
deity to whose care they intrusted themselves 
when going on any voyage. Hesiod. Theog. — 
Ovid. Fast, o, v. 81, &:c. — ^^pollod. 1. — Cic. de 
/fat. D.'S,c. 2^.— Homer. 11. 

Ocellus, an ancient philosopher of Luca- 
nia. Vid. Lucanus. 

OcELUM, a town of Gaul. C(BS. Bell. G. 1, 
c. 10. 

OcHA, a mountain of Eubcca, and the name 

©f Eubcea itself. A sister of Ochus buried 

alive by his orders. 

OcHESius, a general of .^tolia in the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 5. 

OcHus, a surname given toArlaxerxestbeSd 

king of Persia. [Vid. Artaxerses.] A man 

of Cyzicus who was killed by the Argonauts. 

Flacc. 3. A prince of Persia, who refused 

to visit his native country for fear of giving all 

the women each a piece of gold. Plut. 

A river of India, or of Bactriana. Plin. 6, c. 
16, 1. 31, c. 7. A king of Persia. He ex- 
changed this name for that of Darius. Vid. 
Darius Nothus, 

OcNUs, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, 
who assisted iEneas against Turnus. He built 
a town which he called Mantua after his mo- 
ther's name. Some suppose that he is the 
game as Bianor. Virg. Ed. 9, Mn. 10, v. 198. 

A man remarkable for his industry. He 

had a wife as remarkable for her profusion ; 
she always consumed and lavished away what- 
ever the labours of her husband had earned. 
He is represented as twisting a cord, which an 
ass standing by eats up as soon as he makes it, 
whence the proverb of the cord of Ocnus often 
applied to labour which meets no return, and 
which is totally lost. Propert. 4, el. 3, v. 21. — 
Plin. 35, c. 11.— Pau*. 10, c. 29. 

OcRicuLUM, now Otricoli, a town of Um- 
bria near Rome. Cic. pro. Mil. — Liv. 19, c. 41. 

OcRiDioN, a king of Rhodes who was reck- 
oned in the number of the gods after death. 
Plut. in GrcEC. qucest. 27. 

OcRisiA, a woman of Corniculum, who 
was one of the attendants of Tanaquil the 
wife of Tarquinius Priscus. As she was 
throwing into the flames, as offerings, some of 
the meats that were served on the table of 
Tarquin, she suddenly saw in the fire what 
Ovid calls obscceni forma virilis. She informed 
the queen of it, and when by her orders she 
had approached near it, she conceived a son 
who was called Servius TuUius, and who being 
educated in the king's family, afterwards suc- 
ceeded to the vacant throne. Some suppose 
Ihat Vulcan had assumed that form whicn was 
presented to the eyes of Ocrisia, and that the 
god was the father of the sixth king of Rome. 
Plut. de fort. Rom.— Plin. 36, c. 27.— Ovid. 
Fast. 6, V. 627. 

OcTAciLLius, a slave who was manumit- 
ted, and who afterwards taught rhetoric at 
Rome. He had Pompey the Great in the 
number of his pupils. Hueton. in EUit. — Mar- 
iial. 10, ep. 79. 

OcTAviA, a Roman lady sister to the em- 
peror Augustus and celebrated for her beauty 
and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, 
and after his death M. Antowy. Her marriage 
v'iili AiitOQV was a political step to reooncile 



oc 

her brother and her husband. Antony proved 
for some time attentive to her, but he soon af- 
ter despised her for Cleopatra, and when she 
attempted to withdraw him from this unlawful 
amour by going to meet him at Athens, she was 
secretly rebuked and totally banished from his 
presence. This aifront was highly resented by 
Augustus, and though Octavia endeavoured to 
pacify him by palliating her husband's beha- 
viour, he resolved to revenge her cause by arms. 
After the battle of Actlum and the death of 
Antony, Octavia, forgetful of the injuries she 
had received, took into her house all the chil- 
dren of her husband, and treated them with, 
maternal tenderness. Marcellas her son by 
her first husband was married to a niece of Au- 
gustus, and publicly intended as a successor to 
his uncle. His sudden death plunged all his 
family into the greatest grief. Virgil, whom 
Augustus patronized, undertook upon himself 
to pay a melancholy tribute to the memory of 
a young man whom Rome regarded as her fu- 
ture father and patron. He was desired to re- 
peat his composition in the presence of Augus- 
tus and of his sister. Octavia burst into tears 
as soon as the poet began; but when he men- 
tioned, Tu Marcellus eris, she swooned away. 
This tender and pathetic encomium upon the 
merit and the virtue of young Marcellus was 
liberally rewarded by Octavia, and Virgil re- 
ceived 10,000 sesterces for every one of the 
verses. Octavia had two daughters by Antony, 
Antonia Major and Antonia Minor. The elder 
married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whoni 
she had Cn. Domitius the father of the em- 
peror Nero by Agrippina the daughter of 
Germanicus. Antonia Minor, who was as 
virtuous and as beautiful as her mother, mar- 
ried Drusus the son of Tiberius, by whom she 
had Germanicus, and Claudius, who reigned 
before Nero. The death of Marcellus con- 
tinually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, 
who died of melancholy about 10 years before 
the Christian era. Her brother paid great re- 
gard to her memory, by pronouncing himself 
her funeral oration. The Roman people alsd 
showed their respect for her virtues by their 
wish to pay her divine honours. Suet, in -Aug, 

— Plvi. in Anton, kx,. A daughter of the 

emperor Claudius by Messalina. She was be- 
trothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of 
Agrippina, she was married to the emperor 
Nero in the 16th year of her age. She was 
soon after divorced on pretence of ban'enness, 
and the emperor married Poppaja, who exer- 
cised her enmity upon Octavia by causing her 
to be banished into Campania. She was after- 
wards recalled at the instance of the people, 
and Poppeea, who was resolved on her ruin, 
caused her again to be banished to an island, 
where she was ordered to kill herself by open- 
ing her veins. Her head was cut off and car- 
ried to Poppaea. Sutt. in Claud. 27, m JVer. 
7 and 35.— Tacit. Ann. 12. 

OcTAVjANus, or OcTAVius C^sAR, the ne- 
phew of Cajsar the dictator. After the battle 
of Actium and the final destruction of the 
Roman republic, the servile senate bestowed 
upon hiai tlio lille and surname o( Augustus as 
expressive of his greatness and dignity. Vid. 
Augustus. 

OcTAvius, a Roman ofiicer Viho brought 
Perseus, king of Macedouin, a prisoner to th« 



OD 

consul. He was sent by his countrymen to 
be guardian to Ttolemy Eupator, tlie young 
king of Egypt^ wliere he behaved with the 
greatest arfbganee. He was assassinated by 
Lysias, who was before regent of Egypt. The 

murderer was sent to Rome. A man who 

opposed Metellus in the reduction of Crete by 
means of Pompey. He was obliged to re- 
tire from the island. A man who banished 

Cinna from Rome and became remarkable for 
his probity and fondness of discipline. He 
was seized and put to death by order of his 
successful rivals Marius and Cinna. A Ro- 
man who boasted of being in the numbeiyof 
Caesar's murderers. His assertions were false, 
yet he was punished as if he liad been aoices- 

sary to the conspiracy. A lieutenant of 

Crassus in Parthia. He accompanied his ge- 
neral to the tent of the Parthian con<iueror, 
and was killed by the enemy as he attempted 
to hinder them from carrying away Crassus. 
-——A governor of Cilicia. He died in his 
province, and Lucullus made applications to 

succeed him, &ic. A tribune of the people 

at Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus his Colleague 

Weposed. A commander of the forces of 

Antony against Augustus. An officer who 

killed himself, he. A tribune of the peo- 
ple, who debauched a woman of Pontus from 
her husband. She proved unfaithfut to him, 
upon which he murdered her. He \fas con^ 
deraned under Nero. Tacit. Ann. ^ JtMst. — 

Plut. in vilis. — Flor. — Liv. &c. A poet in 

the Augustan age intimate with Horace. He 
also distinguished himself as an historian. He- 
rat . 1. Sat. 10, V. 82. 

OctodOrus, a village in the modern country 
of Swit^ez'land, now called Martigny. Cces. 
B. G. 3, c. 1. 

OcTOGESA, a town of Spain, a little above 
the mouth of the Iberus, now called Mequi- 
nensa. Cas. B. G. 1, c. 61. 

OcTOLOPWuM, a place of Greece. Liv. 
31. 

OcYALUS, one of the Phascians with Alci- 
nous. Homer. Od. 

OcYPETE, one of the Harpies who infected 
whatever she touched. The name signifies 
&wi ft flying. Hesiod. Tlieog. 265. — £pollod. 1, 

c. 9. A daughter of Thaumas. A 

daughter of Danaus. 

OcYROE, a daughter of Chiron by Chariclo, 
who had the gift of prophecy. She was 
changed into a mare, [Vid. Melanippe.] 

Ovid. Met. 2, v. 638, kc. A woman daugh- 

txr of Chesias, carried away by Apollo as she 
was going to a festival at Miletus. 

Oden ATUS, a celebrated prince of Palmy- 
ra. He early inured himself to bear fatigues, 
and by hunting leopards and wild beasts, he 
accustomed himself to the labours of a mi- 
litary life. He was faithful to the Romans ; 
and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner 
by Sapor, king of Persia, Odenatus warmly 
interested himself in his cause, and solicited 
his release by writing a letter to the conc^ueror 
and sending him presents. The king ot Per- 
sia was offended at the liberty of Odenatus; 
he tore the letter, and ordered the presents 
which were otlercd to be thrown into a river. 
To punish Odenatus, who had the impudence, 
a5 he observed, to pay homage to so great a 
rnonarch as himself, lie ordered him to appear 



OD 

before bim, on pain of being devoted to i'll" 
stant destruction, with all his family, if he 
dared to refuge. Odenatus disdained the sum- 
mons of SapOr, and opposed force to force. 
He obtained some advantages over the troops 
of the Persian monarch, and took his wife 
prisoner with a great and rich booty. These 
services were seen with gratitude by the Ro- 
mans; and Gallienus, the then reigning em- 
peror, named Odenatus as his colleague on the 
throne, and gave the title of Augustus to 
his children, and to his wife the celebrated 
Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new power, 
resolved to signalize himself more conspicu- 
ously by conquering the northern barbarians, 
but his exultation was short, and he perished 
by the dagger of one of his relations, whom 
he had slightly offended in a domestic enter- 
tainment. He died atEmessa, about the 267th 
year of the Christian era. Zenobia succeeded 
to all his titles and honours. 

Odessus, a sea port town at the west of 
the Euxine sea in Lower Mocsia, below the 
mouths of the Danube. Ovid. 1, Trist. 9, 
V.37. 

Odeum, a musical theatre at Athens. Vi- 
truv. 5, c. 9. 

Odinus, a celebrated hero of antiquity, 
who flourished about 70years before the Chris- 
tian era, in the northern parts of ancient Ger- 
many, or the modern kingdom of Denmark. 
He was at once a priest, a soldier, a poet, a 
monarch, and a conqueror. He imposed upon 
the credulity of his superstitious countrymen, 
and made them believe that he could raise the 
dead to life, and that he was acquainted with 
futurity. When he had extended his power, 
and increased his fame by conquest, and by 
persuasion, he resolved to die in a different 
manner from other men. He assembled his 
friends, and with the sharp point of a lance he 
made on his body nine different wounds in the 
form of a circle, and as he expired he declar- 
ed he was going into Scythia, where he should 
become one of the immortal gods. He fur- 
ther added, that he would prepare bliss and fe- 
licity for such of his countrymen as lived a 
virtuous life, who fought with intrepidity, and 
who died like heroes in the field of battle. 
These injunctions had the desired effect ; his 
countrymen superstitiously believed him, and 
always recommended themselves to his pro- 
tection whenever they engaged in a battle, 
and they entreated him to receive the souls of 
such as had fallen in war. 

OurrEs, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus, 
at the nuptials of Pirilhous. Ovid. Met. 12, 

V. 457. A prince killed at the nuptials of 

Andromeda. Id. ib. 5, v. 97. 

Odoacer, a king of the Heruli, who de- 
stroyed the western empire of Rome, and 
called himself king of Italy, A. D.476. 

Odomanti, a people of Thrace, on the 
eastern banks of the Slrymon. Liv. 45, c. 4. 

Odowes, a people of Thrace. 

Odrys/e, an ancient people of Thrace, be- 
tween Abdera and the river Jster. The epi- 
thet of Odrysiusis often applied to a Thraciau. 
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 490, 1. 13, v. 554.— S/af. Ach. 
1, V. 184.— Liu. 39, c. 53. 

Odvssea, one of Homer's epic poems, in 
which he describes in 24 books the adventures 
of Ulysses on his rettirn from the Trojan was'- 



(ED 

with other material circumstances. The whole 
ef the action comprehends no more than 55 
days. It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that 
poet. Vid. Homerus. 

OoyssEUM, a promontory of Sicily, at the 
westofPachynus. 

(Ea, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. Pliyi. 5, 

c. 4.—Sil. Ital. 3, V. 257. Also a place in 

-/Egina. Herodot. 5, c. 83. 

(Eagrus or CEager, the father of Or- 
pheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, 
and from him mount Hamus, and also the 
Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, has 
received the appellation of (Eagrius, though 
Servius, in his commentaries, disputes the 
explanation of Diodorus, by asserting that the 
ffiagrius is a river of Thrace, whose waters 
supply the streams of the Hebrus. Ovid, in 
Jb. 414.— ^poUon. 1, arg.— Virg. G. 4, v. 
624.— Hal. 5, V. 463.— Diod.—Apollod. 1, c. 3. 
CEanthe, and Q2anthia, a town of Phocis, 
where Venus had a temple. Fans. 10, c. 
38. 

(Eax, a son of Naupliiis and Clymene. 
He was brother to Palamedes, whom 'he ac- 
companied to the Trojan war, and whose 
death he highly resented on his return to 
Greece, by falsing disturbances in the family 
of some of the Grecian princes. Dictys. Crd. 
—.Spollod. 2.—Hygin. fdih. 117. 

(Ebalia, the ancient name of Laconia, 
tvhich it received from king (Ebalus, and 
thence Q^balides peur is applied to Hyacinthus 
as a native of the country, and (Ehalius san- 
guis is used to denominate his blood. Pans. 3, 

c. l.—Apollod. 3, c. 10. The same name is 

given to Tarentum, because built by a Lace- 
diemonian colony, whose ancestors were go- 
verned by (Ebalus. Virg. G. 4, v. 125— 5'i/ 
12, V. 451. 

(Ebalus, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, 
who was king of Laconia. He married Gor- 
gophone the daughter of Perseus, by whom 
he had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, kc. Pau3. 

3, c. \.—^ipoliod. 3, c. 10. A son of Telon 

and the nymph Sebethis, who reigned in the 

neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. Virir 

^n.7, V. 734. ^' 

(Ebares, a satrap of Cyrus, against the 

Medes. Polyczn. 7. A groom of Darius son 

of Hystaspes. He was the cause that his mas- 
ter obtained the kingdom of Persia, by his arti- 
fice in making his horse neigh first. [Vid. Da- 
Fius Ist.J Herodot. 3, c. 85— Justin. 1, c. 10. 
(Echalia, a country of Peloponnesus in 
Laconia, with a small town of the same name. 
This town was destroyed by Hercdies, while 
Eurytus was king over it, from which circum- 
stance it is often called Eurylopolis. A 

small town of Eaboea, where, according to 
some, Eurytas reigned, and not in Peloponne- 
sus. Strah. 8, 9 and 10. — Virg. .JEn. 8. v, 291. 
— Ovid. Heroid. 9, Md. 9, v. 136.— 5o;)/ioc. in 
Track. 74 and Schol. 

(EcLiDES, a patronymic of Amphiaraus, son 
©f (Ecleus. Ovid. Md. 8, fab. 7. 
(EcLEUs. Vid. Oicleus. 
(EcuMENios, wrote in the middle of the 
10th century a paraphrase of some ofthe books 
of the New Testament in Greek, edited in 2 
vols. foi. Paris Itiyl. 

(Edipudia, a fountain of Thebes in Boeotia. 

(Edipus, a son of Laius, king of Thebes 

60 



(EB 

and Jocasta. As being descended from Venus- 
by his father's side, (Edipus was born to be 
exposed to all the dangers and the calamities 
which Juno could inflict upon the posterity of 
the goddess of beauty. Laius the father of 
(Edipus, was informed by the oracle, as soon 
as he married Jocasta, that he must perish by 
the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelli- 
gence awakened his fears, and to prevent the 
tulfilling of the oracle, he resolved never to 
apprpach Jocasta ; but his solemn resolutions 
were violated in a fit of intoxication. Thtt 
queen became pregnant, and Laius, still intent 
to stop this evil, ordered his wife to destroy 
her child as soon as it came into the world. 
The mother had not the courage to obey, yet 
she gave the child as soon as born to one of hep 
domestics, with orders to expose him on th« 
mountains. The servant was moved with pity, 
but to obey the commandof Jocasta, he bored 
thefeetof the child and suspended him with 
a twig by the heels to a tree on mount Cithee- 
ron, where he was soon found by one of the- 
shepherds of Polybus king of Corinth. The 
shepherd carried him home ; and Peribcea. 
the wife of Polybus, who had no children^ 
educated him as her own child, with maternal 
tenderness. Tlie accomplishments of the 
infant, who was named (Edipus, on account of 
the swelling of his feet {^*h^tumto y^oU; pedes,) 
soon became the admiration ofthe age. His 
companions envied his strength and his ad- 
dress ; and one of them, to mortify his rising 
ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child. 
This raised his doubts: he asked Peribcea, 
who, out of tenderness, told him, that his sus- 
picions were ill founded. Not satisfied with 
this, he went to consult the oracle of Delphi* 
and was there told not to return home, for if 
he did, he must necessarily be the murderer 
of his father, and the husband of his mother. 
This answer of the oracle terrified him ; he 
knew no home but the house of Polybus, 
therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth, 
where such calamities apparently attended 
him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his 
journey met in a narrow road Laius on a 
chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily 
ordered (Edipus to make way for him. (Edi- 
pus refused, and a contest ensued, in which 
Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. 
As (Edipus was ignorant of the qualitySife 
ofthe rank of the men whom he had just kH IIS, 
he continued his journey, and was attracted 
to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This 
terrible monster, whom Juno had sent to lay- 
waste the country. [Vid. Sphynx,] resorted 
in the neighbourhood of Thebes, and devoured 
all those who attempted to explain, without 
success, the enigiuas which he proposed. The 
calamity was now become an object of public 
concern, and as the succesbful explanation of an 
enigma would end in the doalh ofthe snyhnx, 
Creou, who at the death of Laius had 'ascen- 
ded the throne of Thebes, promised his crown 
and Jocas(ato him who succeeded in the at- 
tempt. The enigma proposed was this: What 
animal in the morning walks upon four feet, <lt 
noon upon two, and in the evening upon three? 
This was left tor (E.lipus toe.xplain; he came to 
Ibe monster and said, that man, in the morn- 
ing of life, walks upon his hands and his kei ; 
when ht) has attained the year'! of m»nh»od', 



(EN 

he walks upon ln'« two legs; and in the eren- 
ing, he supports his old age with the assistance 
of a staff. The monster, mortified at the true 
explanation, dashed his head against a rock 
and perished. (Edipus ascended the throne 
of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom he 
had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and two 
daughters, Ismene and Antigone. Some years 
after, the Theban territories were visited with 
a plague ; and the oracle declared that it 
should cease only when the murderer of king 
Laius was banished from Boeotia. As the death 
of Laius had never been examined, and the 
circumstances that attended it never known, 
this answer of the oracle was of the greatest 
concern to the Thebans ; but (Edipus, the 
friend of his people, resolved to overcome 
every difficulty by the most exact inquiries. 
His researches were successful, and he was 
soon proved to be the murderer of his father. 
The melancholy discovery was rendered the 
more alarming, when (Edipus considered, that 
he had not only murdered his father, but that 
he had committed incest with his mother. In 
the excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as 
unworthy to see the light, and banished him- 
self from Thebes, or, as some say, was banish- 
ed by his awn sons. He retired towards At- 
tica, led by his daughter Antigone, and came 
near Colonos, where there was a grove sacred 
to the Furies. He remembered that he was 
doomed by the oracle to die in such a place, 
and to become the source of prosperity to the 
country, in which his bones were buried. A 
messenger upon this was sent to Theseus, 
king of the country, to inform him of the re- 
solution of (Edipus. When Theseus arrived, 
CEdipus acquainted him, with a prophetic 
voice, that the gods had called him to die in 
the place where he stood ; and to show the 
truth of this he walked himself, without the as- 
sistance of a guide, to the spot where he must 
expire. Immediately the earth opened and 
(Edipus disappeared. Some suppose that 
(Edipus had not children by Jocasta, and that 
the mother murdered herself as soon as she 
knew the incest which had been committed. 
His tomb was near the Areopagus, in the age 
ofPausanias. Some of the ancient poets re- 
present him in hell, as suflfering the punish- 
ment which crimes like his seemed to deserve. 
According to some, the four children which 
he had were by Euriganea, the daughter of 
Periphas, whom he married after the death 
of Jocasta. Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Hygin. fab. 66, 
&,c. — Eurip. in Phaniss. &.c. — Sophod. (Edip. 
Ti/r. h Col. Anlig. &ic. — Hesiod. Theog. 1. — 
Homer. Od. U, c. 210.— Pans. 9, c. 5, &c.— 
Stat. Theb. 8, v. 642. — Senec. in (Edip. — Pin- 
dar. Olymp. 2. — Diod. 4. — Athen. 6 and 10 

(Eme, a daughter of Danaus, by Crino. 
JipoUod. 

(Enan.thes, a favourite of young Ptolemy 
king of Egypt. 

(Ene, a small tmva of Argolis. The people 
are called (Eneadat. 

(Eni: A, a river ofAseyria. Jimmian. 

(Enkus, a king of Calydon in .^Etolia, son 
of Parthaon or Portheu.';, and Euryte. He 
married Althai the daughter of Thestius, by 
whom he had Clymenns, Meleager, Gorge, 
and Dejanira. After Althaj's death, he mar- 
ried Periboea the daughter of Hippopous, by 



(EN 

whom he had Tydeus, In a general sacrificej?^ 
which (Eneus made to all the gods upon reap- 
ing the rich produce of his fields, he forgot 
Diana, and the goddess to revenge this unpar- 
donable neglect, incited his neighbours to take 
up arms against him, and besides she sent a 
wild boar to lay waste the country of Calydo- 
nia. The animal was at last killed by Melea- 
ger and the neighbouring princes of Greece, 
in a celebrated chase, known by the name of 
the chase of the Calydonian boar. Some time 
after, Meleager died, and (Eneus was drivea 
from his kingdom by the sons of his brother. 
Agrius Diomedes, however, his grandson, soon 
restored him to his throne; but the continual 
misfortunes to which he was exposed, render- 
ed him melancholy. He exiled himself front 
Calydon, and left his crown to his son-in-law 
Andremon. He died as he was going to Ap- 
golis. His body was buried by the care oC, 
Diomedes, in a town of Argolis which from, 
him received the name of (Enoe. It is report- 
ed that (Eneus received a visit from Bacchus , 
and that he suffered the god to enjoy the 
favours of Althsea, and to become the father of 
Dejanira, for which Bacchus permitted that 
the wine of which he was the patron should 
be called among the Greeks by the name of 
(Eneus (oiw@>j. Hygin. fab. 129. — Jlpollod. 1, c^ 
9.— Homer. II. 9, v. b^9.—Diod. 4.— Paiw. 2, 
c. 25.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 510. 

(ENi.iDiE, a town of Acarnania. Liv. 26, 
c. 24, 1. 38, c. 11. 

(Enides, a patronymic of Meleager son of 
(Eneus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 10. 

(Enoe, a nymph who married Sicinus the 
son of Thoas, king of Lemnos. From her the 

island of Sicinus has been called (Enoe. 

Two villages of Attica were also called (Enoe. 

Herodot. 5, c. 74. — Plin. 4, c. 7. A city of 

Argolis, where (Eneus fled when driven from 

Calydon. Pans. 2, c. 25» A town of Elia 

in the Peloponnesus. Strab. — JipoUod. 1, c. 
S.—Paus. 1, &c. 

(Enomaus, a son of Mars by Sterope the 
daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in 
Elis, and father of Hippodamia by Evaretc 
daughter of Acrisius, or Eurythoa, the daugh- 
ter of Danaus. He was informed by the ora- 
cle that he should perish by the hands of hi* 
son-in-law; therefore as he could skilfully drive 
a chariot, he determined to marry his daugh- 
ter only to him who could out-run him, on 
condition that all who entered the list should 
agree to lay down their life if conquered. 
Many had already perished ; when Pelops soa 
of Tantalus, proposed himself. He previously 
bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of (Enomaus, 
by promising him the enjoyment of thefavouie 
of Hippodamia, if he proved victorious. Myr- 
tilus gave his master an old chariot, whose 
axle-tree broke on the course, which was froia 
Pisa to the Corinthian isthmus, and (Eno- 
maus was killed. Pelops married Hippodamia^ 
and became king of Pisa. As he expired, 
(Enomaus entreated Pelops to revenge the per- 
fidy of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those 
that had been defeated when Pelops entered 
the list were Marmax, Alcathous, Euryalus, 
Eiiryniachus, Capetus, Lasius, Acrias, Chal- 
codon, Lycurgus, Tricolonus, Prias, Aristo- 
maclius, /Eolius, Eurythrus, and Chronius. 
.^'Jpullod. 2, c. 4. — Diod. 4. — Pans. 5> c. 17, lu 



(EN 

0, c. 11, &c. — Jjpollon. Rhod. 1. — Proptrt. 1, 
«1. 2, V. 20.— OrwZ. in 76. 367. ^r/. Am. 2, v. 
2.—Heroid. 8, v. 70. 

(Enon, a part of Locris on the bay of Co- 
rinth. » 

(Enona, an ancient name of the island 
^gina. It'is a\so caWed (Enopia. Herodot.8, 
a. 46. Two vHhiges of Attica are also cal- 
led GEnona, or rather (Enoe, A town of 

Troas, the birth place of th€ nymph (Enone. 
Strab. 13. 

(Enone, a nymph of mount Ida, daughter of 
the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As she had 
received the gift of prophecy, she foretold to 
Paris, whom she married before he was dis- 
covered to be the son of Priam, that his voy- 
age Into Greece wou4d be attended with the 
most serious consequences, and the total ruin 
of his country, and that he should have re- 
course to her medicinal knowledge at the hour 
of death. Ail these predictions were fulfilled ; 
and Paris when he had received the fatal 
■wound, ordered his body to be carried to 
CEnone, in hopes of being cured by her assist- 
ance. He expired as he came into her pre- 
sence ; and (Enone was so struck at the sight 
of his dead body, that she bathed it with her 
tears, and stabbed herself to the heart. She 
was mother of Corythus by Paris, and this 
son perished by the hand of his father when 
be attempted, at the instigation of OEnone, to 
persuade him to withdraw his affection from 
Helen. Diclys. Crtt. — Ovid de Rem. Amor. 
V. 457. Htroid. 5. — Lucan. 9. 

(Enopia, one of the ancient names of the 
island j^^gina. Ovid. Mel. 7, v. 473. 

(Enopid£S, a mathematician of Chios. 
Diod. 1. 

(Enopion, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, 
or, according to others, by Bacchus. He 
married Helice, by whom he had a daughter 
called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant 
Orion became enamoured. The father un- 
willing to give his daughter to such a lover, 
and afraid of provoking him by an open refu- 
sal, evaded his applications, and at last put out 
his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some sup- 
pose that this violence was offered to Orion 
after he had dishonoured Merope. ffinopion 
received the island of Chios from Rhadaman- 
thus, who had conquered most of the islands 
of the iEgean sea, and his tomb was still seen 
there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, 
and with more probability, that he reigned 
not at Chios, but at yEgina, which from 
him was culled ffinopia. Plat, in Tkes. — Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 4^.— Diod. Pans. 7, c. 4. — Apollon. 
Rhod. 3. 

(Enothi, the inhabitants of (Enotria. 

(Enotria, a part of Italy which was after- 
wards called Lucania. It received this name 
from CEnotrus the son of Lycaon, who settled 
there with a colony of Arcadians. The (Eno- 
trians afterwards spread themselves into Um- 
bria and as far as Lalium, and the country of 
the Sabines, according to some writers. The 
name of (Enotria is sometimes applied to Italy. 
That part of Italy where (Enotrus settled, was 
before inhabited by the Ausones. Dionys.Hal. 
2, c. \\.-^Puus. 1, c. S.—Virt^. JEn. 1, v. 536, 
1.7,v. 85.— //a/.8, v. 220. 

CEnotrTdes, two small islands on the coast 
of Lucania, where some of the JRomans were 



OG 

banished by the emperors. They were celled 
Iscia and Pontia. 

(Enotkus, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. He 
passed into Magna Graecia with a colony, and 
gave the name of (Enotria to that part of the 
country where he settled. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 
U.—Pam. 1, c. 3. 

(ENuSi?:, small islands neas Chios. Plin. 5, 

c. 3 J. — Thucyd. 8. Others on the coast of 

tlie Peloponnesus, near Messenia. Mela, 2, c. 
17.— Plin. 4, c. 12. 

(Eowus, a son of Licymnius, killed at Spar* 
ta, where he accompanied Hercules; and as 
the hero liad promised Licymnius to bring 
back his son, he burnt the body, and presented 
the ashes to the afflicted father. From this cir- 
cum.stance arose a custom of burning the dead 

among the (ireeks. Schol. Homer. II A 

small river of Laconia. Liv. 34, c. 28. 

(Eroe, an island of BcEotia formed by th« 
Asopus. Herodot. 9, c. 50. 

(Eta, now Banina, a. celebrated mountain 
between Thessaly and Macedonia, upon which 
Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given 
occasion to the poets to feign that the sun, 
moon, and stars rose behind it. Mount (Eta, 
properly speaking, is a long chain of moun- 
tains which runs from the straits of Ther- 
mopylae and the gulf of Malia, in a western 
direction, to mount Pindus, and from thence 
to the bay of Ambracia. The straits or 
passes of mount (Eta are called the straits of 
Thermopylae from the hot baths and mineral 
waters which are in the neighbourhood. 
These passes are not more than 25 feet in 
breadth. Mela, 2, c. 3.-~CaiiUl. 66, v. 54, 
—Apollod. 2, c. 7.—Paus. 10, c. 20, &,c.— 
Ovid. Heroid. 9, Met. 2, v. 216, 1. 9, v. 204, 
hc^ — Virg. Eel. 8. — Plin. 25, c. 6. — Seneca 

in Med. — Lucan. 3, he. A small town at 

the foot of Mount ffito near Thermopylae. 

(Exi'Lus, or (Etylum, a town of Laco- 
nia, which received its name from (Etylus, one 
of the heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple 
there. Paus. 3, c. 25, 

OiELLLs, a man whom, though unpolished, 
Horace represents as a character exemplary 
for wisdom, economy, and moderation. 
HoTat, 2, sat. 2, v, 2. 

Ofi, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. 28. 

Ogdolapis, a navigable river flowing from 
the Alps. Slrab. 6. 

Ogworus, a king of Egypt. 

Oglosa, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, east 
of Corsica, famous for wine, and now called 
Monte Christo. Plin. 3, c. 6. 

OoMius, a name of Hercules among the 
Gauls. Lucian. in Here. 

Ogoa, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, under 
whose temi)le, as was supposed, the ssa pas- 
sed. Paus. 8, c. 10. 

Ocur.NiA LEX, by Q. and Cn. Ogulnius, 
tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 453. It in- 
creased the number of Pontilices and augurs 
from four to nine. The addition was made to 
both orders from plebeian families. A Ro- 
man lady as poor as she was lascivious. Juv. 
6, v. 351. 

Ogyges a celebrated monarch, the most 
ancient of those that reigned in Greece. He 
was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of 
Neptune, and married Thebe the daughter of 



OL 

Jupiter. He reigned in Bceotia, which, from 
him, is sometimes called Ogygia, and his pow- 
er was also extended over Attica. It is suppo- 
sed that he was of Egyptian or Phoenician ex- 
traction ; but his origin, as well as the age in 
which he lived, and the duration of his reign, 
are so obscure and unknown, that the epithet 
of Ogygian is often apj)lied to every thing of 
dark antiquity. In the reign of Ogygis there 
was a deluge, which so inundated the territo- 
ries of Attica, that they remained waste for 
near 200 years. This, though it is very un- 
certain, is supposed to have happened about 
1764 years before the Christian era, previous 
to the deluge of Deucalion. According to 
some writers, it was owing to the overflowing 
of one of the rivers of the country. The 
reign of Ogyges was also marked by an un- 
common appearance in the heavens, and as it 
is reported, the planet Venus changed her co- 
lour, diameter, figure, and her course. Varro. 
de R. R.3, c. l.—Paus. 9, c. b.—Aug. de Civ. 
D. 18, he. 

Ogygia, a name of one of the gates of 
Thebes in Boeotia. Lucan. 1, v. 675. 



One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, 
changed into stones. Apollod. — Pans. 9, c. 8. 
——An ancient name of Bceotia, from Ogy- 
ges who reigned there. The island of Ca- 
lypso, opposite the promontory of Lacinium 
in Magna Grascia, where Ulysses was ship- 
wrecked. The situation, and even the exist- 
ence of Calypso's island, is disputed by some 
writers. Plin. 3, c. 10. — Homer. Od. 1, v. 52 
and 85, 1.5, v. 254, 

Ogyris, an island in the Indian ocean. 

OicLEUs, a son of Antiphates and Zeux- 
ippe, who married Hypermneitra, daughter 
of Thestius, by whom he had Iphianira, Po- 
lybcea, and Amnhiaraus. He w as killed by 
Laomedon when defending the ships which 
Hercules had brought to Asia when he made 
war against Troy. Homer. Od. 15. — Diod. 4. 
-—.ipollod. 1, c. 8, I. 3, c. 6. — Perns. 6, c. 17. 

OiLEus, a king of the Locrians. His fa- 
ther's name was Odoedocus, and his mother's 
Agrianome. He married Eriope, by whom he 
had Ajax, called Oileus from his father, to 
discriminate him from Ajax the son of Tela- 
mon. He had also another son called Medon, 
by a courtezan called Khene. Oileus was one 
of the Argonauts. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 45. — 
ApoUon. 1. — Hygin. fab. 14 and 18. — Homer. 
11. 13 and Ib.—Jpollod. 3, c. 10. 

Olane, one of the m.ouths of the Po. 

A mountain of Armenia, 

Olanus, a town of Lesbos. 

Oi.ASTR^, a people of India. Lucan. 3, 
V. 249.~P/m. 6, c. 20. 

Olba, or Olbus, a town of Cilicia. 

Olbia; a town of Sarmatia at the conflu- 
ence of the Hypanis and the Boryslhenes, 
about 15 miles from the sea according to Pliny. 
It was afterwards called Boryslhenes and MUe- 
topolis, because peopled by a Milesian colony, 
and is now supposed to be Oczakovo. Slrab. 7. 

— Plin. 4, c. 12. A town of Bithynia. 

Mela, 1, c. 19. A town of Gallia Narbo- 

uensis, Mela, 2, c. 5. The capital of Sar- 
dinia. Claudian. 

Oi.Bius, ariver of Arcadia. Paus.S, c. 14. 

Olbus, one of iEta's auxiliaries. Val. Fl. 
e, V. 639. 



OL 

OixHiNiuM, or OlcixNium, now Didcignoy 
a town of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic. Liv. 45, 
c. 26. 

Oleades, a people of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5. 

Olearos, or Oliros, one of the Cyclade?, 
about 16 miles in circumference, separated 
from Paros by a strait of seven miles. Virg, 
Jf-ln. 3, V. nQ.—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 4m.— Slrab. 
10.— Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Oleatrum, a town of Spain, near Sagun- 
tum. Slrab. 

Olen, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flo«i- 
rished some time before the age of Orpheus, 
and composed many hymns, some of which 
were regularly sung at Delphi on solemn oc- 
casions. Some suppose that he was the first 
who established the oracle of Apollo at Del- 
phi, where he first delivered oracles. Hero- 
dot. 4, c. 35. 

Olenius, a Lemnian, killed by his wife. Val. 
Fl. 2, v. 164. 

Olenus, a son of Vulcan, who married Le- 
thgea, a beautiful woman, who preferred her- 
self to the goddesses. She and her husband 
were changed into stones by the deities. Ovid. 

Met. 10, V. 68. A famous soothsayer of 

Etruria. Plin. 28, c. 2. 

Olenus, orOLENUM, a town of Peloponne- 
sus, between Patrae and Cyllene, The goat 
Amalthaea, which was made a constellation by 
Jupiter, is called Olenia, from its residence 
there, Paus 7, c 22.— Ovid. Met. 3.—Strab. 
8. — Apollod. 1, c. 8. Another in ^Etolia. 

Oleorus, one of the Cyclades, now Anti 
Para. 

Olgasys, a mountain of Galatia. 

Oligyrtis, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Olinthus, a town of Macedonia. 

Olisipo, now Lisbon, a town of ancient 
Spain on the Tagus, surnamed Felicitas Jidiuy 
(Plin. 4, c. 22,) and called by some Ulyssippo, 
and said to be founded by Ulysses. Mela, 3, 
c. 1. — S&linus 23. 

Olitingi, a town of Lusitania. Mela, 3, 
c. 1. 

Oeizon, a town of Magnesia, in Thessaly. 
Hovier. 

T. Ollids, the father of Poppaea, destroyed 
on account of his intimacy w ith Sejanus, &c. 

Tacit. Ann. 13, c, 45. A river rising in the 

Alps, and falling into the Po, now called the 
Oglio. Plin. 2, c. 103. 

Ollovico, a prince of Gaul, called the friend 
of the republic by the Roman senate. C(ES% 
Bell. G. 7, c. 31. 

OLMiiE, a promontory near Megara. 

Olmius, a river of Bceotia, near Helicon, 
sacred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 284. 

Olooson, now^ Alessone, a town of Magnesia. 
Horn. 

0L0P«YXus,a town of Macedonia, on mount 
Athos. Herodot. 7, c. 22. 

Olp^e, a fortified place of Epirus, now Forte 
Castri. 

Olus, (untis,) a town at the west of Crete. 

Olympeum, a place of Delos. Anotlier 

in Syracuse. 

Olympia, (orum,) celebrated games which 
received their name, either from Olympia, 
where they were observed, or from Jupiter 
Olympius, to whom they were dedicated. 
They were, according to some, instituted by 
Jupiter, after his victory over the Titans, and 



OL 

first observed by the Idaei Dactyli, B. C. 1453, 
Some attribute the institution to Pelops, after 
lie had obtained a victory over CEnomaus and 
married Hippodamia ; but the more probable, 
and indeed the more received opinion is, that 
they were first established by Hercules in hon- 
our of Jupiter Olympius, after a victory ob- 
tained over Augias, B. C. 1222. Strabo ob- 
jects to this opinion, by observing, that if they 
had been established in the age of Homer, the 
poet would have undoubtedly spoken of them, 
as he is in every particular careful to mention 
the amiasements and diversions of the ancient 
Greeks. But they were neglected after their 
first institution by Hercules, and no notice 
was taken of them according to many writers, 
till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of Spar- 
ta, renewed them, and instituted the celebra- 
tion with greater solemnity. This reinstitu- 
tion, which happened B. C. 884, forms a cele- 
brated epoch in Grecian history, and is the 
beginning of the Olympiads. [Vid. Olympias.] 
They, however, were neglected for some time 
after the age of Iphitus, till Coroebus, who ob- 
tained a victory B. C. 776, reinstituted them 
to be regularly and constantly celebrated. The 
care and superintendance of the games were 
intrusted to the people of Elis, till they were 
excluded by the Piseeans B. C. 364, after the 
destruction of Pisa. These obtained great 
privileges from this appointment ; they were 
in danger neither of violence nor war, but they 
were permitted to enjoy their possessions with- 
out molestation, as the games were celebrated 
vrithin their territories. Only one person su- 
perintended till the 50th olympiad, when two 
were appointed. In the 103d olympiad, the 
number was increased to twelve, according to 
the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the 
following olympiad, they were reduced to 
eight, and afterwards increased to ten, which 
number continued till the reign of Adrian. 
The presidents were obliged solemnly to swear, 
that they would act impartially, and not take 
any bribes, or discover why they rejected some 
of the combatants. They generally sat naked, 
and held before them the crown which was 
prepared for the conqueror. There were also 
certain otHcers to keep good order and regu- 
larity, called uxvrxi, much the same as the Ro- 
man lictors, of whom the chief was called 
«\uT«px»,-. No women were permitted to ap- 
pear at the celebration of the Olympian games, 
and whoever dared to trespass this law, was 
immediately thrown down from a rock. This, 
however, was sometimes neglected, for we find 
not only women present at the celebration, but 
also some among the combatants, and some re- 
warded with the crown. The preparations for 
these festivals were great. No person was per- 
mitted to enter the lists if he had not regularly 
exercised himself ten months before tlie cele- 
bration at the public gymnasium of Elis. No 
unfair dealings were allowed, and whoever at- 
tempted to bribe his adversary, was subjected 
to a severe fine. No criminals, nor such as were 
conjiected with impious and guilty persons, 
were suffered to present themselves as combat- 
ants ; and even the father and relations were 
obliged to swearthat they would have recourse 
to no artifice which might decide the victory 
in favour of their friends. The wrestlers were 
appointed by lot. Some little balk, saper- 



OL 

I scribed with a letter, were thrown into asiivcr 
[urn, and such as drew the same letter.were 
I obliged to contend one with the other. He 
I who had an odd letter remained the last, and 
he often had the advantage, as he was to en- 
counter the last who had obtained the superi* 
ority over his adversary. He was called »?*V.'. 
In these games were exhibited running, leaping, 
wrestling, boxing, and the throwing of the 
quoit, which was called altogether 7rtvT<>t^}^v, or 
quinquertium. Besides these, there were horse 
and chariot races, and also contentions in 
poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The 
only reward that the conqueror obtained, was 
a crown of olive ; which, as some suppose, was 
in memory of the labours of Hercules, which 
were accomplished for the universal good of 
mankind, and for which the heio claimed no 
other reward but the consciousness of having 
been the friend of humanity. So small and 
trifling a reward stimulated courage and vir- 
tue, and was more the source of great honours 
than the most unbounded treasures. The sta- 
tues of the conquerors, called Olympionicae, 
were erected at Olympia, in the sacred wood 
of Jupiter. Their return home was that of a 
warlike conqueror; they were drawn in a cha- 
riot by four horses, and every where received 
with the greatest acclamations. Their en- 
trance into their native city was not through 
the gates, but, to make it more grand and 
more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. 
Painters and poets were employed in cele- 
brating their names ; and indeed the victories 
severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects 
of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The 
combatants were naked ; a scarf was originally 
tied round their waist, but when it had en- 
tangled one of the adversaries, and been the 
cause that he lost the victory, it was laid aside, 
and no regard was paid to decency. The Olym- 
pic games were observed every fifth j'^ear, or 
to speak with greater exactness, after a revo- 
lution of four years, and in the first month of 
the fifth year, and they continued for five suc- 
cessive days. As they were the most ancient 
and the most solemn of all the festivals of the 
Greeks, it will not appear wonderful that they 
drew so many people together, not only the 
inhabitants of Greece, but of the neighbouring 
islands and countries. Find. Olymp. 1 and 2. 
Strab. e.— Pans. 5, c. 67, kc—Diod. 1, kc. 

—Plut. in Thes. Lye. kc. ^lian. V. H- 10, 

V. 1. — Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 46. — Lucian. de Gym. 
Tzels. in Lycophr.—Aristotel.—Stat. Theb. 6. 

~C. JVtp. in Pr(zf.— Virg. G. 3, v. 49. -A 

town of Elis in Peloponnesus, where Jupiter 
had a temple with a celebrated statue 50 cu- 
bits high, reckoned one of the seven wonders 
of the world. The Olympic games were cele- 
brated in the neighbourhood. Strab. 8. — 
Pmcs. 3, c. 8. 

Olympias, a certain space of time which 
elapsed between the celebration of the Olym- 
pic games. The Olympic games were cele- 
brated after the expiration of four complete 
years, whence some have said that they were 
observed every fifth year. This period of 
time was called Olympiad, and became a cele- 
brated era among the Greeks, who computed 
their time by it. The custom of reckoning 
time by the celebration of the Olympic games 
was not introduced at the first insUlutiou of 



OL 

these festivals, but to speak accurately, only 
the year in which Coroebus obtained the prize. 
This olympiad, which has always been reck- 
oned the first, fell, according to the accurate 
and learned computations of some of the mo- 
derns, exactly 776 years before the Christian 
era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and 
23 years before the building of Rome. The 
games were exhibited at the time of the full 
moon, next after the summer solstice ; there- 
fore the olympiads were of unequal lengths, 
because the time of the full moon differs 11 
days every year, and for that reason they 
sometimes began the next day after the sol- 
stice, and at other times four weeks after. The 
computations by olympiads ceased, as some 
suppose, after the 364th, in the year 440 of the 
Christian era. It was universally adopted, not 
only by the Greeks, but by many of the neigh- 
bouring countries, though still the Pythian 
games served as an epoch to the people of 
Delphi and to the Bceotians, the Nemaean 
games to the Argives and Arcadians, and the 
Isthmian to the Corinthians and the inhabi- 
tants of the Peloponnesian isthmus. To the 
olympiads history is much indebted. They 
have served to fix the time of many moment- 
©us events, and indeed before this method of 
computing time was observed, every page of 
Mstory is mostly fabulous, and filled with ob- 
scurity and contradiction, and no true chrono- 
logical account can be properly establisned and 
maintained with certainty. Tiie mode of com- 
putation, which was used after the suppression 
of the olympiads aad of the consular fasti of 
JRorae, was more useful as it was more univer- 
sal ; but while the era of the creation of the 
world prevailed in the east, the western nations 
in the 6th century began to adopt vviih more 
propriety the Christian epoch, which was pro- 
pagated in the 8th century, and at last, m the 
10th, became legal and popular. A cele- 
brated woman who was daughter of a king of 
Epirus, and who married Philip king of Mace- 
donia, by whom she had Alexander the Great. 
Her haughtiness, and more probabiy her infi- 
delity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and 
to marry Cleopatra, the niece of king Atta- 
lus. Olympias was sensible of this injury, 
and Alexander showed his disapprobation of 
bis father's measures by retiring from the 
court to his mother. The murder of Philip, 
•which soon followed this disgrace, and which 
some have attributed to the iutiigues of Olym- 
pias, was productive of the greatest extrava- 
IjancieaT. The queen paid the highest honour 
to her husband's murderer. She gathered his 
mangled limbs, placed a crown of gold on his 
head, and laid his ashes near those of Philip. 
The administration of Alexander, who had 
succeeded his father, was, in some instance, 
•liensive to Olympias ; but, when the ambition 
of her son was concerned, she did not scruple 
to declare publicly, that Alexander was not the 
son of Philip, but that he was the offspring of 
an enormous serpent which had supernaturally 
introduced itself into her bed. When Alexan- 
iler was dead, Olympias seized the government 
of Macedonia, and, to establish her usurpation, 
she cruelly put to death Arida^us, with his wife 
Auiydice, asalsoNicanor, the brother of Cas- 
sander, with one hundred leading men of Ma- 
(^edon, who were inimical to her interest. 



OL 

Sucli barbarities did not long remain unpun- 
ished; Cassander besieged her inPydna, wher« 
she had retired with the remains of her fami- 
ly, and she was obliged to surrender after an 
obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered her 
to be accused, and to be put to death. A body 
of 200 soldiers were directed to put the bloody 
commands into execution, but the splendour 
and majesty of the queen disarmed their cour- 
age, and she was at last massacred by those 
whom she had cruelly deprived of their chil- 
dren, about 316 years before the Christian era. 
Justin. 7, c. 6, I. 9, c. 7. — Plut. in Jilex.-^ 
Curl. — Paus.———A fountain of Arcadia, which 
flowed for one year and the next was dry. 
Pam. 8, c. 29. 

Olympiodoros, a musician, who taught 

Epaminondas music. C. JVep. A native of 

Thebes, in Egypt, who flourished under Theo- 
dosius 2d, and wrote 22 books of history, ia 
Greek, beginning with the seventh consulship 
of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius, 
to the period when Valentinian was made em- 
peror. He wrote also an account of an em- 
bassy to some of the barbarian nations of the 
north, &,c. His style is censured by some as 
low, and unworthy of an historian. The com- 
mentaries of Olympiodorus on the Meteora of 
Aristotle, were edited apud. Aid. 1550, in fol. 

An Athenian olficer, present at the battle 

of Platffia, where he behaved with great va- 
lour. Plut. 

Olympius, a surname of Jupiter at Olym- 
pia, where the god had a celebrated tempi© 
and statue, which passed for one of the seven 
wonders of the world. It was the work of 
Phidas. Paus. 7, c. 2. A native of Car- 
thage, called also Nemesianus. Fid. Neme- 
sianus. A favourite at the court of Ho- 
norius, who was the cause of Stilicbo's deatli. 

Olympus, a physician of Cleopatra, queea 
of Egypt, who wrote some historical treatises. 

Plut. in Anion. A poet and musician of 

Mysia, son of Maeon and disciple to Maisyas. 
He lived before the Trojan war, and distin- 
guished himself by his amatory elegies, his 
hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs 
which he composed, and which were still pre- 
served in the age of Aristophanes. Plato in 

Min. — Jlristot. Pol. 8. Another musician of 

Phrygia, who lived in the age of Midas. He 
is frequently confounded with the preceding. 

Pollux. 4, c. 10. A son of Hercules and Eu- 

bcea. Jlpollod- A mountain of Macedonia 

and Thessaly, now iMcha. The ancients sup- 
posed that it touched the heavens with its top; 
and, from that circumstance, they have placed 
the residence of the gods there, and have made 
it the court of Jupiter. It is about one mile 
and a half in perpendicular height, and is co- 
vered with pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes. 
On the top of the mountain, according to the 
notions of the poets, there was neither wind 
nor rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring. 
Homer. II. 1, he. — Virg. Mn. 2, 6, he. — Ovid. 

Met. — Lucan. 5. — Mda, 2, c. 3. — Strab. 8. 

A mountain of Mysia, called the Mysian Olym- 
pus, a name it still preserves. Another, in 

El is. Another, in Arcadia. And ano- 
ther, in the island of Cyprus, now Santa 
Croce. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia 

and of Ciiicia to be the same. A town on 

the coast of Lycia. 



OM 

Oltmpusa, a daughter of Thespius. £pol 



ON 



Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic 
of Macedonia, on the isthmus of the penin- 
sula of Pallene. It became famous for its 
flourishing situation, and for its frequent dis- 
putes with the Athenians, the Lacedaemoni- 
ans, and with king Philip, who destroyed it, 
and sold the inhabitants for slaves. Cic. in 

Verr. — Plui. de Ir. coh. he. — Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Herodot. 1, c. 121. —Curt. 8, c. 9. 

Olyras, a river near Thermopylae, which, 
as the mythologists report, attempted to ex- 
tinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules 
was consumed. Strab. 9. 
Olyzon, a town of Thessaly. 
Omarius, a Lacedaemonian sent to Darius, 
&c. Curt. 3, c. 13. 

Ombi and Tentyra, two neighbouring ci- 
ties of Egypt, whose inhabitants were always 
in discord one with another. Juv. 15, v. 35. 
Ombri. Vid. Umbri. 

Omole or HoMOLE, a mountain of Thessa- 
ly. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 675. There were some 

festivals called HomoUia, which were cele- 
brated in BcEotia in honour of Jupiter, sur- 
joamed Homoleius. 

Omophagia, a festival in honour of Bac- 
chus. The word signifies tht mting of raw 
flesh. Vid. Dionysia. 

Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughter of 
Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his 
death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Om- 
phale had been informed of the great exploits 
of Hercules, and wished to see so illustrious 
a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After 
the murder of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, 
and was ordered to be sold as a slave, that he 
might recover his health, and the right use of 
his senses. Mercury was commissioned to sell 
fcim, and Omphale bought him, and restored 
bim to liberty. The hero became enamoured 
of his mistress, and the queen favoured his 
passion, and had a son by hinx, whom some 
call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this 
son were descended Gyges and Crcesus ; but 
this opinion is different from the account 
which makes these Lydian mouarehs spring 
from Alcasus, a son of Hercules, by Malis. 
one of the female servants of Omphale. Her- 
cules is represented by the poets as so despe- 
rately enamoured of the queen, that, to con- 
ciliate her esteem, he spins by her side amoag 
her women, while she covers herself with 
the lion's skin, and arms herself with the club 
of the hero, and often strikes him with her 
eandals for the uncouth manner with which 
he holds the distaff, kc. Their fondness was 
mutual. As they once travelled together, 
they came to a grotto on mount Tmolus, 
where the queen dressed herself in the ha- 
bit of her lover, and obliged him to appear in 
a female garment. After they had supped, 
they both retired to rest in different rooms, 
as a sacrifice on the morrow to Bacchus re- 
ijuired. In the night, Faunus, or rather Pan, 
who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced 
himself into the cave. He went to the bed 
of the queen, but the lion's skin persuaded 
him that it was the dress of Hercules, and 
therefore he repaired to the bed of Hercules 
in hopes to find there the object of his afl'ec- 
tioM. The female dress of Hercules deceived 



him, and he laid himself down by his side. 
The hero was awaked, and kicked the intruder 
into the middle of the cave. The noise awoke 
Omphale, and Faunus was discovered lying^ 
on the ground, greatly disappointed and 
ashamed. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 305, hc.—jjpollod. 
1, c. 9, 1. 2, c. l.—Diod. 4.~Propert. 3, eL 12, 

Omphalos, a place of Crete, sacred to Ju- 
piter, on the border of the river Triton. It 
received its name from the umbilical chord 
(:m?*xoj) of Jupiter, which fell there soon after 
his birth. Diod. 

Omphis, a king of India, who delivered 
hjmself up to Alexander the Great. Curt. 8, 
c. 12. ' 

OsjEVM, or O.EKEUM, a promontory and 
town of Dalmatia. Liv. 43, c. 19. 

Onarus, a priest of Bacchus, who is sup- 
posed to have married Ariadne after she 
had been abandoned by Theseus. Plut «i 
Thes. 

Onasimus, a sophist of Athens, who flourish- 
ed in the reign of Constantine. 

Onatas, a famous statuary of Mgludi, boil 
of Micon. Pau^. 8, c. 42. 

OxVCHEMiTEs, a wind which blows from On- 
chesmus, a harbour of Epirus, towards Italy. 
The word is sometimes spelt Arichesites and 
Anchemites. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 2.~Ptok- 
mceus. 

Onchestus, a town of Bceotia, founded by 
Onchestus, a son of Neptune. Paus. 9, c. 24 

Oneiok, a place of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
25. 

Onesicrittjs, a cynic philosopher of /Egi- 
na, who went with Alexander into Asia, and 
was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He 
wrote an history of the king's life, which has 
been censured for the romantic, exaggerat- 
ed, and improbable narrative it gives, it ir- 
asserted, that Alexander, upon reading it, said 
that he should be glad to. come to life again 
for some time, to see what reception the his- 
torian's work met with. Plui. in dltx.—Curt, 
9, G. 10. 

Onesimus, a Macedonian nobleman, treated 
with great kindness by the Roman emperorsi 
He wrote an account of the life of the empe- 
ror Probus and of Carus, with great precision 
and elegance. 

Onesippus, a son of Hercules. Apollod. 

Onesius, a king of Salamis, who revolted 
from the Persians. 

OifEToRiDEs, an Athenian officer, who 
attempted to murder the garrison which. 
Demetrius had stationed at Athens, &.c. Po- 
ly an. 5. 

Onium, a place of Peloponnesus, near Co- 
rinth. 

Onoba, a town near the columns of Hercu- 
les. Mela, 3, c. 1. 

Onobai.a, a river of Sicily. 

Onochonus, a river of Thessaly, falling into 
the Peneus. It was dried up by the army of 
Xei-xes. Herodot. 7, c. 196. 

Onomacritus, a soothsayer of Athens. If 
is generally believed, that the Greek poem.' 
on the Argonautic expedition, attributed to 
Orpheus, was written by Onomacritus. Th« 
elegant poems of Musaeus are also, by some, 
supposed io be the production of his pen. 
He flonxished about 51« vear» before th* 



OP 

Ghristian era, and was expelled from Athens 
by Hipparchus, one of the sons of Pisistratus. 

Herodot. 7, c. 6. A Locrian, who wrote 

concerning laws, kc. Bristol. 2. Potit. 

Onomarchus, a Phocian, son of Euthy- 
crates, and brother of Philomelas, whom he 
succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in 
the sacred war. After exploits of valour and 
perseverance, he was defeated and slain in 
Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered 
kis body to be ignominiously hung up, for 
the sacrilege offered to the temple of Delphi. 
He died 353 B. C. Arislot. Pol. 5, c. 4.— 

I>iod. 16. A man to whose care Antigonus 

intrusted the keeping of Eumenes. C. JVep. 
■in Eum. 

ONOMASTomDES,a Lacedaemonian ambassa- 
dor sent to Darius, &c. Curt. 3, c 13. 

Onomastus, a freedman of the emperor 
Otho. Tacit. 

Onophas, one of the seven Persians who 
conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Cle- 

sias. An officer in the expedition of Xerxes 

against Greece. 

' Onosander, a Greek writer, whose book De 
Tmperatoris Imiitutiont has been edited by 
Schwebel, with a French translation, fol. INfo- 
rimb. 1752. 

Onythes, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tur- 
Bus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 514. 

Opalia, festivals celebrated by the Romans 
in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the calends 
of January. 

Ophelas, a general of Cyrene, defeated by 
Agathocles. 

Opheltes, a son of Lycurgus, king of 
Thrace. He is the same as Archemorus. Vid. 

Archemorus. The father of Euryalus, whose 

friendship with Nisus is proverbial. Virg. JEn. 

9j v. 201. One of the companions of Acoetes, 

changed into a dolphin by Bacchus. Ovid. 
Met. 3, fab. 8. 

OpHENsis, a town of Africa. Tacit. Hist. 4, 
c. 50. 

Ophiades, an island on the coast of Arabia, 
so called from the great number of serpents 
found there. It belonged to the Egyptian kings, 
and was considered valuable for the topaz it 
produced. Diod. 3. 

Ophias, a patronymic given to Combe, as 
slaughter of Ophius, an unknown person. 
Ovid. Met. 7, V. 382. 

OpHioNEus, was an ancient soothsayer in the 
age of Aristodemus. He was born blind. 

Ophis, a small river of Arcadia, which falls 
into the Alpheus. 

Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes. 

A small island near Crete. A town of Sar- 

jiiatia. An island near the Baleares, so call- 
ed from the number of serpents which it pro- 
duced («?<i serpens.) It is now called Formen- 
t^ra. 

OpnRYNiuM, a town of Troas, on the Helles- 
ji»ont. Hector had a grove there. Slrab. 13. 

Opici, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, 
from whose mean occupations the word Opi- 
CU3 has been used to express disgrace. Juv. 3, 
V. 207. 

OriLius, a grammarian, who flourished 
about 94 years before Christ. He wrote a book 
called Libri Mumrum. 

I/. OpiMius, a Roman who made himself 
consul in opposition to (be interest and efforts 



OP 

of the Gracchi. He showed himself a moat 
inveterate enemy to C. Gracchus and his ad- 
herents, and behaved during his consulship, 
like a dictator. He was accused of bribery, 
and banished. He died of want at Dyrrachi- 
um. Cic. pro Sext. Plane. ^ tn Pis. — Plut. 

A Roman, who killed one of the Cimbri 

in single combat. A rich usurer at Rome 

in the age of Horace, 2 sat, 3, v. 142. 

Opis, a town on the Tigris, afterwards call- 
ed Antiocbia. Xenoph. Anah. 2. A nymph 

who was among Diana's attendants. Virg. 

JEn. 11, V. 532 and 867. A town near the 

mouth of the Tigris. One of Cyrene's at- 
tendants. Virg. G. 4, V. 343. 

Opiter, a Roman consul, &.c. 

Opitergini, a people near Aquileia, on the 
Adriatic. Their chief city is called Opitergum, 
now Oderso. Lucan. 4, v. 416. 

Opites, a native of Argos, killed by Hector 
in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

OppiA, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her 
incontinence. 

Oppia lex, by C. Oppius, the tribune, A. 
U. C. 540. It required that no woman should 
wear above half an ounce of gold, have par- 
ty-coloured garments, or be carried in any 
city or town, or to any place within a mile's 
distance, unless it was to celebrate some sa- 
cred festivals or solemnities. This famous 
law, which was made while Annibal was in 
Italy, and while Rome was in distressed cir- 
cumstances, created discontent, and, 18 years 
after, the Roman ladies petitioned the assem- 
bly of the people that it might be repealed. 
Cato opposed it strongly, and made many 
satirical reflections upon the women for their 
appearing in public to solicit votes. The tri- 
bune Valerius, who had presented their pe- 
tition to the assembly, answered the objec- 
tions of Cato, and his eloquence had such an 
influence on the minds of the people, that the 
law was instantly abrogated with the unani- 
mous consent of all the comitia, Cato alone 
excepted. Liv. 33 aud 34. — Cic. dc Orat. 3. 

Oppianus, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the 
second century. His father's name was Age- 
silaus, and his mother's Zenodota. He wrote 
some poems celebrated for their elegance and 
sublimity. Two of his poems are now ex- 
tant, five books on fishing, called alieuticon, 
and four on hunting, called cynegeticon. The 
emperor Caracalla, was so pleased with his 
poetry, that he gave him a piece of gold for 
every verse of his cynegeticon ; from which 
circumstance the poem received the name of 
the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died 
of the plague in the 3c>t.h year of his age His 
countrymen raised statues to his honour, and 
engraved on his tomb, that the gods had has- 
tened to call back Oppian in the flower of 
youth, only because he had already excelled 
all mankind. The best edition of his works is 
that of Schneider, 8vo. Argent. 1776. 

Oppidius, a rich old man introduced by 
Horace, 2 sat. 3, v. 168, as wisely dividing 
his possessions among his two sons, and warn- 
ing them against those follies, and that ex- 
travagance which he believed he saw rising 
in them. 

C. Oppius, a friend of Julius Cajsar, cele- 
brated for his life of Scipio Africanus, and of 
Pompey the Great, In the latter, he paid not 



OR 

much regard to historical facts, and took eve- 1 
ry opportunity to defame Pompey, to extol the | 
character of his patron Caeear. In the age of, 
Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of 
the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish wars, 
which some attribute to Caesar, and others to' 
A. Hirtius. Tacit. £nn. 12. — Suet, in Cies. ^i. 

An officer sent by the Romans against 

Mithridates, He met with ill success, and was 

«ent in chains to the king,&c. A Roman, 

who saved his aged father from the dagger of 
the triumvirate. 

Ops, (opis,) the daughter of Ccelus and Ter- 
ra, the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, who 
married Saturn, and became mother of Jupi- 
ter. She was known among the ancients by 
the different names of Cybde, Bona Dea, 
Magna Mater, T/iyn, Tellm, Proserpina, and 
«ven of Juno and Minerva; and the worship 
which was paid to these apparently several 
deities, was offered merely to one and the 
same person, mother of the gods. The word 
Ops, seems to be derived from Opus; because 
the goddess, who is the same as the earth, 
gives nothing without labour. Tatius built 
her a temple at Rome. She was generally 
represented as a matron, with her right hand 
opened, as if offering assistance to the help- 
less, and holding a loaf in her left hand. Her 
festivals were called Opalia, &,c. Varro de 
l^ L_ 4.—Dionys. Hal 2, kc.— Tibull. el. 4, v. 
€8.—Flin. 19, c. 6. 

Optatos, one of the fathers whose works 
were edited by Du Pin, fol. Paris, 1700. 

OpTiMus MAXiMus, cpithets given to Jupiter, 
to denote his greatness, omnipotence, and 
supreme goodness. Cic. D. K. D. 2, c. 25. 

Opus, {ppunlis,) a city of Locris, on the Aso- 
pus, destroyed by an earthquake. Strab. 9. — 
Mela, 2, c. 3.— Lir. 28, c. 7. 

Ora, a town of India, taken by Alexander. 
One of Jupiter's mistiesses. 

Oraculum, an answer of the gods to the 
questions of men, or the place where those 
answers were given. Nothing is more famous 
than the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, 
Rome, &.C. They were supposed to be the 
will of the gods themselves, and they were 
consulted, not only upon every important mat- 
ter, but even in the affairs of private life. To 
make peace or war, to introduce a change of 
government, to plant a colony, to enact laws, 
to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient 
reasons to consult the will oi the gods. Man- 
kind, in consulting them, showed that they 
wished to pay implicit obedience to the com- 
mand of the divinity, and, when they had been 
favoured with an answer, they acted with 
more spirit and with more vigour, conscious 
that the undertaking had met with the sanction 
and approbation of heaven. In this, therefore, 
it will not appear wonderful that so many 
places were sacred to oracular purposes. The 
small province of Bceotia could once boast of 
her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same 
number. IS'ot only the chief of the gods gave 
oracles, but, in process of time, heroes were 
admitted to enjoy the same privileges ; and 
the oracles of a Trophonius and an Antinous 
were soon able to rival the fame of Apollo and 
of Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of 
antiquity were those of Dodona, Delphi, Ju- 
piter Amraon,&c. [Vid. Dodona, Delphi, Am- 
«1 



OR 

mon.] The temple of Delphi seemed to claim 
a superiority over the other temples ; its fame 
was once more extended, and its riches were 
so great, that not only private persons, but 
even kings and numerous armies, made it an 
object of plunder and of rapine. The manner 
of delivering oracles was different. A priest- 
ess at Delphi [Fie?. Pythia] was permitted to 
pronounce the oracle of the god, and her de- 
livery of the answer was always attended with 
acts of apparent madness and desperate fury. 
Not only women, but even doves, were the 
ministers of the temple of Dodona, and the 
suppliant votary was oftea startled to \xeas his 
questions readily answere J tiy the decayeu 
trunk, or the spreading branches of a neigh- 
bouring oak. ^nnr^on conveyed his answer* 
in a plain and open manner ; but Amphiaraus 
required many ablutions and preparatory cere- 
monies, and he generally communicated his 
oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions. 
Sometimes the first words that were heard, 
after issuing from the temple, were deemed 
the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the 
nodding or shaking of the head of the statue, 
the motions of fishes in a neighbouring lake, 
or their reluctance in acceptiag the food which 
was offered to them, were as strong and valid as 
the most express and the minutest explana- 
tions. The answers were aho sometimes given 
in verse, or written on tablets, but their mean- 
ing was always obscure, and often the cause of 
disaster to such as consulted them. Croesus, 
when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was 
told that, if h^ crossed the Halys, he should 
destroy a great empire ; he supposed that that 
empire was the empire of his enemy, but un- 
fortunately it was his own. The words of Credv 
ie, ^acida, Romanes vincere posse, which 
Pyrrhus received when he wished to assist the 
Tarentines against the Romans, by a favourable 
interpretation for himself, proved his ruin. 
Nero was ordered by the oracle of Delphi, 
to beware of 73 years; but the pleasing idea 
that he should live to that age rendered him 
careless, and he was soon convinced of his 
mistake, when Galba, in his 73d year, had the 
presumption to dethrone him. It is a ques- 
tion among the learned, whether the cracles 
were given by the inspiration of evil spirits, 
or whether they proceeded from tiie impos- 
ture of the priests. Imposture, hovvev^er, and 
forgery, cannot long flourish, and falsehood 
becomes its own destroyer ; and, on the con- 
trary, it is well known how much confidencs 
an enlightened age, therefore, much more 
the credulous and the superstitious, places 
upon dreams and romantic stories. Some 
have strongly believed, that all the oracles of 
the earth ceased at the birth of Christ, but 
the supposition is false. It was, indeed, the 
beginning of their decline, but they remaiiied 
in repute, and were consulted, though, per- 
haps, not so frequently, till the fourth centu- 
ry, when Christianity began to triumph over 
paganism. The oracles often suffered them- 
selves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it 
is well known that Lysander failed in the at- 
tempt. Herodotus, who first mentioned the 
corruption which often prevailed in the oracu- 
lar temples of Greece and Egypt, has been 
severely treated for his remarks by the histo- 
rian Plutarch. Demojithencs is also a witness 



OR 

of the corruption, and he observed, that the 
oracles of Greece were servilely subservient to 
the will and pleasure of Philip, king of Mace- 
donia, as he beautifully expresses it by the 
word (;t\i7T7:i{st\: If some of the Greeks, and 
other European and Asiatic countries, paid so 
much attention to oracles, and were so fully 
persuaded of their veracity, and even divinity, 
many of their leading men and of their philo- 
sophers were apprized of the deceit, and paid 
no regard to the command of priests whom 
money could corrupt, and interposition silence. 
The Egyptians showed themselves the most 
superstitious of mankind, by their blind ac- 
ijuiescence to the imposition of the priests, who 
persuaded them that the safety and happiness 
of their life depended upon jfife irere motions 
of an ox, or the tameness of a crot.^dile. 
Homer, II. Od. 10.— Htrodot. 1 and H.—Xeno-^a 
memor. — Strab. 5, 7, &.c. — Paus. 1, kc. — 
Pint, de defect, orat. de J^ges. ^ de Hor. ma- 
lign.— Cic. de Div. 1, c. 19.— Justin. 24, c. 6. 
^Liv. dn.—JElian. V. H. 6.—C. JVep in Lys. 
•^Arisloph. in Equit. ^ Plut. — Demosth. Phil. 
— Ovid. Met. 1. 

Or^a, a small country of Peloponnesus. 

Paus. 2, c. 30. Certain solemn sacrifices 

of fruits offered in the four seasons of the 
year, to obtain mild and temperate r^reather. 
They were oftered to the goddesses who pre- 
sided over the seasons, who attended upon 
the sun, and who received divine worship at 
Athens. 

Orasus, a man who killed Ptolemy, the 
son of Pyrrbus. 

Orates, a river of European Scythia, 
Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 47. As this river 
is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes, a 
ylver which is found in Scythia. Val Place. 4, 
V. Ill9.— Thucyd. 4. 

Orbelus, a mountain of Thrace or Mace- 
donia. 

OrbIlius Pupillus, a grammarian of 
Beneventum, who was the first instructor of 
the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the 
consulship of Cicero, and there, as a public 
teacher, acquired more fame than money. He 
was naturally of a severe disposition, of which 
his pupils often felt the effects. He lived al 
most to his 100th year, and lost his memory 
some time before his death. Suet, de Jllust. 
Gr. 9.—Horai. 2, ep. 1, v. 71. 

Orbitaniun, a town of the Samnites. 
Liv. 24, c. 20. 

Orbona, a mischievous goddess at Rome, 
who, as it was supposed, made children die. 
Her temple at Rome was near that of the 
^ods Lares. Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 25.— P/w. 
2, c. 7. 

Orcades, islands on the northern coasts of 
Britain, now called the Orkneys. They were 
unknown till Britain was discovered to be an 
island by Agricola, who presided there as go- 
vernor. Tacit, in Jigric. — Jur. 2, v. 161, 

Orch.\lis, an eminence of Bceotia near 
Haliartus, called also Alopecos. Plut. in Lys. 

Okchamus, a king of Assyria, father of 
Leucothoe, by Eurynome. He buried his 
daughter alive for her amours with Apollo. 
Ovid. jMet. 4, v. 212. 

Orchia lkx, by Orchius, the tribune, 
A. U. C. 566. It was enacted to limit the 
number of guests that were to be admitted to 



OR 

an entertainment ; and it also enforced, that 
during supper, which was the chief meal 
among the Romans, the doors of every house 
should be left open. 

Orchomenus or Orchomenum, a town of 
Bceotia, at the west of the lake Copais. It 
was anciently called Minyeia, and from that 
circumstance, the inhabitants were often cal- 
led Minyans of Orchomenos. There was at 
Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by 
Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Gra- 
ces, who were from thence called the Orcho- 
menian goddesses. The inhabitants founded 
Teos in conjunction with the lonians, under 
the sons of Codrus. Plin. 4, c. 8. — Htrodot. 

1, c. 146.— Paws. 9, c. 37.— Strab. 9. 

A town of Arcadia, at the north of Manti- 

nea. Homer. II. 2. A town of Thessaly, 

with a river of the same name. Strab. — 
j> son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, who gave 
his name to a city of Arcadia, &c. Paus. 8. 

A SOB of Minyas, king of Bceotia, who 

gave the name of Orchomenians to his sub- 
jects. He died without issue, and the crown 
devolved to Clymenus, the son of Presbon, 
&c. Paus. 9, c. 36. 

Orcus, one of the names of the god of hell, 
the same as Pluto, though confounded by 
some with Charon. He had a temple at 
Rome. The word Orcus, is generally used t» 
signify the infernal regions. Herat. 1, od. 29, 
kc.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 502, he— Ovid. Mel. 14, 
v. 116, &.C. 

Orcvnia, a place of Cappadocia, where 
Euraenes was defeated by Antigonus. 

Ordessus, a river of Scythia, which falls 
into the Ister. Herodot. 

Obuovices, the people of North Wales ia 
Britain, mentioned by Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 63. 

Oreaoes, nymphs of the mountains (o^v 
moiu) daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. 
Some call them Orestiades, and give them Ju- 
piter for father. They generally attended 
upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting. 
Virg. Mn. 1, V. 504.— Homer. //. Q.—Slrab. 10. 
—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 787. 

Oreas, a son of Hercules and Chryseis. 

Orest.«, a people of Epirus. They receiv- 
ed their name from Orestes, who fled to Epi- 
rus when cured of his insanity. Lucan. 3, 
V. 249. Of Macedonia. Liv. 33, c. 34. 

Orestes, a son of Agamemnon and Clytem- 
nestra. When his father was cruelly murder- 
ed by Clytemnestra and .S^gisthus, young 
Orestes was saved from his mother's dagger 
by means of his sister Electra, called Laodicea 
by Homer, and he was privately conveyed to 
the house of Strophius, who was king of Pho- 
cis, and who had married a sister of Agamem- 
non. He was tenderly treated by Strophius, 
who educated him with his son Pylades. The 
two young princes soon became acquainted, 
and, from their familiarity, arose the most in- 
violable attachment and friendship. When 
Orestes was arrived to years of manhood, be 
visited Mycenge, and avenged his father's 
death by assassinating his mother Clytemnes- 
tra, and her adulterer ^Sgisthus. The manner 
in which he committed this murder is various- 
ly reported. According to iEschylus, he was 
commissioned by Apollo to avenge his father, 
and, therefore, he introduced himself, with 
his friend Pylades, at the court of Mycen», 



OR 

pretending to bring the news of the death of 
Orestes from king Strophius. He was at first 
received with coldness, and, when he came 
into the presence of iEgisthus, who wished 
to inform himself of the particulars, he mur- 
dered him, and soon Clytemnestra shared the 
adulterer's fate. Euripides and Sophocles 
mention the same circumstances, .^gisthus 
was assassinated after Clytemnestra, according 
to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is 
represented as murdering the adulterer, while 
he offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This 
murder, as the poet mentions, irritates the 
guards, who were present, but Orestes ap- 
peases their fury by telling them who he is, 
and immediately he is acknowledged king of 
the country. Afterwards, he stabs his mother, 
at the instigation of his sister Electra, after 
he has upbraided her for her infidelity and 
cruelty to her husband. Such meditated mur- 
dei-s receive the punishment which, among 
the ancients, was always supposed to attend 
parricide. Orestes is tormented by the Furies, 
and exiles himself to Argos,where he is still pur- 
sued by the avengeful goddesses. Apollo him- 
self purifies him, and he is acquitted by the una- 
nimous opinion of the Areopagites, whom Mi- 
nerva herself instituted on this occasion, ac- 
cording to the narration of the poet iSlschylus, 
who flatters the Athenians in his tragical story, 
by representing them as passing judgment, 
even upon the gods themselves. According to 
Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the mur- 
der, not at Delphi, but at Trcezene, where 
still was seen a large stone at the entrance of 
Diana's temple, upon which the ceremonies 
of purification had been performed by nine of 
ihe principal citizens of the place. There was 
also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a temple dedi 
eated to the Furies, near which Orestes cut 
off one of his fingers with his teeth in a fit of 
insanity. These different tiaditions are con- 
futed by Euripides, who says that Orestes, 
after the murder of his mother, consulted the 
oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he was in- 
formed that nothing could deliver him from 
the persecutions of the Furies, if he did not 
bring into Greece Diana's statue, which was 
in the "taurica Chersonesus, and which, as it 
is reported by some, had fallen down from 
heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. 
The king of Chersonesus always sacrificed on 
the altars of the goddess all such as entered the 
borders of his country. Orestes and his friend 
were both carried before Thoas, the king of 
the place, and they were doomed to be sacri- 
ficed. Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana's 
temple, and it was her office to immolate 
these strangers. The intelligence that they 
were Grecians delayed the preparations, and 
Iphigenia was anxious to learn something about 
a country which had given her birth. [Fit/. 
Iphigenia.] She even interested herself iu 
their misfortunes, and offered to spare the life 
of one of them, provided he would convey 
letters to Greece from her hand. This was 
a difficult trial ; never was friendship more 
truly displayed, according to the words of 
Ovid, tx Pont. 3, el. 2. 
Irejubet Fylades carum moriturus Oreslem, 
Hie negat ; inque vicem pufipicU uterque vwri. 
At last Pylades gave way to the pressing en- 
treaties of his friend, and consented to carry 



OR 

the letters of Iphigenia to Greece, llie^e 
were addressed to Orestes himself, and, there- 
fore, these circumstances soon led to a total 
discovery of the connexions of the priestess 
with the man whom she was going to immo- 
late. Iphigenia was convinced that he was her 
brother Orestes, and, when the causes of their 
journey had been explained, she resolved, with 
the two friends, to fly from Chersonesus. and 
to carry away the statue of Diana. Their flight 
was discovered, and Thoas prepared to pursue 
them; but 'Minerva interfered, and told him 
that all had been done by the will and approba* 
tion of the gods. Some suppose that Orestes 
came to Cappadocia from Chersonesus, and 
that there he left the statue of Diana at Coma- 
na. Others contradict this tradition, and, ac- 
cording to Pausanias, the statue of Diana Or- 
thia was the same as that which had been car- 
ried away from the Chersonesus. Some also 
suppose that Orestes brought it to Aricia, in 
Italy, where Diana's worship was established. 
After these celebrated adventures, Orestes 
ascended the throne of Argos, where he reign- 
ed in perfect security, and married Hermione, 
the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister 
to his friend Pylades. The marriage of Ores- 
tes with Hermione is a matter of dispute 
among the ancients. All are agreed that she 
had been promised to the son of Agamemnon, 
but Menelaus had married her to Neoptole- 
raus, the son of Achilles, who had shown him- 
self so truly interested in his cause during the 
Trojan war. The marriage of Hermione with 
Neoptolemus displeased Orestes; he remem- 
bered that she had been early promised to him, 
and therefore he resolved to recover her by 
force or artifice. This he effected by causing 
Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or assassinat- 
ing him himself. According to Ovid's epistle of 
Hermione to Orestes, Hermione had always 
been faithful to her first lover, and even it was 
by her persuasions that Orestes removed hex 
from the house of Neoptolemus. Hermione 
was dissatisfied with the partiality of Neopto- 
lemus for Andromache, and her attachmentfor 
Orestes was increased. Euripides, however, 
and others, speak differently of Hermione'e 
attachment to Neoptolemus : she loved him so 
tenderly, that she resolved to murder Andro- 
mache, who seemed to share, in a small degree.- 
the affections of her husband. She was ready 
to perpetrate the horrid deed when Oreste.'s 
came into Epirus,and she was easily persuaded 
by the foreign prince to withdraw herself, in 
her husband's absence, from a country which 
seemed to contribute so much to her sorrows. 
Orestes, the better to secure the affections of 
Hermione, assassinated Neoj>tolemas, [Vid. 
Neoptolemus,] and retired to his kingdom of 
Argos. His old age was crowned with peace 
and security, and he died in the 90th year of 
his age, leaving his throne to his son Tisarne*- 
nes, by Hermione. Three yeai-s after, the 
Heraclidae recovered the Peloponnesus, and 
banished the descendants of Menelaus from 
the throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, 
as some suppose, by the bite of a serpent ; and 
the Lacedaemonians, who hnd become his sub- 
jects at the death ot Menelaus, were directed 
by an oracle to bring his bones to Sparta. 
They were, some time after, discovered at 
Tegea; and bi^ statue appeared to be .leren 



i 



OR 

eubiti, according to the traditions mentioned 
by Herodotus and others. The friendship of 
Orestes and of Py lades became proverbial, and 
therv\ o friends received divine honours among 
the Scythians, and were worshipped in tem- 
ples. Paus. 1. 2, 4, kc. — Pater c. 1, c. 1 and 
S.—Apollod. 1, hc.-^Strah. 9 and \Z.—Ovid. 
Heruid. 8. Ex Pont. 3, el. 2. Met. 15. in lb. 
•^Luripid. in Or est. — jindr. he. Ipliig. — So- 
phocl. in Eleclr. kc. — JEschyl. in Eum. /Igam. 
hc.—Herodot. 1, c. 69.—Hygin. fab. 120 and 
261. — Plut. in Lye. — Diclys. 6, he. — Pindar. 
Pyth. 2.—Plin. 'SS.-^Virg. JEn. 3, he— Homer. 
Od. 3, V. 304, 1. 4, V. d'S^.— Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 

1374. A son of Achelous. jipollod. A 

man sent as ambassador by Attila, king of the 
Huns, to the emperor Theodosius. He was 
highly honoured at the Roman court, and his 
son Augustulus was the last emperor of the 
western empire. A governor of Egypt un- 
der the Roman emperors. A robber of 

Athens, who pretended madness, &.c. Aris- 

toph. ach. 4. 7. A general of Alexander. 

Curt. 4, c. 108. 

Oresteum, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles 
from Sparta. It was founded by Orestheus, a 
son of Lycaon, and originally called Orestht- 
sium, and at'terwards Oresteum, from Orestes, 
the son of Agamemnon, who resided there for 
some time after the murder of Clytemneslra. 
Paus. 8, c. 8. — Euripid. 

Op.ESTiD.E, the descendants or subjects of 
Or'-'stes, the son of Agamemnon. They were 
driven from the Peloponnesus by the Hera- 
clida?, and came to settle in a country which, 
from them, was called Oreslidce. at the south- 
west of Macedonia, Some suppose that that 
part of Greece originally received its name 
from Orestes, who fled and built there a cit} , 
which gave its founder's name to the whole 
province. Thucyd. 2 — Liv. 31. 

AuREL. Orestilla, a mistress of Catiline. 
Cic. ad Div. 7, c. 7. 

Orf.stjS; or Orestida, apart of Macedonia. 
Cic. de Harusp. 16. 

Oret/e, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the 
Eu.xine Sea. 

OiiETANi, a people of Spain, whose capital 
was Oretum, now Orelo. Liv. 21, c. 11, 1. 35, 
c. 7. 

Oretilia, a woman who married Caligula, 
by whom she was soon after banished. 

OuEUM, one of the principal towns of Eu- 
bcea. Liv. 28, c. 6, 

Orga, or Org AS, a river of Phrygia, falling 
into the iVJt^ander. 6lrab. — Plin. 

Orgessum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 3L 
c. 27. 

Orgetorix, one of the chief men of the 
Helvetii, while Caesar was in Gaul. He form- 
ed a conspiracy against the Romans, and when 
accused, he destroyed himself. Cces. 

Orgia, festivals in honour of Bacchus. 
They are the same as the Bacchanalia, Dio- 
nysia, kc. which were celebrated by the an- 
cients to commemorate the triumphs of Bac- 
chus in India. Vid. Dionysia. 

Oribasus, a celebrated physician, greatly 
esteemed by the emperor Julian, in whose 
reign he flourished. He abridged the works 
of Galenus, and of all the most respectable 
writers on physic, at the request of the em- 
peror. He accompanied Julian into the east, 



OR 

but his skill proved ineffectual in attempting 
to cure the fatal wound which his benefactor 
had received. After Julian's death, he fell in- 
to the hands of the barbarians. The best edi- 
tion of his works is that of Dundas, 4to. L. 

Bat. 1745.- One of Actason's dogs, ab o((^, 

mans, and fiMm, scando. Ovid. Met. 

Oricum or Oricus, a town of Epirus, on 
the Ionian sea, founded by a colony from Col- 
chis according to Pliny. It was called Dar 
dania, because Helenus and Andromache, 
natives of Troy or Dardania, reigned over 
the country after the Trojan war. It had a 
celebrated harbour, and was greatly esteemed 
by the Romans on account of its situation, 
but it was not well defended. The tree which 
produces the turpentine grew there in abun- 
dance. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 136. — Liv. 24, c. 40. 
—Plin. 2, c. 89— C'CE5. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 1, &c. 
— Lucan. 3, v. 187. 

Oriens, in ancient geography, in taken for 
all the most eastern parts of the world, such 
as Parthia, India, Assyria, he. 

Origen, a Greek writer, as much cele- 
brated for the easiness of his manner, his hu- 
mility, and modesty, as for his learning and 
the sublimity of his genius. He was sur named 
Adamantus, from his assiduity, and became 
so rigid a Chris! ian, Itiat he made himself an 
eunuch, by following the literal sense of a pas- 
sage in the Greek testament, which speak* 
of the voluntary eunuchs of Christ. He suf- 
fered martyrdom in his 69th year, A. C. 254. 
His works were excellent and numerous, and 
contained a number of homilies, commenta- 
ries on the holy scriptures, and different trea- 
tises, besides the Hexapla, so called from its 
being divided into six columns, the first ©f 
which contained the Hebrew text, the second, 
the same text in Greek characters, the third, 
the Greek version of the Septuagint, the 
fourth, that of Aquila, the fifth, that of Sym- 
machus, and the sixth, Theodosian's Greek 
version. This famous work first gave the 
hint for the compilation of our Polyglot Bi- 
bles. The works of Origen have been learn- 
edly edited by the Benedictine monks, though 
the whole is not 5"et completed, in four vols. 
fol. Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The Hexa- 
pla was published in 8vo. at Lips. 1769, by 
Car. Frid. Bahrdt 

Origo, a courtezan in the age of Horace. 
Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 55. 
Orinus, a river of Sicily. 
Oriobates, a general of Darius at the bat- 
tle of Arbela, he. Curt. 4. 

Orion, a celebrated giant sprung from the 
urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. 
These three gods, as they travelled over Bce- 
otia, met with great hospitality from Hyrieus, 
a peasant of the country, who was ignorant of 
their dignity and character. They were en- 
tertained with whatever the cottage afforded, 
and, when Hyrieus had discovered that they 
were gods, because Neptune told him to fill 
up Jupiter's cup with wine, after he had serv- 
ed it before the rest, the old man welcomed 
them by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleas- 
ed with his piety, the gods promised to grant 
him whatever he required, and the old man, 
who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had 
promised never to marry again, desired them 
that, as he was childless, they would give him 



OR 

a S0B without another marriage. The gods 
consented, and they ordered him to bury in 
the ground the skin of the victim, into which 
they had all three made water. Hyrieus 
did as they commanded, and when, nine 
months after, he dug for the skin, he found 
in it a beautiful child, whom he called Urion, 
ah urina. The name was changed into Orion 
by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid says,. 
Ferdidit antiquum litlera prima sonum. Orion 
soon rendered himself celebrated, and Diana 
took him among her attendants, and even be- 
came deeply enamoured of him. His gigantic 
stature, however, displeased CEnopion, king of 
Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he 
demanded in marriage. The king, not to 
deny him openly, promised to make him his 
son-in-law as soon as he delivered his island 
from wild beasts. This task, which CEnopion 
deemed impracticable, was soon performed 
bv Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. 
CEnopion, on pretence of complying, intoxi- 
cated his illustrious guest, and put out his eyes 
on the sea shore, where he had laid himself 
down to sleep. Orion finding himself blind 
when he awoke, was conducted by the sound 
to a neighbouring forge, where he placed one 
of the workmen on his back, and, by his di- 
rections, went to a place where the rising sun 
was seen with the greatest advantage. Here 
he turned his face towards the luminary, and, 
as it is reported, he immediately recovered 
his eye-sight, and hastened to punish the per- 
fidious cruelty of (Enopion. It is said that 
Orion was an excellent workman in iron •, and 
that he fabricated a subterraneous palace for 
Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had inspired 
with love, carried him away into the island of 
Delos, to enjoy his company with greater se- 
curity ; but Diana, who was jealous of this, de- 
stroyed Orion with her arrows. Some say 
that Orion had provoked Diana's resentment; 
by offering violence to Opis, one of her female 
attendants, or, according to others, because he 
had attempted the virtue of the goddess her- 
self. According to Ovid, Orion died of the 
bite of a scorpion, which the earth produced, 
to punish his vanity in boasting that there was 
not on earth any animal which he could not 
conquer. Some say that Orion was the son 
of JSeptune and Euiyale, and that he bad re- 
ceived from his father the privilege and power 
of walking over the sea without wetting his 
feet. Others make him son of Terra, like the 
rest of the giants. He had married a nymph 
called Sida before his connexion with the fa- 
mily of CEnopion ; but Sida was the cause of 
her ow-n death, by boasting herself fairer than 
Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a 
celebrated hunter, superior to the rest of 
mankind by his strength and uncommon sta- 
ture. He built the port of Zancle, and forti- 
fied the coast of Sicily against the frequent 
inundations of the sea, by heaping a mound of 
earth, called Pelorum, on which he built a 
temple to the gods of the sea. After death, 
Orion was placed in heaven, where one of the 
constellations still bears his name. The con- 
stellation of Orion, placed near the feet of the 
bull, was composed of 17 stars, in the form of 
a man holding a sword, wliich has given oc- 
casion to the poets often to speak of Orion's 
sword. As tlia constellation of Orion, which 



OR 

rises about the ninth day of March, and sets 
about the 21st of June, is generally supposed 
to be accompanied, at its rising, with great 
rains and storms, it has acquired the epithet 
of aquosu.s, given it by Virgil. Orion was 
buried in the island of Delos, and the monu- 
ment which the people of Tanagra in Bceotia 
showed, as containing the remains of this 
celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. 
The daughters of Orion distinguished them- 
selves as much as their father, and, when the 
oracle had declared that Bceotia should not be 
delivered from a dreadful pestilence before 
two of Jupiter'3 children were immolated on 
the altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, 
and voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the 
good of their country. Their names w^ere 
Menippe and Metioche. They had been care- 
fully educated by Diana, and Venus and Mi- 
nerva had made them very rich and valuable 
presents. The deities of hell were struck at 
the patriotism of the two females, and imme- 
diately two stars were seen to arise from the 
earth, which still smoked with the blood, and 
they were placed in the heavens in the form 
of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies 
were burned by the Thebans, and, from their 
ashes, arose two persons, whom the gods 
soon after changed into constellations. Diod, 
4.— Homer. Od. 6, v. 121, 1. 11, v. 309.— 
Virg.JEn. 3, v. bVI.—ApoUod. 1, c. A.— Ovid. 
Met. 8 and 13. Fast. 5, &ic.— Hi/gin. fab. 126, 
and F. A. 2, c. 44, k.c.—Frop(,rt. 2, el. 13.— 
Virg. M.n. 1, he. Horat. 2, od. 13, 1. 3, od. 4 
and 27, epod. 10, Sic. — Lucan. 1, &c. — Ca- 
lull, de Btren. — Falephat. 1. — Farthen. erotic. 
20. 

Orissus, a prince of Spain, who put Ha- 
milcar to flight, 6ic. 

Ori SULLA LiviA, a Roman matron, taken 
away from Piso, &.c. 

Oritjc., a people of India, who submitted 
to Alexander, &x. Strab. 15, 

Orithylv, a daughter of Erechtheus, king 
of Athens, by Praxithea. She was courted 
and carried away by Boreas, king of Thrace, 
as she crossed the llissus, and became mother 
of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetes, and Calais, Apol^ 
Ion. 1. — ApoUod. 3, c, 15. — Orpheus. — Ovid, 
Met. 6, V. 706. Fast. 5, v. 204.— Pawj. 1, c. 

19, 1. 5, c. 19. One of the Nereides. * 

A daughter of Cecrops, who bore Europus 

to Macedon. One of the Amazons, famous 

for her warlike and intrepid spirit. Justin. 3, 
c. 4. 

Oriti.vs, one of the hunters of the Calydo- 
nian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 8, 

Oriundus, a river of lUyricum. Uv. 4Ai 
c.31. 

Ormesus, a king of Tbessaly, son of Cer- 
caphus. He built a town which was called 
Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. Ho- 

mer. II. 9, v. 448. k man who settled at 

Rhodes. A son of Eurypylus, &c. 

Or.sba, a town of Argolis, famous for a 
battle fought there between the Lacedsemo-- 
nians and Argives. Diod. 

Orneates, a surname of Priapus, at 
Ornea. 

Orneus, a centaur, son of Txion and the 

Cloud. Ovid. .Met. 12, v, 302. A son of 

Erechtheus, king of Athens, who built Ornea, 
in Peloponnesus. Pau*. 2, c. 2$. 



OR 

Ornithic, a wind blowing from the north 
in the spring, and so called from the ap- 
pearance of birds (o^i'^sj, aves). Colum. 11, 

c. 2. 

Oknithon, a town of Phoenicia, between 
Tyre and Sidon. 

Ornitus, a friend of ^neas, killed by Ca- 
milla in the Rutulian wars. Virg. Mn. 11, 
y. 677. 

Ornospades, a Parthian, driven from his 
country by Artabanus- He assisted Tiberius, 
and was made governor of Macedonia, iic. 
Tadt Ann. 6, c. 37. 

Ornytion, a son of Sisyphus, king of Co- 
rinth, father of Phocus. Pau^. 9, c. 17. 

Ornytus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the 
Argonauts, &c. Val Fl. 3, v. 173. 

Oroanda, a town of Pisidia, now Haviran. 
Liv. 38, c. 18. 

Orobia, a town of Eubcea. 

Orobii, a people of Italy, near Milan. 

Orodes, aprinceof Parthia, who murder- 
ed his brother Mithridates, and ascended his 
throne. He defeated Crassus, the Roman tri- 
umvir, and poured melted gold down the throat 
©f his fallen enemy, to reproach him for his 
avarice and ambition. He followed the inter- 
est of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi. It is 
said, that, when Orodes became old and infirm, 
his thirty children applied to him, and dispu- 
ted, in his presence, their right to the succes- 
sion. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained 
the crown from his father, and, to hasten him 
out of the world, he attempted to poison him. 
The poison had no effect, and Phraates, still 
determined on his father's death, strangled 
him with his own hands, about 37 years before 
the Christian era. Orodes had then reigned 
about 50 years. Justin. 42, c. 4.^Paterc. 2, 

c. 30. Another king of Parthia, murdered 

for his cruelty. Josephus, 18. Jud. — —A son 
of Artabanus, kin^ of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 
6^ c. 33. One ot the friends of ^neas in Ita- 
ly, killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 732, 

&c. 

Or(Etes, a Persian governor of Sardis, fa- 
mous for his cruel murder of Polycratea. He 
died B. C. 521. Herodot. 

Oromedon, a lofty mountain in the island 

of Cos. Theoci-it. 7. A giant. Propert. 3, 

el. 7, v. 48. 

Orontas, a relation of Artaxerses, sent to 
Cyprus, where he made peace with Evagoras, 
iic. Polyan. 7. 

Orontes, a satrap of Mysia, B. C. 385, 

who rebelled from Artaxerses, he. Id. A 

o-overnor of Armenia. Id. A king of the 

Lycians during the Trojan war, who followed 
iEIneas, and perished in a shipwreck. Virg. 

.En. 1, v. 117, 1. 6, V. 34. A river of Syria, 

(now Asi.) rising in Coelosyria, and falling, af- 
ter a rapid and troubled course, into the Me- 
diteri-anean, below Antioch. According to 
Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts 
concerning it, the Orontes disappeared under 
<'round, for the space of five miles. The word 
Ih-onttus is often used as Syrius. Dionys. 
Per ieg.— Ovid. Md. 2, v. 24Q.-^Strab. 16.— 
Patu. 8, c. 20. 

Orophersks, a man who seized the king- 
dom of Cappadocia. He died B. C. 154. 

Ohopus, a town of Bceotia, on the borders 
of Attica, near tho Euripus, which received 



OR 

its name from Oropus, a son of Macedea.- 
It was the frequent cause of quarrels betweem 
ttie Boeotians and the Athenians, whence some 
have called it one of the cities of Attica, and 
was at last confirmed in (he possession of the 
Athenians, by Philip, king of Macedon. Ara- 
phiaraus had a temple there Pans. 1, c. 34. — 

Strab. 9. A small town of Eubcea. 

Another in Macedonia. 

Orosius, a Spanish writer, A. D. 416, who 
published an universal history, in seven books, 
from the creation to his own time, in which, 
though learned, diligent, and pious, he betray- 
ed a great ignorance of the knowledge of his- 
torical facts, and of chronology. The best 
edition is that of Havercarap, 4to. L. Bat. 1767. 

Orospeda, a mountain of Spain. Strab. 3. 

Orpheus, a son of (Eager, by the muse 
Calliope. Some suppose him to be the son of 
Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. 
He received a lyre from Apollo, or, according 
to some, from Mercury, upon which he 
played with such a masterly hand, that even 
the most rapid rivers ceased to flow, the sa- 
vage beasts of the forest forgot their wild- 
ness, and the mountains moved to listen to his 
song. All nature seemed charmed and ani- 
mated, and the nymphs were his constant 
companions. Eurydice was the only one who 
made a deep impression on the melodious 
musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. 
Their happiness, however, was sljort ; Aris- 
taeus became enamoured of Eurydice, and, 
as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, 
tbat was lurking in the grass, bit her foot, 
and she died of the poisoned wound. Her 
loss was severely felt by Orpheus, and he 
resolved to recover her, or perish in the at- 
tempt. With his lyre in his hand, he en- 
tered the infernal regions, and gained an 
easy admission to the palace of Pluto. The 
king of hell was charmed with the melody of 
his strains, and, according to the beautiful 
expressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion 
stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, 
Tantalus forgot his perpetual thirst, and 
even the furies relented. Pluto and Pro- 
serpine were moved with his sorrow, and 
consented to restore him Eurydice, pro- 
vided he forebore looking behind till he 
had come to the extremest borders of hell. 
The conditions were gladly accepted, and 
Orpheus was already in sight of the upper 
regions of the air, when he forgot his pro- 
mises, and turned back to look at his long 
lost Eurydice. He saw her, but she instantly 
vanished from his eyes. He attempted to 
follow her, but he was refused admission •, 
and the only comfort he could find, was to 
sooth his grief at the sound of his musica! 
instrument, in grottos, or on the moun- 
tains. He totally separated himself from the 
society of mankind ; and the Thracian wo- 
men, whom he had otlended by his coldness 
to their amorous passion, or, according t» 
others, by his unnatural gratifications, and 
impure indulgences, attacked him while they 
celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, and after 
they had torn his body to pieces, they threw 
his head into the Hebrus, which still arti- 
culated the words Eui^dice ! Eurydice ! as 
it was carried down the stream into the 
JEgean sea. Orpheus wa3 one of tb© Ar- 



OR 

gonauts, of which celebrated expedition he 
wrote a poetical account still extant. This 
is doubted by Aristotle, who says, according to 
Cicero, that there never existed an Or- 
pheus, but that the poems which pass un- 
der his name, are the compositions of a Py- 
thagorean philosopher named Cercops. Ac- 
cording to some of the moderns, the ^rgo- 
nautica, and the other poems attributed to 
Orpheus, are the production of the pen of 
Onamacritus, a poet who lived in the age of 
Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. Pausanias, how- 
ever, and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Or- 
pheus as a great poet and musician, who ren- 
dered himself equally celebrated by his know- 
ledge of the art of war, by the extent of 
his understanding, and by the laws which he 
enacted. Some maintain that he was killed 
by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria 
in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The 
inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb 
was in their city, and the people of mount 
Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the same hon- 
our, and farther observed, that the nightin- 
gales which built their nests near his tomb, 
sang with greater melody than all other birds. 
Orpheus, as some report, after death received 
divine honours ; the muses gave a honourable 
burial to his remains, and his lyre became one 
of the constellations in the heavens. The 
best edition of Orpheus, is that of Gesner, 
8vo. Lips. 1764. Diod. 1, kc. — Pans. 1, &;c. 
—Apollod 1, c. 9, hc.—Cic. de Nat. D. 1, 
G. 2S.—Jipollon. l.—Virg. JFm. 6, v. 645. G. 
4, V. 457, &c. — Hygin. fab. 14, &,c. — Ovid. 
Met. 10, fab. 1, &c. 'l. 11, fab. I.— Plato. Po- 
lit, 10.— Horat. 1, od. 13 and 35.— Orpheus. 

Orphica, a name by which the orgies 
of Bacchus were called, because they had 
been introduced in Europe from Egypt by 
Orpheus. 

Orphane, a nymph of the infernal regions, 
mother of Escalaphus by Acheron. Ovid. 
Met. 5, V. 549, 

Orsedice, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
tharme. Apollod. 

Orseis, a nymph who married Hellen. 
Apollod. 

Orsillus, a Persian who fled to Alexan- 
der, when Bessus murdered Darius. Curt. 5, 
0.31. 

Orsilochus, a son of Idomeneus, killed 
by Ulysses in the Trojan war, &.c. Homer. 

Od. 13, V. 260. A son of the river Al- 

pheus. A Trojan killed by Camilla in the 

Hutulian wars, &.c. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 636 
and 690. 

Orsines, one of the officers of Darius, at 
the battle of Arbela, Curt. 10, c. 1. 

Orsippus, a man of Megara, who was pre- 
vented from obtaining a prize at the Olympic 
games, because his clothes were entangled 
as he ran. This circumstance was the cause 
that, for the future, all the combatants were 
obliged to appear naked. Paus. 1, c. 44. 

M. Ortalus, a grandson of Hortensius, 
who was induced to marry by a present from 
Augustus, who wished that ancient family not 
to be extinguished. Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 37. — 
Val. Max. 3, c. 6. — Sud. in Tiber. 

Orthagoras, a man wiio wrote a trea- 
tise on India, &c. JFAian. de Anim. A 

musician In the age of Epaminondas.— — A 



OS 

tyrant of Sicyon, who mingled severity witU 
justice in his government. The sovereign au- 
thority remained upwards of 100 years in his 
family. 

OrthjEa, a daughter of Hyacinthus. ^pol' 
lod. 

Orthe, a town of Magnesia. Plin. 

Orthia, a surname of Diana at Sparta. 
In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be 
whipped. [Vid. Diamastigosis.] Plut. in 
Thes. he. 

Orthosia, a town of Caria. Liv. 45, c. 
25.- Of Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Orthrus, or Orthos, a dog which belong- 
ed to Geryon, from whom and the Chimaera, 
sprung the sphynx and the Nemaean lion. He 
had two heads, and was sprung from the union 
of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed 
by Hercules. Hesiod. Theog. 310. — Apollod. 
2, c. 5. 

Ortona. Vid. Artona. 

Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus, Tacit. 

Ann. 3, c. 61. A small island of Sicily, 

within the bay of Syracuse, which formed 
once one of the four quarters of that great 
city. It was in this island that the celebrated 
fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygia is now the 
only part remaining of the once famed Syra- 
cuse, about two miles in circumference, and 
inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has suffered, 
like the towns on the eastern coast, by the 
eruptions of .^tna. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 694. — 

Rom. Od. 15, V, 403. An ancient name of 

the island of Delos. Some suppose that it re- 
ceived this name from Latona, who fled thither 
when changed into a quail, (ae^E,) by Jupiter, 
to avoid the pursuits of Juno. Diana was cal- 
led Ortygia^ as being born there ; as also Apol- 
lo. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 651. Fast. 5, v. 692.— 
Virg. .En. 3, v. 124. 

Ortygius, a Rutulian killed by iCneas. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 573. 

Orus, or HoRus, one of the gods of the 
Egyptians, son of Osiris and of Isis. He as- 
sisted his mother in avenging his father, who 
had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was 
skilled in medicine ; he was acquainted with 
futurity, and he made the good and the hap- 
piness of his subjects the sole object of his 
government. He was the emblem of the suu 
among the Egyptians, and he was generally 
represented as an infant, swathed in variega- 
ted clothes. In one hand he held a stafl^, which 
terminated in the head of a hawk, in the other 
a whip with three thongs. Herodot. 2. — Plut. 

de Isid. ^ Os.—Diod. 1. The first king of 

Trcezene. Paus. 2, c. 30. 

Oryander, a satrap of Persia, Sic. Po- 
lyan. 7. 

Oryx, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. 
Pauj. 8, c. 25. 

Osaces, a Parthian general, who received 
a mortal wound from Cassius. Cic. ad Att. 5, 
ep. 20. 

OscA, a town of Spain, now Huesca, in 
Arragon. Liv. 34, c. 10. 

OscnoPHORiA, a festival observed by the 
Athenians. It receives its name «to tou ^epiie t«,- 
aryjeg, from tarrying boughs hung up with 
grapes, called o<rx«». Its original institution is 
thus mentioned by Plut. in Thes. Theseus, 
at his return from Crete, forgot to hang out 
the white sail by which his father was to be 



OS 

itpprizeu of bis Success. This aeriect was 
fatal to -^geus, who threw himself into the 
sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reach- 
ed the land, than he sent a herald to inform 
his father of his safe return, and in the mean 
time he hegan to make the sacrifices which he 
vowed when he first set sail from Crete. The 
herald, on his entrance into the city, found 
the people in great agitation. Some lamented 
the king's death, while others, elated at the 
«udden news of the victory of Theseus, crown- 
ed the herald with garlands in demonstration 
of their joy. The herald carried back the 
garlands on his staff to the sea shore, and after 
he had waited till Theseus had finished his 
sacriiii.e, he related the melancholy story of 
the king's death. Upon this, the people ran 
in crowds to the city, showing their grief by 
cries and lamentations. From that circum- 
stance therefore, at the feast of Oschophoria, 
not the herald, but his staff, is crowned with 
garlands, and all the people that are pre- 
sent always exclaim «a«x«-j, ts «, the first of 
which expresses haste, and the other a con- 
steination or depression of spirits. The his- 
torian further mentions, that Theseus, when 
he went to Crete, did not take with him the 
usual number of virgins, but that instead of 
two of them, he filled up the number with two 
youths of his acquaintance, whom he made 
pass for women, by disguising their dress, and 
by using them to the ointments and perfumes 
of women as well as by a long and successful 
imitation of tlieir voice. The imposition suc- 
ceeded, their sex was not discovered in Crete, 
and when Theseus had triumphed over the 
Minotaur, he, with these two youths, led a 
procession with branches in their hands, in the 
same habit which is still used at the celebration 
of the Oschophoria. The branches which 
were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of 
Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn, 
when the grapes were ripe. Besides this pro- 
cession, there were also a race exhibited, in 
which only young men, whose parents were 
both alive, u ere permitted to engage. It was 
usual for them to run from the temple of Bac- 
chus to that of Minerva, which was on the 
sea shore. The place where they stopped 
was called ot^«k?«€*s , because the bouglis which 
they carried in their hands were deposited 
there. The rewards of the conqueror was a 
cup called 7nv'^» ttxo-c, five fold, because it con- 
tained a mixture of five different things, wine, 
honey, cheese, meal, and oil. Plut. in. Thts. 

Osci, a people between Campania and the 
country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus 
against JEneA.?,. Some supposed that they are 
the same as the 0/?i«, the word Osci being a 
diminutive or abbreviation of the other. The 
language, the plays, and ludicrous expressions 
of this nation, are often mentioned by the an- 
cients, and from their indecent tendency some 
suppose the word obscanum, (quasi osceman,) 
is derived. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 14. — Cic. Fam. 
7,ep.l.— Lip. 10, c. 20.— Strab. b.—PLin. 3, 
c. 5.— FiVg.^n.T, v.730. 

Oscics, a mountain with a river of the 
same name in Thrace. Thucyd. 

Oscus, a general of the fleet of the emperor 
Otho Tacit. \, hist. 17. 

Osi, a people of Germany. Tadl. G. 28 
and 43. 



OS 

OsiNDS, a king of Clusium, who assisted 

.^neas against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 655. 
Osiris, a great deity of the Egyptians, son 
of Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients great- 
ly differ in their opinions concerning this cele- 
brated god, but they all agree that as king of 
Egypt, he took particular care to civilize his 
subjects, to polish their morals, to give them 
good and salutary laws, and to teach them 
agriculture. After he had accomplished a re- 
form at home, Osiris resolved to go and 
spread civilization in the other parts of the 
earth. He left his kingdom to the care of 
his wife Isis, and of her faithful minister 
Hermes or Mercury. The command of his 
troops at home was left to the trust of Hercu- 
les, a warlike officer. In his expedition Osiris 
was accompanied by his brother Apollo, and 
by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His march 
was through ^Ethiopia, where his army wa» 
increased by the addition of the Satyrs, a 
hairy race of monsters, who made dancing 
and playing on musical instruments their chief 
study. He afterwards passed through Arabia 
and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms 
of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the 
minds of men by introducing among them 
the worship of the gods, and a reverence for 
the wisdom of a supreme being. At his return 
home Osiris found the minds of his subjects 
roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had 
raised seditions, and endeavoured to make 
himself popular. Osiris, whose sentiments 
w^ere always of the most pacific nature, en- 
deavoured to convince his brother of his ill 
conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the attempt. 
Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment, 
and cut his body to pieces, which were divi- 
ded among the associates of his guilt. Typhon, 
according to Plutarch, shut up his brothe.*- in 
a coffer and threw him into the iNile. The 
inquiries of Isis discovered the body of her 
husband on the coast of Phoenicia, where it 
had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon 
stole it as it was cai-rying to Memphis, and he 
divided it amongst his companions, as was be- 
fore observed. This cruelty incensed Isis; 
she revenged her husband's death, and with 
her son Orus she defeated Typhon and the 
partisans of his conspiracy. She recovered 
the mangled pieces of her husband's body, the 
genitals excepted, which the murderer had 
thrown into the sea; and to render him all 
the honour which his humanity deserved, she 
made as many statues of wax as there were 
mangled pieces of his body. Each statue con- 
tained a piece of the flesh of the dead mon- 
arch ;and Isis, after she had summoned in her 
presence one by one, the priests of all the dif- 
ferent deities in her dominions, gave them each 
a statue, intimating, that in doing that she had 
preferred them to all the other communities 
of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn 
oath that they would keep secret that mark 
of her favour, and endeavour to show their 
sense of it by establishing a form of worship 
and paying divine honours to their prince. 
They were further directed to choose what- 
ever animals they pleased to represent the per- 
son and the divinity of Osiris, and tbey were 
enjoined to pay the greatest reverence to that 
representative of divinity, and to bury it when 
dead with the greatest solemnity. To render 



OS 

tiieir establishment more popular, each sacer- 
dotal body had a certain portion of land allot- 
ted to them to maintain them, and to defray 
the expenses which necessarily attended the 
sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part of 
the body of Osiris which had not been recov- 
ered, was treated with more particular atten- 
tion by Isis, and she ordered that it should 
receive honours more solemn, and at the same 
time more mysterious than the other members. 
[Vid. Phallica.] As Osiris had particularly in- 
structed his subjects in cultivating the ground, 
the priests chose the ox to represent him, and 
paid the most superstitious veneration to that 
animal. [Vid. Apis.] Osiris, according to 
the opinion of some mythologists, is the same 
as the sun, and the adoration which is paid by 
different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a 
Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c. is the same as 
that which Osiris received in the Egyptian 
temples. Isis also after death received divine 
honours as well as her husband, and as the ox 
was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the 
cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. 
Nothing can give a clearer idea of the power 
and greatness of Osiris than this inscription, 
which has been found on some ancient mo- 
numents; Saturn, the youngest of all the 
gods, was my father ; I am Osiris, who con- 
ducted a large and numerous army as far as 
the deserts of India, and travelled over the 
greatest part of the world, and visited the 
streams of tlie Ister, and the remote shores of 
the ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the in- 
habitants of the earth. Osiris was generally 
represented with a cap on his head like a 
mitre, with two horns ; he held a stick in his 
left hand, and in his right a whip with three 
thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head 
of a hawk, as that bird, by its quick and 
piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. 
Fhit. in Idd. ^ Os.—FIerodot. 2, c. 144.— 
Diod. I.— Homer. Od 12, v. 323.— JEliati. de 
Anim. 3. — Lucan. de Dea Syr. — Plin. 8.— 

A Persian general, who lived 450 B. C. 

A friend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. 
Virg. J£n. 12, v. 458. 

OsisMii, a people of Gaul in Britany. Mela, 
3, c. 2.—Cas. B. G. 2, c. 34. 

OsPHAGus, a river of Macedonia. Lit'. 31, 
C.39. 

OsRHOENK, a country of Mesopotamia, 
which received this name from one of its 
kings called Osrhoes. 



OssA, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once 
the residence of the Centaurs. It was for- 
merly joined to mount Olympus, but Her- 
cules, as some report, separated them, and 
made between them the celebrated valley of 
Tempe. This separation of the two moun- 
tains was more probably effected by an earth - 
fjuake, which happened, as fabulous accounts 
represent, about 1885 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Ossa was one of those mountains 
which the giants, in their wars against the 
gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the 
heavens with more facilitv. Mela, 2, c. 3. — 
Chid. Met. 1, v. 156, 1. 2, v. 225, 1. 7, v. 
22^1. Fast. 1, V 3<J7, I. 3, v. 441.— 67/-«6. 9. 

— Lucan. 1 and 6. — Virg. G. 1, v. 281. A 

town of Macedonia. 

OsTEODES, an island near the Lipari isles. 

(><riA, a town built at the mouth of the 
62 



OT 

river Tiber by Ancus Martius, king of Romci 
about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a 
celebrated harbour, and was so pleasantly sit- 
uated that the Romans generally spent a part 
of the year there as in a country seat. There 
was a small tower in the port, like the Pharos 
of Alexandria, built upon the wreck of a 
large ship which had been sunk there, and 
which contained the obelisks of Egypt vvitli 
which the Roman emperors intended to adorn 
the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the 
sand and mud deposited by the Tiber had 
choked the harbour, and added much to the 
size of the small islands, which sheltered the 
ships at the entrance of the river. Ostia and 
her harbour called Portus, became gradually 
separated, and are now at a considerable dis- 
tance from the sea. Flor. 1, c. 4, 1. S, c. 21. — 
Liv. 1, c. 33. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Seuton. — Plin. 

OsTORius Scapula, a man made gover- 
nor of Britain. He died A. D. 55. Tacit. Ann. 

16, c. 23. Another, who put himself t» 

death when accused before Nero, &c. Id. 14, 

c. 48. Sabinus, a man who accused Sora- 

nus, in Nero's reign. Id. 16, c. 33. 

OsTRACiNE, a town of Egypt, on the con- 
fines of Palestine. Plin. 5, c. 12. 

OsYMANDYAs, a magnificent king of Egypt 
in a remote period. 

Otacihus, a Roman consul sent against the 
Carthaginians, he. 

Otanes, a noble Persian, one of the sevea 
who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. 
It was through him that the usurpation was 
first discovered. He was afterwards appoint- 
ed by Darius over the sea coast of Asia Minor, 
and took Byzantium. Herodot. 3, c. 70, &c. 

Otho, M. Salvius, a Roman emperor 
descended from the ancient kings of Etruria. 
He was one of Nero's favourites, and as such, 
he was raised to the highest offices of the state, 
and made governor of Pannonia by the in- 
terest of Seneca, who wished to remove hint 
from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppaja 
should prove his ruin. After Nero's death 
Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new 
emperor; but when he did not gain his point, 
and when Galba had refused to adopt him as 
his successor, he resolved to make himself ab- 
solute without any regard to the age or digni- 
ty of his friend. The great debts which he had 
contracted encouraged his avarice, and he 
caused Galba to be assassinated, and he made 
himself emperor. He was acknowledged by 
the senate and the Roman people, but the 
sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany render- 
ed his situation precarious, and it was mutual- 
ly resolved that their respective right to the 
empire should be decided by arms. Otho ob- 
tained three victories over his enemies, but in 
a general engagement near Brixellum, his 



forces were defeated, and he stabbed himself 
when all hopesof success were vanished, after 
a reign of about three months, on the 20ih of 
April, A. D. 69. It has been justly observed, 
that the last moments of Otho's life were those 
of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers, 
who lamented his fortune, and he expressed 
his concern for their safety, when they ear- 
nestly solicited to ; ay him the last friendly 
offices before he stabbed himself, and he ob- 
served that it was better that one inan should 
die, than that all should be involved in ruin 



ov 



ov 



for his obstiuacf . His nephew was pale and [ peclatfons were frustrated ; his son was boos 
distressed, fearing the anger and haughtiness I a poet, and nothing could deter him from 
of the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, ; pursuing his natural inclination, though he 
and observed, that Vitellius would be kind and i was often reminded that Homer lived and 



affectionate to the friends and relations of 
Otho, since Otho was not ashamed to say, that 
in the time of their greatest enmity, the 
mother of Vitellius had received every friend- 
ly treatment from his hands. He also burnt 
tne letters which, by falling into the hands of 
Vitellius, might provoke his resentment against 
those who had favoured the cause of an un- 
fortunate general. These noble and humane 
sentiments in a man who was the associate of 
Nero's shameful pleasures, and who stained 
his hand in the blood of his master, have ap- 

f)eared to some wonderful, and passed for the 
eatures of policy, and not of a naturally vir- 
tuous and benevolent heart. Plut. in rita. — 
Suet.— Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 50, !kc.—Juv. 2, v. 

90. Roscius, a tribune of the people, who, 

in Cicero's consulship, made a regulation to 
permit the Roman knights at public spectacles 
to have the 14 first rows after the seats of the 
senators. This was opposed with virulence 
by some, but Cicero ably defended it, &c. 
Horal. ep. 4, v. 10. The father of the Ro- 
man emperor Otho was the favourite of 
Claudius. 

Othuyades, one of the 300 Spartans who 
fought against 300 Argives, when those two 
rations disputed their respective right to 
Thyrea. Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, 
and Othryades, survived the battle. The Ar- 
gives went home to carry the ncAvs of their 
victory, but Othryades, who had been reck- 
oned among the number of the slain, on ac- 
count of his wounds, recovered himself and 
carried some of the spoils of which he had 
Stripped the Argives, into the cimp of his 
countrymen ; and after he had raised atrophy, 
and had written with bis own blood the word 
tici on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling 
to survive the death of his countrymen. Val. 
Max. 3, c. 2. — Plut. Parall. A patrony- 
mic given to Pantheus, the Trojan priest of 
Apollo, from his father Othryas. Virg. vEw. 
2, v. 319. 

Othryonkus, a Thracian who came to 
the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cassan- 
dra. He was killed by Idomeneus. Homer. 
II. 13. 

Othrvs, a mountain, or rather a chain of 
mountains in Thessaly, the residence of the 
Centaurs. Sirab. 9. — Herodot. 7, c. 129. — 
Virg. ^n. 7, v. 675. 

Otreus, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus, 
and brother to Hecuba. 

Otroeda, a small town on the confines of 
Bithynia. 

Orus and Ephialtes, sons of Neptune. 
Vid. Aloides. 

Otvs, a prince of Paphlagonia, who i-c- 
voltedfrom the Persians to Agesilaus. Xenoph. 

OviA, a Roman lady, wife of C. Lolllus. 
Cit.Mtt. 21. 

P. OviDi'js Naso, a celebrated Roman 
poet born at Sulmo, on the 20th of March, 
about 43 B. C. As he vi as intended for the 
bar, his father sent him eaily to Rome, and 
removed him to Athe;is in the si.xteenth year 
of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study 
of eloquence was great, but the father's ex- 



died in the greatest poverty. Every thing he 
wrote was expressed in poetical numbers, a^ 
he liimself says, et quod tentabam scribere ver- 
sus erat. A lively genius and a fertile ima- 
gination soon gained him admirers; the 
learned became his friends; Virgil, Proper- 
tius, Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with 
their correspondence ; and Augustus patron- 
ised him with the most unbounded liberality. 
These favours, however, were but momentary, 
and the poet was soon after banished to To- 
mos, on the Euxine sea by the emperor. The 
true cause of this sudden exile is unknown. 
Some attribute it to a shameful amour with 
Livia the wife of Augustus, while bthei-s sup- 
port that it arose from the knowledge which 
Ovid had of the unpardonable incest of the 
emperor with his daughter .Julia. These rea- 
sons are indeed merely conjectural ; the cause 
was of a very private and very secret nature, 
of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, a» 
it arose from error and not from criminality. 
It was, however, something improper in the 
family and court of Augustus, as these line* 
seem to indicate : 

Cur aliquid vidi f Cvr noxia Ivmina feci f 
Our inprudenti cognita culpa mihi est ? 

Inscius Jictaon vidit sine vesta Dianum ; 
Prmdafuit canibm non minus ilk suis. 
Again, 

Inscia quod crimen viderunt luniina plector, 
Peccatumque oculos est habuisse tneum. 
And in another place, 

Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen el 
error, 
Jillerixisfacti culpa tilenda mihi est. 
In his banishment, Ovid l>etrayed his pusil- 
lanimity, and however afflicted and distressed 
his situation was, yet the flattery and impa- 
tience vvhicb he showed in his writings are a 
disgrace to his pen, and expose him more to 
ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his 
pen and his time to adulation, yet the em- 
peror proved deaf to all entreaties, and refu- 
sed to listen to his most ardent friends at 
Rome, who wished for the return of the poet 
Ovid, who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus 
to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, 
continued his flattery even to meantiess; and 
when the emperor died, he was so mercenary 
as to consecrate a temple to the departed ty- 
rant on the shore of the Euxine, where he 
roi^iilarly ottered frankincense every morning. 
Tiberius proved as regardless as his predeces- 
sor to the entreaties which were made far 
Ovid, and the poet d.i<3d in the 7th orStli yeai* 
of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, 
A. D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the 
year 1508 of the Christian era, the following 
epitaph was found at Stain, in the moderu 
kingdom of Austria. 
Hie situs est vates quem Diri Caisarisira 

..iugvsti patria cedcre jussit humo. 
Sapc. miser voluU pat riis ocewnbtre terris, 

iScd frustra ! Hunc illifata dedere locum. 
Thh. however, is an imposition lo render cel- 
ebraled an obscure coiiier of the world which 
never contained the bones of Ovid. The 
greatest pait of Ovid's poem-j ai-e remainrng. 



ov 

His Metatnoi'phoaes in 15 books are estvemely 1 
curious, on account of the many different my- | 
thological facts and traditions which they re-i 
late, but they can have no claim to an epic j 
poem. la composing this, the poet was more 
indebted to the then existing traditions, and to 
the theogony of the ancients, than to the 
powers of his own imagination. His Fasli 
were divided into 12 boolis, the same number 
ai? the constellations in the zodiac; but of these, 
six have perished, and the learned world have 
reason to lament the loss of a poem which 
must have thrown so much light upon the re- 
ligious rites and ceremonies, festivals and sa- 
crifices of the ancient Romans, as we may 
judge from the six that have survived the rava- 
ges of time and barbarity. His Trivia, which 
are divided into five books, contain much ele- 
gance and softness of expression, as also his 
Elegies on difterent subjects. The Heroides are 
nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is ex- 
cellent, the language varied, but the expres- 
sions are often too wanton and indelicate, a 
fault which is common in his compositions. 
His three books of Amorum, and the same 
number de Arte Amandh with the other de 
Remtdio Amoris, are written with great ele- 
gance, and contain many flowery descriptions ; 
but the doctrine which they hold forth is dan- 
gerous, and they are to be read with caution, 
as they seem to be calculated to corrupt the 
heart, and sap the foundations of virtue and 
morality. His Ibis, which is written in imita- 
tion of a poem of Callimachus of the same 
name, is a satirical performance. Besides 
these, there are extant some fragments of 
other poems, and among these some of a tra- 
gedy called Medea. The talents of Ovid as a 
dramatic writer have been disputed, and some 
have observed, that he who is so often void of 
sentiment, was not born to shine as a tragedian. 
Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts of 
poetry at once. On whatever he has written, 
he has totally exhausted the subject and left 
nothing unsaid. He every where paints nature 
with a masterly hand, and gives strength to 
the most vulgar expressions. It has been judi- 
ciously observed, that his poetry after his ban- 
ishment from Rome, was destitute of that spi- 
rit and vivacity which we admire in his other 
compositions. His Fasti are perhaps the best 
written of all his poems, and after them we 
may fairly rank his love verses, his Heroides, 
and after all his Mctamorp/ioses, which were 
not totally finished when Augustus sent him 
into banishment. His Epistles from Pontus, 
are the language of an abject and pusillanimous 
flatterer. However critics may censure the 
indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is 
to be acknowledged that his poetry contains 
great sweetness and elegance, and, like that of 
Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the 
mind. Ovid married three wives, but of the 
last alone he speaks with fondness and affec- 
tion. He had only one daughter, but by which 
of his wives is unknown ; and she herself be- 
came mother of two children, by two hus- 
bands. The best editions of Ovid's works are 
those of Biirman, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1727 ; of 
L. Bat. 1670, inSvo. and of Utrecht, in 12mo. 
4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trist. 3 and 4, kc—Pa- 
terc. 2. — Martial. 3 and 8. A man who ac- 
companied his friend CiEsonius when banished 
from Rome by ?\ero. Martini. 7, ep. 43. 



oz 

OviKiA LEX, was enacted to permit the 
censors to elect and admit among the munber 
of the senators the best and the worthiest of 
the people. 

OviNius, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend 

of Cicero, he. Quintil. 3, c. 4. Quiiitus, 

a Roman senator, punished by Augustus for 
disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra. 
Eutrop. 1. 

OxATHREs, a brother of Darius, greatly 
honoured by Alexander, and made one of his 

generals. Curt. 7, c. 5. Another Persian, 

who favoured the cause of Alexander. Curt. 

Oxidates, a Persian whom Darius con- 
demned to death. Alexander took him pri- 
soner, and some time after made him gover- 
nor of Media. He became oppressive and wa? 
removed. Curt. 8, c. 3, 1. 9, c. 8. 

Oaimes, a people of European Sarmatia. 

OxioNi?:, a nation of Grermans, whom su- 
perstitious traditions represented as having the 
countenance human, and the rest of the body 
like that of beasts. Tacit, de Germ. 46. 

Oxus, a large river of Bactriana, now Gi- 
hon, falling into the east of the Caspian sea. 
Plin. 16, c. 6. Another in Scythia. 

OxYAREs, a king of Bactriana, who sur- 
rendered to Alexander. 

OxYCANUs, an Indian prince in the age of 
Alexander, &.c. 

OxYDRACiE, a nation of India. Curt. 9, c.4. 

OxYLus, a leader of the Heraclidse, when 
they recovered the Peloponnesus. He was 
rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. Paus. 5, 

c. 4. A son of Mars and Protogenia. Apol- 

lod. I, c. 7. 

OxYNTHEs, a king of Athens, B. C. 1149. 
He reigned 12 years. 

OxYPoRDs, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. 
Apollod. 3, c. 14. 

OxYRYNCHUs, a towH of Egypt on the Nile. 
Strab. 

OziNEs, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, 
because he attempted to revolt from Alexan- 
der. Curt. 9, c. 10. 

Oz6l.« or Ozon, a people who inhabited 
the eastern parts of jEtolia, which were call- 
ed Osolea. This tract of territory lay at the 
north of the bay of Corinth, and extended 
about twelve miles northward. They received 
their name from the bad stench (o<f»!) of their 
bodies and of their clothing, which was the 
raw hides of wild beasts, or from the offensive 
smell of the body of Nessus the centaur, which 
after death was left to putrify in the country 
without the honours of a burial. Some de- 
rive it with more propriety from the stench 
of the stagnated water in the neighbouring 
lakes and marshes. According to a fabulous 
tradition, they received their name from a 
very different circumstance : During the reio'n 
of a son of Deucalion, a bitch brought into the 
world a stick instead of whelps. The stick 
was planted in the ground by the king, and it 
grew up to a large vine and produced grapes, 
from which the inhabitants of the country 
were called OzoIce, not from •^"', to smell bad, 
hut from ot^, a brancJi or sprout. The name 
of Ozolaj, on account of its indelicate signifi- 
cation, highly displeased the inhabitants, and 
they exchanged it soon for that of if'^.toliani. 
Pan* 10. r :^«?— -/frrwrfo/. 8, c. 32. 



PA 



PACATIANUS, Titus Julius, a general of 
the Roman armies, who proclaimed him- 
self emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of 
Philip's reign. He was soon after defeated, 

A. D. 249, and put to death, kc. 

Paccics, an insignificant poet in the age of 
Doraitian. Juv. 7, v 12. 

Paches, an Athenian who took Mitylene, 
&c. ^rist. Polit. 4. 

Pachinus, or Pachynus, now P(issaro, a 
promontory of Sicily, projecting about two 
miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, 
at the south-east corner of the island, with a 
small harbour of the same name. Slrab. 6. — 
Mela, 2, c. I.— Virg. JEn, 3, v. 699.— Paus. 5. 
c. 25. 

M. Paconius, a Roman put to death by 

Tiberius, &,c. Suei. in Tib. 61. A stoic 

philosopher, son of the preceding. He was 
banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired 
from Rome with the greatest composure and 
indifference, ^rrian. 1, c. 1. 

Pacorus, the eldest of the thirty sons of 
Orodes, king of Parthia, sent against Crassus, 
whose army he defeated, and whom he took 
prisoner. He took Syria from the Romans 
and supported the republican party of Pom- 
pey, and of the murderers of Julius Caesar. 
He was killed in a battle by Ventidius Bassus, 

B. C. 39, on the same day (9th of June) that 
Crassus had been defeated. Flor. 4, c. 9. — 

Horal. 3, od. 6, v. 9 A king of Parthia, 

who made a treaty of alliance with the Ro- 
mans, &,c, Another, intimate with king 

Decebalus. 

Pactolus, a celebrated river of Lydia, 
rising in mount Tmolus, and falling into the 
Hermus after it has watered the city of Sar- 
des. It was in this river that Midas washed 
himself when he turned into gold whatever he 
touched ; and from that circumstance it ever 
after rolled golden sands, and received the 
name of Chrysorrhoas. It is called Tmolus by 
Pliny, Strabo observes, that it had no golden 
sands in his age. Virg. JEn. 10, v, 142. — Strab. 
18.— Oviil. Met.UyV. 86.— Herodul. 5, c. 110. 
—Plin. 33, c. 8. 

Pactyas, a Lydian intrusted with the care 
of the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. The 
immense riches which he could command, 
corrupted him, and to make himself indepen- 
dent, he gathered a large army. He laid siege 
to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one 
of the Persian generals soon put him to flight. 
He retired to Cumee and afterwards to Les- 
bos, where he was delivered into the hands of 
Cyrus. Htrodot. 1, c, 154, he. — Paus. 2, c. 
35. 

Pactye, a town of the Thracian Cherso- 
nesus. 

Pactyes, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephe- 
sus. Slrab. 14. 

Pacdvius, M. a native of Brundusium, 
son of the sister of the poet Ennius, who 
distinguished himself by his skill in painting, 
and by his poetical talents. He wrote satires 
and tragedies which were represented at 
Rome, and of some of which the names are 
preserved, as Peribcea, Hermione, Atalanta, 
nione, Teucer, Antiope, he. Orestes was 
considered as the best finished performance ; 
the style, however, though rough and without 
6hker purity or elegance, deserved tlie wax- 



raendation of Cicero andQuintilian, who per- 
ceived strong rays of genius and perfection 
frequently beaming through the clouds of the 
barbarity and ignorance of the times. The 
poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, where 
he died in his 90th year, about 131 years be- 
fore Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 
scattered lines are preserved in the collections 
of Latin poets. Cic. de Orat. 2, ad Heren.2, c. 
27.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. ^Q.—Quintil. 10, c. 1. 

Padj5:i, an Indian nation, who devour their 
sick before they die. Herodoi. 3, c. 99. 

Padinum, now Bondeno, a town on the Po, 
where it begins to branch into different chan- 
nels. Plin. 3, c. 15. 

Padua, a town called also Patavivm, in the 
country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor 
immediately after the Trojan war. It was the 
native place of the historian Livy. The inha- 
bitants were once so powerful that they could 
levy an army of 20,000 men. Slrab. 5. — Me- 
la, 2, c. 4.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 251. 

Padus, (now called the Po) a river in Italy, 
known also by the name of Eridanus, which 
forms the northern boundary of the territories 
of Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the 
highest mountains of the Alps, and after it has 
collected in its course the waters of above 30 
rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction 
into the Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of 
which only, the Plana or Volano, and the 
Padusa, were formed by nature. It was for- 
merly said that it rolled gold dust in its sand, 
which was carefully searched by the inhabi- 
tants. The consuls C. Flaminius Nepos, and 
P. Furius Philus, were the first Roman gene- 
rals who crossed it. The Po is famous for the 
death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, 
was thrown down there by the thunderbolts of 
Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258, he— Mela, 2, 
c. 4.—Lucan. 2, he— Virg. JEn. 9, v. 680.— 
Strab. 5. Plin. 37, c. 2. 

Padusa, the most southern mouth of the 
Po, considered by^ some writers as the Po it- 
self. \^Vid. Padus.] It was said to abound in 
swans, and from it there was a cut to the town 
of Ravenna. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 455. 

P^AN, a surname of Apollo, derived from 
the word pcean, an hymn which was sung in 
his honour, because he had killed the serpent 
Python, which had given cause to the people 
to exclaim, lo Paean ! The exclamation of lo 
Paean ! was made use of in speaking to the 
other gods, as it often was a demonstration of 
joy. Juv. 6, v. 111.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 538, 1, 
14, v. 720.— Lwcan. 1, he— Strab. 18. 

P^DAUETus, a Spartan, who, on not being 
elected in the number of the 300 sent on an 
expedition, he. declared, that instead of being 
mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better 
than himself could be found in Sparta. Plut. 
in Lye. 

PiEDius, a lieutenant of J. Caesar in Spain, 
who proposed a law to punish with death all 
such as were concerned in the mui'der of his 
patron, &,c. 

PiEMANi, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed 
to dwell in the present country at the west of 
Luxemburg. Cas. G. 2, c. 4. 

Fxati, a Greek historian. Plut. in Thes. 

A celebrated physician who cured the 

wounds which the gods received during the 
Trojan war. Ftoax hiai physicians are some- 



PA 

tsBies called Paonii, and herbs serviceable in 
medicinal processes PcBonix herbce. Virg. JEn. 
7, V. 1^9.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 535. 

PiEONES, a people of Macedonia who inha- 
bited a small part of the country called Pceonia. 
Sftme believe that they were descended from 
a Trojan colony. Pans. 5, c. 1. — Herodot. 5, c. 

13, &c. 

P;E6NiA,acountry of Macedonia, at the west 
of the Strymon. It received its name from Pae- 
on, a son of Endymion, who settled there. Liv. 
42, c. 51, 1. 45, c. 29. A small town of Attica. 

PiSONiDES, a name given to the daughters of 
Pierus, who were defeated by tlie Muses, be- 
cause their mother was a native of Paeonia. 
Ovid. Met. 5, ult. fab. 

PiEos, a small town of Arcadia. 
' PiEsos, a town of the Hellespont, called also 
Apczsos, situated at the north of Lampsacus. 
When it was destroyed the inhabitants migrated 
to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were 
of Milesian origin. Strab. 13 — Homer. II. 2. 

PiESTPM, a town of Lucania, called also 
J{eptunia and Posidonia by the Greeks, where 
the soil produced roses which blossomed twice 
a year. The ancieut walls of the town, about 
three miles in extent, are still standing, and 
likewise venerable remains of temples and 
porticoes. The Sinus Pcestanus, on which it 
stood, is now called the gulf of Salerno. Virg. 
G. 4, V. \\9.—0vid. .Met. 15, v. 708. Pont. 2, 
el. 4, V. 28. 

PiETOviuM, a town of Pannonia. 

C^cinnaP^tus, the husband of Arria. [Vid. 
Arria.] A governor of Armenia, under Ne- 
ro- A Roman who conspired with Catiline 

against his country. A man drowned as he 

was going to Egypt to collect money. Propert. 
3, el. 7, V. 5. 

PAGiE, a town of Megaris. Of Locris. 

Plin. 4, c. 3. 

Pagasve or Pagasa, a town of Magnesia, in 
Macedonia, with an harbour and a promonto- 
ry of the same name. The ship Argo was built 
there, as some suppose, and according to Pro- 
pertius, the Argonauts set sail from that har- 
bo'ur. From that circumstance, not only the 
ship Argo, but also the Argonauts themselves, 
were ever after distinguished by the epithet of 
PagascEUs. Pliny confounds Pagasas with De- 
meTrias, but they are different, and the latter 
was peopled by the inhabitants of the former, 
who preferred the situation of Demetrias for 
its conveniences. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 1, 1. 8, v. 
.349.— Lwca/i. 2, v. 715, 1. 6, v. 400.— Mela, 2, c. 
3 and 1.— Strab. 9.— Propert. I, el. 20, v. 17.— 
Plin. 4, c. S.—ApoUon. Wind. 1, v. 238, &;c. 

Pagasus, a Trojan killed by Camilla. Virg. 
Mn. 11, V. 670. 

Pagr^, a town of Syria, on the borders of 
Cilicia. Strab. 16. 

Pagus, a mountain of -r.olia. Pans. 7, c. 5. 

Pai.acjum, or Palatium, a town of the 

Thraciaii Chersonesua. A small village, on 

the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards 
built. 

Pal;e, a town at the south of Corsica, now 
St. Bonifacio. 

PALiEA, a town of Cyprus. Of Cephalle- 

nia. 

Pal£apulis, a small island on the coast of 
Spain. Strab. 

Paliemon, or Palkmon, a sea deity; son 



PA 

of Athamas and Ino. His original name wa^ 

Melicerta. and he assumed that of Palsmon, 
after he had been changed into a sea deity by 
Neptune. [Vid. Melicerta.] A noted gram- 
marian at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who 
made himself ridiculous by his arrogance and 

luxury. Juv. 6, v. 451. — Martial. 2, ep. 86. 

A son of Neptune, who was amongst the Ar- 
gonauts. ApoUod. 

Pal/epaphos, the ancient town of Paphos', 
in Cyprus, adjoining to the new. Strab. 14. 

PaLjEpharsalus, the ancient town of Phar- 
salus in Thessaly. Cas. B. A. 48. 

Paljephatus, an ancient Greek philosopher, 
whose age is unknown, though it can be ascer- 
tained that he flourished between the times of 
Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote 5 books rfe 
incredibilibus, of which only the first remains, 
and in it he endeavours to explain fabulous 
and mythological traditions by historical facts. 
The best edition of Palaephatus is that of J. 
Frid. Fischer, in 8vo. Lips. 1773. An he- 
roic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on 

the creation of the world. A disciple of 

Aristotle, born at Abydos. An historian of 

Egypt. 

Pal^polis, a town of Campania, built by a 
Greek colony, where Naples afterwards was 
erected. Liv. 8, c. 22. 

Pal^ste, a village of Epirus near Oricus, 
where Caesar first landed with his fleet. Lm- 
can. 5, V. 460. 

Paljcstina, a province of Syria, &lc. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. 105.— 5i7. It. 3, v. 606.— S/}a6. 16. 

PaljEstinus, an ancient name of the river 
Strymon. 

Pal5:tyru3, the ancient town of Tyre, on 
the continent. Strab. 16. 

Palamedes, a Grecian chief, son of Nau- 
plius king of Eubcea by Clymene. He was 
sent by the Greek princes who were going to 
the Trojan war, to bring Ulysses to the camp, 
who, to withdraw himself from the expedition, 
pretended insanity ; and the better to impose 
upon his friends, used to harness different ani- 
mals to a plough, and sow salt instead of barley 
into the furrows. The deceit was soon per- 
ceived byjPalamedes ; he knew that the regret 
to part from his wife Penelope, whom he had 
lately married, was the only reason of the 
pretended insanity of Ulysses ; and to demon- 
strate this, Palamedes took Teleraachus, whom 
Penelope had lately brought into the world, 
and put him before the plough of his father. 
Ulysses showed that he was not insane, by 
turning the plough a different way, not to hurt 
his child. This having been discovered, Ulys- 
ses was obliged to attend the Greek princes to 
the war; but an immortal enmity arose be- 
tween Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of 
Ithaca resolved to take every opportunity to 
distress him ; and when all his expectations 
were frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe 
one of his servants, and to make him dig a 
hole in his master's tent, and there conceal a 
large sum of money. After this, Ulysses 
forged a letter in Phrygian characters, which 
king Priam was supposed to have sent to Pa- 
lamedes. In the letter tiie Trojan king seem- 
ed to entreat Palamedes to deliver into fcis 
hands the Grecian army, according to the 
conditions which had been previously agreed 
npon, when he received the money. This 



PA 

forged letter was carried by means of Ulysses 
before the princes of the Grecian army. Pa- 
lamedes was summoned, and he made the 
most solemn protestations of innocence, but 
all was in vain; the money that was discover- 
ed in his tent served only to corroborate the 
accusation. He was found guilty by all the 
army, and stoned to death. Homer is silent 
about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and 
Paasanias mentions that it had been reported 
by some that Ulysses and Diomedes had 
drowned him in the sea, as he was fishing on 
the coast. Philostratus, who mentions the 
tragical story above related, adds, that Achilles 
and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on 
the sea shore, and that they raised upon it a 
small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly 
oflfered by the inhabitants of Troas. Pala- 
medes was a learned man as well as a soldier, 
and, according to some, he completed the al- 
phabet of Cadmus by the addition of the four 
letters, S, $, /., s, during the Trojan war. 
To him also is attributed the invention of 
dice and backgammon ; and, it is said, he was 
the first who regularly ranged an army iii a 
line of battle, and who placed sentinels round 
a camp, and excited their vigilance and atten- 
tion by giving them a watch word. Hygin. 
fab. 95, 105, &,c, — Amllod. 2, &,c. — Diclys. 
Cret. 2, c. 15.— Ovid. Met. 13, v, 56 and 308.— 
Pam. 1, c. 31.—Manil. 4, v. ^b.—Philoslral. 
V. 10, c. 6. — Euripid. in Phce/niss.— Martial. 13, 
ep. 75. — Plin. 7, c. 56. 

Palantia, a town of Spain. Mela, % c. 6. 
Palatinus mons, a celebrated hill, the 
largest of the seven hills on which Rome was 
built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the 
fii-st foundation of the capital of Italy, in a 
quadrangular form, and there also he kept his 
court, as well as Tullas Hostilius, and Au- 
gustus, and all the succeeding emperors, from 
which circumstance the word Palalium has 
ever since been applied to the residence of a 
monarch or prince. The Palatine hill re- 
ceived its name from the goddess Pales, or 
from the Palaltni, who originally inhabited 
the place, or from balare or palare, the bleat- 
ings of sheep, which were frequent there, or 
perhaps from the word palantes, '^andermg, 
because Evander, when he came to settle in 
Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made 
them all one society. There were some 
games celebrated in honour of Augustus, and 
called Palatine, because kept on the hill. Dio. 
Cass. 53.— ItaJ. 12. v. 709.— Lit'. 1, c. 7 and 
33.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 822.— Juv. 9, v. 23. 
— Martial, i, ep. 71. — Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 

3. — Cic. in CalU. 1. Apollo, who was 

worshipped on the Palatine hill, was also 
called Palalinus. His temple there had been 
built, or rather repaired, by Augustus, who 
had enriched it with a library, valuable for 
the various collections of Guek and Latin 
manuscripts which it contained, as also for the 
Sibylline books deposited there. Horat. 1, ep. 
3, V. 17. 

Palantium, a town of Arcadia. 
Palkis, or PaLj*;, a town in the island of 
Cephallenia. Pans. 6, c. 15. 

^ALEs, the goddess of sheepfolds and of 
pastures among the Romans. She was wor- 
shipped with great solemnity at Rome, and 
her festivals; ealled Pa/t/itf, were celebrated 



PA 

the very day that Romulus began to lay tWfr 
foundation of the citv of Rome. Virg. G. 3, 
V. 1 and 294.— Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 722, kc—Pa- 
terc. 1, c. 8. 

Palforius Sura, a writer removed from 
the senate by Domitian, who suspected hina of 
attachment to Vitellius, kc, Jav. 4, v. 53. 

Palibothra, a city of India, supposed now 
to be Patna, or, according to others, Mlaha- 
bad. Strab. 15. 

Palici, or Palisci, two deities, sons of 
Jupiter by Thalia, whom^schylus calls Mtn&f 
in a tragedy which is now lost, according to 
the words of Macrobius. The nymph jEtna, 
when pregnant, entreated her lover to remove 
her from the pursuits of Juno. The god con- 
cealed her in the bowels of the earth, and 
when the time of her delivery was come, th© 
earth opened, and brought into the world two 
children, who received the name of Palici, 
otTre Tou TTxini *<»r^x*, because they came again into 
the world from the bowels of the earth. These 
deities were worshipped with great ceremo- 
nies by the Sicilians, and near their temple 
were two small lakes of sulphureous water, 
which were supposed to have sprung out of 
the earth at the same time that they were 
born. Near these pools it was usual to take 
the most solemn oaths, by those who wished 
to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of 
the persons who took the oaths perjured them- 
selves, they were immediately punished in a 
supernatural manner by the deities of the 
place, and those whose oath was sincere de- 
parted unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle 
which was consulted upon great emergencies, 
and which rendered the truest and most une- 
quivocal answers. In a superstitious age, the 
altars of the Palici were stained with the blood 
of human sacrifices, but this barbarous cus- 
tom was soon abolished, and the deities were 
satisfied with their usual offerings. Virg, 
^En. 9, V. 5S5.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 506.— Diod. 2. 
—Macrob. Saturn. 5, c. lO.—Ital. 14, v. 219. 

Palilia, a festival celebrated by the Ro- 
mans, in honour of the goddess Pales. The 
ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, 
and in leaping over them. No sacrifices were 
oflfered, but the purifications were made with 
the smoke of horses' blood, and with the ashes 
of a calf that had been taken from the belly of 
his mother, after it had been sacrificed, and 
with the ashes of beans. The purification of 
tlie flocks was also made with the smoke of 
sidphur, of the olive, the pine, the laurel, and 
the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boil- 
ed wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards 
made to the goddess. This festival was ob- 
served on the 21st of April, and it was during 
the celebration that Ron)ulus first began to 
build his city. Some call this festival Parilia 
quasi a pariendo, because the sacrifices were 
offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the 
flocks. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 774. Fast. 4, v. 721, 
^c. I. 6, v. 251.— Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 19.— T/- 
bull.2,c\.5, V.87. 

Palinurus, a skilful pilot of the ship of 
yEiieas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, and 
was three days exposed to the tempests and 
the waves of the sea, and at last came safe to 
the sea shore near Velia, where the cruel in- 
habitants of the place murdered him to obtain 
his clothes. His body was left uoburied on the 



PA 

sea shore, and as, according to the religion of 
the ancient Romans, no person was suffered to 
cross the Stygian lake before one hundred 
years were elapsed, if his remains had notbeen 
decently buried, we find .a:neas, when he vis- 
ited the infernal regions, speaking to Palinu- 
rus, and assuring him, that though his bones 
were deprived of a funeral, yet the place 
wjjere his body was exposed should soon be 
adorned with a monument, and bear his name, 
and accordingly a promontory was called Pali- 
nurus, now Puliauro. Virg. JF.n. 3, v. 513, 1. 
5, V. 840, &c. 1. 6, V. M\.—Ovul. dt Rem. 577. 
—Mela, 2, c. 4.—Strab.—Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 28. 

Paliscorum, or PalIcorum Stagnum, a 
sulphureous pool in Sicily. [FtVi. Palici.] 

Paliuros, now Nahil, a river of Africa, 
with a town of the same name at its mouth, 
at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean 
Strab. 17. 

Pallades, certain virgins, of illustrious 
parents, who were consecrated to Jupiter by 
the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that 
they should prostitute themselves, an infamous 
custom, which was considered as a purifica- 
tion, during which they were publicly mourn- 
ell, and afterwards they were permitted to 
marry. Slrab. 17. 

Palladium, a celebrated statue of Pallas. 
It was about three cubits high, and represent- 
ed the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in 
her right hand, and in her left a dislatf and a 
spindle. It fell down from heaven near the 
tent of [lus, as that prince was building the ci- 
tadel of Ilium. Some nevertheless suppose that 
it fell at Pessinus in Phrygia, or, according to 
others, Dardanus received it as a present from 
his mother Electra. There are some authors 
who maintain that the Palladium was made 
with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but ApoUo- 
dorus seems to say, that it was no more than 
a piece of clock-work which moved of itself. 
However discordant the opinions of ancient 
authors be about this famous statue, it is uni- 
versally agreed, that on its preservation de- 
pended the safety of Troy. This fatality was 
well known to the Greeks during the Trojan 
war, and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were 
commissioned to steal it away. They effected 
their purpose, and if we rely upon the author- 
ity of some authors, they were directed how to 
carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, 
who proved in this unfaithful to his country, 
because his brother Deiphobus, at the death 
of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was 
enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the 
violence which was offered to her statue, and 
according toVirgil, the Palladium itself appear- 
ed to have received life and motion, and by the 
flashes which started from its eyes, and its 
sudden springs from the earth, it seemed to 
show the resentment of the goddess. The true 
Palladium, as some authors observe, was not 
carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but 
only one of the statues of similar size and shape, 
which were placed near it, to deceive what- 
ever sacrilegious persons attempted to steal it. 
The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was 
conveyed safe from Troy to Italy V)y vfeneas, 
and it was afterwards preserved by the Ro- 
mans with tl'.e greatest secrecy rmd venoiation, 
in the temple of Vesta, a circumstance wliich 
none but the vestal virgins knew. Htrodian. 



PA 

1, c. lAyhc.—Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 422, &c. Met, 
13, v. 3S6.—Dictys. Cret. 1, c. ^.-^Jipollod. 3, 
c. 12. — Dionj/s. Hal 1, &c. — Homer. II. 10. — 
^//•g. JEn. 2, v. 166, 1. 9, v. 151.— P/a/. de reb. 
Rom. — Lucan.9. — Dares. — Phryg. — Juv. 3, v. 
139. • 

Palladius, a Greek physician, whose trea- 
tise on fevers was edited 8vo. L. Bat. 1745, 
A learned Roman under Adrian, he 



Pallanteum, a town of Italy, or perhaps 
more properly a citadel, built by Evander, oa 
mount Palatine, from whence its name origi> 
nates. Virgil says, it was called after Pallas, 
the grandfather of Evander; but Dionysius 
derives its name from Palantium, a town of 
Arcadia. Dionys. 1, c. 31. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 
54 and 341. 

Pallantia, a town of Spain, now PalenciOi, 
on the river Cea. Mela, 2, c. 6. 

Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora, as 
being related to the giant Pallas. Ovid. Met, 
9, fab. 12. • 

Pallantidis, the 50 sons of Pallas, the 
son of Pandion, and the brother of iEgeus. 
They w ere all killed by Theseus, the son of 
iEgeas, whom they opposed when he came to 
take possession of his father's kingdom. This 
opposition they showed in hopes of succeed- 
ing to the throne, as JEgeus left no children, 
except Theseus, whose legitimacy was even 
disputed, as he was born at Troezene. Plut. 
in Thes.—Paus. 1. c. 22. 

Palias, (adis) a daughter of Jupiter, the 
same as Minerva, The goddess received this 
name either because she killed the giant Pai- 
las, or perhaps from the spear which she 
seems to brandish in her hands {7r»\\ii .) For 
the functions, power, and character of the 
goddess, vid. Minerva. 

Pallas, (anlis) a son of king Evander, 
sent with some troops to assist ^neas. He 
was killed by Turnus, the king of the Rutuii, 
after he had made a great slaughter of the 

enemy. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 104, &z,c. One 

of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He 
was killed by Minerva, who covered herself 
with his skin, whence, as some suppose, she 

is called Pallas. Apollod. 3, c. 12. A son of 

Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph 
Styx, by whom he had Victory, Valour, &c, 

Hesiod. Theog. A son of Lycaon. A 

son of Pandion, father of Clvtus and Butes. 

Ovid. Met. 7, fab. H .—Apollod. A freed- 

man of Claudius, famous for the power and 
the riches he obtained. He advised the em- 
peror, his master, to marry Agrijipina, and to 
adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was 
by his means, and those of Agrippina, that the 
death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero 
was raised to the throne. Nero forgot to 
whom he was indebted for the crown. He 
discarded Pallas, and some time after caused 
him to be put to death, that he might make 
himself master of his great riches, A. D. 61. 
Tacit. 12. .inn. c. 53. 

Pallkne, a small peninsula of Macedonia, 
formeily called Phlegra, situate above the bay 
of Therma) on the Jilgean sea, and containing 
live cities, the principal of which is called Pal- 
lone. U was in this place, according to some 
of the ancients, that mi engagement happc. ed 
betVkCen the gods and the giants. Liv. 31, c. 
45,1. 45, c. SU.—J-tVff. G. 4, r.B9l.-0vut. 



PA 

Jikt. 15, V. 357. A village of Attica, where 

Minerva had a temple, and where the Pal- 
lantides chiefly resided. Herodot. 1, c. 161. — 
Plut. in Thes. 

Pallenses, a people of Cephallenia, whose 
chief town was called Pala, or Palaea. Liv. 
38, c. 18.— Polyb. 5, c. 3. 

Palma, a governor of Syria. 

Palmaria, a small island opposite Tarra- 
cina, in Latiura. Plin. 3, c. 6. 

Palmyra, the capital of Palmyrene, a coun- 
try on the eastern boundaries of Syria, now 
called Theudemor, or Tadmor. It is famous 
for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia, 
and of Odenatus, in the reign of the empe- 
ror Aurelian, Jt is now in ruins, and the 
splendour and magnificence of its porticos, 
temples, and palaces, are now daily exam- 
ined by the curious and the learned. Plin. 
6, c. 26 and 30. 

Palphurius, oneof the flatterers of Domi- 
tfan. Juv. 4, V, 53. 

Palumbinum, a town of Samnium. Liv. 10, 
c. 45. 

Pamisos, a river of Thessaly, falling into the 
Peneus. Herodot. 7, c. 129.— P/in. 4, c. 8. 
Another of Messenia in Peloponnesus. 

Pammenes, an Athenian general, sent to 
assist Megalopolis, against the Mantineans, 

&.C. An astrologer. A learned Grecian, 

who was preceptor to Brutus. Cic. Brut. 
97. Orat. 9. 

Pammon, a son of Priam and Hecuba. 
jipollod. 

Pampa, a village near Tentyra, in Thrace. 
Juv. 15, v. 76. 

Pamphilus, a celebrated painter of Mace- 
donia, in the age of Philip, distinguished above 
his rivals by a superior knowledge of litera- 
ture and the cultivation of those studies which 
taught him to infuse, more successfully, grace 
and dignity into his pieces. He was founder 
ef the school for painting at Sicyon, and he 
made a law which was observed not only in 
Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but 
the children of noble and dignified persons 
should be permitted to learn painting. Apel- 

les was one of his pupils. Diog. A son of 

Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. Diog. 

Pamphos, a Greek poet, supposed to have 
lived before Hesiod's age. 

Pamphyla, a Greek woman who wrote a 
general history in 33 books, in Nero's reign. 
This history, so much commended by the an- 
cients, is lost. 

Pamphvlia, a province of Asia Minor, an- 
ciently called Mopsopia, and bounded on the 
south by a part of the Mediterranean, called 
the Pamphylian sea, west by Lycia, north by 
Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It abounded 
with pastures, vines, and olives, and was peo- 
pled by a Grecian colony. Strab. 14. — Mela, 
l.—Paus. 7, c. 3.— Plin. 5, c. 26.— Liv. 37, c. 
23 and 40. 

Pan, was the god of shepherds, of hunts- 
men, and of all the inhabitants of the couutry. 
He was the son of Mercury, by Dryope, ac- 
cording to Homer. Some give him Jupiter 
and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter and 
Ybis, or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, ^:.c. support 
that he was the son of Mercury and t*cnclope, 
the daughter of Icarius, and that the god gain- 
ful the atfections of the princes'^ rlnder the form 



PA 

of a goat, as she tended her father's flocks oh 
mount Taygetus, before her marriage with the 
king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that 
Penelope became mother of Pan during the 
absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and 
that he was the offspring of all the suitors that 
frequented the palace of Penelope, whence he 
received the name of Pan, which signifies all 
or every thing. Pan was a monster in appear- 
ance, he had two small horns on his head, his 
complexion was ruddy, his nose flat, and his 
legs, thighs, tail, and feet, were those of a goat. 
The education of Pan was intrusted to a nympb 
of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse, accord- 
ing to Homer, terrified at the sight of such a 
monster, fled away and left him. He was wrap- 
ped up in the skin of beasts by his father, and 
carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods 
long entertained themselves with the oddity of 
his appearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased 
with him, and gave him the name of Pan. 
The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arca- 
dia, where the woods and the most rugged 
mountains were his habitation. He invented 
the flute with seven reeds, which he called Sy- 
rinx, in honour of a beautiful nymph of the 
same name, to whom he attempted to offer vi» 
olence, and who was changed into a reed. He 
was ''continually employed in deceiving the 
neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. 
Though deformed in his shape and features, 
yet he had the good fortune to captivate Diana, 
and of gaining her favour, be transforming 
himself into a beautiful white goat. He was 
also enamoured of a nym[)h of the mountains 
called Echo, by whom he had a son called 
Lynx. He also paid his addresses to Omphale, 
queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what 
manner he was received. [Vid. Omphale.} 
The worship of Pan was well established, par- 
ticularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles 
on mount Lycaeus. His festivals, called by the 
Greeks Lyccea, were brought to Italy by Evan- 
der, and they were well known at Rome by the 
name of the Lupercalia. [Vid. Lupercalia.] 
The worship, and the different functions of 
Pan, are derived from the mythology of the 
ancient Egyptians. This god was one of the 
eight great gods of the Egyptians, who ranked 
before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans 
called Consentes. He was worshipped with 
the greatest solemnity all over Egy{!t. His 
statues represented him as a goat, not because 
he was really such, but this was done for mys- 
terious reasons. He was the emblem of fe- 
cundity, and they looked upon him as the 
principle of all things. His horns, as some 
observe, represented the rays of the sun, and 
the brightness of the heavens was expressed 
by the vivacity and the ruddiness of his com- 
plexion. The star which he wore on his iireast, 
was the symbol of the firmament, and his 
hairy legs and feet denoted the inferior parts 
of the earth, sucli as the woods and plants. 
Some suppose that he appeared as a goat, be- 
cause when the gods fled into Egypt in their 
war against the giants, Pan transformed himself 
into a goat,an exawiple which was immediately 
followed by all thfe deities. Pan, according to 
some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the 
chief of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions, 
that in the reign of Tiberius, au extraordinary 
voire M'ns heard nfNTr the Echinades ia th« 



PA 

JoHian sea, which exclaimed that the great 
Pan was dead. This was readily believed by 
the emperor, and the astrologers Avere con- 
sulted, but they were unable to explain the 
meaning of so supernatural a voice, which pro- 
bably proceeded from the imposition of one of 
the courtiers who attempted to terrify Tibe- 
rius. In Egypt, in the town of Mendes, which 
word also signifies a goat, there was a sacred 
goat kept with the most ceremonious sanctity. 
The death of this animal was always attended 
with the greatest solemnities, and like that of 
another Apis, became the cause of an univer- 
sal mourning. As Pan usually terrified the 
inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that 
kind of fear which often seizes men, and which 
is only ideal and imaginary, has received from 
him the name of panic fear. This kind of 
terror has been exemplified not only in indi- 
viduals, but in numerous armies, such as that 
of Brennus, which was thrown into the great- 
est consternation at Rome, without any cause 
or plausible reason. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 396, 1. 
2, V.277. Met. 1, v. 689.— Firg. G 1, v. 17. 
^n. 8, V. 343. G. 3, v. 892.— Juv. 2, v. 142. 
—Pans. 8, c. 30.— 7<a/. 13, v. 327.— Farro de 
L. L. 5, c. 3. — Liv. 1, c. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — 
Herodol. 2, c. 46 and 145, Uc.—Diod. 1.— Or- 
pheus Hymn. 10. — Homer. Hymn, in Pan. — Lu- 
cian. Dial. Merc. 4" Pan. — .^polled. 1, c. 4. 

Panacea, a goddess, daughter of ^sculapi- 
«s, who presided over health. Lucan. 9, v. 
918— PZin. 35, c. ll,&c, 

PANiETius, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 
138 B. C. He studied at Athens for some 
time, of which he refused to become a citizen, 
observing, that a good and modest man ought 
to be satisfied with one country. He came to 
Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils 
Leelius and Scipio the second Africanus. To 
the latter he was attached by the closest ties 
of friendship and familiarity ; he attended him 
in his expeditions and partook of all his plea- 
sures and amusements. To the interest of 
their countrymen at Rome the Rhodians were 
greatly indebted for their prosperity and the 
immunities which they for some time enjoyed. 
Panaetius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, 
whose merit can be ascertained from the en- 
comiums which Cicero bestows upon it. Cic. 
in Offic. de Div. 1. In Acad. 2, c. 2. de N. D. 

2, c. 46. A tyrant of Leontini in Sicily, B. 

C. 613. Polymi. 5. 

PANiETOLiUM, a general assembly of the 
^tolians. Liv 31, c. 29, 1. 35, c. 32. 

Panares, a general of Crete, defeated by 
Metellus, &,c. 

Panariste, one of the waiting women 
of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus. 
Poly an. 8. 

Panathkn.€a, festivals in honour of Mi- 
nerva the patroness of Athens. They were 
first instituted by Erichtheus or Orpheus, and 
called Aihenaa ; but Tiieseus afterwards re 
Dcwed them, and caused them to be celebrated 
and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which 
he had united into one, and from which rea- 
son the festivals received their name. Some 
suppose that they are the same as the Roman 
Qnitiquatria, as they are often called by that 
name among the Latins. In the first years of 
the institution, they were cbservedouly during 
one da\-, but afterwards the time was pro- 

C:3 



PA 

longed, and the celebration was attended WAh 
greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals 
were two ; the great PanathencEa(!^7 »'■»), which' 
were observed every 5th year, beginning on the 
22d of the month called Hecalombaon, or 7th 
of July, and the lesser Panathencza (."•■^*) ; 
which were kept every 3d year, or rather an- 
nually, beginning on the 2lst or 20th of the 
month called Thargelion, corresponding to the 
5th or 6th day of the month of May. In the 
lesser festivals there were three games con- 
ducted by ten presidents chosen from the tea 
tribes of Athens, who continued four years ia 
oflSce. On the evening of the first day there 
was a race with torches, in which men on foot, 
and afterwards on horseback, contended. 
The same was also exhibited in the greater 
festivals. The second combat was gymnical, 
and exhibited a trial of strength and bodily 
dexterity. The last was a musical contention, 
first instituted by Pericles. In the songs 
they celebrated the generous undertaking of 
Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the 
Pisistratidae, and of Thrasybulus, who deli- 
vered Athens from its thirty tyrants. Phry- 
nis of Mitylene was the first who obtained the 
victory by playing upon the harp. There 
were besides other musical instruments, oa 
wliich they played in concert, such as flutes, 
k.c. The poets contended in four plays, called 
from their number rtT^mxaytx. The last of these 
was a satire. There was also at Sunium an 
imitation of a naval fight. Whoever obtained 
the victory in any of these games was reward- 
ed with a vessel of oil, which he was permitted 
to dispose of in whatever manner he pleased, 
and it was unlawful for any other person to 
transport that commodity. The conqueror 
also received a crown of the olives which 
grew in the groves of Academus, and were 
sacred to Minerva, and called /uo^j*m, from i^eo;, 
death, in remembrance of the tragical end oi" 
Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his 
own legs when he attempted to cut down the 
olive which had given the victory to Minerva 
in preference to his father, when these tw» 
deities contended about giving a name to 
Athens. Some suppose that the word is de- 
rived from A'£€«, a part, because these olives 
were given by contribution by all such as at- 
tended at the festivals. There was also a 
dance called Pyrrhichia, performed by young 
boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, who 
thus expressed her triumph over the van- 
quished Titans. Gladiators were also intro- 
duced when Athens became tributary to the 
Romans. During the celebration, no persoa 
was permitted to appear in dyed garments, 
and if any one transgressed he was punished 
according to the discretion of the president of 
the games. After these things, a sumptuous 
sacrifice was ottered, in which every one of 
the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and 
the whole was concluded by an entertainment 
for all the company with the flesh that re- 
mained from the sacrifice. In the greater fes- 
tivals, the same rites and ceremonies were 
usually observed, but with more solemnity and 
magnificence. Others were also added, parti- 
cularly the procession, in which Minerva's 
sacred ttitt;^-, or garment, was carried. This 
garment was woven by a select number of 
virgin"; railed i«vt:-»c:^<, from \j^, tcark. Thev 



PA 

were superintended by two of the a??'!^''?^*, or 
young virgins, not above seventeen years of 
age, nor under eleven, whose garments were 
white and set off with ornaments of gold. Mi- 
nerva's j^ep/jw was of a white colour, without 
sleeves, and embroidered with gold. Upon it 
were described the achievements of the god- 
dess, particularly her victories over the giants. 
The exploits of Jupiter and the other gods 
were also represented there, and from that 
circumstance men of courage and bravery are 
said to be nlf.t ttcttkoj, worthy to be portrayed 
in Minerva's sacred garment. In the proces- 
sion of the peplus, the following ceremonies 
were observed. In the ceramicus, without the 
city, there was an engine built in the form of a 
ship, upon which Minerva's garment was 
hung as a sail, and the whole was conducted, 
not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by 
subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ce- 
res Eleusinia, and from thence to the citadel, 
where the peplus was placed upon Minerva's 
statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or 
strewed with flowers, which was called jrxaxi,. 
Persons of all ages, of every sex and quality, 
attended the procession, which was led by old 
men and women carrying olive branches in 
their hands, from which reason they were call- 
ed ^a\\s:;aj:i, bearers af green boughs. Next 
followed men of full age with shields and 
spears. They Were attended by the ^tm/.:*, or 
foreigners, who carried small boats as a token 
of their foreign origin, and from that account 
they were called (r/.«?>j<?o-e«, boat bearers. After 
them came the women attended by the wives 
of the foreigners called ^V^o;''? because they 
carried water pots. Next to these came young 
men crowned with millet and singing hymns 
to the goddess, and after them followed select 
virgins of the noblest families, called x»*/;(po.o», 
basket bearers, because they carried baskets, 
in which were certain things necessary for the 
celebration, with whatever utensils were also 
requisite. These several necessaries were ge- 
nerally in the possession of the chief manager 
of the festival called »eyy^><^eo(, who distributed 
them when occasion offered. The virgins 
were attended by the daughters of the foreign- 
ers, who carried umbrellas and little seats, 
from which they were named Jfi^td^e^oi, seat 
carriers. The boys, called w^oiUufx:*, as it may 
be supposed, led the rear clothed in coats 
generally worn at processions. The necessa- 
ries for this and every other festival were pre- 
pared in a public hall erected for that purpose, 
between the Pirzean gate and the temple of 
Ceres. The management and the care of the 
whole was intrusted to the w^o^u^axj?, or people 
employed in seeing the rites and ceremonies 
properly observed. It w^as also usual to set all 
prisoners at liberty, and to present golden 
crowns to such as had deserved well of their 
country. Some persons were also chosen to 
sing some of Homer's poems, a custom which 
was first introduced by Hipparchus the son of 
Pisistratus. It was also customary in this fes- 
tival and every other quinquennial festival, to 
pray for the prosperity of the Plalffians, whose 
services had been so conspicuous at the battle 
of Marathon. Ptut. in Thes. — Paus. Jlrc. 2. — 
JElian. V. H. 8, c. 2.—.ipol[od. 3, c. 14. 

PanciijKa, Pakchea, or Panchaia, an 1 
ifiland of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Triphy- ' 



PA 

lius had a magnificent temple. A part of 

Arabia Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frank- 
incense, and perfumes which it produced.. 
Virg. G. 2, v. 139, 1. 4, v. 379.— Cu/ex. 87.— 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 309, hc.—Diod. 5.—Lucret. 2, 
V. 417. 

Panda, two deities at Rome, who presided 
one over the openings of roads ; and the other 
over the openings of tovvn». Varro de P. JR. 
1. JJ. Gell. 13, c. 22. 

Pandama, a girl of India favoured by Her- 
cules, &c. Polycen. 1. 

Pandaria, or Pandataria, a small island 
of the Tyrrhene sea. 

Pandakus, a son of Lycaon, who assisted 
the Trojans in their war against the Greeks, 
He went to the war without a chariot, and 
therefore he generally fought on foot. He 
broke the truce which had been iigreed upon 
between the Greeks and Trojans, and wounded 
Menelaus and Diomedes, and showed himself 
brave and unusually courageous. He was al 
last killed by Diomedes; and jEneas, who 
then carried him in his chariot, by attempting 
to revenge his death, nearly perished by the 
hand of the furious enemy. Dictys. Cret, 2, 
c. 35. — Homer. II. 2 and 5. — Hygin. fab, 112. — 
Virg. JEn. 5, v. 495. — Strab. 14. — Serviui in 
loco. A son of Alcanor killed with his bro- 
ther Britias by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 735. 

A native of Crete punished with death for 

being accessary to the theft of Tantalus. What 
this theft was is unknown. Some, however, 
suppose that Tantalus stole the ambrosia and 
the nectar from the tables of the gods to which 
he had been admitted, or that he carried away 
a dog which watched Jupiter's temple in Crete> 
in which crime Padarus was concerned, and 
for which he suffered. Paudarus had two 
daughters, Camiroand Clytia, who were als» 
deprived of their mother by a sudden deaths 
and left without friends or protectors. Venus 
had compassion upon them, and she fed them 
with milk, honey, and wine. The goddesses 
were all equally interested in their welfare. 
Juno gave them wisdom and beauty, Diana a 
handsome figure and regular features, and Mi- 
nerva instructed them in whatever domestic 
accomplishments can recommend a wife. Ve- 
nus wished still to make their happiness more 
complete ; and when they were come to nu- 
bile years the goddess prayed Jupiter to grant 
them kind and tender husbands. But in her 
absence the Harpies carried away the virgins 
and delivered them to the Eumenides to share 
the punishment which their father suffered. 
Paus. 10, c. 30. Pindar. 

Pandahus, or Pandareus, a man who 
had a daughter called Philomela. She was 
changed into a nightingale, after she had kill- 
ed, by mistake, her son Itylus, w hose death 
she mourned in the greatest melancholy 
Some suppose him to be the same asPandiou; 
king of Athens. 

Pandataria, an island on the coast of Lu- 
caiiia, tiow called Santa Maria. 

Pandates, a friend of Datames at the court 
of Artaxerxes. C. JS'ep.inDat. 

Pa.ndemia, a surname of Venus, expres- 
sive of her great power over the affections of 
mankind. 

Panj)kmus, one of the surnames of the 
god of love, among the Egyptians and the 



PA 



PA 



Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of] her a beautiful box, which she was ordered 
whom was the vulgar, called Pandemus, and i to present to the man who married her; 

and by the commission of the god, Mercury 

conducted her to Prometheus. The artful 
mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he 
had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as the 
rest of the gods, since he had stolen fire away 
from the sun to animate his man of clay, he 
sent away Pandora without suftering himself 
to be captivated by her charms. His brother 
Epiraetheus was not possessed of the same 
prudence and sagacity. He married Pandora, 
and when he opened the box which she pre- 
sented to him, there issued from it a multi- 
tude of evils and distempers, which dispersed 
themselves all over the world, and which, 
from that fatal moment, have never ceased to 
atiict the human race. Hope was the only 
one who remained at the bottom of the box, 
and it is she alone who has the wonderful pow- 
er of easing the labours of man, and of render- 
ing his troubles and sorrows less painful in 
life. Hesiod. Theog. 4^ Dios. — Apollod. 1, c. T . 

— Paus. 1, c. 24. — Hygxn. 14. A daughter 

of Erechtheus kins: of Athens. She was sister 



another of a purer, and more celestial origin. 
Plut. in Erot. 

Pandia, a festival at Athens established 
by Pandion, from whom it received its name, 
or because it was observed in honour of Jupi- 
ter, who can r^ 7t»vtx StytJttv, move and turn all 
things as he pleases. Some suppose that it 
concerned the moon, because it does ^^xito-: 
wjM, move incessantly by showing itself day 
and night, rather than the sun, which never 
appears but in the day time. It was celebra- 
ted after the Dionysia, because Bacchus is 
sometimes taken for the Sun or Apollo, and 
therefore the brother, or, as some will have it, 
the sun and the moon. 

Pandion, a king of Athens, son of Erich- 
thon and Pasithea, who succeeded his father, 
B. C. 1437. He became father of Procne and 
Philomela, Erechtheus, and Butes. During 
his reign there was sucb an abundance of corn, 
wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported 
that Bacchus and Minerva had personally 
visited Attica. He waged a successful war 
against Labdacus king of Bceotia, and gave 
his daughter Procne in marriage to Tereus, 
king of Thrace, who had assisted him. The 
treatment which Philomela received from her 
brother-in-law, Tereus, [Vid. Philomela] was 
the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and he 
died, through excess of sorrow, after a reign 
of 40 years. There was also another Pandion, 
son of Cecrops 2d. by Metiaduca, who suc- 
ceeded to his father, B. C. 130. He was 
driven from his paternal dominions, and fled 
to Pylas, king of Megara, who gave him his 
daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his 
crown to bim. Pandion became father of 
four children, called from him Pandionidce, 
.Sgeus, Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The 
eldest of these children recovered his fa- 
ther's kingdom. Some authors have con- 
founded the two Pandions together in such 
an indiscriminate manner, that they seem 
to have been only one and the same person. 
Many believe that Philomela and Procne 
were the daughters, not of Pandion the 1st. 
but of Pandion the 2d. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 676. 
— Apollod. 3, c. 15 — Paus. 1, c. 5. — Hygin. 

fab. 48. A son of Phineus and Cleopatra, 

deprived of his eye-sight by his father. Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 15. A son of ^gyptus and He- 

phffistina. A king of the Indies in the age of 
Augustu.^. 

Pandora, a celebrated vvomaa, the first 
mortal female that ever lived, accordii>g to 
the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was 
made with clay by Vulcan, at the request of 
Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety and 
artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife. 
When this woman of clay had been made by 
the artist, and received lite, all the gods vied 
in making her presents. Venus gave her 
beauty and the art of pleasing ; the Graces 
gaye her the power of captivating; Apollo 
latiglit her how to sing; .Mercury instructed h«;r 
in eloquence; and Minerva gave her the most 
rich and splendid ornaments. From all these 
valuable presents, which she had received 
from the gods, the Avoman was called Pandora, 
which intimates that she had received every 
necessary gift ^*v S.'^v. Jupitor ^(yor Mii* ga'.o 



to Protogenia, who sacrificed herself for her 
country at the beginning of the Sceotian war. 

PandGrus, a son of Erechtheus king oi 
Athens. 

Pandosia, a towa in the country of the 
Brutii, situate on a mountain. Alexander king 

of tbe Molossi died' there. Strab. 6. A 

town of Epirus. Ptin. 4, c. 1. 

Pandrosos, a daughter of Cecrops, king 
of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. 
She was the only one of the sisters who had 
not the fatal curiosity to open a basket which 
Minerva had intrusted to their care. [Tii. 
Erich thonius,] for which sincerity a temple 
was raised to her near that of Minerva, and 
a festival instituted to her honour, called Pan- 
drosia. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 138. —Apollod. 3.— 
Paus. 1, &c. 

Panenus, or Pyn^us, a celebrated painter, 
who was for some time engaged in painting 
the battle of Marathoji. Plin. 35. 

Panceus, a mountain of Ttiraqe, anciently 
called Mans Caraniinus, and joined to mount 
Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus, 
It was inhabited by four different nations. It 
was on this mountain that Lycurgus, the Thra- 
cian king, was torn to pieces, and that Or- 
pheus called the attention of the wild beasts, 
and of the mountains and woods to listen to 
his song. It abounded in gold and silver 
mines. Herodot. 5, c. i6,&ic. I. 7, c. 113. — Virg. 
a. 4, V. 4&2.~Ovid. Fast. 3, v. T39.— Tkucyd. 
'l.—Lucan. 1, v. 679, 1. 7, v. 482. 

Paniasis, a man who wrote a poem upoa 
Hercules, ^c. Vid. Panyasis. 

Panionil.m, a place at the foot of mount 
Mycale, near the town of Ephesusin Asia Mi- 
nor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was iii 
this jilace that all the slates of.Io^iia assembled, 
either to consult for their own safety and pros- 
perity, or to cerebrate festivals, or to offer a 
sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence 
the name 5r»i.oi.o» all Ionia. The deputies of 
the twelve Ionian cities which assembled 
there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, 
Epliesu.'5, Lebedos, Colophon, Clazoineuse* 
Phorcwa, Teos, Chios, Samos,and Erythrae. !( 
the bnll oirpred in sacriHcc bellowed, it WR"; 




PA 

accounted an omen of the highest favour, as 
the sound was particularly acceptable to the 
god of the sea, as in some manner it resem- 
bled the roaring of the waves of the ocean. 
Herodot. 1, c. 148, hc.—Slrab. 14.— Mela, 1, 
c. 17. 

PANius,a place at Coelo-Syria, where An- 
tiochus defeated Scopas, B. C. 198. 

Pannonia, a large country of Europe, 
bounded on th€ east by Upper Mcesia, south 
by Dalmatia, west by JNoricum, and north by 
the Danube. It was divided by the ancients 
into lower and upper Pannonia. The jnhtib- 
itants were of Celtic origin, and were first in- 
vaded by J. Caesar, and conquered in the reign 
of Tiberius. Philip and his son Alexander 
some ages before had successively conquered 
it. Sirmium was the ancient capital of all 
Pannonia, which contains the modern provin- 
ces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, 
Windisch, March, with part of Servia, and of 
the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria. Lu- 
can. 3, v. 95, 1. 6, v. 220.— Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 
109.— Pltji. 3.— Dion. Cass. 49.— Strab. 4 and 
"7. — Jomaiid. — Paierc. 2, c. 9. — Suet. Aug. 
20. 

Panolbius, a Greek poet, mentioned by 
Suidas. 

Pakomphjeus, a surname of Jupiter, either 
because he w^as worshipped by every nation 
on earth, or because he heard the prayers and 
the supplications which were addressed to 
him, or because the rest of the gods derived 
from him their knowledge of futurity (yr^i 
omnis, o,u(;!y, vox.) Ovid. Met. 11, v. 198. — Ho- 
mer. II. 8. 

Panope, or Panopea, one of the Nereides, 
Ti'hom sailors generally invoked in storms. 
Her name signifies, giving every assist- 
ance., or seeing every thing. Hesiod. Theog. 
2dl.— Virg. JEn. 5, v. 825.— One of the 

daughters of Thespius. Apollod.2, c. 7. A 

town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. Ovid. 
Met. 3, V. \9.—Liv. 32, c. l&.-Paus. 10, c. 4. 
—Stat. Thtb. 7, v. 344.— Homer. II. 2, v. 27. 
Orf. ll,v.580. 

Panopks, a famous huntsman among the 
attendants of Acestes, king of Sicily, who was 
one of those that engaged in the games exhib- 
ited by iEneas. Virg. ASn. 5, v. 300. 

Panopeus, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, 
who accompanied Amphitryon when he made 
war against the Teleboans. He was father to 
Epeus, who made the celebrated wooden 
horse at the siege of Troy. Pans. 2, c. 29. — 
Apollod. 2, c. 4. A town of Phocis, be- 
tween Orchomenos and the Cephisus. JPaus. 
10, c. 4.— Strab. 9. 

Panopion, a Roman saved from death by 
the uncommon fidelity of his servant. When 
the assassins came to murder him as being 
proscribed, the servant exchanged clothes 
with his master, and let him escape by a back 
door.' He afterwards went into his master's 
bed, and suffered himself to be killed as if 
^ / anopion himself. Val. Max. 
>g»", Panopulis, the city of Pan, a town of Eevpt, 
■* called also Clicmmis. Pan had there a Tern- 
pie, wliere he was worshipped with great 
solemnity, and represented in a statue /asctVio 
longis-nmo 6^ credo. Diod. b.—Slrab. 17. 

Panoptes, a name of Argus, frojn the 
power of his eyes. ^wUod. 2. 



**f' 



pa 

Panormus, now called Palermo, a town of 
Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the north- 
west part of the island, w-ith a good and capa- 
cious harbour. It was the strongest hold of 
the Carthaginians in Sicily, and it was at last 
taken with diificulty by the Romans. Mela^ 

2, c. I.-Ital. 14, V. 262. A town of the 

Thracian Chersonesus. A town of Ionia, 

near Ephesus. Another in Crete, in 

Macedonia, • — Achia, Samos. A 

Messenian who insulted the religion of the 
Lacedaemonians. Vid. Gonippus. 

Panotii, a people of Scythia, said to have 
very large ears. Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Pansa., C. Vibius, a Roman consul, who, 
with A. Hirtius, pursued the murderers of J. 
Caesar, and was killed in a battle near Mutina. 
On his death-bed he advised young Octa- 
vius to unite his interest with that of Antony, 
if he wished to revenge the death of Julius 
Caesar, and from his friendly advice soon af- 
ter rose the celebrated second triumvirate. 
Some suppose that Pansa was put to death by 
Octavius himself, or through him, by the phy- 
sician Glicon, who poured poison into the 
wounds of his patient. Pansa and Hirtius 
were the two last consuls who enjoyed the 
dignity of chief magistrates of Rome witiifuU 
power. The authority of the consuls after- 
waids dwindled into a shadow. Paierc. 2, c. 
6.—pio. 46.— Ovid. Trist. 3, el. b.—Plut. fy 
Appian. 

Pantagnostus, a brother of Polycrates, 
tyrant of Samos. Polycen. 1. 

Pantagyas, a small river on the eastern 
coast of Sicily, which falls into the sea, after 
running a short space in rough cascades over 
rugged stones and precipices. Virg JEn. 3, 
v. 689.— //a/. 14, v. 232.— Ovid. Fast.4, v. 471. 

Pantaleon, a king of Pisa, who presided at 
the Olympic games, B. C. 664, after exclu- 
ding the Eleans, who on that account expung- 
ed the Olympiad from the Fasti, and called 
it the 2d' Anolympiad. They had called for 
the same reason the 8th the 1st Anolympiad, 

because the Pisseans presided. An ^toiian 

chief. Liv. 42, c. 15. 

Pantanus lacus, the lake of Lesina, is 
situated in Apulia at the mouth of the Fren- 
to. Plin. 3, c. 12. 

Pantauchus, a man appointed over iEtolia 
by Demetrius, Lc. Plut. 

Panteus, a friend of Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta, he. Plut. 

Panthides, a man who married Italia, the 
daughter of Tbemistocles. 

Panthea, the wife of Abradates, cele- 
brated for her beauty and conjugal affection. 
She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refu- 
sed to visit her, not to be ensnared by the 
power of her personal charms. She killed 
herself on the body of her husband, who 
had been slain in a battle, he. [l^id. Ab- 
radates.] Xenoph. Cyrop. — Suidas. The 

mother of Eumajus, the faithful servant of 
Ulysses. 

Pantheon, a celebrated temple at Rome, 
built by Agrippa, in the reign of Augustus, 
and dedicated to all the gods, whence the 
name ^»: .'«55. It was struck with lightning 
some time after, and partly destroyed. Adrian 
repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, con- 
veitetl into a Christian temple, the admiration 



PA 

«f the curious. Plin. 36, c. 15. — Marcell 16, 
c. 10. 

Pantheus, or Panthcs, a Trojan, son of 
Othryas tbe priest of Apollo. When his coun- 
try was burnt by the Greeksj he followed the 
fortune of JEneas, and was killed. Virg. JF.n. 
2, V. 429. 

Panthoides, a patronymic of Euphorbus. 
the son of Fanthous. Pythagoras is some- 
times called by that name, as he asserted that 
he was Euphorbus during the Trojan war. 
Horat. 1, od. 28, v. lO.—Gvid. Met. 15, v 161. 

A Spartan general killed by Pericles at 

the battle of Tanagra. 

Panticap^um, now Kerche, a town of Tau- 
rica Chersonesus, built by the Milesians, and 
governed some time by its own laws, and 
afterwards subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. 
It was, according to Strabo, the capital of the 
European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great 
died there. Plin. — Strab. 

Panticapes, a river of European Scythia, 
which falls into the Borysthenes, supposed to 
be the Samara of the moderns. Herodot. 4, c. 
54. 

Pantilius, a buffoon, ridiculed by Horat. 1, 
Sat. 10, V. 78. 

Pantasis, an ancient Greek, uncle to the 
historian Herodotus. He celebrated Hercules 
in one of his poems, and the louians in an- 
other, and was universally esteemed. Alhen. 2. 

Pany.\sus, a river of Illyricum, falling into 
the Adriatic, near Dyrrhachium. Ptolem. 

Papxus, a name of Jupiter among tlie Scy- 
thians. Herodot. 4. 

Paphages, a king of Ambracia, killed by 
a lioness deprived of her whelps. Or>id. in lb. 
V. 502. 

Paphia, a surname of Venus because the 

goddess was worshipped at Paphos. An 

ancient name of the island of Cyprus. 

Paphlagonia, now Penderachia, a coun- 
try of Asia Minor, situate at the west of the 
river Halys, by which it was separated from 
Cappadocia. It was divided on the west 
from the Bithynians, by the river Parthe- 
nius. Herodot. 1, c. 72. — Strab. 4. — Mela. — 
Plin.— Curt. 6, c. 11.— C/c. Rull. 2, c. 2 
and 19. 

Paphos, now Bafo, a famous city of the 
island of Cyprus, founded, as some suppose, 
about 1184 years before Christ, by Agepenor. 
at the head of a colony from Arcadia. The 
goddess of beauty was particularly worship- 
ped there, and all male animals were offer- 
ed on her altars, W'hich though 100 in num- 
ber, daily smoked with the profusion of 
\rabian frankincense. The inhabitants were 
very effeminate and lascivious, and the young 
virgins were permitted by the laws of the 
place, to get a dowry by prostitution. Strab. 
rt, Lc.—Plin. 2, c. 96.— Mela. 2, c. l.—Ho- 
Vier. Od. 8.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 419, &:c. 1. 10, v. 
rA, he— Horat. 1, od. 30, v. I.— Tacit. A. 3, 
c. 62, H. 2, c. 2. 

Paphus, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue 
which had been changed into a woman by 
Venus, [r/rf. Pygmalion.] Ovid. Met. \Qy\. 
297. 

Papia r.Ex, de peregrinis, i)y Papius (lie tri- 
bune, A. U. C. 688, which rcijuired that all 
■^trnngers should be driven away from Rome. 
li was afterwards confirmed and cxrcndef? hr 



PA 

I the Julian law.—— Another called Papia Popf 
I p^a, because it was enacted by the tribunes, 
' M. Papius Mutilus, and Q. PoppaBus Secun- 
dus, who had received consular power from 
the consuls for six months. It was called the 
Julian law, after it had been published by or- 
der of Augustus, who himself was of the Ju- 
lian family, Vid. Julia lex de Maritandis or- 
dinibus. Another to empower the high- 
priest to choose 20 virgins for the service 

of the goddess Vesta. Another in the age 

of Augustus. It gave tbe patron a certain 
right to the property of his client, if he had 
left a specified sura of money, or if he had not 
three children. 

Papianus, a man who proclaimed himself 
emperor some time after the Gordians. He 
was put to death. 

Papias, an early Christian writer who first 
propagated the doctrine of the Milennium. 
There are remaining some historical frag- 
ments of his. 

Papinianus, a writer, A. D. 212. Vid. M- 
myllus Papinianus. 

Papinius, a tribune who conspired against 

Caligula. A man who destroyed himselff 

kc. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 49. 

Papiria, the wife of Paulus jEmylius. She 
was divorced. Plut. 

Papirius, a centurion engaged to rourd^, 
Piso, the proconsul of Africa. T(zcit. Hist. 4, 
c. 49. A patrician, chosen rex sacrorum, af- 
ter the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. 
A Roman who wished to gratify his unna- 
tural desires upon the body of one of his slaves 
called Publilius. The slave refused, and was 
inhumanly treated. This called for the inter- 
ference of justice, and a decree was made 
which forbid any person to be detained in fet- 
ters, but only for a crime that deserved such a 
treatment, and only till the criminal had suf- 
fered the punishment which the law s directed. 
Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods 
and not the person of their debtors. Liv. 8, 
c. 28. Carbo, a Roman consul who under- 
took the defence of Opimius, who was accused 
of condemning and putting to death a number 
of citizens on mount Aventinus without the 
formalities of a trial. His client was acquitted. 
Cursor, a man w ho first erected a sun- 
dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B. C. 
293 ; from which time the days began to be di- 
vided into hours. A dictator who ordered 

his master of horse to be put to death, because 
he bad fought and conquered the enemies of 
the republic without his consent. The people 
interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. 
Cursor made war against the Sabines and con- 
quered them, and also triumphed over the 
Samnites. His great severity displeased the 
people. He flourished about 320 years before 

the Christian era. Liv. 9, c. 14. One of 

his family, surnamed Pralextattis, from an 
action ot his whilst he wore the prcetexta, « 
certain gown for young men. His father of 
the same name, carried him to the senate 
house, where affairs of the greatest importance 
were then in debate before the senators. The 
mother of young Papirius wished to know what 
had passed in the senate; but Papirius, un- 
willing to betray the secrets of that august as- 
sembly, amused his mother by telling her that 
\{ heA l-ocn considered whether it ivould be 



PA 

more advantageous to the republic to give two 
wives to one husband, than two husbands to 
one wife. The mother of Papirius was alarm- 
ed, and she communicated the secret to the 
Other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, 
they assembled in the senate, petitioning that 
one woman might have two husbands, rather 
than one husband two wives. The senators 
were astonished at this petition, but young Pa- 
pirius unravelled the whole mystery, and from 
that time it was made a law araongthe senators, 
that no young man should for the future be in- 
troduced into the senate house, except Papi- 
rius. This law was carefully observed till the 
age of Augustus, who permitted children of all 
ages to hear the debates of the senators. Ma- 

erob. Sat. 1, c. 6. Carbo, a friend of Cinna 

and Marius. He raised cabals against Sylla 
and Pompey, and was at last put to death by 
order of Pompey, after he had rendered him- 
self odious by a tyrannical consulship, and af- 
ter he had been proscribed by Sylla. A 

consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri. 

Crassus, a dictator who triumphed over 

the Samnites. A consul murdered by the 

Gauls, k,c. A son of Papirius Cursor who 

defeated the Samnites, and dedicated a temple 

to Romulus Quirinus. Maso, a consul, who 

conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced 
them into the form of a province. At his re- 
turn to Rome, be was refused a triumph, up- 
on which he introduced a triumphal proces- 
sion, and walked with his victorious army to 
the capitol, wearing a crown of myrtle on his 
head. His example was afterwards followed 
by such generals as were refused a triumph by 

the Roman senate. Val. Max. 3, c. 6. The 

family of the Papirii was patrician, and long 
distinguishftd for its services to the state. It 
bore the different surnames of Crassus, Cur- 
sor, Mugillanus, Maso, Prcelextatus, and Pec- 
tus, of which the three first branches became 
the most illustrious. 

Papiri.v lex, by Papirius Carbo, A. U. 
C. 621. It required that, in passing or reject- 
ing laws in the comitia, the votes should be 

given on tablets. Another, by the tribune 

Papirius, which enacted that no person 
should consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, 
Tvithout the consent and permission of the 

people. Cic. pro domo 50. Another, A. 

U. C. 563, to diminish the weight, and in- 
crease the value of the Roman as. Ano- 
ther, A. U. C. 421, to give the freedom 

of the city to the citizens of Acerrce. 

Another, A. U. C. 623. It was proposed, 
but not passed. It recommended the right of 
choosing a man tribune of the people as often 
as he wished. 

Papim.v lex was enacted to settle the 
rights of husbands and wives if they had no 
children.— —Another, by which a person less 
than 50 years old could not marry another 
of 60. 

Pappus, a philosopher and mathematician 
of Alexandria, in the reign of Theodosius the 
Great. 

Papyrius. Vid. Papirius. 

Parabyston, a tribunal at Athens, where 
causes of inferior consequence were tried by 
11 judges. Pans. 1, c. 40. 

Pauvdisus, a town of Syria or Phoeni- 
cia. Ftin. 6^ c. 23.— 57;a&, 16. In the 



PA 

I plains of Jericho there was a large palace, with 
J a garden beautifully [)lanted with trees, and 
I called Balsami Paradisus. 
I Parjetac^, or Taceni, a people between 
Media and Persia, where Antigonus was de- 
feated by Eumenes. C. JYep. in Eum. 8. — 
Strab. 11 and 16.—Plin. 6, c. 26. 

PARiETONiuM, a towu of Egypt at the west 
of Alexandria, where Isis was worshipped. 
The word ParcEtonius is used to signify Egyp- 
tian, and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, 
which was situate in the neighbourhood. 
Strab. n.—Flor. 4, c. U.~-Lucan. 3, v. 295, 1. 
10, v. 9.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 712. A 2, el. 13, 
V.7. 

Parali, a division of the inhabitants of At- 
tica ; they received this name from their being 
near the sea coast, nx^it and «^;. 

Paralus, a friend of Dion, by whose assis- 
tance he expelled Dionysius. A son of Pe- 
ricles. His premature death was greatly la- 
mented by his father. Plut. 

Parasia, a country at the east of Media. 

Parasius, a son of Philonomia by a shep- 
herd. He was exposed on Erymanthus by his 
mother, with his twin brother Lycastas. 
Their lives were preserved 

Parc;e, powerful goddesses, who presided 
over the birth and the life of mankind. They 
were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and 
Atropos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, Jac- 
cording to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and Themis, 
according to the same poet in another poem. 
Some make them daughters of the sea. Clo- 
tho, the youngest of the sisters, presided over 
the moment in which we are born, and held a 
distatfin her hand; Lachesis spun out all the 
events and actions of our life : and Atropos, 
the eldest of the three, cut the thread of hu- 
man life with a pair of scissors. Their diffe- 
rent functions are well expressed in this an- 
cient verse : 
Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, ^ Atropos 

occat. 
The name of the Parcae, according to V'arro, is 
derived a part u or parturiendo, because they 
presided over the birth of men, and, by cor- 
ruption, the word/?/jfrca,is formed, {vom parla 
or partus, but, according to Servius, they are 
called so by Aniiphrasis, quod ncmini parcant. 
The power of the Parcue was great and exten- 
sive. Some suppose that Uiey were subjected 
to none of the gods but Jupiter ; while others 
support, that even Jupiter himself was obedi- 
ent to their commands ;and indeed we see the 
father of the gods, in Homer's Iliad, unwilling 
to see PalrocliiS perish, yet obliged, by the sa- 
peiior power of the Fates, to aijfindon him to 
his destiny. According to the more received 
opinions, they were the arbiters of the lifi^ and 
death of mankind, and \vi)atever good or evH 
befalls us in the world, immediately proceeds 
from the Fates or Parca;. Some make them 
ministers of the king of hell, and represent 
them as sitting at the loot of his throne ; others 
represent them as placed on radiant thrones, 
amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes 
sj)angled with stars, and wearing crowns on 
their heads. According to Pausanias, the 
names of the'Parca3 were different from those 
already mentioned. The most ancient of all 
as the ;^eograr)her observes, was Venus Urania? 
who [uesided over the biith of men ; the s© • 



PA 

€ond was Fortune ; flythia was the third. To 
these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who of- 
ten disputes with Atropos the right of cutting 
the thi-ead of human life. The worship of the 
Parcas was well established in some cities of 
Greece; and though mankind were well con- 
vinced that they were inexorable, and that it 
%vas impossible to mitigate them, yet they were 
eager to show a proper respect to their divini- 
ty, by raising them temples and statues. They 
received the same worship as the Furies, and 
their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black 
sheep, during which solemnity the priests were 
obliged to wear garlands of flowers. The 
Parcae were generally represented as three 
old women with chaplets made with wool, 
and interwoven with the flowers of the Nar- 
cissus. They were covered with a white robe, 
and fillet of the same colour, bound with 
chaplets One of them held a distaflf, another 
the spindle, and the third was armed with 
scissors, with which she cut the thread which 
her sisters had spun. Their dress is differ- 
ently represented by some authors. Clotho 
appears in a variegated robe, and on her head 
is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff 
in her hand reaching from heaven to earth 
The robe which Lachesis wore was variega- 
ted with a great number of stars, and near 
her were placed a variety of spindles. Atro- 
pos W£is clothed in black ; she held scissors in 
her hand, with clues of thread of diflferent 
sizes, according to the length and shortness of 
the lives whose destinies they seemed to con- 
tain. Hyginus attributes to them the inven- 
tion of these Greek letters, », ,3, y., r, v, and 
others call them the secretaries of heaven, 
and the keepers of the archives of eternity. 
The Greeks call the Parcse by the different 
names of ^«t», .-j* «, x»)f, uuxefu.y,, which are ex- 
pressive of their power and of their inexor- 
able decrees. Hcsiod. Theog. ^ scut. Her. 
—Pans. 1, c. 40, 1. 3, c. li, 1. 5, c. 15.— 
Homer. II. 20. Od. l.—Tfieocrit. \.~Calli- 
mach. in Dian.—JElian. Anim. 10. — Piiidar. 
Olymp. 10. J\^em. 7. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Plut. 
de facie in orbe Lunce. — Hygin- in prof. fab. 
Sf-fah.Til.— Varro.—Orph. liymn. 5S.—£pol- 
lon. i, iic. — Claudian. de rapt. Pros. — Ly- 
coph. ^ Tzetz, he— Herat. 2, od. 6, &c.— 
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 533.— Lwcan. Z.— Virg. Ed. 
4, ^n. 3, &,c. — Stnec. in Here. Fur. — Stat. 
Theb. 6. 

Parentalia, a festival annually observed 
at Rome in honour of the dead. The friends 
and relations of the deceased assembled on the 
occaiion, when sacrifices were offered, and 
banquets provided, ^neas first established it. 
Otid. Fast. 2, v. 544. 

Park.vtium, a port and town of Istria. 
Plin. 3, c. 19. 

Paris, the son of Priam, king of Troy, by 
Hecuba, also called Alexander. He was des- 
tined, even before his birth, to become the 
ruin of his country ; and when his mother, in 
the first month of her pregnancy, had dream* 
ed that she bhould bring forth a torch which 
would set fire to her palace, the soothsayers 
foretold the calamities which might be ex- 
pected from the imprudence of her future son, 
find which would end in the destruction of 
Troy. Priam, to prevent so great and so 
alarming an evil; ordered bis slave Archelaus 



PA 



to destroy the child as soon as bom. The 
slave, either touched with humanity, or influ- 
enced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but 
was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida, 
where the shepherds of the place found him, 
and educated him as their own son. Some 
attribute the preservacion of his life, before he 
was tound by the shepherds, to the moiherlj 
tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him. 
Young Paris,, tl.ough educated among shep- 
herds and peasants, gave early proofs of cou- 
rage and intrepidity, and from his care in pro- 
tecting the flocks of mount Ida ugaiiist the ra- 
pacity of the wild beasts, he obtained the name 
of Alexander {helper or defender.) He gained 
the esteem of all the shepherds, and his 
graceful countenance and manly deportment 
recommended him to the favour'of (Enone, a 
nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with 
whom he lived with the most perfect tender- 
ness. Their conjugal peace was soon disturb- 
ed. At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, 
the goddess of discord, who had not been in- 
vited to partake of the entertainment, showed 
her displeasure by throwing into the assembly 
of the gods who were at the celebration of the 
nuptials, a golden apple, on which were writ- 
ten the words, Detur pulchriori. All the 
goddesses claimed it as their own ; the conten- 
tion at first became general, but at last only 
three, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to 
dispute their respective right to beauty. The 
gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair 
ot so tender and so delicate a nature, appoint- 
ed Paris to adjudge the prize of beauty to the 
fairest of the goddesses; and indeed the shep- 
herd seemed properly qualified to decide so 
great a contest, as his wisdom was so well 
established, and his prudence and sagacity so 
well known. The goddesses appeared before 
their judge without any covering or orna- 
ment, and each tried, by promises and en- 
treaties, to gain the attention of Paris, and 
to influence his judgment. Juno promised 
him a kingdom; Minerva, military glory 
and Venus, the fairest woman in the world 
for his wife, as Ovid expresses it. Heroid 17, 
y. 118. 

Unaquecum regnum; belli daret altera lau- 
dem; 
Tyndaridis conjux, Tertia dixit, erij. 
After he had heard their several claims and 
promises, Paris adjudged the prize to Venus, 
and gave her the golden apple, to which, per- 
haps, she seemed entitled, as the goddess of 
beauty. This decision of Paris in favour of 
Venus, drew upon the judge and his family 
the resentment of the two other goddesses. 
Soon after, Priam proposed a contest among 
his sons and other princes, and promised to 
reward the conqueror with one of the finest 
bulls of mount Ida. His emissaries were sent 
to procure the animal, and it was found in 
the possession of Paris, who reluctantly yield- 
ed it up. The shepherd was desirous of ob- 
taining again this favourite animal, and he 
went to Troy, and entered the lists of the 
combatants. He was received with the great- 
est applause, and obtained the victory'^over 
his rivals, Nestor, the son of Neleus ; Cyc- 
nus, son of Neptune ; Polites, Helenas, and 
Deiphobus, sons of Priam. He also obtained 
a supciiority over Hector binwelf, un J the 



PA 

prince, enraged to see himself conquered by 
an unknown stranger, pursued him closely, 
and Paris must have fallen a victim to his 
brother's resentment, had he not fled to the 
altar of Jupiter. This sacred retreat pre- 
served his life ; and Cassandra, the daughter 
of Priam, struck with the similarity of the 
features of Paris with those of her brothers, 
inquired his birth and his age. From these 
circumstances she soon discovered that he 
was her brother, and as such she introduced 
him to her father and to his children. Priam 
acknowledged Paris as his son, forgetful of 
the alarming dream which had influenced 
kim to meditate his death, and all jealousy 
ceased among the brothers. Paris did not long 
suffer himself to remain inactive ; he equipped 
a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his fa- 
ther's sister, whom Hercules had carried 
away, and obliged to marry Telamon, the son 
of iEacus. This was the pretended motive of 
his voyage, but the causes were far diff"erent. 
Paris recollected that he was to be the hus- 
band of the fairest of women ; and if he had 
been led to form those expectations while he 
was an obscure shepherd of Ida, he had now 
every plausible reason to see them realized, 
since he was acknowledged son of the king of 
Troy. Helen was the fairest woman of the 
age, and Venus had promised her to him. On 
these grounds, therefore, he visited Sparta, the 
residence of Helen, who had married Mene- 
laus. He was received with every mark of re- 
spect, but he abused the hospitality of Mene- 
laus, and, while the husband was absent in 
Crete, Paris persuaded Helen to elope with 
him, and to fly to Asia. Helen consented, and 
Priam received her into his palace without dif- 
ficulty, as his sister was then detained in a fo- 
reign country, and as he wished to show him- 
self as hostile as possible to the Greeks. This 
affair was soon productive of serious conse- 
quences. When Menelaus had married Helen, 
all her suitors had bound themselves by a so- 
lemn oath to protect her person, and to defend 
her from every violence, [Fid. Helena,] and 
therefore the injured husband reminded them 
•f their engagements, and called upon them to 
recover Helen. Upon this, all Greece took up 
arms in the cause of Menelaus. Agamemnon 
was chosen general of all the combined forces, 
and a regular war was begun. [Firf. Troja] 
Paris, meanwhile, who had refused Helen to 
the petitions and embassies of the Greeks, 
armed himself, with his brothers and subjects, 
to oppose the enemy; but the success of the 
war Vv as neither hindered nor accelerated by 
his means. He fought with little courage, and 
at the very sight of Menelaus, whom he had 
so recently injured, all his resolution vanished, 
and he retired from the front of the army, 
where he walked before like a conqueror. In 
a combat with Menelaus, which he undertook 
at the persuasion of his brother Hector, Paris 
must have perished, had not Venus interfered, 
and stolen him from the resentment of his ad- 
versary. He nevertheless wounded, in ano- 
ther battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Dio- 
medes; and, according to some opinions, he 
killed with one of his arrows the great Achil- 
les. [Vid. Achilles.] The death of Paris is 
differently related ; some suppose that he was 
mortally wounded by one of the arrows of Phi- 



PA 

loctetes, which had been once in the possessioi? 
of Herculee, and that when he found himself 
languid on account of his wounds, he ordered 
himself to be carried to the feet of CEnone, 
whom he had basely abandoned, and who in 
the years of his obscurity, had foretold him that 
he would solicit her assistance in his dying mo- 
ments. He expired before he came into the 
presence of (Enone, and the nymph still mind- 
ful of their former loves, threw hei*self upon 
his body, and stabbed herself to the heart, 
after she had plentifully bathed it with her 
tears. According to some authors, Paris did 
not immediately go to Troy when he left the 
Peloponnesus, but he was driven on the coast 
of Egypt, where Proteus, who was king of the 
country, detained him, and, when he heard 
of the violence which had been offered to the 
king of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court, 
and permitted Paris to retire. [Vid. Helena.] 
Diclys. Cret. 1, 3, and 4. — Apollod. 3, 
c. 12. — Homer. II. — Ovid. Htroid. 5, 16, and 
\1.— quint. Calah. 10, v. 290.—HoraL od. 
3. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Hygin. fab. 92 and 
273.— Virg. JEn. 1, hc.—JElian. V. IT. 12, 
c. 42.-~Paus. 10, c. 27.— Ctc. de Div.— 
Lycophr. 4^ Tzetz. in Lye. A celebra- 
ted player at Rome, in the good graces 
of the emperor Nero, kc. Tacit. Ann. 13, 
c. 19, &ic. 

Parisades a king of Pontus in the age of 

Alexander the Great.- Another, king of 

Bosphorus. 

Parish, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul» 
now called Paris, the capital of the kingdom 
of France. C(bs. Bell. G. 6, c. 3. 

Parius, a river of Pannonia, falling int© 
the Danube. Strab. 

Parisum, now Camanar, a town of Asia 
Minor, on the Propontis, where Archilochus 
was born, as some say. Slrab. 10. — Plin. 7, 
c. 2, 1. 36, c. 5. 

Parma, a town of Italy, near Cremona, 
celebrated for its wool, and now for its cheese. 
The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius, 
were born there. It was made a Roman colo- 
ny A. U. C. 569. The inhabitants are called 
Parmenensis and Pannani. Cic. Philip. 14, 
— Lfv. 39, c. 55. — Slrab. 5. — Horat. 1, ep. 4, 
V.3.— Cic. Phil. 14, c. 3.— Farro. L. L. 7, c. 
3l.—Martial.% ep. 43, v. 4, 1. 5, ep. 13, v. 3 
and 14, v. 155. 

Parmenides, a Greek philosopher of Elis, 
who flourished about 605 years before Christ. 
He was son of Pyres of Elis, and the pupil of 
Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, according to 
some. He maintained that there were only two 
elements, fire and the earth ; and he taught 
that the first generation of men was produced 
from the sun. He first discovered that the 
earth was round, and habitable only in the two 
temperate zones, and that it was suspended in 
the centre of the universe, in a fluid lighter 
than air, so that all bodies left to themselves 
fell on its surface. There were, as he suppo- 
sed, only two sorts of philosophy — one found- 
ed on reason, and the other on opinion. He 
digested this unpopular system in verses, of 
which a few fragments remain. Diog. 

Parmenio, a celebrated general in the ar- 
mies of Alexander, who enjoyed the king's 
confidence, and was more attached to his per- 
son as a man than ;»-= a monarch. When Da» 



PA 

Jius king of Persia offered Alexander all the 
country which lies at the west of the Euphra- 
tes, with his daughter Statira in marriage; and 
10,00 talents of gold, Parmenio took occasion 
to observe, that he would without hesitation 
accept of these conditions if he were Alexan- 
der ; so would /, were I Parmenio-, replied the 
conqueror. This friendship, so true and in- 
violable, was sacrificed to a moment of re- 
sentment and suspicion ; and Alexander, who 
had too eagerly listened to a light and per- 
haps a false accusation, ordered Parmenio and 
his son to be put to death, as if guilty of trea- 
son against his person. Parmenio was in the 
70th year of his age, B. C. 330. He died in 
the greatest popularity, and it has been judi- 
ciously observed, that Parmenio obtained 
many victories without Alexander, but Alex- 
ander not one without Parmenio. Curt. 7, 
&c. — Plut. in Jilex. 

Parnassus, a mountain of Phocis, ancient- 
ly called Larnassos, from the boat of Deu- 
calion (f^v*r^ which was carried there in the 
universal deluge. It received the name of 
Parnassus from Parnassus the son of Neptune, 
by Cleobula, and was sacred to the Muses, 
and to Apollo and Bacchus. The soil was bar- 
ren, but the vallies and the green woods that 
covered its sides, rendered it agreeable, and 
fit for solitude and meditation. Parnassus 
is one of the highest mountains of Europe, 
and it is easily seen from the citadel of Corinth, 
though at the distance of about 80 miles. Ac- 
cording to the computation of the ancients, it 
is one day's journey round. At the north of 
Parnassus, there is a large plain about eight 
miles in circumference. The mountain, ac- 
cording to the poets, had only two tops, called 
Hyampea and Tithorea, on one of which the 
city of Delphi was situated, and thence it was 
called Biceps. Strab. 8, 9. — Ovid. Met. 1. v. 
317, 1. 2, V. 221, 1. 5, V. 218.—Lucan. 5, v. 71, 

1. 3, v. nS.—Liv. 42, c. 16.—Sil. It. 15, v. 
3U.—Mela, 2, c. 3.— Pans. 10, c. 6.—Propert. 

2, el. 23, V. 13, 1. 3, el. 11, v. 54. A son of 

Neptune, who gave his name to a mountain 
of Phocis. 

Parnes, (etis), a mountain of Africa, 
abounding in vines. Stat. 12. Theb. v. 620. 

Parnessus, a mountain of Asia near Bac- 
triana. Dionys. Per. 737. 

Parni, a tribe of the Scythians, who inva- 
ded Parthia. Strab. 11. 

Paron and Heraclides, two youths who 
killed a man who had insulted their father. 
Plut. Apophth. 

Paropamisos, a ridge of mountains at the 
north of India, called the Stony Girdle, or 
Indian Caucasus. Strab. 15. 

Paropus, now Calisano, a town at the north 
of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. 
Polyij. 1, c. 24. 

Paroreia, a town of Thrace, near mount 
Haemas. Liv. 39, c. 27. A town of Pelo- 
ponnesus. A district of Phrygia Magna. 

Strab. 12. 

Paros, a celebrated island among the Cy- 
clades, about seven and an half miles distant 
from Naxos, and twenty-eight from Delos. 
According to Pliny, it is half as large as Naxos, 
that is, about thirty-six or thirty-seven miles 
in circumference, a measure which some of 
the moderns have extended to fifty and even 
64 



PA 

j eighty miles. It has borne the different names 
I of Pactia, Minoa, Hirin, Demetrius, Zacyn- 
thus, Cabaniis, and Hykassa. It received 
the name of Paros, which it still bears, from 
Paro?, a son of Jason, or as some maintain, of 
Parrhasius. The island of Paros was rich and 
powerful, and well known for its famous mar- 
ble, which was alwaj-s used by the best statu- 
aries. The best quarries were those of Mar- 
pesus, a mountain where still caverns, of the 
most extraordinary dtipth, are seen by modern 
travellers, and admired as the sources from 
whence the labyrinth of Egypt and the porti- 
coes of Greece received their splendour. Ac- 
cording to Pliny, the quarries were so uncom- 
monly deep, that, in the clearest weather, the 
workmen were obliged to use lamps, from 
which circumstance the Greeks have called 
the marble Lychnites, worked by the light of 
lamps. Paros is also famous for the fine cat- 
tle which it produces, and for its partridges, 
and wildpigeons. The capital city was called 
Paros. It was first peopled by the Phoenicians, 
and afterwards a colony of Cretans settled ia 
it. The Athenians made war against it, be- 
cause it had assisted the Persians in the inva- 
sion of Greece, and took it, and it became a 
Roman province in the age of Pompey. Ar- 
chilochus was born there. The Parian mar- 
bles, perhaps better known by the appellatioa 
of Jirundelian, were engraved in this island ia 
capital letters, B. C.264, and as a valuable chro- 
nicle, preserved the most celebrated epochas 
of Greece, from the year 1582, B. C. These 
valuable pieces of antiquity were procured ori- 
ginally by M. de Peirisc, a Frenchman, and 
afterwards purchased by the earl of Arundel, 
by whom they were given to the university of 
Oxford, where they are still to be seen. Pri- 
deaux published an account of all the inscrip- 
tions in 1676. Mela, 2, c. 7. Strab. 5. — C. 
Kep. in Milt. S^ Alc.— Virg. Mn. 1, v. 593. 
G. 3, V. 34.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 419, 1. 7, r. 
466.— PZm. 3, c. 14, 1. 36, c. ll.—Diod. 5, 
and Thucyd. 1. — Herodot. 5, Sic. — Horat. 1, 
od. 19, V. 6. 

Parphorus, a native of Colophon, who, 
at the head of a colony, built a town at the 
foot of Ida, which was abandoned for a situa- 
tion nearer his native city. Strab. 14. — Pans. 
7, c. 3. 

Parrhasia, a town of Arcadia, founded 
by Parrhasius the son of Jupiter. The Ar- 
cadians are sometimes called Parrhacians, and 
Areas Parrhasis, and Carmenta, Evander's 
mother, Parrhasiadea. Lucan. 2, v. 237. — 
l^irg. ^n. 8, v. 3S4.~0vid. Met. 8, v. 315. 
Fast. 1, V. 61S.— Trist. 1, v. 190.— Paus. 8. c. 27. 

Parrhasius, a famous painter, son of Eve- 
nor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, about 
4 15 years before Christ. He was a great mas- 
ter of his profession, and particularly excelled 
in strongly expressingthe violent passions. He 
was blessed with a great genius and much in- 
vention, and he was particularly happy in his 
designs. He acquired himself great reputa- 
tion by his pieces, but by none more than that 
in which he allegorically represented the people 
of Athens, with all the injustice, the clemency, 
the fickleness, timidity, the arrogance, and in- 
consistency, which so eminently characterized 
that celebrated nation. He once entered the 
Ibts against ZcuiJs, and when they had produ- 



PA 

ced their respective pieces, the birds came to 
pick with the greatest avidity the grapes which 
Zeuxis had painted. Immediately Parrhasius 
exhibited his piece, and Zeuxis said, remove 
ffour curtain, that we may see the painting. 
The curtain was the painting, and Zeuxis ac- 
knowledged himself conquered by exclaiming. 
Zeuxis has deceived birds ; but Parrhasius has 
deceived Zeuxis himself. Parrhasius grew so 
vain of his art, that he clothed himself in pur- 
ple, and wore a crown of gold, calling him- 
self the king of painters. He was lavish in 
his own praises, and by his vanity too often 
exposed himself to the ridicule of his enemies. 
Plut. in Thes. de Poet. aud. — Paus. 1, c. 28. — 

Plin. 35, V. 10, — Horat. 4, od. 8. A son of 

Jupiter, or, according to some, of Mars, by a 
nymph called Philonomia. 

Parthamisiris, a king of Armenia, in the 
feign of Trajan. 

Parthaon, a son of Agenor and Epicaste, 
who married Euryte, daughter of Hippoda- 
miis, by whom he had many children, among 
wliora were (Eneus and Sterope, Parthaon 
M'as brother to Demonice, the mother of Eve- 
nus by Mars, and also to Molus, Pylus, and 
Thestius. He is called Portheus by Homer, 
II. U.—Jpollod. 1, c. I.—Hysin. fab. 129 and 

239. A son of Peripetus and father of Aris- 

tas. Paus. 8. 

ParthenijE and Parthenu, a certain num- 
ber of desperate citizens of Sparta, During 
the Messenian war, the Spartans were absent 
from their city for the space of ten years, and 
it Vv'as unlawful for them to return, as they 
had bound themselves by a solemn oath not 
to revisit Sparta before they had totally sub- 
dued Messenia, This long absence alarmed 
the Lacedaemonian women, as well as the 
magistrates. The Spartans were reminded by 
their wives, that if they continued in their re- 
solution, the state must at last decay for want 
of citizens, and Avhen they had duly consider- 
ed this embassy, they empowered all the young 
men in the army, who had come to the war 
while yet under age, and who therefore were 
not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, 
and, by a familiar and promiscuous intercourse 
with all (he unmarried women of the state, to 
raise a future generation. It was carried into 
execution, and the children that sprang from 
this union were called Partheniae, or sons of 
virgins, (^ttm^U^©,.') The Avar with Messenia 
was some time after ended, and the Spartans 
returned victorious; but the cold indifference 
with which they looked upon the Partheniae 
was attended with serious consequences. The 
Partheniae knew they had no legitimate fa- 
thers, and no inheritance, and that therefore 
their life depended upon their own exertions. 
This drove them almost to despair. They 
joined with the Helots, whose maintenance 
was as precarious as their own, and it was mu- 
tually agreed to murder all the citizens of 
Sparta and to seize their possessions. This 
massacre was to be done at a general assem- 
bly, and the signal was the throwing of a cap 
in the air. The whole, however, was disco- 
vered through the diffidence and apprehen- 
sions of the Helots ; and when the people had 
assembled, the Partheniae discovered that all 
was known, by the voice of a crier, who pro- 
4:Iaimed that no man should throw up his cap. 



PA 

The Piartheniae, though apprehensive of pan 
ishment, were not visibly treated with greater 
severity ; their calamitous condition was at- 
tentively examined, and the Spartans, afraid 
of another conspiracy, and awed by their num- 
bei's, permitted them to sail for Italy, witb 
Phalantus, their ringleader at their head. They 
settled in Magna Graecia, and built Tarentum, 
about 707 years before Christ. Justin. 3, c. 
5. — Strab. 6. — Paus. in Lacon. &.c. — Plid, in 
Apoph. 

Parthenias, a river of Peloponnesus, 
flowing by Elis. Paus. 6, c, 21. The an- 
cient name of Samos. Plin. 5, c. 31. 

Parthenion, a mountain of Peloponnesus 
at the north of Tegea. Paus. 

Parthenius, a river of Paphlagonia, which, 
after separating Bithynia, falls into the Eux- 
ine sea, near Sesamum ; it received its name 
either because the virgin Diana, (jtzJj.q,) 
bathed herself there, or perhaps it received 
it from the purity and mildness of its waters. 
Herodot. 2, c. i04.— Plin. 6, c. 2. A moun- 
tain of Arcadia, which was said to abound 
in tortoises. Here Telephus had a temple, 
Atalanta was exposed on its top and brought 
up there. Paus. 8, c. 54. — JElian. V. H. 13. 
— .^polled. 2, c, 7. A favourite of the em- 
peror Domitian, He conspired against hig 
imperial master, and assisted to murder him. 

A river of European Sarmatia, Ovid. 

ex Pont. 4, el, 10, v. 49.- A friend of JE- 

neas killed in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 748. — -- 
A Greek writer whose Romance de ^matoriie 
Affeclionibus has been edited in 12mo. Basils 
1531. 

Parthenon, a temple of Athens, sacred 
to Minerva. It was destroyed by the Per- 
sians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles, in a 
more magnificent manner. All the circum* 
stances which related to the birth of Minerva 
were beautifully and minutely represented in 
bass relief, on the front of the entrance. The 
statue of the goddess, 26 cubits high, and made 
of gold and ivory, passed for one of the mas- 
ter pieces of Phidias. Plin. 34. 

ParthenoPjEus, a son of Meleager and 
Atalanta, or, according to some, of Milanioa 
and another Atalanta. He was one of the 
seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus the 
king of Argos in his expedition against Thebes, 
He was killed by Amphidicus. Apollod. 3, c. 

\).—Paus. 3, c. 12, 1. 9, c. 19.- A son of 

Talaus. 

Parthenope, one of the Sirens. A 

daughter of Stymphalus. £pollod. A city 

of Campania, afterwards called INeapolis, or 
the new city, w'hen it had been beautified and 
enlarged by a colony from Euboea. It is now 
called JVaptes. It received the name of Par- 
thenope from one of the Sirens, whose body 
was found «n the sea shore there. Virg. G. 
4, v. 5(54. — Strab. 1 and 5. — Paterc. 1, c. 4. — 
Homer. Od. 12, v. 167.— //a/. 12, v. 33. 

Pabthia, a celebrated country of Asia, 
bounded on the west by Media, south by 
Carraariia, north by Hyrcania, and east by 
Aria, ike. containing, according to Ptolemy, 
25 large cities, the most capital of which was 
called Hecaiompylos, from its hundred gates. 
Some su[)pose that the present capital of ihe 
country is built on the ruins of Hecatompy- 
los. According to some authors; the Far- 



PA 

fliatts were Scythians by origin, who made 
an invasion on the more southern provinces of 
Asia, and at last fixed their residence near 
Hyrcania. They long remained unknown 
and unnoticed, and became successively tri- 
butary to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, 
and Persians. When Alexander invaded Asia., 
the Parthians submitted, like the other de- 
pendent provinces of Persia, and they were 
tor some time under the power of Eumenes, 
Antigonus, Seleucus Nicanor, and Anliochus, 
till the rapacity and oppression of Agathocles, 
a lieutenant of the latter, roused their spirit, 
and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, a man of 
obscure origin, but blessed with great mili- 
tary powers, placed himself at the head of 
his countrymen, and laid the foundation of 
the Parthian empire, about 250 years before 
the Christian era. The Macedonians at- 
tempted in vain to recover it; a race of active 
and vigilant princes, who assumed the sur- 
name of Arsacides, from the founder of their 
kingdom, increased its power, and rendered 
it so formidable, that, while it possessed 18 
kingdoms between the Caspian and Arabian 
seas, it even disputed the emj)ire of the 
world with the Romans, and could never be 
subdued by that nation, which had seen no 
people on earth unconquered by their arms. 
It remained a kingdom till the reign of Ar- 
tabanus, w^ho was killed about the year 229 
of the Christian era, and from that time it 
became a province of the newly re-established 
kingdom of Persia under Artaxerxes, The 
Parthians were naturally strong and warlike, 
and were esteemed the most expert horsemen 
and archers in the world. The peculiar cus- 
tom of discharging their arrows while they 
were retiring fuU speed, has been greatly cele- 
brated by the ancients, particularly by the 
poets, who all observe that their flight was 
more formidable than their attacks. This 
manner of fighting, and the wonderful ad- 
dress and dexterity with which it was per- 
formed, gained them many victories. They 
were addicted much to drinking, and to every 
manner of lewdness, and their laws permitted 
them to raise children even by their mothers 
and sisters. Strab. 2, c. 6, he. — Curt. 6, c. 11. 
—Flor. 3, c. b.—Virg. G, 3, v. 31, kc. Mn. 7, 
V. 60©-. — Ovid, art. am. 1, &.c. Fast. 5, v. 
580.— Z>io. Cass. 40.—Plol. 6, c. 5.—Plin. Q, 
c. 25. — Polyb. 5, ^c. — Marctllin. — Herodian. 
3, Lc—Lucan. 1, v. 230, 1. 6, v. 50, 1. 10, v. 
63. — Justin. 41, c. 1. — Horat.,l, od. 19, v. 11, 
1. 2, od. 13, v, 17. 

Parthini, a people of lUyricum, Liv. 29, c. 
12, 1. 33, c. 34, 1. 44, c. 30.— Swe^ Aug. 19.— 
Cic. in Pis. 40. 

Parthyene, a province of Parthia, accord- 
ing to Ptolemy, though some authors support 
that it is the name of Parthia itself. 

Parysades, a king of Pontus, B. C. 310. Di- 
ed. A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, 

who flourished 284 B. C. 

Parysatis, a Persian princess, wife of Da- 
rius Ochus, by whom she had Artaxerxes 
Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. She was 
so extremely partial to her younger son, that 
she committed the greatest cruelties to en- 
courage his ambition, and she supported him 
with all her interest in his rebellion against 
his brother Memnon. The death of Cvrus 



PA 

at the battle of Cunaxa, was revenged witit 
the grossest barbarity, and Parysatis sacri- 
ficed to her resentment all such as she found 
concerned in his fall. She also poisoned Sta- 
tira, the wife of her son Artaxerxes, and or- 
dered one of the eunuchs of the court to 
be flayed alive, and his skin to be stretched 
on two poles before her eyes, because he 
had, by order of the king, cut off the hand 
and the head of Cyrus. These cruelties of- 
fended Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother 
to be confined in Babylon ; but they were soon 
after reconciled, and Parysatis regained all her 
power and influence till the time of her death. 
Pliit.inArt.—Ctes. 

Pasargaoa, a town of Persia, near Car- 
mania, founded by Cyrus, on the very spot 
where he had conquered Astyages. The 
kings of Persia were always crowned there, 
and the Pasargadaj were the noblest families 
in Persia, in the number of which were the 
Ach»menides. Strab. 15. — Plin. 8, c. 26. — 
Herodot. 1, c. 125.— wlfe/cr, 3, c.8. 

Paseas, a tyrant of Sicyon in Peloponne- 
sus, father to Abantidas, k,c. Plut. in Arat. 

Pasicles, a grammarian, he. 

Pasicrates, a king of part of the island of 
Cyprus. Plut. 

Pasiphae, a daughter of the Sun and of 
Perseis, who married Minos king of Crete. 
She disgraced herself by her unnatural pas- 
sion for a bull, which, according to some au- 
thors, she was enabled to gratify by means of 
the artist Dgedalus, This celebrated bull bad 
been given to Minos by Neptune^ to be offer- 
ed on his altars. But as the monarch refused 
to sacrifice the animal on account of his beau- 
ty, the god revenged his disobedience by in- 
spiring Pasiphae with an unnatural love for it. 
This fabulous tradition, which is universally 
believed by the poets, who observe that the 
Minotaur was the fruit of this infamous com- 
merce, is refuted by some writers, who sup- 
pose that the infidelity of Pasiphae to her hus- 
band was betrayed in her affection for an offi- 
cer called Taurus ; and that Dajdalus, by per- 
mitting his house to be the asylum of the two 
lovers, was looked upon as accessary to the 
gratification of Pasiphae's lust. From this 
amour with Taurus, as it is farther remarked, 
the queen became mother of twins, and the 
ni^Qae of Minolaunis arises from the resera- 
iJkpce of the children to the husband and the 
mrer of Pasiphae. Minos had four sons by 
Pasiphae, Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and 
Androgens, and three daughters, Hecate, 
Ariadne, and Phaedra, [t'id. Minotaurus.] 
Plato de Min.—Plut.in Thes.—Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
— Virg. JFm. 6, v. 24. — Hygin. fab. 40.— Diod. 
4.— Ovid. Heroid. 4, v. 57 and 165. 

Pasithea, one of the Graces, also called 

Agluia. Pans. 9, c. 35. One of the iNe- 

reides. Hesiod. A daughter of Atlas. 

Pasitigris, a name given to the river Ti- 
gris. Strab. 15.— Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Passaron, a town of Epirus, where, after 
sacrificing to Jupiter, the kings swore to go- 
vern accordint: to law, and the peoj)le to obey 
and to defend the country. Plut. in Pyrrh.—^ 
Liv. 45, c. 26 and 33. 

Passxenus, a Roman who reduced Numi- 

din, he. Tacit. Ann. Paiilus, a Romaa 

knight, nephew to the poet Propertins, wh-^© 



PA 

elegiac compositions he imitated. He like- 
wise attempted lyric poetry, and with suc- 
cess, and chose for his model the writings of 

Horace. Plin. ep. 6 and 9. Crispus, a 

man distinguished as an orator, but more as 
the husband of Domitia, and afterwards of 
Agrippina, Nero's mother, kc. Tacit. Ann. 
6, c. 20. 

Pasus, a Thessalian in Alexander's army, 
&c. 

Patala, a harbour at the mouth of the 
Indus, in an island called Patale. The river 
here begins to form a Delta like the Nile. Pli- 
ny places this island within the torrid zone. 
Plin. 2, c. 73.— Curl. 9, c. T.—Strab. 15.— 
Arrian. 6, c. 17. 

Patara, (orum) now Patera, a town of 
Lycia, situate on the eastern side of the mouth 
of the river Xanthus, with a capacious har- 
bour, a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, sur- 
named Patareus, where was preserved and 
shown in the age of Pausanias, a brazen cap 
which had been made by the hands of Vulcan, 
and presented by the god to Telephus. The 
god was supposed by some to reside for the 
six winter months at Patara, and the rest of 
the year at Delphi. The city was greatly em- 
bellished by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who at- 
tempted in vain to change its original name in- 
to that of his wife Arsinoe. Liv. 37, c. 15. — 
Strab. U.—Pau^. 9, c. Al.—Horat. 3, od. 14, 
V.64.— Oiirf. Met. 1, V. 516.— Mela, \, c. 15. 

Patavium, a city of Italy, at the north of 
the Po, on the shores of the Adriatic, now cal- 
led Padua, and once said to be capable of send- 
ing 20,000 men into the field. [Vid. Padua.] 
It is the birth place of Livy, from which rea- 
son some writers have denominated Patavini- 
iy those peculiar expressions and provincial 
dialect, which they seem to discoverin the his- 
tonar:'s ?\y\e. not strictly agreeable to the pu- 
rity and refined language of the Roman au- 
thors who flourished in or near the Augustan 
age. Martial. 11, ep 17, v. 8. — Quintil 1, c. 5, 
66, 1. 8, c. 13.— LtV. 10, c. 2, 1. 41, c. 27.— 
Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Patercui.us, a Roman whose daughter, 
Sulpicia, w'as pronounced the chastest matron 
at Rome. Plin. 7, c. 35. Velleius, an his- 
torian. Vid, Velleius. 

P.TiziTHEs, one of the Persian Magi, who 
raised his brother to the throne because he 
resembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambv- 
ses, kc. Herudot. 3, c. 61. Qi 

Patmos, one of the Cyclades, with a small 
town of the same name, situate at the south of 
Icaria. and measiiring30milesin circumference 
according to Pliny, or only ISaccordiiig to mo- 
dern travellers. It has a large harbour, near 
which are some broken columns, the most an- 
cient in that part of Greece. The Romans ge- 
nerally banished their culprits there. It is now 
called Palmosa. Strab — Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Pairx., an ancient town at the north-west 
of Peloponnesus, anciently called Aroe. Di- 
ana had there a temple, and a famous statue 
of gold and ivory. Pans. I.e. 6. — Ovid. Met 
6, V. 417— Lu'. 27, c. 29.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Patho, a daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 
An epicurean phil()soi)her intimate with 
Cicero. Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 1. 

Patrocles, an officer of the fleet of 
Seleucus and Antiocbus. He discovered 



PA 

several countries, and it is said that the wrot# 
an history of the world. Strab. — P/m.6, c. 17, 

Patrocli, a small island on the coast of 
Attica. Paus. 4, c. 5, 

Patroclus, one of the Grecian chiefs 
during the Trojan war, sou of Mencetius by 
Sthenele, whom some called Philomela, or Po- 
ly mela. The accidental murder of Clysonymus, 
the son of Amphidamus, in the time of his 
youth, obliged him to fly from Opus, where 
his father reigned. He retired to the court of 
Peleus king of Phthia, where he was kindly 
received, and where he contracted the most in- 
timate friendship with Achilles the monarch's 
son. When the Greeks went to the Trojan 
war, Patroclus also accompanied them at 
the express command of his father, who had 
visited the court of Peleus, and he embarked 
with 10 ships from Phthia. He w^as the con- 
stant companion of Achilles; he lodged in the 
same tent ; and when his friend refused to ap- 
pear in the field of battle, because he had 
been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus imi- 
tated his*exampie, and by his absence was the 
cause of the overthrow of the Greeks. But 
at last Nestor prevailed on him to j-eturn to 
the war, and Achilles permitted him to ap- 
pear in his armour. The valour of Patroclus, 
together with the terror which the sight of 
the arras of Achilles inspired, soon routed 
the victorious armies of the Trojans, and 
obliged them to fly within their walls for safe- 
ty. He w ould have broken down the walls of 
the city ; but Apollo, w^ho had interested him- 
self for the Trojans, placed himself to oppose 
him, and Hector, at the instigation of the god, 
dismounted from his chariot to attack him, as 
he attempted to strip one ofthe Trojans whom 
he had slain. The engagement was obstinate, 
but at last Patroclus was oveipowered by the 
valour of Hector, and the interposition of 
Apollo. His arms became the property of the 
conqueror, and Hector would have severed 
his head from his body had not Ajax and 
Menelaus intervened. His body was at last 
recovered and carried to the Grecian camp, 
where Achilles received it with the bitterest 
lamentations. His funeral was observed with 
the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed 
near the burning pile twelve young Trojans, 
besides four of his horses and two of his dogs* 
and the whole was concluded by the exhibition 
of I'uneral games, in which the conquerors were 
liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death 
of Patroclus, as it is described by Homer, 
gave rise to new events ; Achilles forgot his 
resentment against Agamemnon, and entered 
the field to avenge the fall of his friend, and 
his anger w as gratified only by the slaughter 
of Hector, who had more powerfully kindled 
his wrath by appearing at the head of the Tro- 
jan armies in the armour which had been 
taken from the body of Patroclus. The patro- 
nymic oi Actorides is often applied to Patroc- 
lus, because Actor was father to Mencetius. 
Diclys. Cret. 1, &.c. — Homer. II. 9, &lc. — Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 13.— Hygin. fab. 97 and 276.— Orirf. 

Met. 13, v. 273. A son of Hercules. Apol- 

lod. An officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

Patron, an Arcadian at the games exhi- 
bited by iEneas in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 
298. 

PA.TR0US, a surname of Jupiter among the 



PA 

Greeks, represented by his statues as having 
three eyes, which some suppose to signify that 
he reigned in three different places, in hea- 
ven, on earth, and in hell. Paiw. 2. 

Patulcius, a surname of Janus, which 
he received a paleo because the doors of his 
t«mple were always open in the time of war. 
Some suppose that he received it because he 
presided over gates, or because the year be- 
gan by the celebration of his festivals. Ovid. 
Fast. 1, V. 129. 

Paventia, a goddess who presided over 
terror at Rome, and who was invoked to pro- 
tect her votaries from its eiFects. ^ug. de 
Civ.4,c. 11. 

Paula, the first wife of the emperor He- 
liogabalus. She was daughter of the prefect 
of the pretorian guards. The emperor divor- 
ced her, and Paula retired to solitude and ob- 
scurity with composure. 

Paulika, a Roman lady who married Sa- 
turn inus, a governor of Syria, in the reign of 
the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace 
was disturbed, and violence was offefed to her 
virtue by a young man called Mundus, who 
was enamoured of her, and who had caused 
her to come to the temple of Isis by means of 
the priests of the goddess, who declared that 
Anubis wished to communicate to her some- 
thing of moment. Saturninus complained to 
the emperor of the violence which had been 
offered to his wife, and the temple of l?is was 
overturned and Mundus banished, he. Jo- 
seph. A. 18, c. 4. The wife of the philoso- 
pher Seneca, who attempted to kill him when 
IVero had ordered her husband to die. The 
emperor however prevented her, and she 
lived some few years after in the greatest me- 
lancholy. Tacit, Jinn. 15, c. 63, &c. A sister 

of the emperor Adrian. The wife of the 

emperor Maximinus. 

Paulinus Pompeius, an officer in Nero's 
reign, who had the command of the German 
armies, and finished the works on the banks 
of the Rhine, which Drusus had begun 63 
years before. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 53. — Sueto- 
nius. A Roman general, the first who 

crossed mount Atlas with an army. He 
wrote a history of this expedition in Africa, 
which is lost. Paulinus also distinguished 
himself in Britain, he. He followed the arms 

of Otho against Vilellius. Plin. 5, c. 1. 

Valerius, a friend of Vespasian. Julius, a 

Batavian nobleman, put to death by Fon- 
teius Capito, on pretence of rebellion. Ta- 
cit. H. 4, c. 13. 

Paulus iEniYLius, a Roman, son of the 
.^mylius who fell at Cannae, was celebrated 
for his victories, and received the surname of 
Macedonicus from his conquest of Macedo- 
nia. In the early part of life he distinguished 
himself hy his uncommon application, and by 
his fondness for military discipline. His first 
appearance in the field was attended with great 
success, and the barbarians that had revolted 
in Spain were reduced with the greatest faci- 
lity under the power of the Romans. In his 
first consulship liis arms were directed against 
the Ligurians, whom he totally subjected. His 
applications for a second consulship proved 
abortive ; but when Perseus the king of Mace- 
donia had declared war against Rome, the abi- 
lities of Paulus were remembered, and he was 



PA 

honoured with the consulship about the 60tb 
year of his age. After this appointment he 
behaved with uncommon vigour, and soon a 
general engagement was fought near Pydna, 
The Romans obtained the victory, and Per- 
seus saw himself deserted by all his subjects. 
In two days the conqueror made himself mas- 
ter of all Macedonia, and soon after the fugi- 
tive monarch was brought into his presence. 
Paulus did not exult over his fallen enemy ; 
but when he had gently rebuked him for his 
temerity in attacking the Romans, he addres- 
sed himself in a pathetic speech to the officers 
of his army who surrounded him, and feelingly 
enlarged on the instability of fortune, and the 
vicissitude of all human affairs. When he had 
finally settled the government of Macedonia 
with ten commissioners from Rome, and after 
he had sacked 70 cities of Epirus, and divided 
the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus return- 
ed to Italy. He was received with the usual 
acclamations, and though some of the seditious 
soldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal 
entry into the capitol, yet three days were ap- 
pointed to exhibit the fruits of his victories- 
Perseus with his wretched family adorned the 
triumph of the conqueror, and as they were 
dragged through the streets, before the cha- 
riot of Paulus, they drew tears of compassion 
from the people. The riches which the Ro- 
mans derived from this conquest were im- 
mense, and the people were freed from all 
taxes till the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa ; 
but while every one of the citizens received 
some benefit from the victories of Paulus, the 
conqueror himself was poor, and appropria- 
ted for his own use nothing of the Macedo- 
nian treasures except the library of Perseus. 
In the office of censor, to which he was after- 
wards elected, Paulus behaved with the 
greatest moderation, and at his death, whick 
happened about 168 years before the Chris- 
tian era, not only the Romans, but their 
very enemies confessed, by their lamen- 
tations, the loss which they had sustain- 
ed. He had married Papiria, by whom he 
had two sons, one of which was adopted by 
the family of Maximus, and the other in 
that of Scipio Africanus. He had also two 
daughters, one of whom married a son of 
Cato, and the other ililius Tubero. He af- 
terwards divorced Papiria ; and when his 
friends wished to reprobate his conduct in 
doing so, by observing that she was young and 
handsome, and that she had made him father 
of a fine family, Paulus replied, that the shoe 
which he then wore was new and well made, 
but that he was obliged to leave it off, though 
no one but himself, as he said, knew where it 
pinched him. He married a second wife, by 
whom he had two sons, whose sudden death 
exhibited to the Romans in the most engaging 
view, their father's philosophy and stoicism. 
The elder of these sons died five days before 
Paulus triumphed over Perseus, and the other 
three days after the public procession. Thii 
domestic calamity did not shake the firmness 
of the conqueror; yet before he retired to a 
private station, he harangued the people, and 
in mentioning the severity of fortune upon 
his family, he expressed his wish that every 
evil might be averted from the republic by 
tJje sarrifiee of the domestic prosperity of an 



PA 

iadividtial. Plut. in vit&.—Liv. '^, 44, fcc. 

^Justin. 33, c. 1, &c. Samosatenus, an 

Author in the reign of Gallieuus. Maxi- 

mus. [Vid- Maximus Fabius.] iEginela, 

a Greek physician, whose work was edited 
epud. Md. fol. 1528. L. ^raylius, a con- 
sul, who, when opposed to Annibal in Italy, 
checked the rashness of his colleague Varro, 
and recommended an imitation of the conduct 
of the great Fabius, by harassing and not 
facing the enemy in the held. His advice was 
rejected, and the battle of Canns, so glo- 
rious to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon 
followed. Paulus was wounded, but when 
he might have escaped from the slaughter, by 
accepting a horse generously otfered by one 
of his officers, be disdained to fly, and per- 
ished by the darts of the enemy. Horat. od. 

12, V. 38. — Liv. 22, c. 39. Julius, a Latin 

poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. 
He wrote some poetical pieces recommend- 
ed by A. Gellius. 
' Paulus. Vid. if^mylius. 

Favor, an emotion of the mind which re- 
ceived divine honours among the Romans, 
and was considered of a most tremendous 
power, as the ancients sw^ore by her name in 
tbe most solemn manner. Tullus Hostilius, 
the third king of Rome, was the first who 
built her temples, and raised altars to her 
honour, as also to Pallor, the goddess of pale- 
ness. Cic. de JVat. D. 8, c. 17. 

Pausanias, a Spartan general, who greatly 
signalized himself at the battle of Plataea, 
against the Persians. The Greeks were very 
sensible of his services, and they rewarded his 
merit with a tenth of the spoils taken from the 
Persians. He was afterwards set at the head 
of the Spartan armies, and extended his con- 
quests in Asia ; but the haughtiness of his be- 
baviour created him many eneniies, and the 
Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the 
affairs of Greece. Pausanius was dissatisfied 
with his countrymen, and he offered to betray 
Greece to the Persians, if he received in mar- 
riage as the reward of his perfidy, the daugh- 
ter of their monarch. His intrigues were dis- 
covered by means of a youth, who was in- 
trusted with his letters to Persia, and who re- 
fused to go on the recollection that such as 
had been employed in that office before had 
never returned. The letters were given to 
the Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of Pau- 
sanias laid open. He fled for safety to a tem- 
ple of Minerva, and as the sanctity of that 
place screened him from the violence of his 
pursuers, the sacred building was surrounded 
with heaps of stones, the first of which was 
carried there by the indignant mother of the 
unhappy man. He was starved to death in 
the temple, and died about 471 yeai-s before 
the Christian era. There was a festival, and 
solemn games instituted in his honour, in 
w^hich only free-born Spartans contended. 
There was also an oration spoken in his praisC; 
in which his actions were celebrated, particu- 
larly the battle of Plataea, and the defeat of 
Mardonius. C Mp. m vita. — Plut. in Arul. S,- 

Them.—Hcrodot. 9. A favourite of Philip 

king of Macedonia. He accompanied the 
prince in an expedition against the lUyrians, 

in which he was killed. Another, at the 

court of king Philip, very intimate w ilh the 



PA 

preceding. He was grossly and unnaturally 
abused by Attalus, one of the friends of Phi- 
lip, and when he complained of the injuries he 
had received, the king in some measure disre- 
garded his remonstrances, and wished them to 
be forgot. This incensed Pausanias ; he resol- 
ved to revenge himself, and when he had 
heard from his master Hermocrates the so- 
phist, that the most effectual way to render 
himself illustrious, was to murder a person 
who had signalized himself by uncommon ac- 
tions ; he stabbed Philip as he entered a pub- 
lic theatre. After this bloody action he attempt- 
ed to make his escape to his chariot, which 
waited for him at the door of the city, but he 
was stopped accidentally by the twig of a vine, 
and fell down. Attalus, Perdiccas, and other 
friends of Philip, who pursued him, immedi- 
ately fell upon him and despatched him. Some 
support that Pausanias committed this mur- 
der at the instigation of Olympias, the wife of 
Philip, and of her son Alexander. Diod. 16. 

— Justin. 9. — Plut. in Apoph. A king of 

Macedonia, deposed by Amyntas, after a 
year's reign. Diod. Another who attempt- 
ed to seize upon the kingdom of Macedonia, 
from which he was prevented by Iphicrates 
the Athenian. A friend of Alexander the 
Great, made governor of Sardis. A physi- 
cian in the age of Alexander. Plut. A ce- 
lebrated orator and historian, who settled at 
Rome, A. D. 170, where he died in a very ad- 
vanced age. He wrote an history of Greece in 
ten books, in the Ionic dialect, in which he 
gives, with great precision and geographical 
knowledge, an account of the situation of its 
different cities, their antiquities, and the seve- 
ral curiosities which they contained. He has 
also interwoven mythology in his historical 
account, and introduced many fabulous tradi- 
tions and superstitious stories. In each book 
the author treats of a separate country, such 
as Attica, Arcadia, Messenia, Elis, kc. Some 
suppose that he gave a similar description of 
Phoenicia and Syria. There was another 
Pausanias, a native of Cassarea in Cappadocia, 
who wrote some declamations, and who is of- 
ten confounded with the historian of that 
name. The best edition of Pausanias is that of 
Khunius, fol. Lips, 1696. A Lacedaemo- 
nian who wrote a partial account of his coun- 
try. A statuary of Apollonia, whose abili- 
ties were displayed in adorning Apollo's tem- 
ple at Delphi. Pans. 10, c. 9. A king of 

Sparta, of the family of the Eurysthenidee, who 
died 397 B. C. after a reign of 14 years. 

Pausias, a painter of Sicyon, the first who 
understood how to apply colours to wood or 
ivory by means of fire. He made a beautiful 
painting of his mistress Glycere, whom he re- 
presented as sitting on the ground, and ma- 
king garlands with flowers, and from this cir- 
cumstance the picture, which was bought af- 
terwards by Pucullus for two talents, receiv- 
ed the name of Sleplmnoplocon. Some time 
after the death of Pausias, the Sicyonian.s 
were obliged to part with the pictures they pos- 
sessed, to deliver themselves from an enor- 
mous debt, and M. Scaurusthe Roman bought 
them all, in which were those of Pausias, to 
adorn the theatre, whichliad been built du- 
ring his edileship. Pausias lived about 360 
vears before Christ. Plin. 35, c. 11. 



L 



FE 

Paisilttpus, a mountala near Naples> 
■which receives its name from the beauty of its 
situation, (-«-«" '^u'^/;, cessare facio dolor.) The 
natives show there the tomb of Virgil, and re- 
gard it with the highest veneration. There 
were near some fish ponds belonging to the 
emperor. The mountain is now famous for a 
subterraneous passage, near half a mile in 
length, and 22 feet in breadth, which aififords a 
safe and convenient passage to travellers. Stat. 
4. Sylv. 4, V. 52.— Pfo'n. 8, c. d3.—Strab. 5.— 
Senec. ep. 5 and 57. 

Pax, an allegorical divinity among the an- 
cients. The Athenians raised her a statue, 
which represented her as holding Plutus, the 
god of wealth, in her lap, to intimate that 
peace gives rise to prosperity and to opulence, 
and they were the first who erected an altar 
to her honour after the victories obtained by 
Timotheus over the Lacedasmonian power, 
though Plutarch asserts it had been done after 
the conquests of Cimon over the Persians. 
She was represented among the Romans with 
the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive 
branch in her hand. The emperor Vespasian 
built her a celebrated temple at Rome, which 
was consumed by tire in the reign of Com- 
modus. Tt was customary for men of learn- 
ing to assemble in that temple, and even to 
deposit their writings there, as in a place of 
the greatest security. Therefore, when it 
was burnt, not only books, but also many 
valuable things, jewels, and immense trea- 
sures, were lost in the general conflagration. 
C. JVep. in Timoth. 2. — Plut. in Cim. — Paus. 9, 
c. 16. 

Paxos, a small island between Ithaca and 
the Echinades in the Ionian sea. 

Peas, a shepherd, who, according to some, 
set on fire the pile oh which Hercules was 
burnt. The hero gave him his bow aad ar- 
rows. Apollod. 2. 

Ped^us, an illegitimate son of Antenor. 
Homer. 11. 7. 

Pedacia, a woman of whom Horace, 1, 
sat. 8, v. 30, speaks as of a contemptible cha- 
racter. 

Pedani. Vid. Pedum. 

Pedanius, a prefect of Rome, killed by one 
of his slaves, for having denied him his liber- 
ty, &c. Tacit. 14, Ann. c. 42. 

Pedasa, iprum,) a town of Caria, near Ha- 
licarnassus. Liv. 35, c. 30. 

Pedasus, a son of Bucolion, the son of Lao- 
medon. His mother was one of the Naiads. 
He was killed in the Trojan war by Eu- 

ryalus. Homer. II. 6, v. 21. One of the 

four horses of Achilles. As he was not im- 
mortal, like the other three, he was killed by 

Sarpedon. Id. 16. A town near Pylos in 

ihe Peloponnesus. 

Pediadis, apart of Bactriana, through which 
the Oxus flows. Polyb. 

Pedias, the wife of Cranaus. 

Pedius Bl^sus, a Roman, accused by 
the people of Cyrene, of plundering the tem- 
ple of ii^sculapius. He was condemned un- 
der Nero, &ic. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 18. 

A nephew of Julius Caesar, who commanded 

one of his legions in Gaul, &.c. Poplicola, a 

lawyer in the age of Horace. His father was 
one of J. Caesar's heirs, and became consul 
with Augustus after Pansa's death. 



PE 

Pedo, a lawyer, patronized by Doipitianv 

Juv. 7, V. 129. Albinovanus. [Vid. Albi* 

novanus.] 

Pedianus Asconius, flourished A. D. 76. 

Pedum, a town of Latiura, about ten miles 
from Rome, conquered by Camiilus. The in- 
habitants were called Pedani. Liv. 2, c. 39, 1 
8, c. 13 and \4.—Horat. 1- ep. 4., v. 2. 

Peg*, a fountain at the foot of mount Arr 
ganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas fell* 
Propert. 1, el. 20, v. 33. 

Pegasides, a name given to the musesy 
from the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain 
which Pegasus had raised from the ground, by 
striking it with his foot. Ovid, Her. 15, v. 27. 

PiEGASis, a name given to (Enone by Ovid* 
(Her. 5.) because she was daughter of the river 
("n:") Cebrenus. 

Pegasium Stagnum, a lake near Ephesus* 
which arose from the earth when Pegasuf 
struck it with his foot. 

Pegasus, a winged horse, sprung from the 
blood of Medtisa, when Perseus had cut oft' her 
head. He received his name from his being 
born, according to Hesiod, near the sources 
(rTiryyi) of the ocean. As soon as born he left 
the earth, and flew up into heaven, or rather, 
according to Ovid, he fixed his residence on 
mount Helicon, where, by striking the earth 
with his foot, he instantly raised a fountain, 
which has been called Hippocrene. He be- 
came the favourite of the muses ; and being 
afterwards tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he 
was given to Bellerophon to conquer the Chi- 
maera. No sooner was this fiery monster de- 
stroyed, than Pegasus threw down his rider, 
because he was a mortal, or rather, according 
to the more received opinion, because he at- 
tempted to fly to heaven. This act of temeri- 
ty in Bellerophon, was punished by Jupiter, 
who sent an insect to torment Pegasus, which 
occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider. 
Pegasus continued his flight up to heaven, and 
was placed among the constellations by Jupi- 
ter. Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted 
on the horse Pegasus, when he destroyed the 
sea monster which was going to devour An- 
dromeda. Hesiod. Theog. 282. — Horat. 4, od. 
11, V. ^.—Horner. II. 6, v. 179.— Mpollod. 2, c. 
3 and 4. — Lycophr. 17. — Pans. 12, c. 3 and 4. — 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 785.— Hygin. fab. 57. 

Pelago, an eunuch, one of Nero's favour- 
ites, &.C. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 69. 

Pelagon, a man killed by a wild boar. 

Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. A son of Asopus and 

Metope. A Phocian, one of whose men 

conducted Cadmus, and showed him where, 
according to the oracle, he was to build a city. 

Pelagonia, one of the divisions of Mace- 
donia at the north. Liv. 26, c. 26, 1. 31, c. 29L 

Pef.arge, a daughter of Potneus, who re- 
established the worship of Ceres in Boeotia. 
She received divine honours after death. 
Paus. 9, c. 25. 

Pelasgi, a people of Greece, supposed to 
be one of the most ancient in the world. 
They first Inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, 
which, from them, received the name oi Pelas' 
giOf and about 1883 years oefore the Christian 
era, they passed into .iflmonia, and were af- 
terwards dispersed in several parts of Greece. 
Some of them fixed their habitation in Epirus, 
others in Crete, others in Italy, and others in 



PE 

Lesbos. From these different changes of situ- 
ation in the Pelasgians, all the Greeks are 
indiscriminately called Pelasgians, and their 
country Pelasgia, though more properly speak- 
ing, it should be confined to Thessaly, Epirus, 
and Peloponnesus, in Greece. Some of the 
Pelasgians, that had been driven from Attica 
settled in Lemnos, where some time after 
they carried some Athenian women, whom 
they had seized in an expedition on the coast 
©f Attica. They raised some children by these 
captive females, but they afterwards destroyed 
them, with their mothers, through jealousy, 
because they differed in manners as well as 
language from them. This horrid murder 
was attended by a dreadful pestilence, and 
they were ordered, to expiate their crime, to 
do whatever the Athenians commanded them. 
This was to deliver their possessions into their 
hands. The Pelasgians seem to have received 
their name from Pelasgus, the first king, and 
founder of their nation. Paus. 8j c. 1. — Strab. 
6. — Herodot. 1. — Plut. in Rom. — Virg. JEn. 
3. — Ovid. Met. — Flacc. — Senec. in Med. ^ 
Agtm. 

Pelasgia, or Pelasgiotis, a country of 
Greece, whose inhabitants are called Pelasgi, 
or PelasgiotcB. Every country of Gi'eece, and 
all Greece in general, is indiscriminately call- 
ed Pelasgia, though the name should be more 
particularly confined to a part of Thessaly, 
situate between the Peneus, the Aliacmon, 
and the Sperchius. The maritime borders of 
this part of Thessaly were afterwards called 
Magnesia, though the sea, or its shore, still re- 
tained the name of Pelasgicus Sinus, now the 
gulf of Volo. Pelasgia is also one of the an- 
cient names of Epirus, as also of Peloponne- 
sus. Vid. Pelasgi. 

Pelasgus, a son of Terra, or, according to 
others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reigned in 
Sicyon, and gave his name to the ancient inha- 
bitants of Peloponnesus. 

Pelethronii, an epithet given to the Lapi- 
thas, because they inhabited the town of Pele- 
thronium, at the foot of mount Pelion in Thes- 
saly ; or because one of their number bore the 
name of Pelethronius. It is to them that man- 
kind are indebted for the invention of the bit 
with which they tamed their horses with so 
much dexterity. Virg. G. 3, v. 115. — Ovid. 
Met. 12, V. 452.— Lucan. 6, v. 387. 

Peleus, a king of Thessaly, son of ^acus 
and Endeis, the daughter of Chiron. He mar- 
ried Thetis, one of tlie Nereids, and was the 
only one among mortals who married an im- 
mortal. He was accessary to the death of his 
brother Phocus, and on that account he was 
obliged to leave his father's dominions. He 
retired to the court of Eurytus, the son of 
Actor, who reigned at Phthia, or, according 
to the less received opinion of Ovid, he fled 
to Ceyx, king of Trachinia. He was purified 
of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual 
ceremonies, and the monarch gave him his 
daughter Antigone in marriage. Some lime 
after this, Peleus and Eurytus went to the 
chase of the Calydonian boar, where the fa- 
ther-in-law was accidentally killed by an arrow 
which his son-in-law had aimed at the beast. 
This unfortunate event obliged him to banish 
biiusell from the court of Piithia, and he re- 
tired to lolchos, where he wa^ purified of the 



PE 

murder of Eurytus, by Acastus the king of 
the country. His residence at lolchos was 
short; Astydamia, the wife of Acastus, be- 
came enamoured of him ; and when she found 
him insensible to her passionate declaration, 
she accused him of attempts upon her virtue. 
The monarch partially believed the accusa- 
tions of his wife, but not to violate the laws of 
hospitality by putting him instantly to death, 
he ordered his officers to conduct him to 
mount Pelion, on pretence of hunting, and 
there to tie him to a tree, that he might be- 
come the prey of the wild beasts of the place,. 
The orders of Acastus were faithfully obeyed ; 
but Jupiter, who knew the innocence of his 
grandson Peleus, ordered Vulcan to set him 
at liberty. As soon as he had been delivered 
from danger, Peleus assembled his friends to 
punish the ill treatment which he had receiv- 
ed from Acastus. He forcibly took lolchos, 
drove the king from his possessions, and put to 
death the wicked Astydamia. After the death 
of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, of whose 
superior charms Jupiter himself had been 
enamoured. His pretensions, however, were 
rejected, and as he was a mortal, the god- 
dess fled from him with the greatest abhor- 
rence ; and the more effectually to evade his 
inquiries, she generally assumed the shape 
of a bird, or a tree, or of a tigress. Peleus 
became more animated from her refusal ; he 
offered a sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus 
informed him that to obtain Thetis he must 
surprise her while she was asleep in her 
grotto, near the shores of Thessaly. This 
advice was immediately followed, and The- 
tis unable to escape from the grasp of Pe- 
leus, at last consented to marry him. Their 
nuptials were celebrated with the greatest 
solemnity, and all the gods attended, and 
made them each the most valuable presents. 
The goddess of discord was the only one of 
the deities who was not present, and she 
punished this seeming neglect by throwing an 
apple into the midst of the assembly of the 
gods, with the inscription of detur pulchriori. - 
[Vid. Discordia.] From the marriage of 
Peleus and Thetis was born Achilles, whose 
education was early intrusted to the Centaur 
Chiron, and afterwards to Phcenix, the son 
of Amyntor. Achilles went to the Trojan 
war, at the head of his father's troops, and 
Peleus gloried in having a son who was su- 
perior to all the Greeks in valour and intre- 
pidity. The death of Achilles was the source 
of grief to Peleus ; and Thetis, to comfort her 
husband, promised him immortality, and or- 
dered him to retire into the grottos of the isl- 
and of Leuce, where he would see and con- 
verse with the manes of his son. Peleus had 
a daughter called Potydora, by Antigone. Ho- 
mer. II. 9, V. 482. — Eurip. in Androm. — Catul. 
de Nupl. Pel. S^ Thet.—Ovid. Hero id. 5. Fast. 
2, Met. 11, fab. 7 and S.—Apollod. 3, c. 12.— 
Pans. 2, c, 29.— Z>iW. 4. Hygin. fab. 54. 

Peliades, the daughter of Pelias. Vid, 
Pelias. 

Pelias, the twin brother of Neleus, was 
son of JVeptune by Tyro, the daughter of Sal- 
moneus. His birth was concealed from the 
world by his mother, who wished her father to 
be ignorant of her incontinence. He was ex- 
posed in the woods, but bis life was preserved 



PE 



PE 



by shepherds, and he received the name ofPe- suraed, and refused to give the Peliades the 
lias, from a spot of the colour of lead in his promised assistance, and the bones ofPelias 
face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro { did not even receive a burial. The Peliades 
married Cretheus, son of aEolus, king of lol- ' were four in number, Alceste, Pisidice, Pe- 
chos, and became mother of three children, of 
whom .^son was the eldest. Meantime Pelias 
visited his mother, and was received in her fa- 
mily, and after the death of Cretheus, he un- 
justly seized the kingdom, which belonged to 
the children of Tyro, by the deceased mon- 
arch. To strengthen himself in his usurpa- 
tion, Pelias consulted the oracle, and when he 
was told to beware of one of the descendants 
of -^olus, who should come to his court with 
one foot shod, and the other bare, he private- 
ly removed the son of i5^son, after he had pub- 
licly declared that lie was dead. These pre- 
cautions proved abortive. Jason, the sou of 
TEson, who had been educated by Chiron, re- 
turned to lolchos when arrived to years of 
maturity, and as he had lost one of his shoes in 
crossing the river Anaurus, or the Evenas, Pe- 
lias immediately perceived that this was the 
person w^hom he w^as advised so much to dread. 
His unpopulEU-ity prevented him from acting 
with violence against a stranger, whose uncom- 
mon dress, and commanding aspect, had raised 
admiration in his subjects. But his astonish- 
ment was excited when he saw Jason arrive 
at his palace, with his friends and his rela- 
tions, and boldly demand the kingdom which 
he usurped. Pelias was conscious that his 
complaints were well founded, and there- 
fore, to divert his attention, he told him that 
he would voluntarily resign the crown to 
him, if he went to Colchis to avenge the 
death of Phryxus, the sou of Athamas, whom 
.ffietes had cruelly murdered. He further 



observed, that the expedition would be at- 
tended with the greatest glory, and that no- 
thing but the infirmities of old age had pre- 
vented him himself from vindicating the hon- 
our of his country, and the injuries of his 
family, by punishing the assassin. This, so 
warmly recommended, w^as as warmly ac- 
cepted by the young hero, and his intended 
expedition was made known all over Greece. 
{Vid. Jason.] During the absence of Jason, 
in the Argonautic expedition, Pelias mur- 
dered ^son and all his family ; but accord- 
ing to the more received opinion of Ovid. 
iEson was still living when the Argonauts 
returned, and he was restored to the vigour of 
youth by the magic of Medea. This sudden 
change in the vigour and the constitution of 
^son, astonished all the inhabitants of lol- 
chos, and the daughters of Pelias, who had 
received the patronymic of Pe/iarfes, expres- 
sed their desire to see their father's infirmities 
vanish, by the same powerful arts. Medea, 
who wished to avenge the injuries which 
her husband Jason had received from Pelias, 
raised the desires of the Peliades, by cutting 
an old ram to pieces, and boiling the flesh in 
a caldron, and afterwards turning it into a 
fine young lamb. After they had seen this 
successful experiment; the Peliades cut their 
father's body to pieces, after they had drawn 
all the blood from his veins, on the assurance 
that Medea would replenish them by her 
incantations. The limbs were immediately 
put into a caldron of boiling water, but 
Medea suffered t-b« flesh to be totally con- 



m 
lopea, and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus 
adds Medusa. Their mother's name was 
Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias, or Philomache, 
the daughter of Amphion. After this parri- 
cide, the Peliades fled to the court of Adme- 
tus, where Acastus, the son-in-law of Pelias, 
pursued them, and took their protector pri- 
soner. The Peliades died, and were buried in 
Arcadia. Hygiyi. fab. 12, 13, and 14. — Ovid. 
.^ftt. 7, fab. 3 and 4.—Heroid. 12, v. 129.— 
Paus. 8, c. 11. — .^pollod. 1, c. 9. — Seneca in 
Med.—.^poUod. .4ri?. l.— Pindar. Pyth. 4.— 

Diod. 4. A Trojan chief wounded by 

Ulysses during the Trojan war. He survived 
the ruin of his countiy, and followed the for- 
tune of .^neas. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 435. The 

ship Argo is called Pelias arbor, built of the 
trees of mount Pelion. The spear of Achil- 
les. Vid. Pelion. 

Pelides, a patronymic of Achilles, and of 
Pvrrhus, as being descended from Peleus. 
Virg.Mn. '2, V. 264. 

Peligni, a people of Italy, who dwelt 
near the Sabines and Marsi, and had Cor- 
finium and Sulmo for their chief towns. The 
most expert magicians were among the Pe- 
ligni, according to Horace. Liv. 8, c. 6 and 
29, 1. 9, c. 41.— Grid ex Pont. 1, el. 8, v. 42.— 
Sfrab. 5.—Horat. 3, od. 19, v. 8. 

Pelignus, a friend of the emperor Clau- 
dius, made governor of Cappadocia. Tacit, 
dnn. 12, c. 49. 

Pelin^us, a mountain of Chios. 
Pelinn-sum, or Pelinna, a town of 
Macedonia. Strab. 14, — Liv. 36, c. 10 and 14. 
Pelion and Pelios, a celebrated mountain 
of Thessaly, whose top is covered with pin« 
trees. In their wars against the gods, the gi- 
ants, as the poets mention, placed mount Ossa 
upon Pelion, to scale the heavens with mor« 
facility. The celebrated spear of Achilles, 
which nonebutthe hero could wield, had beeix 
cut down on this mountain, and was thence 
called Pelias. It was a present from his pre- 
ceptor Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs> 
had fixed his residence here. Ovid. Mel. 1, v. 
155,1. 13, V. 199.— Mela, 2, e. 3.— Strab. 9.^ 
Virg. G. 1, V. 281, 1. 3, v. 94.— 5'enec. in Here. 
^ Med. 

Pelium, a town of Macedonia. Lav. 31,. 
c. 40. 

Pell.v, a celebrated towm of Macedonia, on 
the Ludias, not far from the sinus Thermaicus, 
which became the capital of the country after 
theruin of Edessa. Philip, king of Macedo- 
nia, was educated there, and Alexander thfe 
Great was born there, whence he is often cal- 
led Pellfens Juvenis. The tomb of the poet 
Euripides was in the neighbourhood. The 
epithet Pellmus is often applied to Eg}'pt or 
Alexandria, because the Ptolemies, kings of 
the country, w^ere of Macedonian origin. Mar- 
tial. 13, ep. 85.— Lucan. 5, v. 60, 1. 8, v. 475. 
and 607, 1. 9, v. 1016 and 1073, 1. 10, v. 65.— 
Mela, 2, c. S.-^Strab. I.—Liv. 42, c. 41-. 

Peli.ane, a town of Laconia with a fountain 
whose waters have a subterraneous comrau- 
nicatiou with the waters of another fountain. 
Paus.3,c.21.^Slrab.S. 



PE 

' Pellkne, a town of Achaia, in the Pelo- 
ponnesus, at the west of Sicyon, famous for 
its wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, or 
according to others by Pellen of Argos, son of 
Phorbas, and was the country of Proteus the 
sea god. Slrah. 8.— Pans 7, c. 26.—Liv. 33, 
c. 14. 

Pelopea, or Pelopia, a daughter of Thyestes 
the brother of Atreu.s. She had a son by her 
father, who had offered her violence in a 
wood, without knowing that she was his own 
daughter. Some suppose that Thyestes pur- 
posely committed this incest, as the oracle had 
Lifcu-raed him that his wrongs should be aven- 
ged, arid his brother destroyed, by a son who 
should be born from him and Jiis daughter. 
This proved too true. Pelopea afterwards 
married her uncle Atreus, who kindly recei- 
ved in his house his wife's illegitimate child, 
called .ffigysthus, because preserved by goats, 
(:iiyj;) when exposed in the mountains, ^gys- 
thus br.came bis uncle's murderer. [Vid.Ms,ys- 
thus.j Hypn. fab. 37, kc.—JElian. V. H. 12.— 
Ovid. inib. v. 359. — Seneca. inAgam. 

PELOPviiA, a festival observed by the peo- 
ple of Elis in honour of Pelops. It was kept 
in imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to Pe- 
lops in a trench, as it Avas usual, when the 
manes and the infernal gods were the objects 
of Vvorship. 

Pelopia, a daughter of Niobe. A daugh- 
ter of Pelias. The mother of Cycnus. 

Pelopidas, a celebrated genera! of Thebes, 
son of Hippoclus. He was descended of an 
illustrious family, and was remarkable for his 
immense possessions, which he bestowed with 
great liberality to the poor and necessitous. 
Many were the objects of bis generosity; 
but "w^hen Epaminondas had refused to ac- 
cept his presents, Pelopidas disregarded all 
his wealth, and preferred before it the enjoy- 
ment of his friend's conversation and of his 
poverty. From their friendship and inter- 
course the Thebans derived the most consider- 
able advantages. No sooner had the interest 
of Spc rta prevailed at Thebes, and the friends 
of liberty and national independence been ban- 
ished from the city, than Pelopidas, who was 
in the number of the exiles, resolved to free 
his countiy from foreign slavery. His plan was 
bold and animated, and his deliberations were 
slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who had 
been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as being in 
appearance a worthless and insignificant philo- 
sopher, animated the youths of the city, and at 
last Pelopidas, with eleven of his associates, en- 
tered Thebes, and easily massacred the friends 
of the tyranny, and freed the country from for- 
eign masters. After this successful enterpi'ise, 
Pelopidas was unanimously placed at the head 
of the government, and so confident were the 
Thebans of his abilities as a general and a magis- 
trate, that they successively re-elected him 13 
times to fill the honourable oflfice of governor 
of Bceotia. Epaminondas shared with him the 
sovereign power, and it was to their valour and 
prudence that the Thebans were indebted for 
a celebrated victory at the battle ofLeuctra. 
In a warwhich Thebes carriedon against Alex- 
ander, tyrant ofPheras, Pelopidas was appoin- 
ted commander ; but his imprudence in trus- 
ting himself unarmed into the enemy's camp, 
nearly proved fatal to him. He was taken pri- 



PE 

goner,but Epaminondas restored him to liberty. 
The perfidy of Alexander irritated him, and he 
was killed bravely fighting in a celebrated bat- 
tle in which his troops obtained the victory, 
B. C. 436 years. He received an honour- 
able burial ; the Thebans showed their sense 
for his merit by their lamentations ; they 
sent a powerful army to revenge his death 
on the destruction of the tyrant of Pherae 
and his relations, and his children were pre- 
sented with immense donations by the cities 
of Thessaly. Pelopidas is admired for his 
valour, as he never engaged an enemy with- 
out obtaining the advantage. The impo- 
verished state of Thebes before his birth, 
and after his fall, plainly demonstrates the 
superiority of his genius and of his abilities, 
and it has been justly observed that with 
Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and 
the independence of the Thebans rose and 
set. Plut. S^ C. JYep in vitu.—Xenoph. Hist. 
G.—Diod. \6.~-Polyb. 

Peloponnesiacum Beleum, a celebrated 
war which continued for 27 years be- 
tween the Athenians and the inhabitants 
of Peloponnesus with their respective allies. 
It is the most famous and the most interest- 
ing of all the wars which have happened 
between the inhabitants of Greece ; and for 
the minute and circumstantial description 
vyhich wo have of the events and revolu- 
tions which mutual animosity produced, we 
are indebted more particularly to the cor- 
rect and authentic writings of Thucydides 
and of Xenophon. The circumstances which 
gave birth to this memorable war are these : 
the power of Athens under the prudent and 
vigorous administration of Pericles, was al- 
ready extended over Greece, and it had pro- 
cured itself many admirers and more enemies, 
when the Corcyreans, who had been planted 
by a Corinthian colony, refused to pay to their 
founders those marks of respect and reverence 
which among the Greeks every colony was 
obliged to pay to its mother country. The 
Corinthians wished to punish that infidelity; 
and when the people of Epidamnus, a consi- 
derable town on the Adriatic,hadbeen invaded 
by some of the barbarians of Illyricum, the 
people of Corinth gladly granted to the Epi- 
damnians that assistance which had in vain 
been solicited from the Corcyreans, their 
founders and their patrons. The Corcyreans 
were offended at the interference of Corinth 
in the affairs of their colony ; they manned 
a fleet, and obtained a victory over the Co- 
rinthian vessfls which had assisted the Epi- 
damnians. The subsequent conduct of the 
Corcyreans, and their insolence to some of 
the Elians who had furnished a few ships 
to the Corinthians, provoked the Pelopon- 
nesians, and the discontent became gene- 
ral. Ambassadors were sent by both parties 
to Athens, to claim its protection and to 
justify these violent proceedings. The great- 
est pait of the Athenians heard their va- 
rious reasons with moderation and with 
compassion, but the enterprising ambition of 
Pericles prevailed, and when the Corcyreans 
had reminded the people of Athens, that in 
all (he states of Peloponnesus they had to 
dread the most malevolent enemies, and the 
most insidious of rivals, they were listened to 



PE 

with attention, and were promised support. 
This step was no sooner taken than the Corin- 
thians appealed to the other Grecian states, and 
particularly to the Lacedasmonians. Their 
complaints were accompanied by those of the 
people of Megara and of ^gina, who bitterly 
inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, and in- 
solence of the Athenians. This had due 
weight with the Lacedaemonians, who had long 
beheld with concern and with jealousy the am- 
bitious power of the Athenians, and they de- 
termined to support the cause of the Corin- 
thians. However, before they proceeded to 
hostilities, an embassy was sent to Athens to 
represent the danger of entering into a war 
with the most powerful and flourishing of all 
the Grecian states. This alarmed the Athe- 
nians, but when Pericles had eloquently spo- 
ken of the resources and the actual strength of 
the republic, and of the weakness of the allies , 
the clamours of his enemies were silenced, and 
tlie answer which was returned to the Spar- 
tans, was taken as a declaration of war. The 
Spartans were supported by all the republics 
of the Peloponnesus, except Argos and part 
of Achaia, besides the people of Megara, Bceo- 
tia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas, Ambracia, and 
Anactoi'ium. The Plataeans, the Lesbians, Ca- 
rians, Chians, IMessenians, Acarnanians, Za- 
cynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians, and Tlira- 
cians, were the friends of the Athenians, with 
all the Cyclades, except Euboea, Samos, Melos, 
and Thera. The first blow had already been 
struck, May 7, B. C. 431, by an attempt of the 
Boeotians to surprise Plataia; and therefore 
Archidamus king of Sparta, who had in vain 
recommended moderation to the allies, enter- 
ed Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 
men, and laid waste the country by fire and 
sword. Pericles, who was at the head of the 
government, did not attempt to oppose them 
in the field ; but a fleet of a hundred and 
fifty ships set sail without delay, to ravage the 
coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara was also 
depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and 
the campaign of the first year of the war was 
concluded in celebrating, v.ith the most so- 
lemn pomp, the funerals of such as had nobly 
fallen in battle. The following year was re- 
markable for a pestilence which raged in 
Athens, and which destroyed the greatest part 
of the inhabitants. The public calamity was 
still heightened by the approach of the Pelo- 
ponneslan army on the borders of Attica, and 
by the unsuccessful expedition of the Athe- 
nians against Epidaurus, and in Thrace. The 
pestilence which had carried away so many of 
the Athenians proved also fatal to Pericles, and 
he died about two years and six months after 
the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. 
The following years did not give rise to deci- 
siv-e events ; but tiic re\^lt of Lesbos from the 
alliance of the Athenians was productive of 
fresh troubles. Mitylene, the capital of the 
island, was recovered, and the inhabitants 
treated with the greatest cruelty. The island 
of Corcyra became also the seat of new sedi- 
tions, and those citizens who had been carried 
away prisoners by the Corinthians, and for 
l>olitical reasons treated with lenity, and taught 
to despise the alliance of Athens, were no 
sooner returned home than they raised coni- 
raotion.'s, and endeavoured to persuade Iheir 



PE 

countrymen to join the Peloponnesian con- 
federates. This was strongly opposed; but 
both parties obtained by turns the superiority, 
and massacred, v/ith the greatest barbarity, all 
those who obstructed their views. Some time 
after, Demosthenes the Athenian general in- 
vaded ./Etolia, Avhere his arms were attended 
with the greatest success. He also fortified 
Pylos in the Peloponnesus, and gained so many 
advantages over the confederates, that they 
sued for peace, which the insolence of Athens 
refused. The fortune of the war soon after 
changed, and the Lacedajmonians, under the 
prudent conduct of Brasidas, made themselves 
masters of many valuable places in Thrace. 
But this victorious progress was soon stopped 
by the death of their general, and that of 
Cleon, the Athenian commander; and the 
pacific disposition of Nicias, who was now^ at 
the head of Athens, made overtures of peace 
and universal tranquillity. Plistoana^, the king 
of the Spartans, wished them to be accepted ; 
but the intrigues of the Corinthians prevented 
the discontinuation of the War, and therefore 
hostilities began anew. But while war was 
carried on with various success in different 
parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged in a 
new expedition ; they yielded to the persua- 
sive eloquence of Gorgias of Leontiura, and 
the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and sent a 
fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states 
against the tyrannical power of Syracuse, B. 
C. 416. This was \varmly opposed by Nicias ; 
but the eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and 
a powerful fleet was sent against the capital of 
Sicily. These vigorous, though impolitic mea- 
sures of the Athenians, were not viewed with 
indifference by the confederates. Syracuse, in 
her distress, implored the assistance of Co- 
rinth, and Gylippus was sent to direct her ope- 
rations, and to defend her against the power of 
her enemies. The events of battles were du- 
bious, and though the Athenian army was ani- 
mated by the prudence and intrepidity of Ni- 
cias, and the more hasty courage of Demosthe- 
nes, yet the good fortune of Syracuse prevail- 
ed ; and, after a campaign of two years of 
bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally 
ruined, and the few soldiers that survived the 
destructive siege, made prisoners of war. So 
fatal a blow threw the people of Attica into 
consternation and despair, and while they 
sought for resources at home, they severely 
felt themselves deprived of support abroad, 
their allies were alienated by the intrigues of 
the enemy, and rebellion was fomented in 
their dependent states and colonies on the Asi- 
atic coast. The threatened ruin, however, 
was timely averted, and Alcibiades, who hatl 
been treated with cruelty by his countrymen, 
and who had for some time resided in Sparta, 
and directed her military oj)eration3, now ex- 
erted himself to defeat the designs of the con- 
federates, by inducing the Persians to espouse 
the cause of his country. But a short time af- 
ter, tiic internal tranquillity of Athens was dis- 
turbed, and Alcibiades, by wishing to abolish 
the democracy, called away the attention of 
his felio'.v-citizens from the persecution of a 
war which had already cost them so much 
blood. This, however, was but momentary; 
the Athenians soon after obtained a naval vic- 
tory, and the P«lopounesiau fleet Avas def«at- 



PE 

ed by Alcibiades. The Athenians beheld 
with rapture the success of their arras: but 
when their fleet, in the absence of Alcibiades, 
had been defeated and destroyed near Andros, 
by Lysander,the Lacedaemonian admiral, they 
showed their discontent and mortification by 
eagerly listening to the accusations which 
were brought against their naval leader, to 
whom they gratefully had acknowledged them- 
selves indebted for their former victories. Al- 
cibiades was disgraced in the public assembly, 
and ten commanders were appointed to suc- 
ceed him in the management of the republic. 
This change of admirals, and the appointment 
of Callicratidas to succeed Lysander, whose 
office had expired with the revolving year, 
produced new operations. The Athenians fit- 
ted out a fleet, and the two nations decided 
their superiority near Arginusee, in a naval 
battle. Callicratidas was killed, and the Lace- 
dseraonians conquered ; but the rejoicings 
which the intelligence of this victory occasion- 
ed were soon stopped, when it was known that 
the wrecks of some of the disabled ships of the 
Athenians, and the bodies of the slain, had not 
been saved from the sea. The admirals were 
accused in the tumultuous assembly, and im- 
mediately condemned. Their successors in of- 
fice were not so prudent, but they were more 
tmfortunate in their operations. Lysander was 
again placed at the head of the Peloponnesian 
forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had succeed- 
ed to the command at the death of Callicrati- 
das. The age and the experience of this gene- 
ral seemed to promise something decisive, and 
indeed an opportunity was not long wantingfor 
the display of his military character. The su- 
periority of the Athenians over that of the 
Peli^onnesians, rendered the former insolent, 
proud, and negligent, and, when they had 
imprudently forsaken their ships to indulge 
their indolence, or pursue their amusements 
on the sea shore at ^Egospotamos, Lysander 
attacked their fleet, and his victory was com- 
plete. Of one hundred and eighty sail, only 
nine escaped, eight of which fled under the 
eoramand of Conon, to the island of Cyprus, 
and the other carried to Athens the melancholy 
news of the defeat. The Athenian prisoners 
were all massacred; and when the Peloponne- 
sian conquerors had extended their dominion 
over the states and communities of Europe and 
Asia, which formerly acknowledged the power 
of Athens, they returned home to finish the 
war by the reduction of the capital of Attica. 
The siege was carried on with vigour, and sup- 
ported with firmness, and the first Athenian 
who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, 
was instantly sacrificed to the fury and the in- 
dignation of the populace, and all the citizens 
unanimously declared, that the same moment 
would terminate their independence and their 
lives. This animated language, however, was 
not long continued; the spirit of faction was 
not yet extinguished at Athens ; and it proved, 
perhaps, more destructive to the public liberty, 
ihantheoperalionsand assaults of tliePelopon- 
nesian besiegers. Duringfour months, negocia- 
tions were carried on with the Spartans by the 
aristocratical part of the Athenians, and at last 
it was agreed that, to establish the peace, the 
fortifications of the Athenian harbours must be 
demolished; together with the long walls which 



PE 

joined them to the city ; all their ships, except 
12, were to be surrendered to the enemy j 
they were to resign every pretension to their 
ancient dominions abroad ; to recall from ban- 
ishment all the members of the late aristocra- 
cy ; to follow the Spartans in war, and, in the 
time of peace, to frame their constitution ac- 
cording to the will and the fjrescriptions of 
their Peloponnesian conquerors. The terms 
were accepted, and the enemy entered the 
harbour, and took possession of the city, that 
very day on which the Athenians had been ac- 
customed to celabrate the anniversary of the 
immortal victory which their ancestors had ob- 
tained over the Persiansabout 76 years before, 
near the island of Salamis. The walls and for- 
tifications were instantly levelled witli the 
ground, and the conquerors observed, that in 
the demolition of Athens, succeeding ages 
would fix the era of Grecian freedom. The day 
was concluded with afestival, and the recitation 
of one of the tragedies of Euripides, in which 
the misfortunes of the daughter of Agamem- 
non, who was reduced to misery, and banished 
from her father's kingdom, excited a kindred 
sympathy in the bosom of the audience, 
who melted into tears at the recollection 
that one moment had likewise reduced to; 
misery and servitude the capital of Attica, 
which was once called the common patro- 
ness of Greece, and the scourge of Per- 
sia. This memorable event happened about 
404 years before the christian era, and 30 
tyrants were appointed by Lysander over the 
government of the city. Xen. Groec. Hist. 
— Plut. in Lys. Per. Mcib. Nic. ^ Ages. — Diod. 
1 1, &,c. — Aristophan. — Thucyd. — Plalo. — Arist. 
Lycias. — Isocraies. — C. Nep. inLys.Alcib. &.c. — 
Cic.inoff. 1,24. 

Peloponnesus, a celebrated peninsula which 
comprehends the most southern parts of 
Greece. It received its name from Pelops, 
who settled there, as the name indicates 
(77>iA.5^@, n!/©', the island of Pelops), it had been 
called before Argia^ Pelasgia, and Argoligf 
and in its form, it has been observed by the 
moderns, highly to resemble the leaf of the 
plane tree. Its present name is Morea, which 
seemsto be derived cither from the Greek word 
yofjix, or the Lat in moms, which signifies a mul- 
berry tree, which is found there in great abun- 
dance. The ancient Peloponnesus was divided 
into six dift'erent provinces, Messenia,Laconia, 
Elis, Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, 
to which some add Sicyon. These provinces 
all bordered on the sea sliore, except Arca- 
dia. The Peloponnesus was conquered, some 
time after the Trojan war, by the Heraclidae 
or descendants of Hercules, who had been 
forcibly expelled from it. The inhabitants of 
this peninsula rendered themselves illustrious, 
like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius, 
their fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation 
of learning, and the profession of arms, but 
in nothing more than by a celebrated war, 
which they carried on against Athens and her 
allies for 27 years, and which from them re- 
ceived the name of the Peloponnesian war, 
[Vid. Peloponnesiacum helium.] The Pelo- 
ponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in length, 
and 140 in breadth, and about 663 miles in 
circumference. It was separated from Greece 
by the narrow isthmus oi Corinth, which, as 



PE 

being only five miles broad, Demetrius, Cse- 
sar, Nero, and some others, attempted in vain 
to cut, to make a communication between 
the bay of Corinth and the Saronicus sinus. 
Strah. 8.—Thucyd.—Diod. 12, &c. Pans. 3, c. 
21, 1. 8, c. i.—Mela, 2, c. Z.—Plin. 4, c. 6.— 
Herodot. S,c.AO. 

Pklopea MiENJA, is applied to the cities of 
Greece, but more particularly to Mycenag and 
Argos, where the descendants of Pelops reign- 
ed. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 193. 

Pelops, a celebrated prince, son of Tan- 
talus king of Fhrygia. His mother's name 
was Euryanassa, or according to others Eu- 
prytone, or Eurystemista, orDione. He wras 
murdered by hi's father, M^ho wislied to try 
the divinity of the gods who had visited 
Phrygia, by placing on their table the limbs 
of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious 
cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, 
except Ceres, whom the recent loss of her 
daughter had rendered melancholy and inat- 
tentive. She eat one of the shoulders of 
Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter had 
compassion on his fate, and restored him to 
life, he placed a shoulder of ivory instead of 
that which Ceres had devoured. This shoul- 
der had an uncommon power, and it could 
heal by its very touch, every complaint, and 
remove every disorder. Some time after, the 
kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros, 
king of Troy, on pretence that he had car- 
ried away his son Ganymedes. This rape 
had been committed by Jupiter himself; the 
war, nevertheless, was carried on, and Tan- 
talus, defeated and ruined, was obliged to 
fly with his son Pelops, and to seek a shel- 
ter in Greece. This tradition is confuted by 
some who support, that Tantalus did not fly 
into Gi'eece, as he had been some time before 
confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions 
for his impiety, and therefore Pelops was the 
only one whom the enmity of Tros perse- 
cuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where he be- 
came one of the suitors of Hippodamia, the 
daughter of king (Enomaus, and he entered 
the lists against the father, who promised his 
daughter only to him who could out-run 
him in a chariot race. Pelops was not terri- 
fied at the fate of the 13 lovers, who before 
him had entered the course against (Eno- 
maus, and had, according to the conditions 
proposed, been put to death when conquered. 
He previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer 
of (Enomaus, and therefore he easily obtained 
the victory. \^Vid. (Enomaus.] He married 
Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the 
sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of 
his perfidy. According to some authors, Pe- 
lops had received some winged horses from 
Neptune, with which he was enabled to out- 
run (Enomaus. When he had established 
himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia's 
possession, he extended his conquests over 
the neighbouring countries, and from him 
the peninsula, ot which he was one of the 
monarchs, received the name of Pelopon- 
nesus Pelops, after death, received divine 
honours, and he was as much revered above 
all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter 
was above liie rest of the gods. He had a 
temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter, 
v/here Hercules consecrated to him a small 



PE 

portion of land, and offered to him a sacri- 
fice. The place where this sacrifice had 
been ofi'ered, was religiously observed, and 
the magistrates of the country yearly, on 
coming into office, made there an offering 
of a black ram. During the sacrifice, the 
soothsayer was not allowed, as at other times, 
to have a share of the victim, but he alone 
who furnished the wood, was permitted to 
take the neck. The wood for sacrifices, 
as may be observed, was always furnished 
by some of the priests, to all such as of- 
fered victims, and they received a price 
equivalent to what they gare. The white 
poplar was generally used in the sacrifices 
made to Jupiter and to Pelops. The chil- 
dren of Pelops by Hippodamia were, Pi- 
theus, TrcEzene, Atreus, Thyestes, he. be- 
sides some by concubines. The time of his 
death is unknown, though it is universally 
agreed, that he survived for some time Hip- 
podamia. Some suppose that the Palladium 
of the Trojans was made with the bones of 
Pelops. His descendants were called Pelo- 
pida. Pindar, who in his first Olympic speaks 
of Pelops, confutes the traditions of his ivory 
shoulder, and says that Neptune took him up 
to heaven, to become the cup-bearer to the 
gods, from which he was expelled when the 
impiety of Tantalus wished to make man- 
kind partake of the nectar and the entertain- 
ments of the gods. Some suppose that Pe- 
lops first instituted the Olympic games in 
honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate tke 
victory which he had obtained over (Eno- 
maus. Paus. 6, c. 1, &;c. — Apollod. 2, c. 5. 
— Eurip. in Jphig. — Diod. 3. — Strab. 8. — 
Mela, 1, c. 18.— Pindar. Od. l.— Virg. G.S, 
v. 7.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 404, kc.-^Hygin. feb. 
9, 82 and 83. 

Pelor, one of the men who sprang from 
the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus. 
Paus. 9, c. 5. 

Peloria, a festival observed by the Thes- 
salians, in commemoration of the news which 
they received by one Pelorius, that the 
mountains of Tempe had been separated by 
an earthquake, and that the waters of the 
lake which lay there stagnated, had found a 
passage into the Alpheus, and left behind a 
vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain, &c. 
mhen. 3. 

Pelorus, (v. is-dis. v. ias-iados) now cape 
Faro, one of the three great promontories of 
Sicily, on whose top was erected a tower to 
direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near 
the coast of Italy, and received its name from 
Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carried 
away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated 
general, as it is reported, was carried by 
the tides into the straits of Charybdis, and 
as he was ignorant of the coast, he asked 
the pilot of the ship the name of the promon- 
tory, which appeared at a distance. The pi- 
lot told him, it was one of the capes of Si- 
cily, but Annibal gave no credit to his infor- 
mation, and murdered him on the spot on 
the apprehension that he would betray him 
into the hands of the Romans, He was, how- 
ever, soon convinced of his error, and found 
that the pilot had spoken with great fidelity , 
and, therefore, to pay honour to his memory, 
and to atone for his cruelty, ho gave him ^ 



PE 

magnificent funeral, and ordered that the pro 
montoiy should bear his name, and from that 
time it was called Felorum. Some suppose 
that this account is false, and they observe, 
that it bore that name before the age of An- 
nibal. Val. Max. 9, c. 8. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
Strab. b.—Virg. Mn. 3, v. 411 and 687.— 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 350, 1. 13, v. 727, 1. 15, v. 
706. 

Pelt^e, a town of Phrygia. 

Pelusium, now Tinch, a town of Egypt, 
situate at the entrance of one of the mouths of 
the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about 
20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the 
name of Pelusium from the lakes and marshes 
(57>)\©^,) which are in its neighbourliood. It 
was the key of Egypt on the side of Phcenicia, 
as it was impossible to enter the Egyptian ter- 
ritories without passing by Pelusium, and 
therefore on that account it was always well 
fortified and garrisoned, as it was of such im- 
portance for the security of the country. It 
produced lentils, and was celebrated for the 
linen stuffs made there. It is now in ruins. 
Mela, 2, c. 9.—Colum. 5, c. 10.— Si7. //. 3, v. 
25.— Liican. 8, v. 466, 1. 9, v. 83, 1. 10, v. 53.— 
Liv. 44, c 19, 1.45, c. U.— Strab. Yl.—Virg. 
G. 1, V. 228. 

Penates, certain inferior deities among the 
Romans, who presided over houses and the 
domestic affairs of families. They were call- 
ed Penates, because they were generally pla- 
ced in the innermost and most secret parts of 
the house, in penitissimd adium parte, quod, as 
Cicero says, penitus insident. The place where 
they stood was afterwards called Penetralia, 
and they themselves received the name of 
Penetrates. It was in the option of every 
master of a family to choose his Penates, and 
therefore Jupiter and some of the superior 
gods are often invoked as patrons of domestic 
affairs. According to some, the gods Penates 
were divided into four classes ; the first com- 
prehended all the celestial, the second the 
sea gods, the third the gods of hell, and the 
last all such heroes as had received divine 
honours after death. The Penates were ori- 
ginally the manes of the dead, but when su- 
perstition had taught mankind to pay uncom- 
mon reverence to the statues and images of 
their deceased friends, their attention was 
soon exchanged for regular worship, and they 
were admitted by their votaries to share im- 
mortality and power over the world, with a 
Jupiter or a Minerva. Tlie statues of the Pe- 
nates were generally made with wax, ivory, 
silver, or earth, according to the affluence of 
tiie worshipper, and the only offerings they 
received were wine, incense, fruits, and some- 
times the sacrifice of lambs, sheep, goats, k.c. 
In the early ages of Rome, human sacrifices 
were offered to them ; but Brutus, who ex- 
pelled the Tarquins, abolished this unnatural 
custom. When offerings were made to them, 
their statues were crowned with garlands, 
poppies, or garlic, and besides the monthly 
day that was set apart for their worship, Iheir 
festivals were celebrated during the Saturnalia. 
Some have confounded the Lares and the Pe- 
nates, but tliey were dilferent. Cic. de JVat. 
J). 2, c. 27. Ver. 2. — Diomjs. 1. 

I'EKDALitM, a ))romonlory of Cyprus. 

Pi.NEiA or PjNEis, an epithet ujipHed to 



PE 

Daphne, as daughter of Peneus. Ovid. Mtt. 
1, V. 452. 

Penelius, one of the Greeks killed in the 

Trojan war. Homer. 11. 2, v. 494. A son of 

Hippalmus among the Argonauts. 

Penelope, a celebrated princess of Greece, 
daughter of Icarius, and wife of Ulysses, king 
of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was cele- 
brated about the same time that Menelaus 
married Helen, and she retired with her hus- 
band to Ithaca, against the inclination of her 
father, who wished to detain her at Sparta, 
her native country. She soon after became 
mother of Telemachus, and was obliged to 
part with great reluctance from her husband, 
whom the Greeks obliged to go to the Trojan 
war. [F^irf. Palamedes.] The continuation of 
hostilities for ten years mcde her s.ad and me- 
lancholy ; but when Ulysses did not return 
like the other princes of Greece at the con- 
clusion of the war, her fears and anxieties 
wei-e increased. As she received no intelli- 
gence of his situation, she was soon beset by a 
number of importuning suitors, who Avished 
her to believe that her husband was ship- 
wrecked, and that therefore she ought not 
longer to expect his retui-n, but forget his loss, 
and fix her choice and affections on one of her 
numerous admirers. She received tiieir ad- 
dresses with coldness and disdain ; but as she 
was destitute of power, and a prisoner as it 
were in their hands, she yet flattered them 
with hopes and promises, and declared that 
she would make choice of one of them, as 
soon as she had finished a piece of tapestry on 
which she was employed. The work Avas done 
in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their ea- 
ger expectations, by undoing in the night what 
she had done in the day-time. This artifice of 
Penelope has given rise to the proverb of Pe- 
nelope'szveb, which is applied to whatever la- 
bour can never be ended. The return of 
Ulysses,after an absence of twenty years, how- 
ever, delivered her from fears and from her 
dangerous suitors. Penelope is described by 
Homer as a model of female virtue and chas- 
tity, but some more modern writers dispute 
her claims to modesty and continence, and 
they represent her as the most debauched and 
voluptuous of her sex. According to their opi- 
nions therefore, she liberally gratified the de- 
sires of her suitors, in the absence of her hus- 
band, and had a son whom she called Pan, as if 
to show that he was the offspring of all her ad- 
mirers. Some, however, sup{)Ose, that I'an 
was son of Penelope by Mercury, and that he 
was born before his mother's marriage with 
Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived Pe- 
nelope, under the form of a beautiful goat, as 
she was tending her father's flocks on one of 
,the mountains of Arcadia. After the return 
of Ulysses, Penelope had a daughter, who 
was called Ptoliporthe ; but if we believe 
the traditions that were long preserved atMan- 
tinea, Ulysses repudiated his wife for her in- 
continence during his absence, and Penelope 
fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Mantinea, 
w here she died and was buried. After the 
death of Ulysses, according to Hyginus, she 
married Telegonus, her husband's son by Circe, 
by order of the goddess Minerva. Some say 
that her original name was Arnea,or Amirace, 
and that she was called Penelope, when some 



PE 

river birds called Penelopes bad saved her 
from the waves of the sea, when her father had 
exposed her. Icarius had attempted to de- 
stroy her, because the oracles had told him 
that his daughter by Periboea would be the 
most dissolute of her sex. and a disgrace to 
his family. JlpollocL 3, c. 10. — Puns. 3, c. 12. 
Homer. II. 4'' Od. — Ovid. Heroid. 1, Met. — Aris- 
tot. Hist. anim. 8. — Hygin. fab. 127. — viristoph. 
in Avib. — Plin. 37. 

Peneus, a river of The.ssaly, rising on mount 
Pindus, and falling into the Thermean gulf, 
after a wandering course between mount Ossa 
and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. 
It received its name from Peneus, a son of 
Oceanus and Teihys. The Peueus anciently 
inundated the plains of Thessaly, till an earth- 
quake separated the mountains Ossa and 
Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of 
Tempe, where the waters formerly stagnated. 
From this circumstance, therefore, it obtained 
the name of Araxes, ab xgMTtra^ scindo . Daphne, 
the daughter of the Peneus, according to the 
fables of the mythologists, was changed into a 
laurel on the banks of this river. This tradi- 
tion arises from the quantity of laurels which 
grow near the Peneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452; 
hc.—Strab. 9.— Mela, 2, c.^.— Virg. G. 4, v.^ 

317. — Diod. 4. Also a small river of Elis in 

Peloponnesus, better known under the name 
of Araxes. Fazis. 6. c. 24. — Sirab. 8 and 11. 

Penidas, one of Alexander's friends, who 
went to examine Scythia under pretence of an 
embassy. Curt. 6, c. 6. 

PENNiNiE ALPES, a certain part of the Alps. 
Liv. 21, c. 38. 

Pentapulis, a town of India. A part of 

Africa near Cyrene. It received this name 
on account of the five cities which it contain- 
ed ; Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais or 

Barce, and Apollonia. Plin. 5, c. 5. Also 

part of Palestine, containing the five cities of 
Gaza, Grath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron. 

Pentelicus, a mountain of Attica, where 
were found quari-ies of beautiful marble. 
Slrab. 9.— Pans. 1, c. 32. 

Penthesilea, a queen of the Amazons, 
daughter of Mars, by Otrera, or Orithya. She 
came to assist Priam in the last years of the 
Trojan war, and fought against Achilles, by 
whom she was slain. The hero was so struck 
with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he strip- 
ped lier of her arms, that he even shed tears 
lor having too violently sacrificed her to his fu- 
ry. Thersites laughed at the partiality of the 
hero, for whicJi ridicule he was instantly killed. 
Lycophrou sa\'s, that Achilles slew Thersites 
because he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea 
when she was yet alive. The scholiast of Ly- 
cophron dittei-s from that opinion, and de- 
clares, that it was commonly believed, that 
Achilles olFercd violence to the body of Pen- 
thesilea when she was dead, and that Thersites 
was killed because he bad reproached the hero 
for this infamous action, in the presence of all 
the Greeks. The death of Thersites so offen- 
ded Dioniedes, that he dragged the body of 
Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw it into 
the Scamander. It is generally supposed, 
that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon 
before he fought with her, and that she had 
by him a son called Cayster. Dictys. Crtt. 
3 and ^.—Puus. 10, c. 31.— Q. Calab. 1.— 



Pl 

Virg. M.n. 1, T. 495, I. 11, v. &&2.— Dares. 
Phryg.—Lycophf. in Cass. 995, kc.~Huicin 
fab. 112. ^"^ 

PentheusjSOD ofEchion and Agave, was 
king of Thebes in Bceotia. His refusal to ac- 
knowledge the divinity of Bacchus was atten- 
ded with the most fatal consequences. lie for- 
bade his subjects to pay adoration to this new- 
god : and when the Theban women had gone 
out of the city to celebrate the orgies of Bac- 
chus, Pentheus, apprized of the debauchery 
which attended the solemnity, ordered the god 
himself, who conducted the religious multi- 
tude, to be seized. His orders were obeyed 
with reluctance, but when the doors of the pri- 
son in which Bacchus had been coniined, open- 
ed of their own accord, Pentheus became 
more irritated, and commanded his soldiers to 
destroy the whole band of the bacchanals. 
This, however, was not executed, for Bacchus 
inspired the monarch with the ardent desire of 
seeing the celebration of the orgies. Accord- 
ingly he hid himself in a wood on mount Ci- 
thcuiODjfrom vv hence he couidseeali ihe cere- 
monies unperceived. But here his curiosity- 
soon proved fatal ; be was descried oy tlie bac- 
chanals, and they all rushed upon him. His 
mother was the tirst v.ho attacked him, and 
her example a\ as instciiiiiy followed by her two 
sisters, Ino and Autonoe, and his body was 
torn to pieces. Euripides introduces Bac- 
chus among his priestesses, when Penthe- 
us was put to cieaiu; but Ovid, who relates 
the whole in the same manner, differs from 
the Greek poet only in saying, that not Bac- 
chus himself, but one of his priests, was pres- 
ent. The tree on which the bacchanals found 
Pentheus, was cut down by the Corinthians, 
by order of the oracle, and with it two statues 
ofthegodof wine were made, and placed 
in the forum. Hygin. fab. IB^.— TheocHt. 
2Q.—0vid. Met. 3, fab. 7, 8, and 9. Virg 
^n. 4, V. 4m.— Pans. 2, c. b.—Apollod. 3, 
c. 5.—Euripid. in Bacch.-^Senec. — Phcenis 
«^- Hipp. 

Penthilus, a son of Orestes by Erigone, the 
daughter of .^gysthus, who reigned conjointly 
with his brother Tisarnenus at Argos. He 
was driven some time after from his throne by 
the Heraclidai, and he retired to Achaia, and 
thence to Lesbos, where he planted a colony 
Pans. 5, c. 4.—Strab. 13.~Faterc. 1, c. 1. 

Penthvlls, a prince of Paphos, who assis- 
ted Xerxes with 12 ships. He was seized by 
the Greeks, to whom he communicated many 
important things concerning the situation of 
the Persians, kc. Htrodot. 7, c. 195. 

Peparethos, a small island of the iEgeaa 
sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about 20 miles 
in circumference. It abounded in olives, and 
its wines have always been reckoned excellent. 
They were not, however, palatable before 

they were seven 3ears old. Plin. 4, c. \2. 

Ovid. Met. 7, V. 470.— Lt'r. 28, c. 5, 1. 31, 
c. 28. ' 

Pepiinos, a town of Laconia. Pam. 3, 
c. 26. ' 

Pephredo, a sea nymph, daughter of 
Phorcys and Ceto. She was born with white 
hair, and thence surnamed Graia. She had a 
sister called Enyo. Hesiod. Th. 2'70.—J3pol- 
lod. 

Vt.^s.A, or BERiEjij a country of Judasa, 



PE 

near Egypt. PUn. 5, c. 14. A part of Ca- 

ria, opposite to Rhodes. Liv. 32, c. 33. A 

colony of the Mityleneans in .SoUa. Liv. 37, 

C.21. , ^ . 

Perasippus, an ambassador sent to Danus 
by the Lacedaemonians, &.c. Curt. 3, c. 

13. 

Percope, a city which assisted Priam du- 
ring the Trojan war. Vid. Percote, 

Percosids, a man acquainted with futurity. 
He attempted in vain to dissuade his two 
sons to go to the Trojan war, by telling them 
that they should perish there. 

Percote, a town on the Hellespont, be- 
tween Abydos and Lampsacus, near the sea- 
shore. Artaxerses gave it to Themistocles, 
to maintain his wardrobe. It is sometimes 
called Percope. Herodot. 1, c. 117. — Hom. 

Perdiccas, the fourth king of Macedonia. 
B. C. 729, was descended from Teraenus. He 
increased his dominions by conquest, and in 
the latter part of his life, he showed his son Ar- 
geus where he wished to be buried, and told 
him that as long as the bones of his descend- 
ants and successors on the throne of Macedo- 
nia were laid in the same grave, so long would 
the crown remain in their family. These 
injunctions were obsev:ved till the time of 
Alexander, who was buried out of Macedonia. 
Herodot. 7 and S.— Justin. 7, c. 2. Ano- 
ther, king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. 
He reigned during the Peloponnesian war, 
and assisted the Lacedaemonians against A- 
thens. He behaved with great courage on the 
throne, and died B. C. 413, after a long 
reign of glory and independence, daring which 
he had subdued some of his barbarian neigh- 
bours. Another, king of Macedonia, who 

■was supported on his throne by Iphicrates the 
Athenian, against the intrusions of Pausanias. 
He was killed in a war against the Iliyrians, 

B. C. 360. Justin. 7, Sic. One of thefriends 

and favourites of Alexander the Great. At the 
king's death he wished to make himself abso- 
lute ; and the ring which he had received from 
the hand of the dying Alexander, seemed in 
some measure to lavosjr his pretensions. The 
better to support his claims to the throne, he 
married Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander, 
and strengthened himself by making a league 
with Eumenes. His ambitious views were 
easily discovered by Antigonus and the rest of 
the generals of Alexander, who all wished, 
Jike Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom and 
honours of the deceased monarch. Antipater, 
Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigo- 
nus against Iflm, and after much bloodshed on 
both sides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and 
at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by his 
own officers, about 321 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Perdiccas had not the prudence 
and the address which were necessary to con- 
ciliate the esteem and gain the attachment 
of his fellow soldiers, and this impropri- 
ety of his conduct alienated the heart of his 
friends, and at last proved his destruction. 
Plut. in Alex.—Diod. 17 and 18.— Cur/. 10.— 
C. Mp. Eum.—JElian. V. H. 12. 

Pr.RDix, a young Athenian, son of the sis- 
ter of Daedalus. He invented the saw, and 
seemed to promise to become a greater artist 
than had ever been known. His uncle was 
jealous of his rising fame, and he threw him 



was mother of Auge and 



Apollod. 3. — Paus. 



PE 

down from the top of a tower, and put him to 
death. Perdix was changed into a bird which 
bears his name. Hygin fab. 39 and 274. — 
Apollod. 3, c. \b.—Ovid. Met. 8, v.220,-&c. 
Peren'na. Vid. Anna. 

PepvEnnis, a favourite of the emperor Com- 
modus. He is described by some as a virtu- 
ous and impartial magistrate, while others 
paint him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive 
tyrant, who committed the greatest barbari- 
ties to enrich himself. He was put to death 
for aspiring to the empire. Herodian. 

Pereits, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grand- 
son of Areas, He left only one daughter 
called NecBra, who 
of Cepheus and Lycurgus. 
8, c. 4. 

Perga, a town of Pamphylia. Vid. Perge. 
Liv. 38, c. 57. 

Pergamus, Pergama, (Plur.) the citadel of 
the city of Troy. The word is often used for 
Troy. It was situated in the most elevated 
part of the town, on the shores of the river 
Scamander. Xerxes mounted to the top of 
this citadel when he reviewed his troops as he 
marched to invade Greece. Herodot. 7, c. 43. 
—Virg. M.n. 1, v. 466, &,c. 

Pergamus, now Bergamo, a town of Mysia, 
on the banks of the Caycus. It was the ca- 
pital of a celebrated empire called the king- 
dom of Pergamus, which was founded by Phi- 
lajterus, an eunuch, whom Lysimachus, after 
the battle of Ipsus, had intrusted with the 
treasures which he had obtained in the war. 
Philseterus made himself master of the trea- 
sures and of Pergamus in which they were 
deposited, B. C. 283, and laid the foundations 
of an empire, over which he himself presided 
for 20 years. His successors began to reign in 
the following order : his nephew Eumenes as- 
cended the throne 263 B. C. ; Attains, 241 ; Eu- 
menes the second, 197; Attains Philadelphus, 
159; Attalus Philomator, 138, who, B. C. 133, 
left the Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as 
he had no children. The right of the Romans, 
however, was disputed by an usurper, who 
claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius 
the Roman general was obliged to conquer the 
different cities one by one, and to gain their 
submission by poisoningthe v/aters which were 
conveyed to their houses, till the whole was 
reduced into the form of a dependent province. 
The capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was 
famous for a library of 200,000 volumes, which 
had been collected by the different monarchs 
who had reigned there. This noble collection 
was afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleo- 
patra, with the permission of Antony, and it 
adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library, 
till it was most fatally destroyed by the Sara- 
cens, A. D. 642. Parchment was first invent- 
ed and made use of at Pergamus, to transcribe 
books, as Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbid- 
den the exportation of papyrus from his king- 
dom, in order to prevent Eumenes from ma- 
king a library as valuable and as choice as tliat 
of Alexandria. From this circumstance parch- 
ment has been called c/iar/«/7erg'amena. Gale- 
nusthe physician and ApoUodorus the mytho- 
logist were born there. .-Esculapius was the 
chief deity of the country. PUn. 5 and 15. — 
Isid. 6, c. n.—Strab.l3.—Liv. 29, c. 11, 1. 31, 
c. 4Q.—Pliii. 10, c. 21, 1. 13, c. 11. A son of 



PE 

>-eoptoleraus and Andromache, who, as some 
suppose, founded Pergamus in Asia. Pans. 

1, c. 11. 

Perge, a town of Pamphylia, where Diana 
had a magnificent temple, whence hersurname 
of Pergaea. Apollonius the geometrician was 
born there. Mela, 1, c. 14. — Strah. 14. 

Pergus, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where 
Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Ovid, 
o, V. 386. 

Periandev, a tyrant of Corinth, son ofCyp- 
selns. The first years of his government were 
mild and popular, but he soon learnt to be- 
come oppressive,when he h^d consulted the ty- 
rant of Sicily about the surest way of reigning. 
He received no other answer but whatever ex- 
planation he w'ished to take place on the Si- 
cilian tyrant's having, in the presence of his 
messenger, plucked in a field all the ears of 
corn which seemed to tower above the rest. 
Periander understood the meaning of this an- 
swer. He immediately surrounded himself 
with a numerous guard, and put to death the 
richest and most powerful citizens of Corinth. 
He was not only cruel to his subjects, but his 
fiamily also Avere objects of his vengeance. He 
committed incest with his mother, and put to 
death his wife Melissa, upon false accusation. 
He also banished his son Lycophron to the is- 
land of Corey ra, because the youth pitied and 
wept at the miserable end of his mother, and 
detested the barbarities of his father, Perian- 
der died about 585 years before the Christian 
era, in his 80th year, and by the meanness of 
his flatterers he was reckoned one of the seven 
wise men of Greece. Though he was tyranni- 
cal, yet he patronized the fine arts ; he was 
fond of peace, and he showed himself the 
friend and protector of genius and of learning. 
He used to say, that a man ought solemnly to 
keep his word, but not to hesitate to break it, 
if ever it clashed with his interest. He said al- 
so that not only crimes ought to be punished, 
but also every wicked and corrupted thought. 

Diog. in vita. — Arist. 5, Polit. — Paus. 2. 

A tyrant of Ambracia, whom some rank with 
the seven wise men of Greece, and not the ty- 
rant of Corinth. A man distinguished as a 

physician, but contemptible as a poet. Plut. 
' — Lucan. 

Periarchus, a naval commander of Spar- 
ta conquered by Conon. Diod. 

Perib(ea, the second wife of OEneus, king 
of Calydon , was daughter of Hipponous. She 
became mother of Tideus. Some suppose that 
CEneus debauched her, and afterwards marri- 
ed her. Hygin. fab. 69. A daughter of Al- 

cathous, sold by her fathfer on suspicion that 
she was courted by Telamon son of j5Cacus, 
kingof^gina. She was carried to Cyprus, 
where Telamon the founder of Salamis mar- 
ried her, and she became mother of Ajax. 
She also married Theseus, according to some. 
She is also called Eribcea. Pans. 1, c. 17 and 

42. — Hygin. 97. The wife of Polybus, king 

of Corinth, who educated (Edipus as her own 
child. A daughter of Eurymedon, who be- 
came mother of Nansithous by Neptune. 

The mother of Penelope, according to some 
authors. 

Peribomius, a noted debauchee, &.c. Juv. 

2, V. 16. 

Pericles, an Athenian of a nollt fami- 
f^6 



PE 

ly, son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He was 
naturally endowed with great powers, which 
he improved by attending the lectures of Da- 
mon, of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under 
these celebrated masters he became a com- 
mander, a statesman, and an orator, and gain- 
ed the atFections of the people by his uncom- 
mon address and well directed liberality. 
When he took a share in the administration of 
public affairs, he rendered himself popular by 
opposing Cimon, who was the favourite of the 
nobility, and to remove eveiy obstacle which 
stood in the way of his ambition, he lessened 
the dignity and the power of the court of the 
Areopagus, which the people had been taught 
for ages to resi)ect and to venerate. He also 
attacked Cimon, and caused him to be ban- 
ished by the ostracism. Thucydides also, who 
had succeeded Cimon on his banishment} 
shared the same fate, and Pericles remained 
for 15 years the sole minister, and as it may 
be said the absolute sovereign of a lepublic 
which always showed itself so jealous of its 
liberties, and which distrusted so much the 
honesty of her magistrates. In his ministerial 
capacity Pericles did not enrich himself, but 
the prosperit}'^ of Athens was the object of his 
administration. He made war against the La- 
cedemonians, and restored the temple of 
Delphi to the care of the Phocians, who had 
been illegally deprived ofthat honourable trust. 
He obtained a victory over the Sicyonians near 
Nemaa, and waged a successful war against the 
inhabitants of Saraos at the request of his fa- 
vourite mistress Aspacia. The Peloponnesian 
war was fomented by his ambitious views. 
[Vid. Peloponnesiacum bellum,] and when 
he had warmly represented the flourishing 
state, the opulence, and actual power of his 
country, the Athenit'ns did not hesitate a mo- 
ment to undertake a war against the most 
powerful republics of Greece, a war which 
continued for 27 years, and which was con- 
cluded by the destruction of their empire, and 
the demolition of their walls. The arms of the 
Athenians were for some time crowned with 
success ; but an unfortunate expedition raised 
clamours against Pericles, and the enraged 
populace attributed all their losses to him, and 
to make atonement for their ill success, they 
condemned him to pay 50 talents. This loss 
of popular favour by republican caprice did 
not so much attect Pericles as the recent death 
of all his children, and when the tide of un- 
popularity was passed by, he condescended to 
come into the public assembly, and to view 
with secret pride the contrition of his fellow 
citizens, who universally begged his forgive- 
ness for the violence which tliey had offered 
to his ministerial character. He was again 
restored to all his honours, and if possible in- 
vested with more power and more authority 
than before; but the dreadful pestilence which 
had diminished the number of his family, 
proved fatal to him, and about 420 yeai's be- 
fore Christ, in his 70th year, he fell a sacrifice 
to that terrible malady, which robbed Athens 
of so many of her citizens, Pericles was for 
40 years at the head of the administration, 2& 
years with others, and 15 alone, and thu flour- 
ishing state of the empire during his govern- 
ment gave occasion to the Athenians public!; 
to lament his loss, and venerate his memory. 



PE 

As he was expiring, and seemingly senseless, ] 
his friends that stood around his bed expatiated 
with warmth on the most glorious actions of his 
life, and the victories which he had won, when 
he suddenly interrupted their tears and con- 
versation, by saying, that in mentioning the ex- 
ploits that he had achieved, and which were 
common to him with all generals, they had 
forgot to mention a circumstance which reflec- 
ted far greater glory upon him as a minister, a 
general, and above all. as a man. It is, says he, 
that not a citizen in Athens has been obliged to 
put on mourning on my account. The Athe- 
nians were so pleased with his eloquence that 
they compared it to thunder and lightning, and 
as to another father of the gods, they gave him 
the surname of Olympian. The poets, his flat- 
terers, said that the goddess of persuasion, 
with all her charms and attractions, dwelt up- 
on his tongue. When he marched at the head 
of the Athenian armies, Pericles observed that 
he had the command of a free nation that were 
Greeks, and citizens of Athens. He also de- 
clared that not only the hand of a magistrate, 
but also his eyes and his tongue should be pure 
and undefiled. Yet great and venerable as this 
character may appear, we must not forget the 
follies of Pericles. His vicious partiality for 
the celebrated courtezan Aspasia, subjected 
him to the ridicule and the censure of his fel- 
low citizens ; but if he triumphed over satire 
and malevolent remarks, the Athenians had 
occasion to execrate the memory of a man 
who by his example corrupted the purity and 
innocence of their morals, and who made li- 
centiousness respectable, and the indulgence 
of every impure desire the qualification of the 
soldier as well as of the senator. Pericles lost 
all his legitimate children by the pestilence, 
and to call a natural son by his own name he 
was obliged to repeal a law which he had 
made against spurious children, and which he 
had enforced with great severity. This son 
called Pericles, became one of the ten gene- 
rals who succeeded Alcibiades in the admin- 
istration of aflairs, and like his colleagues he 
was condemned to death by the Athenians, 
after the unfortunate battle of Arginusaas. 
Faus. 1, c. 25. — Phdinvitd. — Quintil. 12, c 
9.—Ck. de Oral. S.—,mian. V. H.4,c. 10.— 
Xe.nop/i. Hist. G. — Thucyd. 

Periclymknus, one of the twelve sons of 
ISeleus, brolher to Nestor, killed by Hercu 
les. He was one of the Argonauts, and had 
received from Neptune his grandfather the 
power of changing himself into whatever 
ehape he pleased. Jipollod. — Ovid. Md. 12, 
V. 556. 

Peridia, a Thcban woman, whose son was 
killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. Virg 
JEn. 12, v. 515. 

Periegetes Dionysius, a poet. Vid. Dio- 
nysius. 

Perieres, a son of tEoIuS; or according to 
others of Cynortas. Apollod. The (chario- 
teer of Mencpceus. Id. 

Perigenes, an officer of Ptolemy, he. 

Perigo.nE; a woman who had a son called 
JVIelanippus, by Theseus. She was daughter 
of Syiiuis the famous robber, whom Theseus 
killed. She mairied Deioneus the son of Eu- 
rytus, by consent of Theseus. Pint, in Thcs. 
—Faus. 10, c. 25. 



PE 

Perilaus, an officer in the army of Alex- 
ander the Great. Curt. 10. A tyrant of 

Argos. 

Perileus, a son of Jcarius and Peribcea. 

Perilla, a daughter of Ovid the poet. 
She was extremely fond of poetry and litera- 
ture. Ovid. Fast. 3, el. 7, v. 1. 

Perillus, an ingenious artist at Athens, 
who made a brazen bull for Phaiaris, tyrant of 
Agrigentum. This machine was fabricated to 
put criminals to death by burning them alive, 
and it was such that their cries were like the 
roaring of a bull. When Perillus gave it Pha- 
iaris, the tyrant mSde the first experiment up- 
on the donor, and cruelly put him to death by 
lighting a slow fire under the belly of the bull. 
Plin. 34, c. 8. — Ovid, in art. ^m. I, v. 653, in 

ib. 439. A lawyer and usurer in the age of 

Horace. Horat. 2,^at. 3, v. 75. 

Perimede, a daughter of yEolus, who 

married Achelous. The wife of Licym- 

nius. A woman skilled in the knowledge of 

herbs and of enchantments. Theocril. 2. 

Perimela, a daughter of Hippodamus, 
thrown into the sea for receiving the addres- 
ses of the Achelous, She was changed into 
an island in the Ionian sea, and became one of 
the Echinades. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 790. 

Perinthia, a play of Menander's. Te- 
rent.And.prol. 9. 

Perinthus, a town of Thrace, on the 
Propontis, anciently surnamed Mygdonica. 
It was afterwards called Htradea-, in honour of 
Hercules, and now Erekli. Mela, 2, c. 2. — 
Pam. I, c. 29.— Plin. 4, c. U.—Liv. 33, c. 30. 

Peripatetici, a sect of philosophers at 
Athens, disciples to Aristotle. They received 
this name from the place where they were 
taught, called Ptripatoriy in the Lyceum, or 
because they received the philosopher's lec- 
tures as they walked («;«5r»Tow.-ei.) The Peri- 
patetics acknowledged the dignity of human 
nature, and placed their sumrnum honuin not 
in the pleasures of passive sensation, but in the 
due exercise of the moral and intellectual fa- 
culties. The habit of this exercise, when gui- 
ded by reason, constituted the highest excel- 
lence of man. The philosopher contended that 
our own happiness chiefly depends upon our- 
selves, and though he did not require in his 
followers that self-command to which othei"S 
pretended, yet he allowed a moderate degree 
of perturbation, as becoming human nature, 
and he considered a certain sensibility of pas- 
sion totally necessary, as by resentment we 
are enabled to repel injuries, and the smart 
which past calamities have inflicted, renders 
us careful to avoid the repetition. Cic. Acad. 
2, he. 

Peripiias, a man who attempted, with 
Pyrrhus, Priam's palace, he. Virg. JEn. 2, 

V. 476. A son of iEgyptus, who married 

Actaea. jSpollod. 2, c. 1. One of the La- 
piths. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 449. Oneoftho 

first kings of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, 
according to some authors. 

Periphates, a robber of Attica, son of 
Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus. He is also 
called Cory netes. Hygin. 38. — Diod. 5. * 

Periphemus, an ancient hero of Greece, 
to whom Solon sacrificed at Salamis, by order 
of the oracle. 

Pebisades, a people of Illyricura. 



PE 

pERistHENEs, a son of iEgyptus, who mar- 
ried Electra. Ap. 

Peritanus, an Arcadian who enjoyed the 
company of Helen after her elopement with 
Paris. The offended lover punished the crime 
by mutilation, whence mutilated persons were 
called Peritani in Arcadia. Ptol. Heph. 1, m 
init. 

Peritas, a favourite dog of Al.?xander the 
Great, in whose honour the monarch built a 
city. 

Peritonium, a town of Egypt on the west- 
ern side of the Nile, esteemed of great impor- 
tance, as being one of the keys of the coun- 
try. Antony was defeated there by C. Gallus, 
the lieutenant of Augustus. 

Permessus, a river of Bceotia, rising in 
mount Helicon, and flowing all round it. It 
received its name from Permessus the father 
of a nymph called Aganippe, who also gave 
her name to one of the fountains of Helicon. 
The river Permessus, as well as the fountain 
Aganippe, were sacred to the Muses. Slrab. 
S.—Propert. 2, el. 8. 

Pero, or Pekone, a daughter of Neleus, 
king of Pylos, by Chloris. Her beauty drew 
many admirers, but she married Bias son of 
Amythaon, because he had, by the assistance 
of his brother Melampus, IVid. Melampus,] 
and according to her father's desire, recovered 
some oxen which Hercules had stolen away, 
and she became mother of Talaus. Homer. Od. 
11, V. 284.—Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 17.— Pans. 4, 

c. 36. A daughter of Cimon, remarkable 

for her filial affection. When her father had 
been sent to prison, where his judges had con- 
demned him to starve, she supported his life 
by giving him the milk of her breasts, as to her 
own child. Val. Max. 5, c. 4. 

Peroe, a fountain of Boeotia called after Pe- 
roe, a daughter of the Asopus. Pam. 9, c. 4. 

Perola, a Roman who meditated the death 
of Hannibal in Italy. His father Pacuvius 
dissuaded him from assassinating the Cartha- 
ginian general. 

Perpenna, M. a Roman who conquered 
Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner. 

He died B. C. 130. Another who joined the 

rebellion of Sertorius, and opposed Pompey. 
He was defeated by Metellus, and some time 
after he had the meanness to assassinate Ser- 
torius, whom he had invited to his house. He 
fell into the hands of Pompey, who ordered 
him to be put to death. Plut. in Sert. — 
Paterc. 2, c. 30. A Greek who obtain- 
ed the consulship at Rome. Val. Max. 3, 
C.4. 

Perperene, a place of Phrygia, where, 
as some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize of 
beauty to Venus. Strab. 5. 

Perranthes, a hiil of Epirus, near Am- 
bracia. Liv. 38, c. 4. 

PKRRHiEJBiA, a part of Thessaly situate on 
die borders of the Peneus, extending between 
the town of Atraxandthevaleof Tempe. The 
inhabitants were driven from their possessions 
by tiieLapithaj, and retired into ^tolia, where 
part of the country received the name of Perr- 
/iMia. Propert. 2, el. 5, v. 33.— Strab. 9.— 
Liv. 33, c. 34, 1. 39, c. 34. 

Peras, or Perse IS, one of the Oceanides, 
mother of ^tes, Circe, and Pasipl)ae, by 
Apollo. JItsioif. Thcog.—^pollod. 3. 



PE 

Pers^, the inhabitants of Persia. Vid. 
Persia. 

Persjeus, a philosopher intimate with An- 
tigonus, by Avhom he was appointed over the 
Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C. 274. Diog. 
Laert. in Zenon. 

Persee, a fountain near Mycenae, in Pelo- 
ponnesus. Pans. 2, c. 16. 

Perseis, one of the Oceanides. A pa- 
tronymic of Hecate as daughter of Perses. 
Ovid. Met. 7, v. 69. 

Persephone, a daughter of Jupiter and 
Ceres, called also Proserpine. [Vid. Proser- 
pina.] The mother of Amphion by Jasus. 

Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital 
of the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by 
Alexander after the conquest of Darius. The 
reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that 
the sight of about 800 Greeks, whom the Per- 
sians had shamefully mutilated, so irritated 
Alexander, that he resolved to punish the bar- 
barity of the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of 
the neighbouring country, by permitting his 
soldiers to plunder their capital. Others sup- 
pose that Alexander set it on fire at tlie insti- 
gation of Thais, one of his courtezans, when 
he had passed the day in drinking, and in 
riot and debauchery. The ruins of Perse- 
polis, now Estakar, or Tehel-Minar^ still as- 
tonish the modern traveller by their gran- 
deur and magnificence. Curt. 5, c. 7. — Diod. 
17, Sic. — Jlrrian. — Plut. in Alex. — Justin. 11, 
c. 14. 

Perses, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. 
From him the Persians, who were originally 
called Cephenes, received their name. He- 

rodot. 7, c. 61. A king of Macedonia. Vid. 

Perseus. 

Perseus, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the 
daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had con- 
fined his daughter in a brazen tower to pre- 
vent her becoming a mother, because he was 
to perish, according to the words of an oracle^ 
by the hands of his daughter's son, Perseus 
was no sooner born IVid. Danae] than he 
was thrown into the sea with his mother 
Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were frus- 
trated ) the slender boat which carried Danae 
and her son was driven by the winds upoa 
the coasts of the island of Seriphos, one of 
the Cyclades, where they were found by a 
fisherman called Dictys, and carried to Poly- 
dectes the king of the place. They were 
treated with great humanity, and Perseus 
was intrusted to the care of the priests of 
Minerva's temple. His rising genius and 
manly courage, however, soon displeased Po- 
lydectes, and the monarch, who wished t» 
offer violence to Danae, feared the resent- 
ment of her son. Yet Polydectcs resolved 
to remove every obstacle. He invited all 
his friends to a sumptuous entertainment, 
and it was requisite that all such as came 
should present the monarch with a beauti- 
ful horse. Perseus was in the number of 
the invited, and the more particularly so, 
as Polydecte^ knew that he could not re- 
ceive from him the present which he ex- 
pected from all the rest. Nevertheless Per- 
seus, who wislied not to appear inferior to 
the others in magnificence, told the king 
that as he could not give him a horse, he 
would bring him the head of Medusa, the 



PE 

only one of the Gorgons who was subject 
to mortality. The offer was doubly agree- 
able to Polydectes, as it would remove Per- 
seus from Seriphos, and on account of its 
seeming impossibility, the attempt might per- 
haps end in his ruin. But the innocence of 
Perseus was patronized by the gods. Pluto 
lent him his helmet, which had the wonderful 
power of making its bearer invisible ; Minerva 
gave him her buckler, which was as resplen- 
dent as glass; and he received from Mercury 
wings and the telaria, with a short dagger made 
of diamonds, and called herpe. According to 
some, it was from Vulcan, and not from 
Mercury, that he received the herpe, which 
was in form like a scythe. With these 
arms Perseus began his expedition, and tra- 
versed the air, conducted by the goddess Mi- 
nerva. He w^ent to the Graiae, the sisters of 
the Gorgons, who, according to the poets, had 
wings like the Gorgons, but only one eye and 
one tooth between them all, of whicb they 
made use, each in her turn. They were three 
in number, according to iEschylus and Apol- 
lodorus y or only two, according to Ovid and 
Hesiod. With Pluto's helmet, which render- 
ed him invisible, Perseus was enabled to steal 
their eye and their tooth while they were 
asleep, and he returned them only when they 
had informed him where their sisters tlie Gor- 
gons resided. When he had received every 
necessary information, Perseus flew to the 
habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate 
beyond the western ocean, according to He- 
siod and Apollodorus ; or in Libya, according 
to Ovid and Lucan, or in the deserts of Asiatic 
Scythia, according to iEschylus. He found 
these monsters asleep, and as he knew that 
if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should be 
instantly changed into a stone, he continually 
looked on his shield, which reflected all the 
objects as clearly as the best of glasses. He 
approached them, and with a courage which 
the goddess Minerva supported, he cut off 
Medusa's head with one blow. The noise 
awoke the two immortal sisters, but Pluto's 
helmet rendered Perseus invisible, and the at- 
tempts of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa's 
death proved fruitless ; the conqueror made 
his way through the air, and from the blood 
which dropped from Medusa's head sprang all 
those innumerable serpents which have ever 
since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. 
Chrysaor also, with his golden sword, sprung 
from these drops of blood, as well as the horse 
Pegasus, which immediately flew through the 
air, and stopped on mount Helicon, where he 
became the favourite of the Muses. Mean- 
time Perseus had continued his journey across 
the deserts of Libya, but the approach of night 
obliged him to alight in the territories of At- 
las, king of Mauritania. He went to the 
monarch's palace, where he hoped to find a 
kind reception by announcing himself as the 
son of Jupiter, but in this he was disappointed. 
Atlas recollected that, according to an ancient 
oracle, his gardens w ere to be robbed of their 
fruit by one of the sons of Jupiter, and there- 
fore he not only refused Perseus the hospital- 
ity he demanded, but he even offered violence 
to his person. Perseus finding himself infe- 
rior to his powerful enemy, showed him Me- 
dusa's head, and instantly Atlas was changed 



PE 

into a large mountain which bore the same 
name in the deserts of Africa. On the mor- 
row Perseus continued his flight, and as he 
passed across the territories of Libya, he dis- 
covered, on the coasts of ^Ethiopia, the naked 
Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He 
was struck at the siglit, and oft'ered her father 
Cepheus to deliver her from instant death if 
he obtained her in marriage as a reward of 
his labours. Cepheus consented, and imme- 
diately Perseus, raising himself in the air, flew 
towards the monster, which was advancing to 
devour Andromeda, and he plunged his dag- 
ger in his right shoulder, and destroyed it. 
This happy event was attended with the great- 
est rejoicings. Perseus raised three altars to 
Mercury, Jupiter, and Pallas, and after he 
had oft'ered the sacrifice of a calf, a bullock, 
and a heifer, the nuptials were celebrated with 
the greatest festivity. The universal joy, 
however, was soon disturbed. Phineus, An- 
dromeda's uncle, entered the palace with a 
number of armed men, and attempted to car- 
ry away the bride, whom he had courted and 
admired long before the arrival of Perseus. 
The father and mother of Andromeda inter- 
fered, but in vain ; a bloody battle ensued, 
and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the 
rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself 
at last with the same arms which proved fatal 
to Atlas. He showed the Gorgon's head to 
his adversaries, and they were instantly turned 
to stone, each in the posture and attitude in 
which he then stood. The friends of Cepheus, 
and such as supported Perseus, shared not 
the fate of Phineus, as the hero had previ- 
ously warned them of the power of JMedusa's 
head, and of the services which he received 
from it. Soon after this memorable adven- 
ture Perseus retired to Seriphos, at the very 
moment that his mother Danae fled to the 
altar of Minerva to avoid the pursuit of Poly- 
dectes, who attempted to offer her violence. 
Dictys, who had saved her from the sea, and 
who as some say was the brother of Polydecte:?, 
defended her against the attempts of her ene- 
mies, and therefore Perseus, sensible of his me- 
rit and of his humanity, placed him on the 
throne of Seriphos, after he had with Medusa's 
head turned into stones the wicked Polydectes 
and the officers who were the associates of his 
guilt. He afterwards restored to Mercury his 
talaria and his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to 
Vulcan his sword, and to Minerva her shield ; 
but as he was more particularly indebted to the 
goddess of wisdom for her assistance and pro- 
tection, he placed the Gorgon's head on her 
shield, or rather, according to the more re- 
ceived opinion, on her asgis. After he had 
finished these celebrated exploits, Perseus ex- 
pressed a wish to return to his native country, 
and accordingly he embarked for the Pelopon- 
nesus, with his mother and Andromeda. When 
he reached the Peloponnesian coasts he was in- 
formed that Teutamias, king of Larissa, was 
then celebrating funeral gamesin honour of his 
father. This intelligence drew him to Larissa 
to signage himself in throwing the quoit, of 
which, accordingto some, he was the inventor. 
But here he was attended by an eviLfate, and 
had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit, 
which he had thrown in the air. This was 
no other than his grandfather Acrisius, whe 



PE 



©n the first intelligence that his grandson had 
reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his king- 
dom of Argos to the court of his friend and 
ally Tenlamia?, to prevent the fulfilling of 
the oracle, which had obliged him to treat his 
daughter with so much barbarity. Some sup- 
pose with Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone 
to Larissa to be reconciled to his grandson, 
whose fame had been spread in every city of 
Greece; and Ovid maintains that the grand- 
father was under the strongest obligations to 
his son-in-law, as through him he had received 
his kingdom, from which he had been forcibly 
driven by the sons of his brother Prcetus. 
This unfortunate murder greatly depressed the 
spirits of Perseus: by the death of Acrisius 
he was entitled to the throne of Argos, but 
he refused to reign there ; and to remove him- 
self from a place which reminded him of the 
parricide he had unfortunately committed, he 
exchanged his kingdom for that of Tirynthus, 
and the maritime coast of Argolis, where Me- 
gapenthes the son of Prcetus then reigned. 
When he had finally settled in this part of the 
Peloponnesus, he determined to lay the foun- 
dations of a new city, which he made the 
capital of his dominions, and which he called 
Mycenm, because the pommel of his sword, 
called by the Greeks myces, had fallen there. 
The time of his death is unknown, yet it is 
nniversally agreed that he received divine hon- 
ours like the rest of the ancient heroes. He 
had statues at Mycenas and in the island of 
Seriphos, and the Athenians raised him a tem- 
ple, in which they consecrated an altar in hon- 
our of Dictys, who had treated Danae and 
her infant son with so much paternal tender- 
ness. The Egyptians also paid particular hon- 
our to his memory, and asserted that he often 
appeared among them wearing shoes two cu- 
bits long, which was always interpreted as a 
sign of fertility, Perseus had by Andromeda, 
Alceus, Sthenelus, Nestor, Electryon, and 
Gorgophone, and after death, according to 
6ome mythologists, he became a constellation 
in the heavens. Herodot. 2, c. 91. — Jlpollod. 
2, c. 4, ^c.—Paus. 2, c. 16 and 18, 1. 3, c. 17, 
hc.—Apollon. Arg. 4, v. 1609.— /«a/. 9, v. 442. 
— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 16, 1. 6, fab. 1, &,c. — Lucan. 
9, V. 668.— Hygin. fab. 64.— Hesiod. Theog. 
270. ^ Scul. Here— Find. Pyth. 7, S^ Olymp. 3. 
—Ital. 9.—Propert. 2.—Athen. VS.— Homer. II. 

14. — Tzetz. in Lycoph. 17. A son of Nestor 

and Anaxibia. Apollod. 1, c. 9. A writer 

who published a treatise on the republic of 

Sparta, A philosopher, disciple to Zeno. 

Vid. Persasus. 

Perseus, or Perses, a son of Philip king 
of Macedonia. He distinguished himself like 
is father, by his enmity to the Romans, and 
when he had made sufficient preparations, he 
declared war against them. His operations, 
however, were slow and injudicious ; he want- 
ed courage and resolution, and though he at 
first obtained some advantages over the Ro- 
man armies, yet his avarice and his timidity 
proved destructive to his cause. When Pau- 
lus was appointed to the command of the Ro- 
man armies in Macedonia, Perseus showed his 
inferiority by his imprudent encampments, 
and when he had at last yielded to the advice 
of his officers, who recommended a general 
eMjagemcnt, and dra^wiuphis forces near the 



PE 

walls of Pydna, B, C. 168, he was the first 
who ruined his own cause, and by flying as 
soon as the battle was begun, he left the ene- 
my masters of the field. From Pydna, Perseus 
fled to Samothrace, but he was soon discover- 
ed in his obscure retreat, and brought into the 
presence of the Roman conqueror, where the 
meanness of his behaviour exposed him to ri- 
dicule, and not to mercy. He veas earned to 
Rome, and dragged along the streets of the ci- 
ty to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. 
His family were also exposed to the sight of 
the Roman populace, who shed tears on view- 
ing in their streets, dragged like a slave, a mon- 
arch who had once defeated their armies, and 
spread alarm all over Italy, by the greatness of 
his military preparations, and by his bold un- 
dertakings, Perseus died in prison, or ac- 
cording to some, he was put to a shameful 
death the first year of his captivity. He had 
two sons, Philip and Alexander, and one daugh- 
ter, whose name is not known. Alexander, the 
younger of these, was hired to a Roman car- 
penter, and led the greatest part of his life in 
obscurity, till his ingenuity raised him to no- 
tice. He was afterwards made secretary t© 
the senate. Liv. 40, &.c. — Justin. 33, c. 1, &.c. 
— Plut. in Paulo. — Ftor. 2, c. 12. — Propert. 4, 
el. 12, V. 39. 

Persia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, 
which in its ancient state extended from the 
Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, 
and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, 
above 2000 miles. As a province, Persia was 
but small, and according to the description of 
Ptolemy, it was bounded on the north by 
Media, west by Susiana, south by the Persian 
gulf, and east by Carmania. The empire 
of Persia, or the Persian monarchy, was first 
founded by Cyrus the Great, about 569 years 
before the christian era, and under the suc- 
ceeding monarchs it became one of the most 
considerable and powerful kingdoms of the 
earth. The kings of Persia began to reign in 
the following order: Cyrus, B, C. 669 : Cam- 
byses, 529 : and after the usurpation of Smer- 
dis for 7 months, Darius 621 : Xerxes the 
Great 485 : Artabanus 7 months, and Artax- 
erxes Longimanus 464: Xerxes II. 425: 
Sogdianus 7 months, 424: Darius II. or 
Nothus 423: Artaxerxes II. or Memnon 
404 : Artaxerxes III. or Ochus, 358 : Arses 
Arogus 337, and Darius III. or Codo- 



or 

manus, 336, who was conquered by Alex- 
ander the Great 331, The destruction of the 
Persian monarchy by the Macedonians was ea- 
sily effected, and from that time Persia became 
tributary to the Greeks, After the death of 
Alexander, when the Macedonian empire was 
divided among the officers of the deceased 
conqueror, Seleucns Nicanor made himself 
master of the Persian provinces, till the revolt 
of the Parthians introduced new revolutionsiu 
the east, Persia was partly reconquered from 
the Greeks, and remained tributary to the 
Parthians for near 600 years. After this the 
sovereignty was again placed into the hands of 
tiie Persians, by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a 
common soldier, A. D. 229, who became the 
founder of the second Persian monarchy, 
which proved .so inimical to the power of the 
Roman enjperors. In their national idjaracter, 
the Persians were warlik(^ ; tlier were earJv 



PE 

taught to ride, and to handle the bovr, and by 
the manly exercises of hunting, they were in- 
nured to bear the toils and fatigues of a milita- 
ly life. Their national valour, however, soon 
degenerated, and their want of employment 
at home soon rendered them unfit for war. 
In the reign of Xerxes, when the empire of 
Persia was in the most flourishing state, a small 
number of Greeks Were enabled repeatedly to 
repel for three successive days, an almost in- 
numerable army. This celebrated action, 
which happened at Thermop3iae, shows in a 
strong light the superiority of the Grecian sol- 
diers over the Persians, and the battles that 
before, and a short time after, were fought be- 
tween the two nations at Marathon, Salamis, 
Platsea, and Mycale, are again an incontestible 
proof that these Asiatics had more reliance upon 
their numbers and upon the splendour and rich- 
ness of their ai'ms, than upon the valour and dis- 
cipline of their troops. Their custom, too pre- 
valent among eastern nations, of introducing 
luxury into the camp, proved also in some mea- 
sure destructive to their military reputation, 
and the view which the ancients give us of the 
army of Xerxes, of his cooks, stage-dancers, 
concubines, musicians, andperfumers,isno ve- 
ry favourable sign of the sagacity of a monarch, 
who, by his nod, could command millions of 
men to flock to his standard. In their religion 
the Persians were very superstitious, they paid 
the greatest veneration to the sun, the moon, 
and the stars, and they offered sacrifices to fire, 
but the supreme deity was never represented 
by statues among them. They permitted po- 
lygamy, and it was no incest among them to 
marry a sister, or a mother. In their punish- 
ments they were extremely severe, even to 
barbarity. The monarch always appeared 
with the greatest pomp and dignity ; his person 
was attended by a guard of 15,000 men, and 
he had besides, a body of 10,000 chosen horse- 
men, called immortal. He styled himself, like 
the rest of the eastern monarchs, the king of 
kings, as expressive of his greatness and 
his power. The Persians were formerly 
called Cephenes, Jlchamenians, and AHceI, 
and they are often confounded with the Par- 
thians by the ancient poets. They received 
the-name of Persians from Perses the son of 
Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposed to 
have settled among them. Persepolis was 
tlie capital of the country. Curt. 4, c. 14, 1. 5, 
c. 3. — Plut. in Artax. Mex. ^c. — Mela, 1, he. 
— Strab. 2, 15. — Xenoph. Cyrop. — Herodot. 1, 
c. 125, hc.—Apollod. 2.— Marcel. 23. 

Pers'icum mark, or Persicus Sinus, a part 
of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and 
Arabia, now called the gulf of Balgora. 

Persis, a province of Persia bounded by 
Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the Persian 
gulf It is often taken for Persia itself. 

AuLus Persius Flaccus, a Latin poet of 
Volaterra;. He w-as of an equestrian family, 
and he made himself known by his intimacy 
with the most illustrious Romans of the age. 
The early part of his life was spent in his na- 
tive town, and at the age of sixteen he was re- 
moved to Rome, where he studied philosophy 
under Cornutus the celebrated stoic. He also 
received the instructions of Palemon the gram- 
marian, and Virginius the rhetorician. iSatu- 
rally of a mild disposition his character was 



PE 

unimpeached, his modesty remarkable, and 
his benevolence universally admired. He dis- 
tinguished himself by his satirical humour, and 
made the faults of the orators and poets of his 
age the subject of his poems. He did not even 
spare Nero, and the more effectually to expose 
the emperor to ridicule, he introduced into 
his satires some of -his verses. The torvami- 
malloneis implerunt cornua hombis, with the 
three following verses, are Nero's according to 
some. But though he was so severe upon 
the vicious and ignorant, he did not forget his 
friendship for Cornutus, and he showed his re- 
gard for his character and abilities by making 
mention of his name with g'-eat propriety in 
his satires. It was by the advice of his learn- 
ed preceptor that he corrected one of his po- 
ems in which he had compared Nero to Midas, 
and at his representation he altered the words 
Auriculas asini Mida rex habet, into Aariculnn 
asini quis non habet y Persius died in the 
30th year of his age, A. D. 62, and left ail his 
books, which consisted of seven hundred vo- 
lumes, and a large sum of money, to his precep- 
tor, but Cornutus only accepted the books, and 
returned the money to the sisters and friends of 
the deceased. The satires of Persius are six in 
number, blamed by some for obscurity of style 
and of language. But though they may appear 
almost unintelligible to some, it ought to be 
remembered that they were read with pleasure 
and with avidity by his contemporaries, and 
that the only difficulties which now appear to 
the moderns, arise from thr>ir not knowing 
the various characters which they described, 
the vices which they lashed, and the errors 
which they censured. The satires of Persius 
are generally printed with those of Juvenal, 
the best editions of which will be found to be 
Hennin. 4to. L. B. 1695, and Hawkey, 12rao. 
Dublin 1746. The best edition of Persius, se- 
parate, is that of Meric Casaubon, 12mo. 
Lond. 1647. Martial. — QuhUil. 10, c. 1. — Au- 
gust, de Magist. 9. — Lactant. A man whose 

quarrel with Rupilius is mentioned in a ridi- 
culous manner by Horat. Sat. 7. He is call- 
ed Hybrida, as being son of a Greek by a Ro- 
man woman. 

Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Roman em- 
peror after the death of Commodus. He was 
descended from an obscure family, and, like 
his father, who was either a slave or the son 
of a manumitted slave, he for some time fol- 
lowed the mean employment of drying wood 
and making charcoal. His indigence, however, 
did not prevent him from receiving a liberal 
education, and indeed he was for some time 
employed in teaching a number of pupils the 
Greek and the Roman languages in Etniria. 
He left this laborious profession for a military 
life, and by his valour and intrepidity he gra-* 
dually rose to ofl5ces of the highest trust in the 
army, and was made consul by M. Aurelius 
for his eminent services. He was afterwards 
intrusted with the government of Mceaia, and 
at last he presided over the city of Rome as 
governor. When Commodus was murdered, 
Pertinax was universally selected to succeed 
to the imperial throne, and his x-efusal, and the 
plea of old age and increasing infirmities, did 
not prevent his being saluted emperor, and 
Augustus. He acquiesced with reluctance, but 
his aiildness, his economy, and the popularity 



PE 

of hi administration, convinced the senate and 
the people of the prudence and the justice of 
their choice. He forbad his name to be inscri- 
bed on such places or estates as were part of 
the imperial domain, and exclaimed that they 
belonged not to him,but to the public. He nielt- 
ed all the silver statues which had been raised 
to his vicious predecessor, and he exposed to 
public sale all his concubines, his horses, his 
arms, and all the instruments of his pleasure 
and extravagance. With the money raised 
from these he enriched the empire, and was 
enabled to abolish all the taxes which Commo- 
dus had laid on the rivers, ports, and high- 
ways, through the empire. This patriotic ad- 
ministration gained him the affection of the 
worthiest and most discerning of his subjects, 
but the extravagant and luxurious raised their 
clamours against him, and when Pertinax at- 
tempted to introduce among the pretor^dn 
guards that discipline which was so necessary 
to preserve the peace and tranquillity of Rome, 
the flames of rebellion were kindled, and the 
minds of the soldiers totally alienated. Per- 
tinax was apprized of this mutiny, but he re- 
fused to fly at the hour of danger. He scorned 
the advice of his friends who wished him to 
•withdraw from the impending storm, and he 
unexpectedly appeared before the seditious 
pretorians, and withoutfear or concern, boldly 
asked them whether they, who were bound to 
defend the person of their prince and emperor, 
were come to betray him and to shed his blood. 
His undaunted assurance and his intrepidity 
>vould have had the desired eftect, and the sol- 
diers had already begun to retire, when one of 
the most seditious advanced and darted his ja- 
velin at the emperor's breast, exclaiming, the 
soldiers stnd you this. The rest immediately 
folio wed the example , and Pertinax, muffling up 
his head and calling upon Jupiter to avenge his 
death, remained unmoved, and was instantly 
dispatched. His head was cut off and carried 
upon the point of a spear as in triumph to the 
camp. This happened on the 28th of March 
A. D. 195. Pertinax reigned only 87 days, and 
his death was the more universally lamented 
as it proceeded from a seditious tumult, and 
robbed the Roman empire of a wise, virtuous, 
and benevolent emperor. Diu. — Htrodian. — 
Capitol. 

Pertunda, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over the consummation ofman'iage. tlei- 
statue was generally placed in the bridal cham- 
ber. Varro. apud Aug. Civ. D. 6, c. 9. 

Perusia, now Perugia, an ancient town of 
Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus. L. An- 
tonius was besieged there by Augustus, and 
obliged to surrender. Strab. 5. — Litcaii. 1, v. 
41.— Pa/erc. 2, c. 74.— Lir. 9, c 37, 1. 10, c. 30 
and 37. 

Pescennius. Vid. Niger. A man inti- 
mate with Cicero. 

Pessinus {unlis), a town of Phrygia, w here 
Atys, as some suppose, was buried. It is par- 
ticularly famous for a temple and a statue of 
the goddess Cybele, who was from thence cal- 
led Pessinuntia. Strab. 12. — Paus. 7, c. 17. 
— Lir. 29, c. 10 and Ji. 

Pet.vlia, a town of Eubcea. 

Petalus, a man killed by Perseus at the 
court of Cejiheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. H5. 

Petelia, or PiiTELLiA, a town. Vid. 
PetiUa. 



PE 

Petelinus Lacus, a lake near one of the 
gates of Rome. Liv. 6, c. 20. 

Peteon, a town of Boeotia. Stat. Theb. 7, 
V. 333.~Strab. 9. 

Peteus, a son of Orneus, and grandson of 
Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and be- 
came father of Menestheus, who went with 
the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is repre- 
sented by some of the ancients as a monster, 
half a man%nd half a beast. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 
—Paus. 10, c. 35. 

Petilia, now Strongoli, a town of Magna 
Graecia, the capital of Lucania, built or per- 
haps only repaired by Philoctetes, who, alter 
his return from the Trojan war, left his coun- 
try, Melibcea, because his subjects had revolt- 
ed. Mela, 2, c. 4.— Liv. 23, c. 20.— Virg. Mn. 
3,v.402.-~5'tra6. 6. 

Petilia lex was enacted by Petilius the 
tribune, to make an inquiry and to know how 
much money had been obtained from the con- 
quests over king Antiochus. 

Petilii, two tribunes who accused Scipio 
Africanus of extortion. He was acquitted. 

Petilius, a praetor, who persuaded the peo- 
ple of Rome to burn the books w^hich had 
been found in Numa's tomb, about 400 years 
after his death. His advice was followed. 
Plut. in Kum. A plebeian decemvir, he. 



A governor of the capitol, who stole 

away the treasures intrusted to his care. He 
was accused, but, though guilty, he was ac- 
quitted as being the friend of Augustus. Ho- 
rat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 94. 

Petosikis, a celebrated mathematician of 
Egypt. Juv. 6, V. 580. 

Petra, the capital town of Arabia Petreea. 

Strab. 16. A town of Sicily, near Hybia, 

whose inhabitants are called Petrini 4^ Petren- 

ses. A town of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. 22, 

Another of Pieria in Macedonia. Liv. 

39, c. 26.— Cic. in Verr. 1, c. 39. An ele- 
vated place near Dyrrhachium. Lucan. 6, v. 

16and lO.-Cces. Civ. 3, c. 42. Another in 

Elis. Another near Corinth. 

PETRiEA, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 

Th. A part of Arabia, which has Syria at 

the east, Egypt on the west, Palestine on the 
north, and Arabia Felix at the south. This 
part of Arabia was rocky, whence it has re- 
ceived its name. It was for the most part also 
covered with barren sands, and was intersper- 
sed with some fruitful spots. Its capital was 
called Petra, 

Petreius, a Roman soldier who killed his 
tribune during the Cimbrian wars, because he 
hesitated to attack the enemy. He was re- 
warded for his valour with a crown of grass. 

Plin. 22, c. 6. A lieutenant of C. Antonius 

who defeated the troops of Catiline. He took 
the part of Pompey against Julius Cajsar. 
When Cajsar had been victorious in every part 
of the world, Petreius, who had retired into 
Africa, attempted to destroy himself by fight- 
ing with his friend king Juba in single com- 
bat. Juba was killed lirst, and Petreius obliged 
one of his slaves to run him through. Sallust. 
Catil. — Jlpjiian. — Cas. 1. Civ. A centu- 
rion in Ccesar's army in Gaul, he. Some read 
Petronius 

Petrinum, a town of Campania. Herat. 1, 
ep. 5, V. 5. 

IV.TRocoRii, the inhabitants of the modern 
towuo'Perigord in France. Ca:s. 7, B. G. c. 76. ' 



PE 

PetroKia, the wife of Vitellius. Tacit. Hist. 
3, c. 64. 

Petuonius, a governor of Egypt appointed 
to succeed Gallus. He behaved with great 
humanity to the Jews, and made war against 

Candace queen of Ethiopia. Slrab. 17. 

A favourite of Nero, put to death by Galba. 
-i^ A governor of Britain. A tribune kill- 
ed in Parthia with Crassus. A man banish- 
ed by Nero to the Cyclades, when*Piso's con- 
spiracy was discovered. Tacit. Ann. 15. 

A governor of Britain in Nero's reign. He 

Was put to death by Galba's orders. Maxi- 

mus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Maximus. 

Arbiter, a favourite of the emperor Nero, and 
one of the ministers and associates of all his 
pleasures and his debauchery. He was natu- 
rally fond of pleasure and effeminate, and he 
passed his whole nights in revels and the days 
in sleep. He indulged himself in all the de- 
lights and gaieties of life, but though he was the 
most voluptuous of the age, yet he moderated 
his pleasures, and wished to appear curious 
and refined in luxury and extravagance. What- 
ever he did seemed to be performed with an 
air of unconcern and negligence ; he was af- 
fable in his behaviour, and his witticisms and 
satirical remarks appeared artless and natu- 
ral. He was appointed proconsul of Bithynia, 
and afterwards he was rewarded with the con- 
sulship, in both of which honourable employ- 
ments he behaved with all the dignity which 
became one of the successors of a Brutus or a 
Scipio. With his office he laid down his arti- 
ficial gravity, and gave himself up to the pur- 
suit of pleasure ; the emperor became more at- 
tached to him, and seemed fonder of his com- 
pany, but he did not long enjoy the imperial 
favours. Tigellinus, likewise one of Nero's fa- 
vourites, jealous of his fame, accused him of 
conspiring against the emperor's life. The ac- 
cusation was credited, and Petronius imme- 
diately resolved to withdraw himself from Ne- 
X'o's punishment by a voluntary death. This 
was performed in a manner altogether unpre- 
oedeiited, A. D. 6G. Petronius ordered his 
veins to be opened, but without the eagerness 
of terminating his agonies, he had them closed 
at intervals. Some time alter they were open- 
ed, and as if he wished to die in tiie same care- 
less and unconcerned manner as he had lived, 
he p-assed his time in discoursing with his 
friends upon trilles, and listened with the 
greatest avidity to love verses, amusing stories, 
or laughable epigrams. Sometimes lie manu- 
mitted his slaves orpunished them with stripes. 
In this ludicrous manner he spent his last mo- 
ments, till nature was exhausted, and before 
he expired he wrote an epistle to the emperor, 
in which he had described with a masterly hand 
his nocturnal extravagances, and the daily im- 
purities of his actions. This letter was care- 
folly scaled, and after he had conveyed it pri- 
vately to the emperor, Petronius broke his 
signet, that it might not after his death be- 
come a snare to the innocent. Petronius dis- 
tinguished himself by his writings as well as 
by his luxury and voluptuousness. He is the 
author of many elegant but obscene composi- 
tions still extant, among which is a poem on 
the civil wars of Pompey and Caesar, superior 
in some respects to the Pharsalia of Lucan. 
Th«re is also the feast of Trimnlcion, in which 



PE 

he paints with too much licentiousness the 
pleasures and the debaucheries of a corrupted 
court and of an extravagant monarch re- 
flections on die instability of human life a 

poem on the vanity of dreams another on 

the education of the Roman youth two 

treatises, &.C. The best editions of Petronius 
are those of Burman, 4to. Utr. 1709, and Rei- 
nesius, 8vo. 1731. 

Pettius, a friend of Horace, to whom the 
poet addressed his eleventh epode. 

Petus, an architect. Vid. Satyrus. 

Peuce, a small island at the mouth of the 
Danube. The inhabitants are called Peucctf 
and Peucini. Strab. 7. — Lucan. 3, v. 202. — 
Flin. 4, c. 12. 

Peucestes, a Macedonian set over Egypt 
by Alexander. He received Pefsia at the ge- 
neral division of the Macedonian empire at the 
king's death. He behaved with great cowar- 
dice after he had joined himself to Eumenes. 

C. JYep. in Eum. — Plut. — Curt. 4, c. 8. An 

island which was visited by the Argonauts at 
their return from the conquest of the golden 
fleece. 

Peucetia, a part of Magna Grajcia in Ita- 
ly, at the north of the bay of Tarentum, be- 
tween the Apennines and Lucania, called also 
Mesapia and Calabria. It received its name 
from Peucetus the son of Lycaon of Arcadia. 
Strab. 6.—Plin. 3, c. 11.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
513.— Paus. 10, c. 13. 

Peucini, a nation of Germany, called also 
Bastej-noE. Tacit, de Germ. 46. 

Peucolaus, an officer who conspired with 
Dymnus against Alexander's life. Curt. 6. 
Another, set over Sogdiana. Id. 7. 

Pexodorus, a governor of Caria, who of- 
fered to give his daughter in marriage to Ari- 
difius the illegitimate son of Philip. Plut. 

Phacium, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c. 
13, 1. 36, c. 13. 

Phacusa, a town of Egypt, on the eastern 
mouth of the Nile. 

Ph.?:a, a celebrated sow which infested the 
neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was destroy- 
ed by Theseus as he was travelling from Troe- 
zene to Athens to make himself known to his- 
father. Some supposed that the boar of Caly- 
don sprang from this sow. Phiea, according 
to some authors, was no other than a woman 
who prostituted herself to strangers, whom she 
murdered, and afterwards plundered. Plut. 
in Tlies. — Slrab. 8. 

Ph^acia, an island of the Ionian sea, neap 
the coast of Epirus, anciently called Sclieria, 
and afterwards Corcyra. The inhabitants, 
called Pkceacts, were a luxurious and dissolute 
people, for which reason a glutton was gene- 
rally stigmatized by the epithet of Phopttx. 
When Ulysses was shipwrecked on the coast 
of Phaeacia, Alcinous was then king of the 
island, whose gardens have been greatly cele- 
brated. Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 24— Oyfrf. Met. 
13, v. 119.— Strab. 6 and l.—Propert. 3, el. 
2, V. 13. 

Ph;eax, an inhabitant of the island of Phaja- 

cia. {Vid. Phaeacia.] A man who sailed 

with Theseus to Crete. An Athenian who 

opposed Alcibiades in his administration. 

PHiECASiA, one of the Sporades in the iEge- 
an. P/m. 4, c. 12. 

PH.f;DJMUS, one of Niobe's children. Ajiol- 



PH 

Zod . 3, c. 5. A Macedonian general who be- 
trayed Eumenes to Antigonus. A celebrat- 
ed courier of Greece. Stat. 6. 

PH.^Doy, an Athenian put to death by the 
30 tyrants. His daughters- to escape the op- 
pressors and preserve their chastity, threw 

themselves together into a well. A disciple 

of Socrates. He had been seized by pirates 
in his younger days, and the philosopher- who 
seemed to discorer something uncommon and 
promising in his countenance, bought bis liber- 
ty for a sum of money, and ever after esteem- 
ed him. Phaedon, after the death of Socrates, 
returned to Elis, Ids native country, where he 
founded a sect of philosophers called Elean. 
The name of Phaidon is atfixed to one of the 
dialogues of Plato. Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 11. — 

Diog. An archon at Athens, when the 

Athenians were directed by the oracle to re- 
move the bones of Theseus to Attica. Plut. in 
T/ies. 

Ph.cdra, a daughter of Minos and Pasi- 
phae- who married Theseus, by whom she 
became mother of Acamas and Demophoon. 
They had already lived for some time in con- 
jugal felicity, when V'enus, who hated all the 
descendants of Apollo, because that god had 
discovered her amours with Mars, inspired 
Phaedra with an unconquerable passion for 
Hippolytus the son of Theseus, by the ama- 
zon Hippolyte. This shameful passion Phae- 
dra long attempted to stifle, but in vain ; and 
therefore, in the absence of Theseus, she ad- 
dressed Hippolytus with all the impatience of 
a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her 
with horror and disdain ; but PhEedra, incensed 
on account of the reception she had met, re- 
solved to punish his coldness and refusal. At 
the return of Theseus she accused Hippolytus 
of attempts upon her virtue. The credulous 
father listened to the accusation, and without 
hearing the defence of Hippolytus, he banish- 
ed him from his kingdom, and implored Nep- 
tune, who had promised to grant three of his 
requests, to punish him in some exemplapy 
manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, 
his horses were suddenly terrified by a huge 
sea-monster, which Neptune had sent on the 
shore. He was dragged through [irecipices 
and over rocks, and he was trampled under 
the feet of his horses, and crushed under the 
wheels of his chariot. When the tragical 
end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, Phae- 
dra confessed her crime, and hung herself in 
despair, unable to survive one whose death 
her wickedness and guilt had occasioned. The 
death of Hippolytu?, and the infamous passion 
of Phiedra. are the subject of one of the tra- 
gedies of Euripides, and of Seneca. Phasdra 
was buried at Trffizene, where her tomb was 
still seen in the age of the geographer Pausa- 
nias. near the temple of Venus, which she had 
built to render the godde«s favourable to her 
incestuous passion. There was near her tomb 
ri myrtle, whose leaves were all full of small 
holes, and it was reported, that Phaedra had 
done this with a hairpin, when the vehemence 
of her passion had rendered her melancholy 
and almost desperate. She was rejjresentesl 
in a paintins; in Apollo's temple at Delphi, a.^ 
.suspended by a cord, and balancing herself in 
the air, while Iier sister Ariadne stood near to 
'''T, and fixed her evea upon her; a delicate 

G7 



PH 

idea, by which the genius of the artist interna 

ted her melancholy end. Plut. in T/ies. — 

\Paus. I, c. 22, 1. 2,'c. S2.—I>lod. 4.—Hygin. 

' fab. 47 and 243. — Eurip. in Senec. 4' in Hipt 

pol. — Virg.JEn. 6, v. 445. — Ovid Heroid. 4. 

Ph^dria, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c, 
35 

Ph^drus, one of the desciples of Socrates, 
Cic. de JVat. D. 1. An Epicurean philoso- 
pher. A Thracian who became one of the 

freedmen of the emperor Augustus. He 
translated into Iambic verses, the fables of 
.(Esop, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. 
They are divided into five books, valuable for 
their precision, purity, elegance, and simplici- 
ty. They remained long buried in oblivion, 
till they were discovered in the library of St. 
Remi at Rheims. and published by Peter Pi- 
thou, a Frenchman, at the end of the 16tfa 
century. Phaedrus was for some time perse- 
cuted by Sejanus, because this corrupt minis- 
ter believed that he was satirised and abused 
in the encomiums which the poet every where 
pays to virtue- The best editions of Phaedrus 
are those of Burman, 4to. Leyd. 1727 ; Hoog- 
straten. 4to. Amst. 1701, and Barbou, 12mo. 
Paris, 1754. 

Ph-edyma, a daughter of Otanes, who first 
discovered that Smerdis, who had ascended 
the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, 
was an impostor. Hcrodot. 3, c. 69. 

PH.a:Mos6E, a priestess of Apollo. 

Ph^snarete,. the mother of the philoso- 
pher Socrates. She was a midwife by profes- 
sion. 

PHj£NiAS,a peripatetic philosopher, disciple 
of Aristotle. He wrote an history of tyrants. 
Diog. Laert. 

PhjExna, one of the two Graces worship- 
ped at Sparta, together with her sister Clita. 
Lacedcemon first paid them particular honour. 
Paus. 9. C.35. 

Ph5;n>'is, a famous prophetess ia the age 
of Antiochus. Paus. 10, c. 15. 

PjSsaka, a town of Arcadia. 

Ph-sstum, a town of Crete. Horn. Od. 3, 

V. 296. Another of Macedonia. Lit. 36. 

c. 13. 

Phaetox, a son of the sun, or Phoebus, 
and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was 
son of Cephalus and Aurora- according to He- 
siod and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Auro- 
ra, according to Apollodorus. He is, however, 
more generally acknowledged to be the son of 
Phoebus and Clymene. Phaeton was natui-al- 
ly of a lively disposition, and a handsome 
figure. Venus became enamoured of him, and 
intrusted him with the care of one of hertem- 
(>les. This distinguishing favour of the god- 
dess rendered him vain and aspiring; and 
when Epaphus, the son of lo, had toid him, to 
check hi.s pride, that he was not the son of 
Phoebus, Phaeton resolved to know his true 
origin, and at the instigation of his mother, 
he visited the palace of the sun. He begged 
Phoebus, that if he really were his father, he 
would give him inconlestible proofs of his pa- 
ternal temlerness, and convince the world ot 
his legitimacy. Phccbus swore by the Styx, 
ihat he would gr.'.'|' him whatever he required^ 
and no sooner was the oath uttered, than Phae- 
ton demanded of him to drive his chariot foi 
oiie day. Phceluis represented the impropri- 
efv of c.Mch a rcuv!-*. and tho d^n;:«r^ trt 



PH 



which it would expose him ; but in vain ; and, 
as the oath was inviolable, and Phaeton un- 
moved, the father instructed his son how he 
was to proceed in his way through the re- 
■^ions of the air. His explicit directions were 
forgotten, or little attended to ; and no soon- 
er had Phaeton received the reins from his 
father than he betrayed his ignorance and in- 
capacity to guide the chariot. The flying 
horses became sensible of the confusion of 
their driver, and immediately departed from 
their usual track. Phaeton repented too late 
of his rashness, and already heaven and earth 
were threatened with an universal conflagra- 
tion, when Jupiter, who had perceived the dis- 
order of the horses of the sun, struck the rider 
with one of his thunderbolts, and hurled him 
headlong from heaven into the river Po. His 
body, consumed with fire, was found by the 
nymphs of the place, and honoured with a de- 
cent burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy 
end, and were changed into poplars by Jupi- 
ter. [Fid. Phaeton tiades.] According to the 
poets, while Phaeton was unskilfully driving 
the chariot of his father, the blood of the ^Ethi- 
opians was dried up, and their skin became 
black, a colour which is still preserved among 
the greatest part of the inhabitants of the tor- 
rid zone. The territories of Libya were also 
parched up, according to the same tradition, 
on account of their too great vicinity to the sun; 
and ever since, Africa, unable to recover her 
original verdure and fruitfulness, has exhibited 
a sandy country, and uncultivated waste. Ac- 
cordingto those who explain this poetical fable. 
Phaeton was a Ligurian prince, who studied 
astronomy, and in whose age the neighbour- 
hood of the Po was visited with uncommon 
heats. The horses of the sun are called Phaeton- 
iis equi, either because they were guided by 
Phaeton, or from the Greek word ('?«7c<.>',) 
which expresses the splendour and lustre of 
that luminary. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 105.— Hesiod. 
Theog y85.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 17, 1. 2, fab. 1, 
hc.—Jipollon. 4, Arg.— Hornt. 4, od. 11.— 
Senec. in Medea — Jijpollod.—Hygin. fab. 156. 

Phaetontiades, or Puaetontides, the 
sisters of Phaeton, who were changed into 
poplars by Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. Vid. 
Heliades. 

Phaetusa, one of the Heliades changed in- 
to poplars, after the death of their brother 
Phaeton. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. 

PHiEus, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Phagesia, a festival among the Greeks, 
observed during the celebration of the Piony- 
sia. It received its name from the go^d eat- 
ing and living that then universally prevailed, 

Phalacrine, a village oi the Sa(bines, 
where Vespasian was born. Suet. P^eap. 2. 

Phal-«, wooden towers at Rome, erected 
in the circus. Juv. 6, v. 589. 

Phal.ecus, a general of Phocis against the 
Boeotians, killed at the battle of Clierona?a. 
Diod. 16. 

PiiAL^isiA, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 
36. 

Phalanna, a town of Perrhaebia. Liv. 42, 
c. 64. V 

Phalantiius, a Lacedsemonian, who 
founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the 
Partheiiise. His father's name was Aracas. 



PH 

As he went to Italy he was shipwrecked ou 
the coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin, 
and from that reason there was a dolphin 
placed near his statue in the temple of Apollo 
at Delphi. [ Vid. Parthenise.] He received di- 
vine honours after death. Justin. 3, c. 4. — 
Pans. 10, c. lO.—Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 11.— Si7. 

Ital. 11, V. 16. A town and mountain of 

the same name in Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 35, 
Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 



madeu.se of the most excruciating torments to 
punish his subjects on the smallest suspicion. 
Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he 
had presented it to Phalaris, the tyrant order- 
ed the inventor to be seized, and the first ex- 
periment to be made on his body. These cru- 
elties did not long remain unrevenged ; the 
people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth 
year of his reign, and put him to death in the 
same manner as he had tortured Perillus and 
many of his subjects after him, B C. 552. The 
brazen bull of Phalaris was cai-ried by Amilcar 
to Carthage : when that city was taken by Sci- 
pio, it was delivered again to the inhabitants of 
Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now- 
some letters extant, written by a certain Abaris 
to Phalaris, with their respective answers, but 
they are supposed by some to be spurious. 
The best edition is that of the learned Boyle, 
Oxon, 1718. Cic. in Verr. 4, ad Attic. 7, ep, 12, 
de affic. 2.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 1, v, 663.— Juv. 

8, V. 81.— P/m. 34, c. 8.— Diod. A Trojan, 

killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 762. 

Phalarium, a citadel of Syracuse, where 
Phalaris' bull was placed. 

Phalarus, a river of Bceotia, falling into the 
Cephisus. Paus. 9, c. 34. 

Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly. Polycen. 
4, 

Phaleas, a philosopher and legislator, &ic, 
Arist. 

Phalereus Demetrius, Vid. Demetri- 
us. 

Phaleria, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, 
c. 15. 

Phaleris, a Corinthian who led a colony to 
Epidainnus from Corcyra, 

Phaleron, or Phalerusi, or Phalera, 
(orum,) or Phalereus porlvs, an ancient har- 
bour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city, 
which, from its situation and smallness, was 
not very fit for the reception of many ships. 

A place of Thessaly. 

Phalerus, a son of Alcon, one of the Ar- 
gonauts. Orpheus. 

Fhalias, a son of Hercules and Heliconis, 
daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 

Phallic a, festivals observed by the Egyp- 
tians in honour of Osiris. They receive their 
name from <ra^A.'? dmulackrum ligneum mem- 
bri ririlis. The institution originated in this: 
after the murder of Osiris, Isis was unable to 
recover among the other limbs the privities of 
her husband ; and therefore, as she paid parti- 
cular honour to every part of his body, she 
distinguished that which was lost with more 
honour, and paid it more attention. Its repre- 
sentation, cdWeA phallus, was made wUh wood, 
and carried during the sacred festivals which 
were instituted in honour of Osiris. The peo- 
ple held it in the greatest veneration ; it was 
looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, and 
the mention of it among the ancients never 



PH 



PH 



conveyed any impure thought or lascivious! Phar^, or Pher^, a town of Crete. 

reflection. The festivals of the ;)Aff/Zw* were I Another in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 30. Vid 
imitated by the Greeks, and introduced intolPherae. 



Europe by the Afhenians, who made the pro 
cession of the phallus part of the celebration 
of the Dionysia of the god of wine. Tliose 
that carried the phallus, at the end of a long 
pole, were called phallophori. They generally 
appeared, among the Greeks, besmeared with 
the dregs of wine, covered with skins of 
lambs, and wearing on their heads a crown of 
ivy. Lucian. de Ded Syr. — Plut. de Isid. i^ 
Os'ir. — Paus. 1, c. 2. 

Phalysius, a citizen of Naupactum, who re- 
covered his sight by reading a letter sent him 
by .^sculapius. Paus. 10, cap. ult. 

Phan'jEus, a promontory of the island of 
Chios, famous for its wines. It was called after 
a king of the same name, who reigned there. 
Liv. 36, c. 43.— Virg. G. 2, v. 98. 
Phanar.'ea, a town of Cappadocia. Slrab. 
Phanas, a famous Messenian, kc. who died 
B. C. 682. 

Phanes, a man of Helicarnassus, who fled 
from Amasis king of Egypt, to the court of 
Cambyses, king of Persia, whom he advised, 
when he invaded Egypt, to pass through Ara- 
bia. Herodot. 3, c. 4. 

Phaneta, a town of Epirus. Liv. 32, c. 23. 
Phanocles, an elegiac poet of Greece, who 
wrote a poem on that unnatural sin of which 
Socrates is accused by some. He support- 
ed that Orpheus had been the first who dis- 
graced himself by that filthy indulgence. 
Some of his fragments are remaining. Clem. 
.Ilex. Str. 6. 

Phakodemus, an historian who wrote on 
the antiquities of Attica. 

Phantasia, a daughter of Nicarchus of 
Memphis, in Egypt. Some have supposed 
that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, 
and another on the return of Ulysses to Itha- 
ca, from which compositions Homer copied 
the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, 
when he visited Memphis, where they were 
deposited. 

Phanus, a son of Bacchus, who was amon<^ 
the Argonauts. Apollod. 

Phaon, a boatman of Mitylene, in Lesbos. 
He received a small box of ointment from Ve- 
nus, who had presented herself to him in the 
form of an old woman, to be carried over into 
Asia; and as soon as he had rubbed himself 
with what the box contained, he became one 
of the most beautiful men of his age. Many 
were captivated with the charms of Phaon, 
and, among others, Sappho, the celebrated 
poetess. Phaon gave himself up to the plea- 
sures of Sappho's company, but, however, he 
soon conceived a disdain for her, and Sappho, 
mortified at his coldness, threw herself into 
the sea. Some say that Phaon was beloved 
by the goddess of beauty, who concealed him 
for some time among lettuces, ^lian says, 
that Phaon was killed by a man whose bed he 
was defiling. JElian. V. H. I2.~0vid. Heroid. 
21.— Palo'phat. de in. c. 4.9.— Athen.— Lucian. 
in Sim. ^ Polistr. 

Phara, a town of Africa, burnt by Scinio's 
foldiers. 

Pharacides, a general of the Lacede- 
monian fleet, who assisted Dionysius, the tv 



rant of Sicily, against the Carthaginians 
njien. 2. 



Pharasmanes, a king of Iberia, in the reign 
of Antoninus, &c. Tacil. Ann. 6, c. 33. 

Pharax, a Lacedcemonian officer, who at- 
tempted to make himself absolute in Sicily. 

A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyanip- 

pus, married a beautiful woman, called Leu- 
cone, who was torn to pieces by his do£s. 
Parth. ' ' s 

Pharis, a town of Laconia, whose inhabit- 
ants are called Pharitce. Paus. 3, c. 30. A 

son of Mercury and Philodaraea, who buiU" 
Pharae in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30. 

Pharmecusa, an island of the ^gean sea, 
where Julius Caesar was seized by some pirates. 

Suet. Cms. 4. Another, where was shown 

Circe's tomb. Strab. 

Pharnabazus, a satrap of Persia, son of a 
person of the same name, B. C. 409. He as- 
sisted the Lacedgemonians against the Athe 
nians, and gained their esteem by his friendly 
behaviour and support. His conduct, how- 
ever, towards Alcibiades, was of the most per- 
fidious nature, and he did not scruple to be- 
tray to his mortal enemies the man he had 
long honoured with his friendship. C. Mp. in 
Ale— Plut. An officer under Eumenes. 

— A king of Iberia. 

Pharnace, a town of Pontus. Plin. 6, c. 4. 
— ;-The mother of Cinyras, king of Pontus. 
Suidas. 

Pharnaces, a son of Mithridates, king of 
Pontus, who favoured the Romans against his 
father. He revolted against Mithridates, and 
even caused him to be put to death, according 
to some accounts. In the civil wars of Julius 
Cffisar and Pompey, he interested himself for 
neither of the contending parties, upon which 
Caesar turned his army against him, and con- 
quered him. It was to express the celerity of 
his operations in conquering Pharnaces, that 
the victorious Roman made use of these words, 
Veni, vidi, vici. Flor. 3.— Suet, in Cas. 37.— 

Patera. 2, c 55. A king of Pontus who 

made war with Eumenes, B. C. 181. Akin» 

of Cappadocia. A librarian of Atticus. Cic, 

adAtt. 

PharnapItes, a general of Orodes, king 
of Parthia, killed in a battle by the Ro- 
mans. 

Pharnaspes, the father of Cassandra, the 
mother of Cambyses. 

Pharnus, a king of Media, conquered by 
Ninus, king of Assyria. 

Pharos, a small island in the bay of Alex- 
andria, about seven furlongs distant from the 
continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore 
with a causeway, by Dexiphanes. B. C. 284, 
and upon it was built a celebrated tower, in 
the reign of Ptolemy Soter, and Philadelphus, 
by Sostratus, the son of Dexiphenes. This 
tower, which was called the tower of Pharos, 
and which passed for one of the seven wonders 
of the world, was built with white marble, and 
could be seen at the distance of 100 miles. On 
the top, fires were constantly ke[)t, to direct 
sailors in the bay, which was dangerous and 
difficult of access. The building of this tower 
cost the Egyptian monarch 80()\ulents, which 
are equivalent to above 165,000/. English, if 



Po- J Attic; or if Alexandrian, double that mm 



PH 

iOiere was this inscrintion upon it, King Pto- \ 
lemy to the Gods the saviours, for the benefil 
of sailors; ))ut Sostratus, the architect, wish- 
ing to claim all the glory, engraved his own 
name upon the stones, and afterwards filled 
the hollow with tnortar, and wrote the above- 
mentioned inscription. When the mortar had 
decayed by time, Ptolemy's name disappear- 
ed, and the following inscription then became 
visible ; Sostratus the Cnidia^., son of Dexipha- 
nes, lo the Gods the saviours, for the benefil 
of sailors. The word Pharias, is often used 
iis Ecyjttian. Lucan. 2, v. 636, 1. 3, v. 260, 1. 
6 V. 308, 1, 9, V. 1005, he— Ovid. A. A. 3. v. 
635. -P/m. 4. c. 31 and 85, 1. 36, c. IS.—Slrah. 
IK.- -Mela, 2, c. l.—Plin. 13, c. U.— Homer. 

ofi d^Flac. 2.— Stat. 3, Sylv. 2., v. 102. A 

•watch-tower near Capreae. An island on 

the coast of lllyricum, now called Lesina. Me- 

Id^ 2, c. 7 The emperor Claudius ordered 

a tower to be built at the entrance of the port 
of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and it like- 
wise bore the name of Pharos, an appellation 
afterwards given to every other edifice which 
was raised to direct the course of sailors^ ei- 
ther with lights, or by signals. Juv. 11, v. 76 — 
Suet. 

Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thes- 
saly, in whose neighbourhood is a large plain, 
called Pharsalia, famous for a battle which 
was fought there between Julius Caesar and 
Pompey, in which the former obtained the 
victory. In that battle, which was fought on 
the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Caesar lost about 
200 men, or, according to others, 1200. 
Pompey 's loss was 15,000, or 25,000, according 
to others ; and 24,000 of his army were made 
prisoners of war by the conqueror. Lucan. 
J, he. — Plut.inPovip. 4-' Cces.—Appian. Civ. 
CcEsar. Civ. — Sutton, in Cces. — Dio. Cass 



That poem of Lucan, in which he gives an 
account of the civil wars of Caesar and Pom- 
pey, bears the name of Pharsalia. Vid. Lu- 
canus. 

Phakte, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 

Phakl's, a Rutuliau, killed by ^neas. Virg. 
JEn. 10, V. 322. 

PHAKUsii,or Phaurush, a people of Afri- 
ca, beyond Mauritania. Mela, 1, c. 4. 

Phakybus, a river of Macedonia, falling 
into the .'Egean sea. It is called by some 
Baphyrus. 

PuARvcADON, a town of Macedonia, on the 
Peneus. Strub. 9. 

PHARvcE,a town of Locris. 

PhaskliS; a town of Pamphylia, at the foot 
of mount Taurus, which was long the resi- 
dence of j)irates. Strab. l^.— Lucan. 8, c. 251. 
. — Cic. agra. 2, c. 19. 

PH-A.SIANA, a country of Asia, near the river 
Phasis. The inhabitants, called Phasiani, are 
of Egyptian origin. 

Phasias, a patronymic given to Medea, as 
being born near the Phasis. Ovid. Met. 1. 

Ph.\sis, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe. 

A river of Colchis, rising in the mountains of 
Armenia, now called Faoz, and falling into 
the east of the Euxine. It is famous for the 
expedition of the Argonauts, who entered it 
after a long and perilous voyage, from which 
reason all dangerous voy.iges have been pro- 
verbially intimated by the words of sailing to 
ilm Phr';if!. There were on the banks of the 



PH 

Phasis a great number of large birds, of which, 
according to some of the ancients, the Argo- 
nauts brought some to Greece, and which 
were called, on that account, pheasants. The 
Phasis was reckoned by the ancients one of 
the largest rivers of Asia. Plin. 10, c. 48. — 
.W«r/Jo/. 13, ep. 62.— S/m6. 11.— Mela, l,c. 19. 
—Apollod. 1, hc.—Paus. 4, c. 44.— Orpheus. 
Phassus, a son of Lycaon. Apollod. 
Phauda, a town of Pontus. 
Phavorinus, a writer, the best edition of 
whose Greek Lexicon is that in fol Venet. 
1712. 

Phayllus, a tyrant of Ambracia. The 

brother to Onomarchus of Phocis, he. {Vid. 
Phocis.] Pans. 10, c. 2. 

Phea, or Pheia, a town of Elis. Homer. 
11. 7. - . 

Phecadum, an inland town of Macedonia. 
Liv. 31, c. 41. 

Phegeus, or Phlegeus, a companion of 
iEneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, 
V. 765. Another, likewise killed by Tur- 
nus. Id. 12, V. 371, he. A priest of 

Bacchus, the father of Alphesiboea, who pu- 
rified Alcmffion of his mother's murder, and 
gave him his daughter in marriage. He was 
afterwards put to death by the children of 
Alcmaeon by Callirhoe, because he had or- 
dered Alcma3on to be killed when he had at- 
tempted to recover a collar which he had giv- 
en to his daughter. [Ffrf. Alcmaeon.] Ovid. 
Met. 9, V. 412 

Phellia, a river of Laconia. Paus.3, c. 20. 
Phelloe, a town of Achaia, near iEgira, 
where Bacchus and Diana each had a temple. 
Paus. 7, c. 26. 

Phellus, a place of Attica. A town of 

Elis, near Olympia. Strab. 

Phemius, a man introduced by Homer as a 
musician among Penelope's suitors. Some say 
that he taught Homer, for which the grateful 

poet immortalized his name. Homer. Od. 

A man, who, according to some, wrote an ac- 
count of the return of the Greeks from the 
Trojan war. The word is applied by Ovid, 
Am. 3, V. 7, indiscriminately to any person 
who excels in music. 

Phemonoe, a priestess of Apollo, who is 
supposed to have invented heroic verses. 
Paus. 10, c. 6. 

Pheneum, a town of Arcadia, whose inha- 
bitants, called Pheneatm, worship Mercury. 
Cic. de JVat. D. 3. 

Pheneus, a town, with a lake of the 
same name, in Arcadia, whose waters are 
unwholesome in the night, and wholesome 
in the day time. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 22. 
— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 165. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 

332. A son of Mel as, killed by Tydeas. 

Apollod. 

Pher^, a town of Thessaly, where the ty- 
rant Alexander reigned, whence he was called 
Pherceus. Strab. 2.— Cic. 2, de offic. Ovid, in 
lb. 321.— Fa/. Max. 9, c. 13. A town of At- 
tica. Another of Laconia, in Peloponne- 
sus. Liv. 35, c. 30. 

Pherjeus, a surname of Jason, as being a 
native of Pherae. 

Pheraules, a Persian, whom Cyrus raised 
from poverty to afl^uence. He afterwards gave 
up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity and 
retirement. Xenoph. Cyr. 



PH 

Phereclus, one of the Greeks during the 

Trojan war. Ovid. Her. 15. A pilot of the 

ship of Theseus when he went to Crete. 
Plut. in Thes. 

Phereckates, a comic poet of Athens, 
in the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He is 
supposed to have written 21 comedies, of 
which only a few verses remain. He intro- 
duced living characters on the stage, but ne- 
ver abused the liberty which he had taken, 
either by satire or defamation. He invented 
a sort of verse, which from him has beetj 
called Pherecration. It consisted of the three 
last feet of an hexameter verse, of which the 
first was always a spondee, as for instance, 
the third verse of Horace's 1, od. 5. Graio 

Pyrrha sub antro. Another, descended 

from Deucalion. Oic. Tus. 

Pherecvdes, a philosopher of Scyros, dis- 
ciple to Pittacus, one of ihe first who de- 
livered his thoughts in prose. He was ac- 
quainted with the periods of the moon, and 
foretold eclipses with the greatest accuracy. 
The doctrine of the immortality of the soul 
was first supported by him, as also that of the 
metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one of his 
disciples, remarkable for his esteem and his 
attachment to his learned master. When 
Pherecydes lay dangerously ill in the island of 
Delos, Pythagoras hastened to give him every 
assistance in his power, and when all his ef- 
forts had proved ineffectual, he buried him, 
and after he had paid him the last offices, he 
retired to Italy. Some, however, suppose, 
that Pherecydes threw himself down from a 
precipice as he was going to Delphi, or ac- 
cording to others, he fell a sacrifice to the 
lousy disease, B. C. 515, in the 85th year of 

his age. Diog. — Lactant. An historian of 

Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrote an 
history of Attica, now lost, in the age of Da- 
rius Hystaspes. A tragic poet. 

Pherendates, a Persian, set over Egypt by 
Artaxerxes. 

Pherephate, a surname of Proserpine, 
from the production of corn. 

Pheres, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, 
who built Pherae in Thessahs where he 
reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he 
had Admetus and Lycurgus. Apollod. 



A son of Medea, stoned to death by the Co- 
rinthians on account of the poisonous clothes 
which he had given to Glance, Creon's 

daughter. [Vid. Medea.] Pans. 2, c. 3. 

A friend of jEneas killed by Halesus. Virg. 
Ml. 10, V. 413. 

Pheretias, a patronymic of Admetus, son 
of Pherus. Ovid. Mel. 8, v. 291. 

Pheretima, the wife of Battus, king of 
Cyrene, and mother of Arcesilaus. After 
her son's death she recovered the kingdom 
by means of Amasis king of Egypt, and to 
averjge the murder of Arcesilaus, she caused 
all his assassins to be crucified round the 
walls of Cyrene, and she cut otF the breasts 
•of their wives, and hung them up near the 
bodies of their husbands. It is said that she 
was devoured alive by worms, a punishment 
which, according to some of the ancients, 
was inflicted by providence for her unpa- 
ralleled cruelties. Polytzn. 8. — Herodot. 4, c. 
204, &ic. 

Pherinum, a town of Thessaly. 



PH 

Pheron, a king of Egypt, who succeeded 
Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered 
his sight by washing his eyes, according to 
the directions of the oracle, in the urine of a 
woman who had never had any unlawful 
connexions. He tried his wife first, but she 
appeared to have been faithless to his bed, 
and she was burnt with all those whose urine 
could not restore sight to the king. He mar- 
ried the woman whose urine proved benefi- 
cial. Herodot. 2, c. 111. 

Pherusa, one of the Nereides. JlpollodX 

Phiale, one of Diana's nymphs. Ovid. 

Met. 3. A celebrated courtezan. Juv. 10, 

V. 238. 

Phialia, or Phigalia, a town of Arcadia. 
Paus. 8, c. 3, 

Phialus, a king of Arcadia. Id. lb. 

Phicores, a people near the Paulus Maeotis. 
Mela, 1, c. 19. 

Phidias, a celebrated statuary of Athens, 
who died B. C. 432. He made a statue of Mi- 
nerva at the request of Pericles, which was 
placed in the Pantheon. It was made with 
ivory and gold, and measured 39 feet in height. 
His presumption raised him many enemies, 
and he w^as accused of having carved his own 
image and that of Pericles on the shield of the 
statue of the goddess, for which he was ba- 
nished from Athens by the clamorous popu- 
lace. He retired to Elis, where he deter- 
mined to revenge the ill treatment he had re- 
ceived from his countrymen, by making a sta- 
tue which would eclipse the fame of that of 
Minerva. He was successful in the attempt; 
and the statue he made of Jupiter Olympius 
was always reckoned the best of all his pieces, 
and has passed for one of the wonders of the 
world. The people of Elis were so sensible of 
his merit, and of the honour he had done to 
their city, that they appointed his descendants 
to the honourable office of keeping clean that 
magnificent statue, and of preserving it from 
injury. Paus. 9, .:. 4.—Cic. de Orat.—Slrab. 
S.— quintU. 12, c. 10.— Plut. in Per. 

Phidile, a woman. Vid. Phidyle. 

Phidippides, a celebrated courier, who ran 
from Athens to Lacedajraon, about 152 Eng- 
lish miles, in two days, to ask of the Lacedae- 
monians assistance against the Persians, The 
Athenians raised a temple to his memory. 
Herodot. 6, c. 105. — C. A'ep. in Milt. 

Phiditia, a public entertainment at Spar- 
ta, where much frugality was observed as the 
word (c"'«T's from i?£»ioj"a«, parco), denotes. 
Persons of all ages were admitted ; the young- 
er frequented it as a school of temperance 
and sobriety, where they were trained to 
good manners and useful knowledge, by (he 
example and discourse of the elders, Cic. 
Tus. 5, c. 34.-'Paus. 3, c. 10. 

Phidon, a man who enjoyed the sovereign 
power at Argos, and is supposed to have in- 
vented scales and measures, and coined silver 
at iilgina. He died B. C. 854. Arist.— Hero- 
dot. 6, c. J27. An ancient legislator at 

Corinth. 

Phidyle, a female servant of Horace, to 
whom he addressed 3, od. 23. 

Phigalei, a people of Peloponnesus, near 
Messenia. They were naturally fond of drink- 
ing, and negligent of domestic afli'airs. Pans. 
8, c. 39* 



PH 

J*HILA, the eldest daughter of Antipater, 
who married Craterus. She afterwards mar 
ried Demetrius, and when her husband iiad 
lost tbe kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned 

herself. Plut. A town of Macedonia. Liv. 

42, c. 67, I. 44, c. 2 and 34. An island cal- 
led also Phla. 

Philadelphia, now Mah-sher, a town of 

Lydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. Another in Cilicia, 

Arabia, Syria. 

Philadelphus, a kingof Paphlagonia, who 

followed ihe interest of M. Antony. The 

surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of 
Egypt, by anliphrasis, because he destroyed 
all his brothers. Vid. Ptolemaeus 2d. 

Phil^, a town and island of Egypt, above 
the smaller cataract, but placed opposite 
Syene by Plin. 5, c. 9. Isis was worshipped 
there. Lucan. 10, v. 313. — Seneca. 2, JVat. 4, c. 
2. One of the Sporades. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

PHiLiENi, two'brothers of Carthage. When 
a contest arose between the Cyreneans and 
Carthaginians, about the extent of their ter- 
ritories, it was mutually agreed, that, at a 
stated hour, two men should depart from each 
city, and that wherever they met, there 
they should fix the boundaries of their coun- 
try. Tiie Philaeni accordingly departed from 
Carthage, and met the Cyreneans, wnen they 
had advanced far into their territories. This 
produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans sup- 
ported that the Philajni had left Carthage be- 
fore the ap[)ointment, and that therefore 
they must retire or be buried in the sand. 
The Philaeni refused, upon which they were 
overpowered by the Cyreneans, and accord- 
'ingiy buried in the sand. The Carthagini- 
ans, to commemorate the patriotic deeds of 
the Phil&ui who had sacrificed their lives 
that the extent of their country might not 
be diminished, raised two altars on the place 
where their bodies bad been buried, which 
they called PhilcRnorum arx. These altars 
were the boundaries of the Carthaginian do- 
minions, which on the other side extended 
as far as the columns of Hercules, which is 
about 2000 miles, or according to the accurate 
observations of the moderns, only 1420 geo- 
graphical miles, Salliist. de bell. Jug. 19 and 
79. Sil. It. 15, v. 704. 

PHiLiENis, or Phileris, a courtezan. Vid. 
Fhileris. 

PniLiEus. a son of Ajax by Lyside, the 
daughter of Coronus, one of the Lapithaj. 
Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended 
from him. A son of Augeas, who upbraid- 
ed his father for not granting what Hercules 
justly claimed for cleaning his stables. [Vid. 
Augeas ] He was placed upon his father's 
throne by Hercules. Apollod. 2. 

Philammon, a celebrated musician, son of 
Apollo and Chione. A man who murder- 
ed Arsinoe, and who was slain by her female 
attendants. 

Philanthus, a son of Prolans of Elis, kil- 
led at the Olympic games. Puus. 5, c. 3. 

Philarchus, a hero who gave assistance 
to the Phocians when the Persians invaded 
Greece. 

Philemon, a Greek comic poet, contem- 
porary with Menander. He obtained some 
poetical prizes over Menander, not so much by 
the merit of his compositions as by the intrigues 



PH 

of his friends. Plautus imitated some of his 
comedies He lived to his 97th year, and died, 
as it is reported, of laughing, on seeing an ass 

eat figs, B. C. 274. His" son, who bore the 

same name, wTote 54 comedies, of which 
some few fragments remain, w'hich do not 
seem to entitle him to great rank among tbe 
Greek comic writers. Val. Max. 9, c. 12. — 

Quintil. 10. — Plut. de ira. coh. — Strabt 14. 

A poor man of Phrygia. [Fid, Baucis,] 

An illegitimate son of Priam. 

Philene, a town of Attica, between Athens 
and Tanagra. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 102. 

Phileris, an immodest woman, whom 
Philocrates the poet lampooned. Marl. 7, 

Phileros, a town of Macedonia. Plin. 

Philesius, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks 
after tbe battle of Cunaxa. 

Philet^rus, an eunuch made governor of 
Pergamus by Lysimachus. He quarrelled with 
Lysimachus, and made himself master of Per- 
gamus, where he laid the foundations of a 
kingdom called the kingdom of Pergamus, B. 
C. 283. He reigned there for 20 years, and at 
his death he appointed his nephew Eumenes 

as his successor. Strab. 13. — Paus. 1, c. 8. 

A Cretan general who revolted from Seleucus, 
and was conquered, he. Polycen. 4. 

Philetas, a grammarian and poet of Cos, 
in the reign of king Philip, and of his son 
Alexander the Great, He was made precep- 
tor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. The elegies and 
epigrams which he wTote have been greatly 
commended by the ancients, and some frag- 
ments of them are still preserved in Athenae- 
us. He was so small and slender, according 
to the improbable accounts of iElian, that he 
always carried pieces of lead in his pockets, 
to prevent being blown away bv the wind. 
^dian. V. H. 9, c. 14.— Ouirf. Fast. 1, el. 5. 
Properf. 3, el. 1. An historian. 

Philetius, a faithful steward of Ulysses, 
who with Eumaeus assisted him in destroying 
the suitors who had not only insulted the 
queen, but wasted tbe property of the absent 
monarch. Homer. Od. 20, k.c. 

Fhilidas, a friend of Pelopidas, who fa- 
voured the conspiracy formed to expel the 
Spartans from Thebes. He received the con- 
spirators in his own house. 

Philides, a dealer in horses in the age of 
Themistocles, &.c. Plut. in Them. 

Philinna, a courteean, mother of Aridaj- 
us, by Philip the father of Alexander. 

Phi LINUS, a native of Agrigentum, who 
fought with Annibal against the Romans. He 
wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. C. 
JVep. in Jinnib. — Polyb. 

Philippei, or Philippi, certain pieces of 
money coined in the reign of Philip of 
Macedonia, and with his image. Moral. 2, 
ep. 1, v. 284— Lir. 34, c. 62, 1, 37, c. 59, 1, 
39, c. 5 and 7. 

Philippi, a town of Macedonia, anciently 
called Datos, and situate at the east of tbe 
Strymon on a rising ground, which abounds 
with springs and water. It was called Philip- 
pi, after Philip, king of Macedonia, who forti- 
fied it against the incursions of the barbarians 
of Thrace, and became celebrated for two 
battles which were fought there in October B. 
C. 42, at the interval of about 20 days, between 
Augustus and Antony, and the repubUcan- 



PH 

forces of Brutus and Cassius, in which the for- 
mer obtained the victory. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
284.— P/in. 7, c. 45.— Flor. 4, c. l.—Paterc. 2, 
c. 7, &.C. — Appian. 2, Cic. bell. — Plut. in An- 
ion.— Vxr\r. G. 1, V. 490.—Su€i.Aug.3. ■ 

Philippides, a comic poet in Alexan- 
der's age. A courier, called also Phidippi- 

des. 

Phii ippoPOLis, a town of Thrace, near the 
Hebrus, built by Philip the father of Alex- 
ander. Liv. 39, c. 53. Of Thessaly, called 

Philippi. 

Philippus 1st, son of Argeus, succeeded 
his father on the throne of Macedonia, and 

reigned 38 years, B. C. 40. Tlie second of 

that name was the fourth son of Arayntas, king 
of Macedonia. He was sent to Thebes as an 
hostage by his father, where he learnt the art 
of war under Epaminondas, and studied with 
the greatest care the manners and the pursuits 
of the Greeks He was recalled to Macedo- 
nia, and at the death of his brother Perdiccas, 
he ascended the throne as guardian and protec- 
tor of the youthful years of his nephew. His 
ambition, however, soon discovered itself, and 
he made himself independent. The valour 
of a prudent general, and the policy of an 
experienced statesman, seemed requisite to 
ensure his power. The neighbouring nations, 
ridiculing the youth and inexperience of the 
new king of Macedonia, appeared in arms, but 
Philip soon convinced them of their error. 
Unable to meet them as yet in the field of bat- 
tle, he suspended their fury by presents, and 
soon turned his arms against Araphipolis, a co- 
lony tributary to the Athenians. Amphipolis 
was conquered, and added to the kingdom of 
Macedonia, and Philip meditated no less than 
the destruction of a refmblic which had render- 
ed itself so formidable to the rest of Greece, 
and bad even claimed submission from the 
jirinces of Macedonia. His designs, however, 
were as yet immature, and before he could 
make Athens an object of conquest, the Thra- 
cians and the Illyrians demanded his attention. 
He made himself master of a Thiacian colony, 
to which he gave the name of Philippi, and 
from which he received the greatest advanta- 
^es, on account of the golden mines in the 
neighbourhood. In the midst of his political 
prosperity, Philip did not neglect the honour 
of his family. He married Olympias.the daugh- 
ter of Neoptolemus, king of the Molossi, 
and when some time aftcF he became father of 
Alexander, the monarch, conscious of the in- 
estimable advantages which arise from the 
lessons, the example, and the conversation of 
a learned and virtuous preceptor, wrote a let- 
ter with his own hand to the philosopher 
Aristotle, and begged him to retire from his 
usual pursuits, and to dedicate his whole time 
to the instruction of the young prince. Every 
thing seemed now to cons})ire to his aggran- 
dizement, and historians have observed, that 
Philip received in one day the intelligence of 
three things which could gratify the most 
unbounded ambition, and flatter the hopes of 
the most aspiring monarch: the birth of a 
son, an honourable crown at the Olympic 
gamns, and n vii;tory over the barbarians of 
Illyricum But all these increased rather 
than satiated his ambition ; he declared his ini- 
mical sentiments against the power of Athens 



PH 

and the independence of all Greece, by lay ia» 
siege to Olynthus, a place, Vvhich on account 
of its situation and consequence, would prove 
niost injurious to the interests of the Athe- 
nians, and most advantageous to the intrigues 
and military operations of eveiy Macedonian 
prince. The Athenians, roused by the elo- 
quence of Demosthenes, sent 17 vessels and 
2000 men to the assistance of Olynthus, but the 
money of Philip prevailed over all their ef- 
forts. The greatest part of the citizens 
suffered themselves to be bribed by the 
Macedonian gold, and Olynthus surrendered 
to the enemy, and was instantly reduced to 
ruins. His successes were as great in every 
part of Greece ; he was declared head of the 
Amphictyonic council, and was intrusted with 
the care of the sacred temple of Apollo at 
Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia, 
It was only to add fresh laurels to his crown, 
by victories over his enemies in Illyricum and 
Thessaly. By assuming the mask of a mode- 
rator and peace-maker, he gained confidenee, 
and in attempting to protect the Peloponne- 
sians against the encroaching power of Sparta, 
he rendered his cause popular, and by ridicu- 
ling the insults that were offered to his per- 
son as he passed through Corinth, he display- 
ed to the world his moderation and philo- 
sophic virtues. In his attempts to make him- 
self master of Eubcea, Philip was unsuc- 
cessful; and Phocion, who despised his 
gold as well as his meanness, obliged him 
to evacuate an island whose inhabitants were 
as insensible to the charms of money, as they 
were unmoved at the horror* of war, and the 
bold efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Eubcea 
he turned his arras against the Scythians, but 
the advantages he obtained over this indigent 
nation were inconsiderable, and he again 
made Greece an object of plunder and rapine. 
He advanced far into Boeotia, and a general 
engagement was fought at Chaeronea, The 
fight was long and bloody, but Philip obtained 
the victory. His behaviour after the battle re- 
flects great disgrace upon him as a man, and as 
a monarch. In the hour of festivity, and during 
the entertainment which he had given to cele- 
brate the trophies he had won, Philip sallied 
from his camp, and with the inhumanity of a 
brute, he insulted the bodies of the slain, and 
exulted over the calamities of (he prisoners of 
war. His insolence, however, was checked 
when Demades, one of the Athenian captives, 
reminded him of his meanness, by exclaiming, 
fVhy do you, O king, net the part of a Thei- 
sites, when you can represent ivith so much dig- 
nity the elevated character of an Agtmemnon. 
The reproof was felt, Demades received his 
liberty, and Philip learned how to gain popu- 
larity even among his fallen enemies, by re- 
lieving their wants and easing their distreese*. 
At the battle of Chieronea the independence of 
Greece was extinguished ; and Phili]i, unable 
to find new enemies in Europe, formed new en- 
terprises, and meditated new conquests. He 
was nominated general of the Greeks against 
the Persians, and was called upon as well front 
inclination as duty to revenge those inJHries 
which Greece had suffered from the invaiiions 
ot Darias, and of Xerxes. But he was stopped 
in the mid.^t of his warlike preparations; he 
was stabbed by Pausanias ai he entered the 



PH 

tlieatre at the celebration of the nuptials of 
his daughter Cleopatra. This murder has 
given rise to many reflections upon the causes 
which produced it, and many who consider 
the recent repudiation of Olympias, and the 
resentment of Alexander, are apt to investi- 
gate the causes of his death in the bosom of 
his family. The ridiculous honours which 
Olympias paid to her husband's murderer 
strengthened the suspicion, yet Alexander de- 
clared that he invaded the kingdom of Persia 
to revenge his father's death upon the Persian 
satraps and princes, by whose immediate in- 
trigues the assassination had been committed. 
The character of Philip is that of a sagacious, 
artful, prudent and intriguing monarch; he 
was brave in the field of battle, eloquent and 
dissimulating at home, and he possessed the 
wonderful art of changing his conduct accor- 
ding to the disposition and caprice of mankind, 
•without ever altering his purpose, or losing 
sight of his ambitious aims. He possessed much 
perseverance, and in the execution of his 
plans he was always vigorous. The hand of 
an assassin prevented him from achieving the 
boldest and most extensive of his underta- 
kings, and he might have acquired as many 
laurels, and conquered as many nations as his 
son Alexander did in the succeeding reign, and 
the kingdom of Persia might have been added 
to the Macedonian empire, perhaps with great- 
er moderation, with more glory, and with 
more lasting advantages. The private charac- 
ter of Philip lies open to censure, and raises in- 
dignation. The admirer of his virtues is disgus- 
ted to find him among the most abandoned 
prostitutes, and disgracing himself by the most 
unnatural crimes and lascivious indulgences 
which can make even the most debauched and 
the most profligate to blush. He was murdered 
in the 47th year of his age, and the 24th of his 
reign, about 336 years before the Christian era. 
His reign is become uncommonly interesting, 
and his administration a matter of instruction. 
He is the first monarch whose life and actions 
are described with peculiar accuracy and his- 
torical faithfulness. Philip was the father of 
Alexander the Great and of Cleopatra, by 
Olympias ; he had also by Audaca, an Illyrian, 
Cyna, who married Amyntas the son of Per- 
diccas. Philips elder brother ; by iNicasipolis, 
a Thessalian, Nicaea, who married Cassander ; 
by Philinna, a Larissean dancer, Aridaius, who 
reigned some time after Alexander's death; 
by Cleopatra,the niece of Attains, Caranu? and 
Europa, who were both murdered by Olym- 
pias; and Ptolemy the first, king of Egypt, by 
Arsinoe, who in the first month of her preg- 
nancy was married to Lagns. DemosUi. in Pliil. 
Sf Olynlh. — Justin. 1,^'C. — Diod. IG. — Plut. in 
Alex. Dem. S^Jlpoph. — fsocrnl. ad Pliil — Curt 

1. <^c. — JEschincs. — Fans. — Batotic. ^c. 

The last king of Macedonia, of that name, was 
son of Demetrius. His infancy, at the death of 
his fcUhcr, was protected by Antigonus, one of 
his friends,\vho ascended the throne,and reign- 
ed for V2, years with the title of independent 
monarch. When Antigonus died, Philip recov- 
ered his father's throne, thongli only fifteen 
years of age, and he early distinguished him 
self by his boldness and his ambitious views. 
His cruelty, however, to Aratus soon display- 
ed his character in its true light,andto the grali- 



PH 

fication of every vice, and every extravagant 
propensity, he had the meanness to sacrifice 
thit faithful and virtuous Athenian. Not satis- 
fied with the kingdom of Macedonia, Philip as- 
pired to become the friend of Annibal, and 
wished to share with him the spoils which the 
distresses and continual loss of the Romans 
seemed soon to promise. But his expectalions 
were frustrated, the Romans discovered his 
intrigues, and though weakened by the valour 
and artifice of the Carthaginian, yet they were 
soon enabled to meet him in the field of battle. 
The consul Laevinus entered witiiout delay 
his territories of Macedonia, and after he had 
obtained a victory over him near Apollonia 
and reduced his fleet to ashes, he compelled 
him to sue for peace. This peaceful disposition 
was not permanent, and when the Romans 
discovered that he had assisted their immortal 
enemy Annibal with men and money, they 
appointed T. Q. Flaminius to punish his per- 
fidy, and the violation of the treaty. The Ro- 
man consul, with his usual expedition, invaded 
Macedonia,and in ageneral engagementrM'hich 
was fought near Cynocephale, the hostile ar- 
my was totally defeated, and the monarch 
saved his life with difficulty by flying from the 
field of battle. Destitute of resources, without 
friends either at home or abroad, Philip was 
obliged tosubmiftothe mercy of the conqueror, 
and to demand peace by his ambassadors. It 
was granted with difficulty, the terms were hu- 
miliating, but the poverty of Philip obliged him 
to accept the conditions, however disadvan- 
tageous and degrading to his dignity. In the 
midst of these public calamities, the peace of 
his family was disturbed; and Perses, the eldest 
of his sons by a concubine, raised seditions 
against his brother Demetrius, whose conde- 
scension and humanity had gained popularity 
among the Macedonians, and who, from his 
residence at Rome, as an hostage, had gained 
the good graces of the senate, and by thft mo- 
desty and innocence of his manners, had ob- 
tained forgivenessfrom that venerable body for 
the hostilities of his father. Philip listened 
with too much avidity to the false accusation 
of Perses ; and when he heard it asserted that 
Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown, ho 
no longer hesitated to punish with death so 
unworthy and so ungrateful a son. No sooner 
was Demetrius sacrificed to credulity than 
Philip became convinced of his cruelty and 
rashness, and to punish the perfidy of Perses> 
he.attempted to make Antigonus, another son, 
his successor on the Macedonian throne But 
he was prevented from execnfing his purpose- 
by death, in the42d year of his reign, 179 years 
before the Christian era. The assassin of De- 
metrius succeeded his father, and with the 
same ambition, with the same rashness and 
oppression, renewed the war against the Ro- 
mans till his empire was destroyed and 3Iacs- 
donia became a Roman province. Philip has 
been compared witii his great ancestor of the 
same name, but tiiougti they possessed the 
same virtues, tUe same ambition, and were 
tainted with the same vices, yet the father of 
Alexajider was more .'sagacious and more in- 
triguing, and the son of Demetrius was more 
suspicious, more cruel, and more implacable., 
and accoiding to the pretended prophecy 
of one of the SibvJs> Macedonia was indebf- 



PH 

«d to one Philip for her rise and consequence 
ainoug nations, and under another Philip she 
lamented the loss of her power, her empire, 
and hev dignity. Poivb. 16. he. — Justin. 29, &c. 
—Plut. in Flam.— Pans. 7, c. Q.—Liv. 31, &c. 
— Val. Max. 4, c. 8. — Orosius. 4, c. 20. 



M. Jirlius, a Roman emperor, of an obscin'e 
family in Arabia, from whence he was sur- 
named ^^rabian. From the lowest rank in 
the army he gradually rose to the highest of- 
fices, and when he was made general of the 
pretorian guards, he assassinated Gordian to 
make hi.mself emperor. To establish himself 
with more certainty on the imperial throne, 
he left Mesopotamia a prey to the continual 
invasions of the Persians, and hurried to Rome, 
where his election was universally approved 
by the senate and the Roman people. Philip 
rendered his cause popular by his liberality 
and profusion, audit added much to his splen- 
dour and dignity, that the Romans during his 
reign commemorated the foundation of their 
city, a solemnity which was observed but once 
every hundred years, and which was cele- 
brated w^ith more pomp and more magnifi- 
cence than under the preceding reigns. The 
people were entertained with games and spec- 
tacles, the theatre of Pompey was successively 
crowded during three days and three nights, 
and 2000 gladiators Wed in the circus at once, 
for the amusement and pleasure of a gazing 
populace. His usurpation, however, was short, 
Philip was defeated by Decins, who had pro- 
claimed himself emperor in Pannonia, and he 
was assassinated by his own soldiers near Ve- 
rona, in the 45th year of his age, and the 5th 
of his reign, A. D. 249. His son, who bore the 
same name, and who had shared with him the 
imperial dignity, was also massacred in the 
arms of his mother. Young Philip was then 
in the 12th year of his age, and the Romans la- 
mented in him the loss of rising talents, of na- 
tural humanity, and endearing virtues. Aarel. 

Victor. — Zozim. A native of Acarnania; 

physician to Alexander the Great. When the 
monarch had been suddenly taken ill, after 
bathing in the Cydnus, Philip undertook to re- 
move the complaint, when the rest of the phy- 
sicians believed that all medical assistance 
would be ineffectual. But as he was preparing 
his medicine, Alexander received a letter from 
Parmenio, in wliich he was advised to beware 
of his physician Philip, as he had conspired 
against his life. The monarch was alarmed, and 
when Philip presented him the medicine, he 
gave him Parmenio's letter to peruse, and be- 
gan to drink the potion. The serenity and com- 
f)Osure of Philip's countenance, as he read the 
etter, removed every suspicion from Alexan- 
der's breast, and he pursued the directions of 
bis physician, and in a few days recovered. 

Plul.inMcx. — Curt. 3. — .irrian.2. A son 

of Alexander the Great, murdered by order of 

Olympias. A governor of Sparta. A son 

of Cassander. A man who pretended to be 

the son of Perseus, that he might lay claim to 
the kingdom of JMacedonia. He was cal- 
led Pseudojikilippus. A general of Cas- 
sander, in .^iltolia. A Phrygian, made gov- 
ernor of Jerusalem by Antiochus, kc— — A 
son of Herod the Great, in the reign of Au- 
gustus. A brother of Alexander the Great, 

ailed also Aridoeuo. Viif. Aridanis. A 

68 



PH 

^ freed-man of Pompey the Great, He feunti 
liis master's body deserted on the sea shore, 
in Egypt, and he gave it a decent burial, with 
the assistance of an old Roman soldier, who 
had fought under Pompey. The father-in- 
law of the emperor Augustus. A Lacedae- 
monian who wished to make himself absolute 

in Thebes. An officer made master of Par- 

thia, after the death of Alexander the Great. 

A king of part of Syria, son of Antiochus 

Gryphus. A son of Antipater in the army 

of Alexander. A brother of Lysimachus, 

who died suddenly after hard walking and la- 
bour. An historian of Amphipolis. .A 

Carthaginian, kc. A man who wrote aa 

history of Caria. A native of Megara, 

he. A native of Pamphylia, who wrote a 

diffuse history from the creation down to his 
own time. It was not much valued. He lived 
in the age of Theodosius 2d. 

Philiscus, a famous sculptor, whose sta- 
tues of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muses, 
and a naked Apollo, were preserved in the 

portico belonging to Octavia. A Greek 

comic poet. Plin. 11, c. 9. An Athenian who 

received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia. 
An officer of Artaxei-xes, appointed to 



make peace with the Greeks. 

PhimstioN; a comic poet of JNiczea in the 

age of Socrates. Martial. 2, ep. 41. A 

physician of Locris. Ji. Gelt. 7, c. 12. 

Philistus, a musician of Miletus. A 

Syracusan, who during his banishment from 
his native country wrote an history of Sicily 
in 12 books, which was commended by some, 
though condemned for inaccuracy by Pau- 
sanias. He was afterwards sent against the 
Syracnsans by Dionysius the younger, and he 
killed himself when overcome by the enemy, 
356 B. C. Plut. in Dion.—Diod. 13. 

PhillO; an Arcadian maid, by whom Her- 
cules had a son. The father, named Alcime- 
don, exposed his daughter, but she was saved 
by means of her lover, who was directed to 
the place where she was doomed to perish, 
by the chirping of a magpie, which imitated 
the plaintive cries of a child. Paus. 8, c. 12. 

Philo, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, A. 
D. 40, sent as ambassador from his nation to 
Caligula He was unsuccessful in his embas- 
sy, of which he wrote an entertaining account ; 
and the emperoc, who wished to be worship- 
ped as a god; expressed his dissatisfaction with 
the Jews, because they refused to place his 
statues in their temples. He was so happy in 
his expressions, and elegant in his variety, 
that he has been called the Jewish Plato, and 
the book which he wrote on the sufferings of 
the Jews in the reign of Cains, met with such 
unbounded applause in the Roman senate, 
where he read it publicly, that he was permit- 
ted to consecrate it in the public libraries. — 
His works were divided into three parts, of 
which the first related to the creation of the 
world, the .second spoke of sacred history, and 
in the third, the author made mention of the 
laws and customs of the Jewish nation. The 
best edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols. 

fol. London, 1742. A man who fell in love 

with his daughter called Proserpine, as she 
was. bathing. He had by her a son, Mercu- 

rius Trismegistus. A man who wrote an 

account of a journey to Arabia. .\ philoso- 



PH 

|iher who followed the doctrines of Carneades, 

B. C. loo. Another philosopher of Athens, 

tutor to Cicero. A grammarian in the first 

century. An architect of Byzantium, who 

flourished about three centuries before the 
Christian era. He built a dock at Athens, 
■where ships were drawn in safety, and pro- 
tected from storms. Cic. in Oral. 1, c. 14.' 



A Greek Christian writer, whose work was 

edited at Rome, 4to. 1772. A dialectic 

philosopher, 260 B. C. 

Philobceotus, a mountain of Boeotia. 
Plut. 

Philochorus, a man who wrote an histo- 
ry of Athens in 17 books, a catalogue of the 
archons. two books of olympiads, &ic He 
died B. C. 222. 

Philocles, one of the admirals of the 
Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnesian 
war. He recommended to his countrymen to 
cut oflf the right hand of such of the enemies 
as were taken, that they might be rendered 
unfit for service. His plan was adopted by 
all the 10 admirals except one, but their ex- 
pectations were frustrated, and instead of be- 
ing conquerors, they were totally defeated at 
^gospotaraos by Lysander, and Philocles, 
with 3000 of his countrymen, was put to death, 
and denied the honours of a burial. Plut. in 

Lys. A general of Ptolemy; king of Egypt. 

A comic poet. Another, who wrote 

tragedies at Athens. 

Philogrates, an Athenian, famous for his 

treachery, k,c. A writer who published an 

history of Thessaly. A servant of C. Grac- 
chus. A Greek orator. 

Philoctetes, a son of Poean and Derao- 
nassa, was one of the Argonauts according to 
Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer 
and particular friend of Hercules. He was 
present at the death of Hercules, and because 
he had erected the burning pile on which the 
hero was consumed, he received from him the 
arrows, which had been dipped in the ^all of 
the hydra, after he had bound himselt by a 
solemn oath not to betray the place where his 
ashes were deposited. He had no sooner paid 
the last ofllces to Hercules, than he returned 
to Meliboea, where his father reigned. From 
thence he visited Sparta, where he became 
one of the numerous suitors of Helen, and 
soon after, like the rest of those princes who 
had courted the daughter of Tyndarus,and who 
had bound themselves to protect her from in- 
jury, he was called upon by Menelaus to 
accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, and 
he immediately set sail from Meliboea with 
seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the general 
rendezvous of the combined ileet. He was 
here prevented from joining his countrymen, 
and the offensive smell which arose from a 
wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the 
instigation of Ulysses, lo remove him from the 
camp, and he was accordingly (tarried to the 
island of Lemnos, or as others say to Chryse, 
where Phimacus, the son of Dolophion, was 
ordered to wait upon him. In this solitary re- 
treat he was suffered to remain for some time, 
till the Greeks, on the tenth year of the Tro- 
jan v\ar, were informed by the oracle that 
Troy could not be taken without the arrows 
©f Hercules, which were then in the posses- 
sion of Philoctetes. U]>on this Ulysses, ac- 
oorapauied by Diomedesj or according to 



PH 

others by Pyrrhus, was commissioned by the 
rest of the Grecian army to go to Lemnos, 
and to prevail upon Philoctetes to come and 
finish the tedious siege. Philoctetes recollect- 
ed the ill treatment he had received froni the 
Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and 
therefore he not only refused to go to Troy, 
but he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct 
him to Meliboea. As he embarked, the manes 
of Hercules forbad him to proceed, but im- 
mediately to repair to the Grecian camp, 
where he should be cured of his wounds, and 
put an end to the war. Philoctetes obeyed, 
and after he had been restored to his former 
health by iEscuIapius, or according to some 
by Machaon, or Podaliris, he destroyed an 
immense number of the Trojan enemy, among 
whom was Paris, the son of Priam, with the 
arrows of Hercules. When by his valour 
Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia, 
but as he was unwilling to visit his native coun- 
try, he came to Italy, where by the assistance 
of his Thessalian followers, he was enabled to 
build a town in Calabria, which he called Pe- 
tilia. Authors disagree about the causes of 
the wound which Philoctetes received on the 
foot. The most ancient raythologists support, 
that it was the bite of the serpent which Juno 
had sent to torment him, because he had at- 
tended Hercules in his last moments, and had 
buried his ashes. According to another opin- 
ion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged 
him to discover where the ashes of Hercules 
were deposited, and as he had made an oatk 
not to mention the place, he only with his foot 
struck the ground where they lay, and by this 
means concluded he had not violated his so- 
lemn engagement. For this, however, he was 
soon after punished, and the fall of one of the 
poisoned arrows from his quiver upon the foot 
which had struck the ground, occasioned so 
offensive a wound, that the Greeks were 
obliged to remove him from their camp. The 
suflferings and adventures of Philoctetes are 
the subject of one of the best tragedies of So- 
phocles. Virg. Mn. 3, v. 46. — Pindar. Pyth. 
1. — Dictys. Cret. 1, c. 14. — Senec. in Here. — 
Sophocl. Phil. — Q^uitit. Calab 9 and 10. — 
Hygin. fab. 26, 97, and 102.— Diod. 2 and 4,~ 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 329, 1. 9, v. 234. Tnst. 5, 
el. 2.— Cic. Tusc. c. 2.—Ptolem. H(Bph.6. 

Philocyprus, a prince of Cyprus in the 
age of Solon, by whose advice he changed 
the situation of a city, which in gratitude he 
called Soli. Plut. in Sol. 

Philodamea, one of the Danaides, mother 
of Pi)ares by Mercury. Pans. 7, c. 22. 

Philodemus, a poet in the age of Cicero, 
who rendered himself known by his lascivious 
and indelicate verses. Cic. de Finib.2. — Ha- 
rat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 121 A comic poet, ridi- 
culed by Aristophanes. 

Philodice, a daughter of Inachus, who 
married Leucippus. 

Phit-olaus, a son of Minos, by the nymph 
Paria, from whom the island of Paros receiv- 
ed its name. Hercules put him to death, be- 
cause he had killed two of his companions. 
Jipollod. 3, c. 1. — A Pythagorean philosopher 
of Crotona, B. C. 374, who first supported the 
diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, and 
its annual motion round the sun. Cicero in 
Acad. 4, c. 39, has ascribed this opinion to the 
Syracusan philosopher Nicvtas, aad likew)s« 



PH 

fo Plato ; and from this passage some suppose 
that Copernicus started the idea of the system 
which he afterwards established. EHog. — Cic. 

tie Oral. 3. — Plut. A lawgiver of Thebes. 

He was a native of Corinth, and of the family 
of the Bacchiades, &-C. Arislot. 2, Polit. cap. 
•ult. A mechanic of Tarentum. A sur- 
name of iEsculapius, who had a temple in La- 
conia, near the Asopus. 

Philoiogus, a freed-man of Cicero. He 
betrayed his master to Antony, for which he 
was tortured by Pomponia, the wife of Cice- 
ro's brother, and obliged to cut off his own 
flesh by piece meal, and to boil and eat it up. 
Plut. in Cic. he 

Philomache, the wife of Pelias, king of 
lolchos. According to some writers, she was 
daughter to Ampbion, king of Thebes, though 
she is more generally called Anaxibia, daugh- 
ter of Bias. Apollod. \. 

Philombrotus, an archon at Athens in 
whose age the state was intrusted to Solon, 
when torn by factions. Plut. in Sol. 

Philomedus, a man who made himself ab- 
solute in Phocaea, by promising to assist the 
inhabitants. Polycen. 

Philomela, a daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens, and sister to Procne, who had mar- 
ried Tereus king of Thrace. Procne, separated 
from Philomela, to whom she was particularly 
attached, spent her time in great melancholy, 
till she prevailed upon her husband to go to 
Athens, and bring her sister to Thrace. Tere- 
us obeyed his wife's injunctions, but he had 
no sooner obtained Pandion's permission to 
conduct Philomela to Thrace, then he became 
enamoured of her, and resolved to gratify his 
passion. He dismissed the guards, whom the 
suspicions of Pandion had appointed to watch 
his conduct, and he'offered violence to Philo- 
mela, and afterwards cut off her tongue, that 
fche might not be able to discover his barbarity, 
and the indignities which she had sulfered. 
He confined her also in a lonely castle, and 
after he had taken every precaution to prevent 
a discovery, he returned to Thrace, and he 
told Procne that Philomela had died by the 
way, and that he had paid the last offices to 
her remains. Procne, at this sad intelligence^ 
put on mourning for the loss of Philomela ; 
but a year had scarcely elapsed before she was 
secretly informed that her sister was not dead. 
Philomela, during her captivity, described on 
a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and the 
brutality of Tereus, and privately conveyed 
it to Procne. She was then going to celebrate 
the orgies of Bacchus when she received it ; 
she disguised her resentment, and as during 
the festivals of the god of wine, she was per- 
mitted to rove about the country, she hastened 
to deliver her sister Philomela from her con- 
finement, and she concerted with her on the 
best measures of punishing the cruelty of Te- 
reus. She murdered her son Itylus, who was 
in the sixth year of his age, and served him up 
as food before li^r husband during the festival. 
Tereus in the midst of his repast, called for 
Itylus, but Procne immediately informed him, 
that he was then feasting on his flesh, and that 
instant Philomela, by throwing on the table 
the head of Itylus, covinced the monarch of 
the cruelty of the scene. He drew his sword 
t* punish Proqne and Pliilomela, but as he was 



PH 

going to stab them to the heart, he was chang- 
ed into a hoopoe, Philomela into a nightin- 
gale, Procne into a swallow, and Itylus into a 
pheasant. This tragical scene happened at 
Daulis in Phocis} but Pausanias and Strabo, 
who mention the whole of the story, are silent 
about the transformation ; and the former ob- 
serves that Tereus, after this bloody repast, 
fled to xMegara, wbej-e he destroyed himself. 
The inhabitants of the place raised a monu- 
ment to his memory, where they offered 
yearly sacrifices, and placed small pebbles in- 
stead of barley. It was on this monument 
that the birds called hoopoes were first seen ; 
hence the fable of his metamorphosis. Procne 
and Philomela died through excess of grief 
and melancholy; and as the nightingale's and 
swallow's voice is peculiarly plaintive and 
mournful, the poets have embellished the fa- 
ble, by supposing that the two unfortunate sis- 
ters were changed into birds. Apollod. 3, c. 
14.— Paus 1, c. 42, 1. 10, c. 4.—Hygin. fab. 45. 
—Strab. 9.— Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9 and 10.— 

Virg. G. 4, V. 15 and 511. A daughter of 

Actor, king of the Myrmidons. 

Philomelum, a town of Phrygia. Cic. ad 
Attic. 5, ep. 20. in Verr. 3, c. 83. 

Philomelus, a general ofPhocis, who plun- 
dered the temple of Delphi, and died B. C. 

354. [Fid. Phocis.] A rich musician. Mart. 

4, ep. 5. 

Philon, a general of some Greeks, who 
settled in Asia. Diod. 18. 

Philonides, a courier of Alexander, who 
ran from Sicyon to El is, 160 miles, in nine 
hours, and returned the same journey in 1§ 
hours, Plin. 2, c. 71. 

Philonis, a name of Chione, daughter of 
Daedalion, made immortal by Diana. 

Philonoe, a daughter of Tyndarus, king of 
Sparta, by Leda, daughter of Thestius. Apol- 
lod. A daughter of lobates, king of Lycia, 

who married Bellerophon. Id. 2. 

Philonome, a daughter of Nyctimus, king 
of Arcadia, who threw into the Ery man thus 
two children whom she had by Mars. The 
children were preserved, and afterwards as- 
cended their grandfather's throne. Plut. in 

Per. The second wife of Cycnus, the son 

of Neptune. She became enamoured of Ten- 
nes, her husband's son by his first wife, Pro- 
clea, the daughter of Clytus; and when he re- 
fused to gratify her passion, she accused him of 
attempts upon her virtue. Cycnus believed the 
accusation, and ordered Tennes to be thrown 
into the sea, Lc. Paus. 10, c. 14. 

Philonomis, a son of Electryon, king of 
Mycenae by Anaxo. Apollod. 2. 

Philonus, a village of E^-^pt. Strab. 

Philopator, a surname of one of the Pto- 
lemies, king of Egypt. [Vid. Ptolemsus.] 

Philophron, a general, who with 5000 sol- 
diers defended Pelusium against the Greeks 
who invaded Egypt. Diod. 16. 

PHii.opffiMEN, a celebrated general of the 
Achaean league, born at Megalopolis. His 
fathers name was Grangis. His education 
was begun and finished under Cassander, Ec- 
demus,and Demophanes; and he early distin- 
guished himself \i\ the field of battle, and ap- 
peared fond of agriculture and a countiy life. 
He proposed himself E[mminondas for a mo- 
del, and he wot not ans«ccessfal is iwitatinc 



PH 

Ike prudence and the simplicity, the disinte- 
restedness and activity of this famous Theban. 
When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spar- 
tans, Philopoeraen, then in the 30th year of 
his age, gave the most decisive proofs of his 
valour and intrepidity. He afterwards assisted 
Anligonus, and was present in the famous 
battle in which the ^^itolians were defeated. 
Raised to the rank of chief commander, he 
showed his ability to discharge that important 
trust, by killing with his own hand Mechani- 
das, the tyrant of Sparta; and if he was de- 
feated in a naval battle by Nabis, he soon after 
repaired his losses by taking the capital of La- 
conia, B. C. 188, and by abolishing the laws 
of Lycurgus, which had flourished there for 
such a length of time. Sparta, after its con- 
quest, became tributary t« the Acha;ans, and 
Philopcemen enjoyed the triumph of having 
reduced to ruins one of the greatest and the 
most powerful of the cities of Greece. Some 
time after,, the Messenians revolted from the 
Achajan league, and Philopcemen, who headed 
the Achffians, unfortunately fell from his 
horse, and was dragged to the enemy's camp, 
'^inocrates, the general of the Messenians, 
ireated him with great severity ; he was 
jhrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink 
a dose of poison. When he received the cup 
from the hand of the executioner, Philopoe- 
men asked him how his countrymen had be- 
haved in the field of battle: and when he heard 
that they had obtained the victory, he drank 
the whole with pleasure, exclaiming, that this 
was comfortable news. The death of Philo- 
poeraen, which happened about 183 years be- 
fore the Christian era, in his 70th year, was 
universally lamented ; and the Acliaeans, to 
revenge his death, immediately marched to 
Messenia, where Dinocrates, to avoid their 
resentment, killed himself The rest of his 
murderers were dragged to his tomb, where 
they were sacrificed ; and the people of Mega- 
lopolis, to show farther their great sense of 
his merit, ordered a bull to be yearly offered 
on his tomb, and hymns to be sung in his 
praise, and his actions to be celebrated in a 
panegyrical oration. He had also statues rais- 
ed to his memory, which some of the Romans 
attempted to violate, and to destroy, to no pur- 
pose, when Mummius took Corinth. Philo- 
pcemen has been justly called by his country- 
men the last of the Greeks. Plut. in vUd. — 

Justin. 32, c. 4. — Polyb. A native of Perga- 

mus, who died B. C. 138. 

Philostratus, a famous sophist, born at 
Lemnos, or, according to some, at Athens. He 
came to Rome, where he lived under the pa- 
tronage of Julia, the wife of the emperor Se- 
verus, and he was intrusted by the empress 
with all the papers which contained some ac- 
count, or anecdotes of Apollonius Thyanagus, 
and he was ordered to review them, and with 
them to compile an history. The life of Apol- 
lonius is written with elegance, but the im- 
probable accounts, the fabulous stories, and 
exaggerated details which it gives, render it 
disgusting. There is, besides, another trea- 
of his writings, &c 



PH 

the reign of Nero. Another m 



age of Augustus. 



aopher in 
the 

Philotas, a son of Parmenio, distinguish- 
ed in the battles of Alexander, and at last 
accused of conspiring against his life. He 
was tortured, and stoned to death, or, accord- 
ing to some, stuck through with darts, by the 
soldiers, B. C. 330. Curt. 6, c. U.—Flut. — 
Anian. An officer in the army of Alex- 
ander. Another who was made master of 

Cilicia, after Alexanders death. A physi- 
cian in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the 
expenses and the extravagance ot this Cele- 
brated Roman. Plut. 

Po^ 



PHiLOTERA., the mother of Mylo, he. 
ly(£.n. 8. 

Philotimus, a freed-man of Cicero. Cic. 
ad Div. 3, c. 9. 

Philotis, a servant maid at Rome, who 
'saved her coujitrymen from destruction. Af^ 
ter the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fi- 
denates assembled an army under the com- 
mand of Lucius Posthumius, and marched 
against the capital, demanding all the wives 
and daughters in. the city, as the conditions of 
peace. This extraordinary demand astonished 
the senators, and when they refused to com- 
ply, Philotis advised them to send all their fe- 
male slaves disguised in matron's clothes, and 
she offered to march herself at the head. Her 
advice was followed, and when the Fidenates 
had feasted late in the evening, and were quite 
intoxicated, and fallen asleep, Philotis hgbted 
a torch as a signal for her countrymen to at- 
tack the enemy. The whole was successtnt j^ 
the Fidenates were conquered, and the senate 
to reward the fidelity of the female slaves, 
permitted them to appear in the dress of the 
Roman matrons. Pint, in Rom. — Varro. de X. 

L. 5. Ovid de Art. Jim. 2. 

Philoxenus, an officer of Alexander, who, 
received Ciiicia at the general division of tbc- 

provinces A son of Ptolemy, who was 

given to Pelopidas as an hostage. A dithy- 

rarabic poet of Cythera, who enjoyed the ta- 
vour of Dionysius, tyrant of Sicdy, for some 
time, till he offended him by seducing one of 
his female singers. During his confinement, 
Philoxenus composed an allegorical poem, cal- 
led Cyclops, in which he had delineated the 
character of the tyrant under the name of Po- 
lyphemus, and represented his mistress under 
the name of Galata^a, and himself under that 
of Ulysses. The tyrant, who was fond of 
writing poetry, and of being applauded, re- 
moved Philoxenus from his dungeon, but the 
poet refused to purchase his liberty, by saying 
things unworthy of himself, and applauding 
the wretcbed verses of Dionysius, and there- 
fore he was sent to the quarries. When he 
was asked his opinion at a feast about some 
verses which Dionysius had just repeated, and 
which the courtiers had received with the 
greatest applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, 
but he ordered the guards that surrounded the 
tyrant's table, to take him b«ck to the quar- 
ries. Dionysius w&s pleased with his pleasan- 
try and with his firmness, and immediately 
forgave him. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, 

Plut. A 



tise remaining of his writings, &c. He died 

A. D. 244. The best edition of his writings) about 380 years before Christ 

is that of Olearius, fol. Lisp. 1709. His) celebrated musician of Ionia. A painter of 

nephew, who lived in the reign of Heliogaba- Eretria, w ho made for Cassander an excellent - 
lu?} wrote an account of sophists. A philo- 1 representation of the battle of Alexander with 



PH 



PH 



Darius. He was pupil to Nicomachas. Plin j seus defended himself, and turned into stonr 

31, c. 10. A philosopher, who wished to | Phineus, and his compacions, by showino- 

have the neck ot a crane, that he might en- ' thera the Gorgan's head. JipoUod. 2, c 1 
joy the taste of his aliments longer, and with and 4.— Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 1 and 2.—Hv^in 



moi-e pleasure. Arlst. elk. 3. 
PiiiLLVLLius, a comic poet. Athen. 
PiriLYRA, one of the Oceanides, who was 
met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to es- 
cape trom ilie vigilance of Khea; changed him- 
self into a liorse, to enjoy the company of Plii- 
lyra, by whom he had a son, half a man and 
half a horse, called Chh-on. Philyra was so 
ashamed of giving birth to such a monster, 
that she entreated the gods to change her na- 
ture. She was metamorphosed in the linden 
tree, called by her name among the Greeks. 

Hygin. fab. 138. The wife of ISauplius. 

Philvres, a people near Pontus. 
pHiLYmuEs, a patronymic of Chiron, the 
son of Philyra. Ovid. Art. Am. — Vlrg. G. 
3, V. b^). 

Phiheus, a son of Agenor, king of Pho?- 
nicia, or according to some of ZS'eptune, who 
became king of Thrace, or, as the greater pait 
of the mythologists support, of BilJiynia. He 
married Cleopatra the daughter of Boreas, 
wiiora some call Cleobula, by whom lie had 
Plesippns and Pandion. After the death of 
Cleopatra, he married Idaea, the daughter of 
Dardanus. Idaia, jealous of Cleopatra's chil- 
dren, accused them of attempts upon their 
fathers life and crown, or, according to some, 
«f attempts upon her virtue, and they were 
immediately condemned by Phineus to be de- 
prived of their eyes. This cruelty weis soon 
after punished by the gods; Phineus suddenly 
became blind, and the Harpies were sent by 
Jupiter to keep him under continual alarm, 
and to spoil the meats v»hich were placed on 
bis table. He was some time after delivered 
from these dangerous monsters by his brothers- 
in-law, Zetes and Calais, who pursued them 
as far as the Strophades, He also recovered 
his sight by means of the Argonauts, whom he 
had received with great hospitality, and in- 
structed in the easiest and speediest way by 
which they could arrive in Cofchis. The causes 
©f the blindness of Phineus are a matter of dis- 
pute among the ancients, some supposing that 
this was intlicted by Boreas, for his cruelty to 
bis grandson, whilst others atiribute it to the 
anger of .Neptune, because he had directed the 
sons of Phryxus how to escape from Colchis to 
Greece. Many, however, think that it pro- 
ceeded from his having rashly attempted to de- 
velope futurity, while others assert that Zetes 
and Calais put out his eyes on account of his 
cruelty to their nef.news. The second wife of 
Phineus is called by some Dia, Euryiia, Da- 
nae, and Idothea. Phineus w as killed by Her- 
cuvJes. Arg.'l.—ApoUod. 1, c. 9, I. 3, c 15.— 
Diod. 4.— //ygi/i. fab. l\).—Orphtus.—Flacc. 
The brother of Cepheus, king of Ethio- 
pia. He was going to marry his niece Andro- 
meda, when her father Cejjhcns was obliged to 
give her up to be devoured b^ a sea monster, 
to appease tije resentment oi Aeptune. She 
was, however, delivered by Perseus, who 
married her by the consent of her parents, 
for having destroyed the sea monster. This 
marriage disj^ieased Phineus ; he*interrupted 
the ceremony, and with a number of atten- 
dants attacked Perseus and his friend?, Per- 



fab. 64. A son of Melas. A son of Ly- 

caon, king of Arcadia. A sou of Belus and 

Anchinoe. 

Phixta, a king of Messenia, &c. Pans.- 
4, c. 4. 

Phinthias, a fountain where it is said no- 
ting could sink. Plin. 31, c. 2. 

Phintia, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of 
the Himera. Cic.in Ven: 3, c. 83. 

Pni.NTiAS, called also Pitbias, Pinthias, and 
Phythias, a man famous for his unparalleled 
friendship for Damon. [Fi(/. Damon.] Cic 

dc off. 3, c. 10. Tusc. o, c. 22.— Diod. 6. -A 

tyrant of Agrigentum, B. C. 282. 

Phi.nto, a small island between Sardinia, 
and Corsica, now Figo. 

Phla, a small island in the lake Tritoni«: 
Herodot. 4, c. 178, 

Phlkgelas, an Indian king bevond the Hr- 
daspes, who surrendered to Alexander. Curt 
9. c. 1. 

PiiLEGETHOK, a rivcf of hell, whose wa- 
ters were burning, as the word cx^iSo,, from 
which the name is derived, seems to indicate 
t^irg. JEn. 6, v. 550,— Oitrf. Met. 15, v. 532 — 
Stnec. m Hipp.—Sil. 13, v. 564. 

Phi.egias, a man of Cyzicus, when the Ar- 
gonauts visited it, kc. Flacc. 

Phlegok, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one 
ot the emperor Adrian's freed-men. He 
wrote different treaUses on the long lived, on 
^V'"^?,'*^"' things, besides an historical account 
of Sicily, sixteen books on the olympiads, an 
account of the principal places in Rome, 
three books of fasti, fcc. Of these some frag- 
ments remain. His style was not elegant, and 
he wrote without judgment or precision. His- 
works have been edited by Meursiiis, 4to. L. 

Bat. 1620. One of the horses of the sun. 

Ihe word signifies burning. Ovid. Met. 2. 

Phlegra, or Phlegr.ecs campus, a place 
of Macedonia, afterwards called Pallene, 
where the giants attacked the gods and were 
defeated by Hercules. The combat was af- 
terwards renewed in Italy, in a place of the 
same name near Cumae. Sil. 8, v. 538, 1. 9, v, 
SOo.—Strab. 5.— Diod. 4 and 5.— Ovid. Met 10, 
V. 151, 1. 12, V.378, J. 15, v. 532.— Wa/. 5, Si/lv, 

PhlegvvE, a people of Thessaly. Some 
authors place them in Boeotia, They received 
their name from Phlegyas the son of Mars, 
with whom they plundered and burned tlie 
temple of Apollo at Delphi. Yew of them es- 
caped to Phocis. where they settled. Paus. 9, 
c. no.— Homer. II. 13, v. 30"!. — .'ilrab. 9. 

Phi.egyas, a son of Mars bv Chryse. 
daughter of Halmus, was king of the Lapi* 
thai in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and 
Coronis, to whom A])ollo offered violence. 
When the father heard that his daughter had 
been so wantonly abused, he marched an army 
against Delphi, and reduced the temple of 
the god to ashes. This was highlv resented 
Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him iu 
hell, where a huge stone hangs over his head, 
and keeps him in continual alarms, by its 
appearance of falling every moment. Pnv^ 
9; c. 'dG.—AiwUod.li, c.^.— l'ind. P^fi. 3.-- 



PH 

Ovid. Met. 5, v. ST.-'Servius ml Vtrg. JEn. 6, 
V. 618. 

Phlias, one of the Argonauts, son of Bac- 
chus and Ariadne. Paus. 2, c. 12. 

Phliasia, a country of Peloponnesus, near 
Sicyon, of which Phifius was the capital. 

Phlios, (gen. uiUis,) a town in Peloponne- 
sus, now Stapfdica, in the territory of Sicyon. 

Another in Elis. Another in Argolis, 

now Drtparw. 

Phlceus, a surname of Bacchus, expres- 
sive of his youth and vigour. Plut. in Symp. 
5, qu. 8. 

Phobetor, one of the sons of Somnus, and 
kis principal minister. His olfice was to assume 
the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to inspire 
terror in the minds of men, as his name inli- 
mates ((foitij). The other two ministers of 
Somnus were Phantasia and Morpheus. Ovid. 
Met. II, V. 640. 

Phobos, son of Mars, and god of terror 
among the ancients, was represented with a 
lion's head, and sacrifices were offered to 
Jiim to deprecate his appearance in armies. 
Flut. in trot. 

Phocsa, now Fochia, a maritime town of 
Ionia, in Asia Minor, with two harbours, be- 
tween Cumee and Smyrna, founded by an 
Athenian colony. It received its name from 
Phocus, the leader of the colony, or from 
(phocce) sea calves, which are found in great 
abundance in the neighbourhood. ' The inhab- 
itants, called Phocoei and Phocaenses, were 
expert mariners, and founded many cities in 
different parts of Europe. They left Ionia, 
when Cyrus attempted to reduce them under 
his power, and they came after many adven- 
tures into Gaul, where they founded Massilia, 
BOW Marseilles. The town of Marseilles is of- 
ten distinguished by the epithet of Phocaica, 
«nd its inhabitants called Phocceenses. Pho- 
eaea was declared independent by Pompey, 
and under the first emperors of Kome it be- 
came one of the most flourishing cities of Asia 
Minor. Liv. 5, c. 34, 1. 37, c. 31, 1. 38, c. 39. 
— Mela, 1, c. 17. — Paus. 7, c. 3. — Herodot. 1, 
V. 165.— Strab. 14.— Horat. epod. lQ.—Ovid. 
Met. 6, V. 9.—Plin. 3, c. 4. 

Phocenses and Phocici, the inhabitants of 
Fhocis in Greece. 

Phocilides, a Greek poet and philosopher 
«f Miletus, about 540 years before the Chris- 
tian era. The poetical piece now extant cal- 
led ivj^intnv, and attributed to him, is not of his 
composition, but of another poet who lived in 
the reign of Adrian. 

Phocion, an Athenian, celebrated for his 
virtues, private as well as public. He was edu- 
cated in the school of Plato, and of Xenocra- 
tes, and as soon as he appeared among the 
statesmen of Athens, he distinguished himself 
fey his prudence and moderation, his zeal for 
the public good, and his military abilities. He 
«»ften checked tiie violent and inconsiderate 
measures of Demosthenes, and when the 
Athenians deemed eager to make war against 
Philip, king of Macedonia, Phocion obsei-ved 
that war should never be undertaken without 
the strongest and most certain expectations of 
victory and success. When Philip endeavour- 
ed to make himself master of Eubcea, Pho- 
cion stopped his progress, and soon obliged him 
to relinquish hrs «nterpri^e. During the time 



PH 

of his administration he was always inclined 
to peace, though he never suffered his coun- 
trymen to become indolent, and to forget the 
jealousy and rivalshipof their neighbours. He 
was 45 times appointed governor of Athens, 
and no greater encomium can be passed upon 
his talents as a minister and statesman, than 
that he never solicited that high, though dan- 
gerous office. In his rural retreat, or at the 
head of the Athenian armies, he always ap- 
peared barefooted, and withoutacloak,whence 
one of his soldiers had occasion to observe, 
when he saw him dressed more warmly than 
usual during a severe winter, that since Pho* 
cion wore his cloak, it was a sign of the most 
inclement weather. If he was the friend of 
temperance and discipline, he was not a less 
brilliant example of true heroism., Philip, as 
well as his son Alexander, attempted to bribe 
him, but to no purpose; and Phocion boasted 
in being one of the poorest of the Athenians, 
and in deserving the appellation of the Good, 
It was through him that Greece was saved 
from an impending war, and he advised Alex- 
ander rather to turn his arms against Persia, 
than to shed the blood of the Greeks, who 
were either his allies or bis subjects. Alex- 
ander was so sensible of his merit, and of his 
integrity, that he sent him 100 talents from 
the spoils which he had obtained from the 
Persians ; but Phocion was too great to suffer 
himself to be bribed : and when the conqueror 
had attempted a second time to oblige him, 
and to conciliate his favour, by offering him 
the government and possession of five cities, 
the Athenian rejected the presents with the 
same indifference, and with the same inde- 
pendent mind. But not totally to despise the 
favours of the monarch, he begged Alexander 
to restore to their liberty four slaves that were 
confined in the citadel of Sardis. Antipater, 
who succeeded in the government of Macedo- 
nia after the death of Alexander, also attempt- 
ed to corrupt the virtuous Athenian, but with 
the same success as his royal predecessor ; and 
when a friend had observed to Phocion, that if 
he could so refuse the generous offers of his 
patrons, yet he should consider the good of his 
children, and accept them for their sake, Pho- 
cion calmly replied, that if his children were 
like him, they could maintain themselves as 
well as their father had done ; but if they be- 
haved otherwise, he declared that he was un- 
willing to leave them any thing which might 
either supply their extravagances, or encou- 
rage their debaucheries. But virtues like these 
could not long stand against the insolence and 
fickleness of an Athenian assembl)\ When 
the Piraeus was taken, Phocion was accused of 
treason, and therefore, to avoid the public in- 
dignation, he fled for safety to Polyperchon. 
Polyperchon sent him back to Athens, where 
he was immediately condemned to drink the 
fatal poison. He received the indignities of 
the people with uncommon composure; and 
when one of his friends lamented his fate, 
Phocion exclaimed, This is no more than what 
I expected; this treatment the m4)sl illustrious 
citizens of Athens have received before me. 
He took the cup with the greatest serenity of 
mind, and as he drank the fatal draught, he 
prayed for the prosperity of Athens, and bade 
his friends to t«ll nts son Phocus not to re- 



PH 

member the indignities which his father had 
received from the Athenians. He died about 
318 years before the Christian era. His body 
•was deprived of a funeral by order of the un- 
grateful Athenians, and if it was at last in- 
terred, it was by stealth, under a hearth, by 
the hand of a woman who placed tbis inscrip- 
tion over his bones : Keep inviolate, sacred 
hearth, the precious remains of a good man, till 
a better day restores them to the monuments of 
their forefathers, when Miens shall be deli- 
vered of her frenzy, and shall be more wise. 
It iias been observed of Phocion, that he never 
appeared elated in prosperity, or dejected in 
adversity, he never betrayed pusillanimity by 
a tear, or joy by a siniie. His countienance 
was stern and unpleasant, but he never be- 
haved with severity, his expressions were mild, 
and his rebukes gentle. At the age of 80 he ap- 
peared at the head of the Athenian armies 
like the most active otficer, and to hi^ pru- 
dence and cool valour in every period of life 
his citizens acknowledged themselves much 
indebted. His merits were not buried in ob- 
livion, the Athenians repented of their in- 
gratitude, and honoured his memory by raising 
him statues, and putting to a cruel death his 
guilty accusers. Flut. ^ C. JS'ep. in vita.— 
Diod. 16 

Phocis, a country of Greece, bounded on 
the east by Bceotia, and by Locris on the west. 
It originally extended from the bay of Corinth 
to the sea of Eubcea, and reached on the north 
as far as Thermopylse, but its boundaries were 
afterwards more conti'acted. Phocis received 
its name from Phocus, a son of Ornytion, who 
settled there. The inhabitants were called 
Phocenses, and from thence the epithet of 
Phocus was formed. Parnassus was the most 
celebrated of the mountains of Phocis, and 
Delphi was the greatest of its towns. Phocis 
is rendered famous for a war which it main- 
tained against some of the Grecian republics, 
and which has received the name of the Pho- 
cian war. This celebrated war originated in 
the following circumstances : — When Philip, 
king of Macedonia, had by bis intrigues, and 
well concerted policy, fomented divisions in 
Greece, and disturbed the peace of every re- 
public, the Greeks universally became discon- 
tented in their situation, tickle in their resolu- 
tions, and jealous of the prosperity of the 
neighbouring states. The Ampbictyons, who 
were the supreme rulers of Greece, and who 
at that time were subservient to the views of 
the Thebans, the inveterate enemies of the 
Phocians, showed the same spirit of lickleness, 
and like the rest of their countrymen, were 
actuated by the same fears, the same jealousy 
and ambition. As the supporters of religion, 
they accused the Phocians of impiety for 
ploughing a small portion of land which be- 
longed to the god of Delphi. They immedi- 
ately commanded, that the sacred tield should 
be laid waste, and that the Phocians, to ex- 
piate their crime, should pay a heavy fine to 
the community. The inability of the Pho- 
cians to pay the line, and that of the Am- 
pbictyons to enforce their commands by vio- 
lence, gave rise to new events. The people 
of Phocis were roused by the eloquence and 
(he popularity of Philomelus, one of their 
countrymen, and wheja thte ambitious rk)g- 



PH 

leader had liberally contributed the great 
riches he possessed to the good of his country- 
men, they resolved to oppose the Amphicty- 
onic council by force of arms. He seized the 
rich temple of Delphi, and employed the trea- 
sures it contained to raise a mercenary army. 
During two years hotilities were carried oa 
between the Phocians and their enemies, the 
Thebans and the people of Locris, but n» 
decisive battles were fought ; and it can only 
be observed, that the Phocian prisoners were 
always put to an ignominous death, as guilty 
of the most abominable sacrilege and impiety, 
a treatment which was liberally retaliated oa 
such of the army of the Ampbictyons as be- 
came the captives of the enemy. The defeat, 
however, and death of Philomelus, for a while 
checked their successes ; but the deceased ge- 
neral was soon succeeded in the command by 
his brother called Onomarchus, his equal ia 
boldness and ambition, and his superior ia 
activity and enterprise. Onomarchus render- 
ed bis cause popular, the Thessaiians joined 
his army, and the neighbouring states observed 
at least a strict neutrality, if they neither 
opposed nor favoured his arms. Philip of 
Macedonia, who had assisted the Thebans, was 
obliged to retire from the field with dishonour, 
but a more successful battle was fought near 
Magnesia, and the monarch, by crowning the 
head of his soldiers with laurel, and telling 
them that they fought in the cause of Delphi 
and heaven, obtained a complete victory. 
Onomarchus was slain, and his body exposed 
on a gibbet ; 6000 shared his fate, and their 
bodies were thrown into the sea, as unworthy 
of funeral honours, and 3000 were taken alive. 
This fatal defeat, however, did not ruin the 
Phocians; Phayllus, the only surviving bro- 
ther of Philomelus, took the command of 
their armies, and doubling the pay of his sol- 
diers, he encreased his forces by the addition 
of 9000 men from Athens, Lacedaemon, and 
Achaia. But all this numerous force at last 
proved inelfectual, the treasures of the temple 
of Delphi, which had long defrayed the ex- 
penses of the war, began to fail, dissentions 
arose among the ringleaders of Phocis, and 
when Philip had crossed the straits of Ther- 
mopyltE, the Phocians relying on his genero- 
sity, claimed his protection, and implored him 
to plead their cause before the Amphictyonic 
council. His feeble intercession was not atten- 
ded with success, and tbe Thebans, the Locri- 
ans, and theTbessalians,who then composed the 
Amphictyonic council, unanimously decreed 
that the Phocians should be deprived of the pri- 
vilege of sending members among tbe Ampbic- 
tyons. Their arms and their horses were to be 
sold for the benefit of Apollo, they were to pay 
the anmial sum of 60,000 talents, till the temple 
of Delphi had been restored to its ancient 
splendour and opulence ; their cities were to be 
dismantled, aud reduced to distinct villages, 
which were to contain no more than sixty 
houses each, at the distance of a furlong from 
one another, and all the privileges and the im- 
munities of which they were stripped, were to 
be conferred on Philip, king of Macedonia, for 
his eminent services in the prosecution of the 
Phocian war. The Macedonians were order- 
ed to put these cruel commands into execu* 
tion. The Pheeians were unable to make re 



PH 

sJistance, and ten years after they had under- 1 
taken the sacred war, they saw their country } 
laid desolate, their walls demolished, and their 
cities in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of their 
enemies, and the inflexible cruelty of the Ma- 
cedonian soldiers, B. C. 348. They were not, 
however, long under this disgraceful sentence : 
their well known valour and courage recom- 
mended them to favour, and they gradually re- 
gained their influence and consequence by the 
projection of the Athenians, and the favours 
of Philip. Liv. 32, c. 18. — Ovid. 2, Jim. 6, v. 
15. Met. 5, V. 276. — Demosth. — Justin. 8, 
Slc. — Diod. 16, &.C. — Plut.in Dem. Lys. Per. 
&:c. — Strab. 5. — Pans. 4, c. 5. 

Phocos, son ofPhocion, was dissolute in 
his manners, and unworthy of the virtues of 
his great father. He was sent to Lacediemon 
to imbibe there the principles of sobriety, of 
temperance, and frugality. He cruelly re- 
venged the death of his father, whom the 
Athenians had put to death. Plut.in Phoc. 

Sf Jipopk. A son of ^acus by Psamathe, 

killed by Telamon. Jlpollod. 3, c. 12. A 

son of Ornytion, who led a colony of Corin- 
thians into Phocis. He cured Antiope, a 
daughter of Nycteus, of insanity, and married 
her, and by her became father of Panopeus 
and Crisus. Paus. 2, c. 4. 

Phocylides, an aocient poet. [Firf. Pho- 
cilides.] 

Phcebas, a name applied to the priestess 
of Apollo's temple at Delphi. Lucan. 5, v. 
128, he. 

Ph(Ebe, a name given to Diana, or the 
saoon, on account of the brightness of that 
luminary. She became, according to Apollo- 
dorns, mother of Asteria and Latona. [Vid. 

Diana.] A daughter of Leucippus and 

Philodice, carried aaay with her sister Hilai- 
i-a, by Castor and Pollux, as she was going to 
marry one of the sons of Aphareus. [Vid. 
Leucippides.] — JJpoUod. 2, c. 10. — Pans. 2, 
c. 22. 

Ph(Eeeum, a place near Sparta. 

Phceuid.ys, a Lacedaemonian general, sent 
by the Ephori to the assistance of the Mace- 
donians against the Thracians. He seized the 
citadel of Thebes ; but though he was dis- 
graced and banished from the Lacedaemonian 
army for this perfidious measure, yet his 
countrymen kept possession of the town. He 
died B. C. 377. C. A'ep. in Pelop.—Diod. 
24, kc. 

Ph(Ebigexa, a surname of ^Esculapius, 
&LC. as being descended from Phcebus. Virg. 
JEa. V. 773. 

Phcebus, a name given to Apollo or the 
sun. This word expresses the brightness and 
splendour of that luminaiy (^i*«©0 Vid. 
Apollo. 

Ph(emos, a lake of Arcadia. 

Phoenice, or Phoenicia, a country of 
Asia, at the east of the Mediterranean, whose 
boundaries have been different in different 
ages. Some suppose that the names of Phro- 
nicia, Syria, and Palestine, are indiscrimi- 
nately used for one and the same country. 
Phcenicia, according to Ptolemy, extended on 
the north as far as the Eleutherus, a small 
river which falls into the Mediterranean sea a 
little below the island of Aradus, and it had 
Pelusium or the territories of Egypt as its 



PH 

more southern boundary, and Syria on the • 
east. Sidon and Tyre were the most capital 
towns of the country. The inhabitants were 
naturally industrious : the invention of lettei*s 
is attributed to them, and commerce and navi- 
gation were among them in the most flour- 
ishing state. They planted colonies on the 
shores of the Mediterranean, particularly 
Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, and Utica, and 
their manufactures acquired such a superiority 
over those of other nations, that among the 
ancients, whatever was elegant, great, or plea- 
sing, either in apparel, or domestic utensils, 
received the epithet of Sidonian. The Phoe- 
nicians were originally governed by kings. 
They were subdued by the Persians, and af- 
terwainJs by Alexander, and remained tribu- 
tary to his successors and the Romans. They 
were called Phoenicians, from Phcsnix, son of 
Agenor, who was one of their kings, or accor- 
dingjto others, from the great number of palm 
trees ((fot^t^tg) which grow in the neighbour- 
hood. Herodot. 4, c. 42, 1. 5, c. 58. — Homer. 
Od. 15.— Mela, 1, c. 11, I. 2, c. 7.— Strab. 1. 
—Apollod. 3, c. 1.— Lucref.2, v. 829.— P/in. 2, 
c. 47, 1, 5, c. \%~Curt. 4, c. 2,— Virg. JEn. 6, 
he— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 104, 1. 14, v. 345, 1. 15, 
V.288. 

Phcenice, a town of Epirus. Liv. 22, c. 12. 

Phcenicia. Vid. Phoenice. 

Phcenicus, a mountain of Bceotia.- An- 
other in Lycia, called also Olytnpus, with a 

town of the same name. A poetofEry- 

thr«. Liv. 56, c. 45. 

Ph(Enicusa, now Felicudi, one of the .^o- 
lian islands. 

Phcenissa, a patronymic given to Dido as a 
native of Phoenicia. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 529. 

Phcenix, son of Amytitor king of Argos, 
by Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was preceptor 
to young Achilles. When his father proved 
faithless to his wife, on account of his fond- 
ness for a concubine, called Clytia, Cleobule, 
jealous of her husband, persuaded her son 
Phcenix to ingratiate himself into the favours of 
his father's mistress. Phcenix easily succeeded, 
but when Amyntor discovered his intrigues, 
he drew a curse upon him, and the son was 
soon after deprived of his siglit, by divine ven- 
geance. According to some, Amyntor him- 
self put out the eyes of his son, which so cru- 
elly provoked him, that he meditated the death 
of' his father. Reason and piety, however, 
prevailed over passion, and Phoenix, not to be- 
come a parricide, fled from Argos to the court 
of Peleus, king of Phthia. Here he was treat- 
ed with tenderness ; Peleus carried him to 
Chiion, who restored him to his eye-sight, and 
soon after he was made preceptor to Achilles, 
his benefactor's son. He was also presented 
with the government of many cities, and made 
king of the Dolopes. He accompanied his pu- 
pil to the Trojan war, and Achilles was ever 
grateful for the instructions and precepts 
which he had received from Phoenix. After 
the death of Achilles, Phcenix, with others, was 
commissioned by the Greeks to return into 
Greece, to bring to the war young Pyrrhus. 
This commission he performed with success, 
and after the fall of Troy, he returned with 
Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace, He was buried 
at JEon, or, according to Strabo, near Tra- 
chinifir where a small river in the neighbour- 



PH 

li^d received llie name of Phmnix. Strab. 9. 

— Homer. II. 9, ^c. Ovid, in lb. v. 259. — 

Apollod. 2, c. l.-^Virg. W.n. 2, v. 762. A 

?on of Agenor, by a riyraph who was called 
Telephassa, according to ApoHodorus and 
Moschus, or, according to others, Epimedusa, 
Perimeda, or Agriope. He was, like his bro- 
thers, Cadmus and Ciiix, sent by his father in 
pursuit of his si§ter Europa, whom Jupiter had 
carried away under the form of a bull, and 
when his inquiries proved unsuccessful, he 
settled in a country which, according to some, 
was from him called PhcRnicia. From him, 
as some suppose, the Carthaginians were cal- 
led Pani. Apollod. 3. — Hygin. fab. 178 



polio's temple, he. 
A king of Argos.- 



The father of Adonis, according to Hesiod. 

A Theban, delivered to Alexander, he. 

A native of Tenedos, who was an officer 

in the service of Eumenes. 

Pholoe, one of the hoi-ses of Admetus. 

A mountain of Arcadia, near Pisa. It receiv- 
ed its name from Pholus, the friend of Her- 
eules, who was buried there. It is often con- 
founded with another of the same name in 
Thessaly, near mount Othrvs. Plin. 4, c. 6. 
■^Lucan. 3, v. 198, 1. 6, v. 388, 1. 7, v. 449.— 

Ovid. 2. Fast. 2, v. 273. A female servant. 

of Cretan origin, given with her two sons to 
Sergestus by JEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 285. 

A courtezan in the age of Horace. Uo- 

rat. 1, od. 33, v. 7. 

Phoi.us, one of the Centaurs, son of Sile- 
nus and Melia, or, according to others, of 
Ixion and the cloud. He kindly entertained 
Hercules when he was going against the boar 
of Erymanthus, but he refused to give him 
wine, as that which he had belonged to the 
rest of the Centaurs. Hercules, upon this, 
without ceremony, broke the cask and drank 
the wine. The smell of the liquor drew the 
Centaurs from the neighbourhood to the 
house of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them 
when they forcibly entered the habitation of 
his friend, and killed the greatest part of them. 
Pholus gave the dead a decent funeral, but 
he mortally wounded himself with one of the 
arrows wdiich were poisoned with the venom 
of the hydra, and which he attempted to 
extract from the body of one of the Centaurs. 
Hercules, unable to cure him, buried him 
when dead, and called the mountain where 
his remains were deposited by the name of 
Pholoe. Apollod. l.—Pam. 3.— Virg. G. 2, v. 
456.— ^n. 8, V. 294.— Diod. 4.— Hal. l.—Lu- 

can. 3, 6 and 7.— Stat. Tlieb. 2. One of the 

friends of ^Eneas killed by Turnus. Virg. 
Mn. 12, V. 341. 

PnoRBAS, a son of Priam and Epithesia, 
killed during the Trojan war by Menelaus. 
The god Somnus borrowed his features when 
he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the 
sea near the coast of Italy. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 
842.-- — A son of Lapithus, who married Hyr- 
mine, the daughter of Epeus, by whom he had 
Actor. Pelops, according to Diodorus, shared 
his kingdom with Phorbas, who also, says the 
same historian, established himself at Rhodes, 
at the head of a colony from Elis and Thessa- 
ly, by order of the oracle, which promised, by 
his means only, deliverance from the nume- 
rous serpents which infested the island. Diod. 

2. — Paus. 5, c. 1. A shepherd of Polybus 

long of Corinfh. A man who profaned A- 

69 



PH 

Ovid. Met. 11, v. 414. 
A native of Syrene, 
son of Methion, killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 
5, fab. 3. 

Phorcus, or Phorcys, a sea deity, son of 
Pontus and Terra, who married his sister Ce- 
to,by whom he had the Gorgons, the dragon 
that kept the apples of the Hesperides, and 
other monsters. Hesiod. Theogn. — Apollod. 

^^One of the auxiliaries of Priam, killed by 

Ajax, during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 17. 

A man whose seven sons assisted Turnus 

against jEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 328. 

Phormio. an Athenian general, whose fa- 
ther's name was Asopicus. He impoverished 
himself to maintain and support the dignity 
of his army. His debts were some time after 
paid by the Athenians, who wished to make 
him their general, an office which he refused, 
while he had so many debts, observing that it 
was unbecoming an officer to be at the head 
of an army, when he knew that he was poorer 

than the meanest of his soldiers. A general 

of Crotona. A peripatetic philosopher of 

Ephesus, who once gave a lecture upon the 
duties of an officer, and a military profession. 
The philosopher was himself ignorant of the 
subject which he treated, upon which Hanni- 
bal the Gieat, who was one of his auditors, 
exclaimed that he had seen many doting old 
men, but never one worse than Phormio. Cic. 

de A''at. D. 2. An Athenian arcbon. A 

disciple of Plato, chosen by the people of 
Elis, to make a reformation in their govern- 
ment, and their jurisprudence. 

Phormis, an Arcadian who acquired great 
riches at the court of Gelon and Hiero in Sici- 
ly. He dedicated the brazen statue of a ma're 
to Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which 
so much resembled nature, that horses came 
near it, as if it had been alive, Paus. 5, c. 27. 

Phoroneus, the god of a river of Pelopon- 
nesus, of the same name. He was son of the 
river Inachus 'by Melissa, and he was the se- 
cond king of Argos. He married a nymph 
called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had 
Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, 
and Niobe, the first woman of w^hom Jupiter 
became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his 
subjects the utility of laws, and the advanta- 
ges of a social life, and of friendly intercourse, 
wdience the inhabitants of Argolis are often 
called Plioroncei. Pausanias relates, that Pho- 
roneus, with the Cephisus, Asterion, and Ina-^ 
chus, were appointed as umpires in the quar- 
rel between Neptune and Juno, concerning 
their right of patronising Argolis. Juno 
gained the preference, upon which, Neptune, 
in a fit of resentment, dried up all the four 
rivers, whose decision he deenied partial. 
He afterwards restored them to their dignity 
and consequence. Phoroneus was the first 
who raised a temple to Juno. He received 
divine honours after death. His temple still 
existed at Argos, under Antoninus the Romaa 
emperor. Paus. 2, c. 15, he. — Apollod. 2, c. 
I,— Hygin. fab. 143. 

Phoronis, a patronymic of lo, as sister of 
Phoroneus. Ovid. Met, 1, v. 625. 

Phokonium, a town of Argolis, built by 
Phoroneus. 

Photinus, an eunuch who was prinw* 
minieter to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. Whim 



PH 

^ornpey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after the 
battle otPharsalia, Photiiius advised his mastoT 
not to receive him, but to put him to death. 
His advice wasstrictly tbihowed. Julius Caesar 
some time after visited Egypt, and Fhotiuus 
raised seditions against him, for which he was 
put to death. When Cajsar triumphed over 
Egypt and Alexandria, the pictures of Photi- 
ijus, and of some of the Egyptians, were car- 
ried in the procession at Rome. Plut. 

PHoTius,a son of Antonina, who betrayed 
to Belisarius his wife's debaucheries. A pa- 
trician in Justinian's reign 

Phoxus, a general of the Phocaeans, who 

burnt Lainpsacus, iic. Polyxn. 8. A tyrant 

of Chalcis, banished by his subjects, Ike. Aris- 
tot. Pol. 5, c. 4. 

Phraates 1st, a king of Parthia, who suc- 
ceeded Arsaces the 3d, called also Phriapa- 
tius. He made war against Antiochus, king of 
Syria, and was defeated in three successive 
battles. He left many children behind him, 
but as they were all too young, and unable to 
succeed to the throne, he appointed his bro- 
ther Mithridates king, of whose abilities and 
military prudence he had often been a spec- 
tator. Juslin. 41, c. 5. The 2d, succeed- 
ed his father Mithridates as king of Parthia; 
and made war against the Scythians, whom he 
called to his assistance against Antiochus king 
of Syria, and whom he refused to pay, on the 
jM'Ptence that they came too late. He was 
mui'dered by some Greek mercenaries, who 
had been once his captives, and who had en- 
listed in his army, B.' C. 129. Justm. 42, c. 

1. — Plut in Pomp. The 3d, succeeded his 

father Pacorus on the throne of Paithia, and 
gave one of bis daughters in marriage to Ti- 
granes, the son of Tigranes king of Armenia. 
Soon after he invaded the kingdom of Arme- 
nia, to make his son-in-law sit on the throne 
of his father His expedition was attended 
with ill-success He renewed a treaty of al- 
liance which his father had made with the Ro- 
mans. At his return in Parthia. he was assas- 
sinated by his sons Orodes and Mithridates. 

Juslin. The 4th, was nominated king of 

Parthia by his father Orodes, whom he soon 
after murdered, as also his own brothers. He 
made war against M.Antony with great suc- 
cess, an I obliged him to retiie witli miicii loss. 
Some time atter he was dethroned by the Par- 
thian nobility, but he soon regained his power, 
and drove away the usurper, called Tiridates. 
The usurper claimed the protection of Au- 
gustus, the Roman emperor, and Phraates sent 
amba>sadors to Rome to plead his cause, and 
gain the favours of his powerful judge. He 
was successful in his embassy: he made a trea- 
ty of jjeace and alliance with the Roman empe- 
ror, restored the ensigns and standards which 
the Parthians had taken from Crassus and 
Antony, and gave up his four sons with their 
"wives as hostages, till his engagements were 
performed. Some sup})Ose that Phraates de- 
livered his children into the hands of Augus- 
tus to l>e contined at Rome, that he mighi 
reign with greater security, as he knew his 
subjects would revolt, as soon as thty found 
any one of his family inclined to countenance 
their rebellion, though, at the same time, ihey 
scorned to support the interest of any usurper, 
who Wds not of the royal house ©f the Arsa- 



PH 

cidae. He was, however, at last murdered f>y 
one of his concubines, who placed iier sou 
called Phraatices on the throne. Val. Max. 
7, c. 6. — Judin. 42, c. o. — Diod. Cas. 51, itc. 
— Plut. in Anton. k,c. — Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 32. 

A prince of Parthia in the reign of Tibe- 

i-ius. A satrap of Pai'thia. Tacit. Ann. 6, 

C.42. 

Phraatices, a son of Phraates 4th. He, 
with his mother, murdered his father, and 
took possession of the vacant throne. His 
reign was short, he was deposed by his subjects, 
whom he had offended by cruelty, avarice, and 
oppression. 

Ph RAD AXES, an officer in the army of Da- 
rius at the battle of Arbela 

Pragandjs, a people of Thrace. Liv. 26, 
c. 25. 

Phrahates, the same as Phraates. Vid. 
Phraates. 

Phranicates, a general of the Parthiaa 
armies, 6ic. Slrab. 16. 

Phraortes succeeded his father Deioces 
on the throne of Media. He made war against 
the neighbouring nations, and conquered the 
greatest part of Asia. He was defeated and 
killed in a battle by the Assyrians, after a 
reign of 22 years, B. C. 625. His son Cyaxa- 
res succeeded him. It is supposed that the 
Arphaxad mentioned in Judith is Phraortes. 

Paus. — Herodot. 1, c. 102. A king of India 

remarkable for his frugality. Philostr. 

Phrasici.es, a nephew of Themistocles, 
whose daughter Nicomaeha he married. Pluf. 
in Them. 

Phrasimus, the father of Praxithea. Apol- 
lod. 

Phrasius, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacrificed 
on an altar by Busiris king of Egypt. 

PiiRATAPHERNES, a general of the Mas- 
sageta3, who surrendered to Alexander. Curt. 

8. A satrap who, after the death of Darius, 

lied to Hyrcania, &ic. Id. 

Phriapatius, a king of Parthia, who flou- 
rished B. C. 195. 

Phricium, a town near Thermopylae. Liv. 
36, c. 13. 

Phrixus, a river of Argolis. There is al- 
so a small town of that name in Elis, built by 
the Minyee. Herodot. 4, c. 148. 

Phronima, a daughter of Etearchus, king 
of Crete. She was delivered to a servant to be 
thrown into the sea, by order of her father, at 
the instigation of his second wife. The servant 
was unwilling to murder the child, but as he 
was bound by an oath to throw her into the sea, 
he accordingly let her down into the water by 
a rope,^ and took her out again unhurt. Phro- 
nima was afterwards in the number of the con- 
cubines of Polymnestus, by whom she became 
motlier of Battus, the founder of Cyreoe. He- 
rudot. 4, c. 154. 

PuRONTis, son of Onetor, pilot of the 
ship of Menelaus, after the Trojan war, was 
killed by Apollo just as the ship reached Suni- 

uni. Horn. Od. 3,* v. 282.—Pau.<i. 10, c. 25. 

One of the Argonauts. ApoUod. 1. 

PxiKUKi, a Scythian nation. 

Phryges, a river of Asia Minor, dividing 
Phrygia from Caria, and falling into the Her- 
mus. Paus. 

Phrvgia, a country of Asia Minor, gene- 
rally divided into Phrygia Major and Minor. 



PH 

rts boundaries are not properly or accurately! 
deSned by anci«'nt authors,, though it appears . 
that it was situate between Bithynia, Lydia, 
Cappadocia. and Caria. It received its name I 
from the Bri/grs, a nation of Thrace, or Ma- 
cedonia, who came to settle there, and from 
their name, by corruption, arose the word 
Phryvia. Cybele was the chief deity of the 
country, and her festivals were observed with 
the greatest solemnity. The most remarkable 
towns, bftsides Troy, were Laodice, Hierapo- 
Jis, and Synnada. The invention of the pipe 
of reeds, and of all sorts of needle-work, is at- 
tributed to the inhabitants, who are represent- 
ed by some authors as stubborn, but yielding 
to correction (iience Phryx verberalusmdwr), 
as imiirudent, eflfeminate, servile, and volup- 
tuous ; and to this Virgil seems to allude, JEn. 
9, v 617. The Phrygians, like all other na- 
tions, were called Barbarians by the Greeks ; 
their music (Phrygii cantu^) was of a srave 
and solemn nature, when opposed to the bris- 
ker and more cheerful Lydian airs. Mela, 1, 
c. 19.—Strab. 2, k.c.—Ovid. Met. 13, v. 429, 
&,c. — Cic. 7 ad.fam. ep. 16. — Flacc. 27. — Dio. 
1, c. 5ii. —P/m 8, c AS.— Moral. 2, od. 9, v. 16. 

—Pans. 5, c. 25.— Herodot. 7, c. 73. A city 

of Thrace. 

Phryne, a celebrated prostitute, who flour- 
ished at Athens about 328 years before the 
Christian era. She was mistress to Praxite- 
les, who drew her picture. [Firf. Praxiteles. 
This was one of his best pieces, and it was pla- 
ced in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, ft is 
said that Apelles painted his Venus Anadyo- 
r#ene after he had seen Phryoe on the sea- 
shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. 
Phryne became so rich by the liberality of 
her lovers, that she ottered to rebuild, at her 
own expense, Thebes, which Alexander had 
destroyed, provided this inscription was pla- 
ced on the walls : Aiexamler diruit, sed mere- 
irix Phryne refecit. This was refused. Plin. 

34, c. 8. There was also another of the same 

name, who was accused of impiety. When 
she saw that she was going to be condemned, 
she unveiled her bosom, wtiich so intiuenced 
her judges, that she was immediately acquitted. 
Qimifil. 2, c. 15. 

Phrymcus, a general of Saraos, who en- 
deavoured to betray his country to the Athe- 
nians, ^c. A tlatterer at Athens. A 

tragic poet of Athens, disciple to Thespis. He 
was the first who introduced a female cha- 

sacter on the stage, iitrab. 14. A comic 

poet. 

Phrynis, a musician of Mitylene, the first 
wlio obtained a musical prize at the Panathe- 
n;ta at Athens. He added two strini;s to the 
lyre, which had always been used witii seven by 
all hi« j)redecessors,' B. C. 438. it is said that 
he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero, 

kinjr of Sicily. A writer in the reign ot 

Commodus.who made acollection,in36 books, 
of phrases and santences from the best Greek 
autliors, &ic. 

Phryno, a celebrated general of Athens, 
^vho died B. C. 590. 

Pnnvxus, a son of Athamas, king of The- 
bes, l)y i\e})hele. After tiie repudiation ot 
liis mother, he was persecuted with the most 
inveterate fury by liis step-mother Ino, be- 
cjMisc he was to sit on the throne of Atha- 



PH 

mas, in preference to the children of a second 
wife. He was apprized of Ino's intentions 
upon his life, hy his mother Nephele, or, ac- 
cording to others, by his preceptor; and the 
better to make his escape, he secured part of 
his father's treasures, and privately left Ba3o- 
tia with his sister Helle, to go to their friend 
and relation JEete», king of Colchis. They 
embarked on board a ship, or, according to 
the fabulous account of the poets and mytho- 
logists, they mounted on the back of a ram 
whose fieece was of gold, and proceeded on 
their journey through the air. The height to 
which they were carried made Helle giddy, 
and she fell into the sea. Piiryxus gave her 
a decent burial on tiie sea shore, and after he 
had called the place Hellespont from her 
name, he continued his flight, and arrived 
safe in the kingdom of ^etes, where he of- 
fered the ram on the altars of Mars. Tlie king 
received him with great tenderness, and gave 
him his daughter Chalciope in marriage. She 
had by him Phrontis, Melias, Argos, Cylin- 
drus, whom some call Cytoru?, Catis, Lorus, 
and Hellen. Some time after he was mur- 
dered by his father-in-law, who envied him 
the possession of the golden fieece ; and Chal- 
ciope, to prevent her children from sharing 
their father's fate, sent them privately from 
Colchis to Boeotia, as nothing was to be dread- 
ed there from the jealousy or resentment of 
Ino, who was then dead. The fable of the 
flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a ram ha$ 
been explained by some^ who observe, that 
the ship on which he ^nbarked was either 
called by that nttme, or carried on her provr 
the figure of that animal. The fleece of gold 
is explained by recollecting that Phryxus car- 
ried away immense treasures from Thebes. 
Phryxus was placed among the constellations 
of heaven after death. The ram which car- 
ried him to Asia, is said to have been the fruit 
of Neptune's amour with Theophane, the 
daughter of Altis. This ram h-d been given 
to Athamas by the gods, to reward his piety 
and religious life, and Nephele procured it for 
her children, just as they were going to be sa- 
crificed to the jealousy of Ino. The murder 
of Phryxus was some time after amply re- 
venged by the Greeks. It gave rise to a cele- 
brated expedition which was achieved under 
Jason and many of the princes of Greece, 
and which had for its object the recovery pf 
the golden fleece, and the punishment of the 
king of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of 
Athamas. Diod. 4. — Herodot. 7, c. 197 — jlpol- 
lon. Arg. — Orpheus. — Flacc. — Slrab. — .Spot' 
lod. 1, c 9. — Pindar. Pyth. 4. — Hygin. fab. 14, 

188, &ic.— Ovid. Htroid. IS, Met. 4. A small 

river of Argolis. 

Phthia, a town of Phthiotis, at the east of 
mount Othrys in Thessaly, where Achilles 
was born, and from which he is often called 
Phlhius Htros. Moral. 4. Od. 6, v. 4. — Ovid, 
Met. 13, V. 156.— Meld, 2, c. S—Propert. 2, 

el. 14, V 38.— CVc. Tics. 1. c. 10. A nymph. 

of Achaia. beloved by Jupiter, who, to seduce 
her, disguised himself under the shape ot a 
pigeon, .flllinn V. if. 1, c. la. A daugh- 
ter of Am|)hion and Niobe, killed by Diana. 
ipoUod. 
PiiTHiuTis, a small province of Thessaly, 
I between the Pelasgicus sinus and the JVlaliacus 



Pll 

siuus, Magnesia, and inouut CKta. It was also 
called Acliaia. Pans. 10, c. 8. 

Phya, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica 
whom Pisistratusj wWen he wished to re-estab- 
lish himself a third time in his tyranny, dressed 
like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city 
on a chariot, making the populace believe that 
the goddess herself came to restore him to 
power. The artifice succeeded. Herodol. 1, 
c. 59. — Poly an. 1, c. 40. 

Pmcus, (untis), a promontory, near Cy- 
rene, now called Ras-al-sem. Lucan. 9. 

Phylace, a town of Thessaly, built by Phy- 
lacus. Protesilaus reigned there, from whence 
he is often called Phylacides. Lucan. 6, v. 

252. A town of Arcadia. Paus. 1, c. 54. 

A town of Epirus. Liv. 45, c. 26. 

Phylacus, a son of Deion, king of Phocis. 
He married Clyraene, the daughter of Mynias, 
and founded Phylace. Apollod. 

Phylarchus, a Greek biographer, who 
flourished B. C. 221. He is accused of partial- 
ity by Plut. in Aral. 

Phylas, a king of Ephyre, son of Antiochus, 
and grandson of Hercules. 

Phyle, a well-fortified village of Attica, at 
a little distance from Athens. C. Kep. in 
Thras. 

Phyleis, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 

Phyleds, one of the Greek captains dur- 
ing the Trojan war. • A son of Augeas. He 



blamed his father for refusing to pay Hercules 
what he had promised him for cleaning his 
Stables. He was placed on his father's throne 
by Hercules. 

Phylira. Vid. Philyra. 

Phylla, the wife of Demetrius Poliorce- 
tes, and mother of Stratonice, the wife of Se- 
leucus. 

Phvlxalia, a part of Arcadia. A place 

in Thessaly. 

Phylleius, a mountain, country, and town 
of Macedonia. Jlpollon. Arg. \, 

Phyllis, a daughter of Sithon, or, accord- 
ing to others, of Lycurgus, king of Thrace, 
who hospitably received Demophoon the son 
of Theseus, who, at his return from the Tro- 
jan war, had stopped on her coasts. She be- 
came enamoured of him, and did not find 
him insensible to lier passion. After some 
months of mutual tenderness and atfection. 
Demophoon set sail for Athens, where his 
domestic affairs recalled him. He promised 
faithfully to return as soon as a month was 
expired; but either his dislilce for Phyllis, 
or the irreparable situation of his affairs, ob- 
liged him to violate his engagement, and the 
queen, grown desperate on account of his ab- 
sence, hanged herself, or, according to others, 
threw herself down a pi-ecipice into the sea, 
and perished Her friends raised a tomb over 
her body, where there grew up certain trees, 
whose leaves, at a particular season of the 
year, suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears 
for the death of Phyllis. According to an old 
tradition mentioned by Servius, Virgil's com- 
mentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods 
into an almond tree, which is called Phylla by 
the Greeks. Some days after this metamor- 
phosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace, and 
when he heard of the fate of Phyllis, he ran 
and clasped the tree, which, though at that 
time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth 



PI 

and blossomed, as if still sensible of tender- 
ness and love. The absence of Demophoon 
from the house of Phyllis has given rise to a 
beautiful epistle of Ovid, supposed to have 
been written by the Thracian queen about 
the fourth month after her lover's departure. 
Ovid. Herold. 2, de Art. Am. 2, v. 353. Trist. 

2, 437. — Hygin. fab. 59. A country woman 

introduced in Virgil's eclogues. The nurse 

of the emperor Domitian. Suet, in Dom. 17. 

A country of Thrace near mount Pan- 

gasus. Herodot. 7, c. 13. 

Phyllius, a young Boeotian, uncommonly 
fond of Cygnus, the son of Hyria, a woman 
of Bceotia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and 
told him that, to obtain a return of affec* 
tion, he must previously destroy an enormous 
lion, take alive two large vultures, and sacri- 
fice on Jupiter's altars a wild bull that infest- 
ed the country. This he easily effected by- 
means of artifice, and by the advice of Her- 
cules he forgot his partiality for the son of 
Hyria. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 372. — JVicand. in 

Htttr. 3. A Spartan remarkable for the 

courage with which he fought against Pyrrhus, 



king of Epirus 

Phyllodoce, one of Cyrene's attendant 
nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 336. 

Phyllos, a country of Arcadia. A towy 

of Thessaly near Larissa, where Apollo had a 
temple. 

Phyllus, a general of Phocis during the 
Phocian or sacred war against the Thebans. 
He had assumed the command after the death 
of his brothers Philomelus and Onamarchus. 
He is called by some Phayllus. [Vid. Pboci*. 

Physcella, a town of Macedonia. Mela, 
2, c. 3. 

Physciow, a famous rock of Bceotia, 
which was the residence of the Sphynx, and 
agaitjst which the monster destroyed himself, 
when his enigmas Were explained by (Edipus. 
Plut. 

Physcoa, a woman of Elis, mother of Nai*- 
cceus, by Bacchus. Pau^. 5, c. 16. 

PhyscoN; a surname of one of the Ptole- 
mies, kings of Egypt, from the great promi- 
nency of his belly (<?<jj*>i venter). Athen. 2, c. 
23. 

Physcos, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes. 
'S/rfl6. 14. 

Physcus, a river of A.sia falling into the 
Tigris. The ten thousand Greeks crossed it on 
their return from Cunaxa. 

Phytalioes, the descendant of Phytalus, 
a man who hospitably received and entertain- 
ed Ceres, when she visited Attica. Plut. in 
Thes. 

PiiYTON, a general of the people of Rhe- 
gium against Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily. 
Me was taken by the enemy and tortured, B. 
C. 387, and his son was thrown into the sea. 
Diod. 14. 

PHYXuflf, a town of Elis. 

PiA, or PiALiA, festi\'als instituted in honour 
of Adrian, by the emperor Antoninus. They 
were celebrated at Puteoli, on the second year 
of the Olympiads. 

PiAsus, a general of the Pelasgi. Slrab. 

PiCENi, the inhabitants of Picenum, called 
also Picentes. They received their name 
from Picas, a bird by whose auspices they ha^ 



PI 

settled in that part of Italy. Ital. 9, v. 425.— 
Slrab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 

PicENTiA, the capital of the Picentini. 

PicuNTiNi, a people of Italy, between Lu- 
caiiia and Campania on the Tuscan sea. They 
are dilferent from the Piceni or Picentes, who 
inhabited Ficenum. Sil. It. 8, v. 450.— TociL 
//.4, C.62. 

PiciNi'M, or FicENus ACER, a country of 
Italy near the Umbrians and Sabines, on the 
borders of the Adriatic. Liv. 21, c. 6, 1. 22, c. 
9, 1. 27, c. 43.— 6't7. 10, v. 313.— iforaf. 2, sat. 
3, V. 122.— Mart. 1, ep. 44. 

PiCRA, a lake of Africa, which Alexander 
crossed when he went to consult the oracle of 
Ammon. Diod. 

Picr^, or PiCTi, a people of Scythia, 
•ailed also Jlgaihyrscz. They received this 
name from their painting their bodies with 
different colours, to appear more terrible in 
the eyes of their enemies. A colony of these, 
according to Servius, Virgil's commentator, 
emigrated to the northern parts of Britain, 
where they still preserved their name and 
their savage manners, but they are mentioned 
only by later writers. Murccll. 27, c. 18. — 
Claudian. dn Hon. cons. v. 54. — Piin. 4, c. 12. 
— Mela, 2, c. 1. 

PicTAVi, or PicTONES, a people of Gaul, in 
the modern country of Foictou. Cces. 7, bell. 
G. c. 4. 

PicTAViuM, a town of Gaul. 

Fabius Pictor, a consul under whom sil- 
ver was first coined at Rome, A. U. C. 485. 

PicuMNus, and Pilumnus, two deities at 
Home, who presided over the auspices, that 
were required before the celebration of nup- 
tials. Pilumnus was supposed to patronise 
children, as his name seems in some manner 
to indicate, ^uod pellat mala infanticE. The 
manuring of lands were first invented by Pi- 
eumnus, from which reason he is called Ster- 
quilinius. Pilumnus is also invoked as the 
god of bakers and millers, as he is said to have 
first invented how to grind corn. Turnus 
boasted of being one of his lineal descendants. 
Virg. ^n. 9, v. 4. — Varro. 

PicDS, a king of Latiutji, son of Saturn, 
who married Venilia, who is also called Ca- 
nens, by whom he had Faunus. He was ten 
derly loved by the goddess Pomona, and he 
returned a mutual affection. As he was one 
day hunting in the woods, he was met by 
Circe, who became deeply enamoured of him, 
and who changed him into a woodpecker, call- 
ed by the name of picus among the Latins. 
His wife Venilia was so disconsolate when slie 
was informed of his death, that she pined 
away. Some suppose that Picus was the son 
oi Pilumnus, and that he gave out prophecies 
to his subjects, by means of a favourite wood- 
pecker, from which circumstance originated 
the fable of his being metamorphosed into a 
bird. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 48, 171, he— Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 320, &c. 

PiDORus, a town near mount Athos. He- 
rodol. 7. c. 122. 

PiDYTEs, a man killed by Ulysses during 
the Trojan war. 

PiELus, a son of Neoptolemus, king of 
Epirus, after his father. Paus. 1, c. 11. 

Pjera, a fountain of Peloponnesus, between 
EUs and Olynapia. P«tv?, 5. c. 16. 



PI 

Pieria, a smaH tract of country in Ttres- 
saly or Macedonia, from which the epithet of 
Pienan was applied to the Muses, and to po- 
etical compositions. Martial. 9, ep. 88, v. 3. 

— Horat. 4, od. 8, v. 20. A place betweea 

Cilicia and Syria. One of the wives of Da- 

p.aus, mother of six daughters called Actea, 
Podarce, Dioxippe, Adyte, Ocypete, and Pi- 
large, ^pollod. 2. The wife of Oxylus, the 

son of Haemon, and mother of .^tolus and 

Laias. Paus. 5, 3. The daughter of Py- 

thas, a Milesian, he. 

PiERiDES, a name given to the Muses, ei- 
ther because they were born in Pieria, in 
Thessaly, or because they were supposed by 
some to be the daughters of Pierus, a king of 

Macedonia, who settled in Boeotia. Also 

the daughters of Pierus, who challenged the 
Muses to a trial in music, in which they were 
conquered, and changed into magpies. It 
may perhaps be supposed, that the victorious 
Muses assumed the name of the conquered 
daughtei's of Pierus, and ordered themselves 
to be called Pierides, in the same manner as 
Minerva was called Pallas because she had 
killed the giant Pallas. Ovid. Mel. 5, v. 300. 

PiERis, a mountain of Macedonia. Paus. 
9, c. 29. 

PiERUS, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred to 
the Muses, who were from tbence, as some 

imagine, called Pierides. A rich man of 

Thessaly, whose nine daughters, called Pie- 
rides, challenged the Muses, and were chang- 
ed into magpies when conquered. Paus. 9, 

c. 29. A river of Achaia, in Peloponnesus. 

A town of Thessaly. Paus. 7, c. 21. 

A mountain with a lake of the same name in 
Macedonia. 

PiETAs, a virtue which denotes veneration 
for the deity, and love and tenderness to our 
friends. It received divine honours among the 
Romans, and was made one of their gods. Aci- 
lius Glabrio first erected a temple to this new 
divinity, on the spot where a woman had fed 
with her own milk her aged father, who had 
been imprisoned by the order of the senate, 
and deprived of all aliments. Cic. de Div. 1. 
— Val. Max. 5, c. 4.—PUn. 7, c. 36. 

PiGRES and Mattyas, two brothers, &c. 
Herodoi. The name of three rivers. 

PiGRUM MARE, a name applied to the 
Northern sea, from its being frozen. The 
word Pigra is applied to the Palus Mojotis 
Ovid. 4, Pont. 10, v. 6\.—Plin.4, c. 13.— Ta- 
cil. G. 45. 

Pilumnus, the gods of bakers at Rome. 
Vid. Picumnus. 

PiMPLA, a mountain of Macedonia with a 
fountain of (he same name, on the confines of 
Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to the Muses, 
who on that account are often called Pimpkoe, 
and Pimpleades. IJorat. 1, od. 26, v. 9. — 
Slrab. \0.— Martial. 12, ep. U,y. 3.— Stat. 1, 
Sylv. 4, v. 26, Sylv. 2, v. 36. 

PiMPRANA, a town on the Indus. .Irrian. 

PiNARE, nn island of the /Egean sea. A 

town of Syria, at the soulh of mount Ama- 
nus. i'/m. 5, c. 25. OfLycia. Strab. 14. 

PiNARius and Porn i us, two old men ui 
Arcadia, who came uitli Evander to Italy 
They were instructed by Hercules, who vis'i- 
ted the court of Eviinder, how ihey were 
to offer sacrifices to his divinity, in the 



PI 

jaoiTiing, and in the evening, immediately 
at sun-set. The morning sacrifice they jijuc- 
tually performed, but on the evening i^oii- 
tius was obliged to otFer the sacrifice alone 
as Pinarius neglected to come till after the ap- 
pointed time. This negligence otfended Her 
tules, and he ordered, that for the tuture, Pj 
uaritisand his descendants shouhj jireside over 
tlie sacrifices, but that Poiitius, with his pos- 
terity, should wait upon the priests as servai;Ls, 
when the sacrifices were annually ottered to 
iiira on mount Aventine. This was religiously 
observed till the age of Appius Claudius, who 
persuaded the Politii, by a large bribe, to dis- 
continue their sacred office, and to have the 
eeremony performed by slave??. For (his neg- 
ligence, as the Latin authors observe, the Po- 
titii were deprived of sight, and the family 
feecarae a little time after totally extinct. Liv. 
], c. 7.— Firg. JEn. 8, v. 2d9, he —Victor dt 
orig. 8. 

M. Pi?JARius Ruse A, a pretor, who con- 
quered Sardinia, and defeated the Corsicans. 
Cic. de oral. 3. 

PixNAKus, or PiNDUs, uow^ DcUfou, a river 
falling into the sea near Issus, after ilowing be- 
tween Cilicia and Syria. Diunt/s. Per. 

PiNctTM, a town of Moesia Superior, now 
Gradisca. 

PiNDARus, a celebrated lyric poet of 
Thebes. He was carefully trained from his 
earliest years to the study o'f music and poetry, 
and he was taught how to compose verses 
■with elegance and simplicity, by Myrtis and 
Corinna. When he was young, it is said that 
a swarm of bees settled on his lips, and there 
ieft some honey -combs as he reposed on the 
grass. This was universally explained as a 
prognostic of his future greatness and celebri- 
ty, and indeed he seemed entitled to notice 
•when he had conquered Myrtis in a musical 
contest. He was not however so successful 
against Corinna, who obtained five times, 
while he was competitor, a poetical prize, 
which according to some, was adjudged rather 
to the charms of her person, than to the bril- 
liancy of her genius, or the superiority of her 
composition. In the public assemblies of 
Greece, where females were not permitted to 
contend, Pindar was rewarded with the prize, 
in preference to every other competitor ; and 
as the conquerors at Olympia were the subject 
of his compositions, the poet was courted by 
statesmen arjd princes. His hymns and paeans 
were repealed before the most crowded as- 
semblies in the temples of Greece ; and the 
priestess of Delphi declared that it was the 
will of Apollo, that Pindar should receive the 
half of all the first fruit offerings that were an- 
nually heaped on iiis altars. This was not the 
only public honour which he received j after 
his death, he was honoured with every mark of 
respect, even to adoration. His statue was 
erected at Thehes in the public place where 
the games were exhibited, and si& centuries 
after it was viewed with i)leasure and admira- 
tion, by the geographer Pausauias. The ho 
nours which had been paid to him while alive, 
were also shared by his posterity ; and at the 
celebration of one of the festivalsof the Greeks, 
a portion of the victim which had bcenoltered 
in sacrifice, was reserved for the descendants 
of the poet. Even the most inveterate ene- 



PI 

mles of the Tl\ebans showed regard for ht$ 
memory, and the Spartans spared ihe house 
ih which the prince of lyrics had inhabited 
when they destroyed the houses and the walls 
of Thebes. The same respect was also paid 
him by Alexander the Great when Thebes was 
reduced to ashes. It is said that Pindar died at 
the advanced age of 86, B. C 43i>. The great- 
est part of his works have perished. He had 
written some hymns to the gods, poems in 
honour of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, 
aiid odes on several vrctories obtained at the 
tour greatest festivals of the Greeks, the 
Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian, and iNemean 
games. Of all these, the odes are the only 
compositions extant, admired for sublimity of 
sentiments, grandeur of expression, energy 
and magnificence of style, boldness of meta- 
phors, haimony of numbers, and elegance of 
diction. In these odes, which were repeated 
with the aid of musical instruments, and ac- 
companied by the various inflections of the 
voice, with suitable attitudes, and proper mo- 
tions of body, the poet has not merely cele- 
brated the place wlierethe victory v\as won, 
but has introduced beautiful episodes, and by- 
unfolding the greatness of his heroes, the dig- 
nity of their characters, and the glory of the 
several republics where they flourished, he 
has rendered tiie whole truly beautiful, and in 
the highest degree interestuig. Horace has 
not hesitated to call Pindar inimitable, and this 
panegyric will not perhaps appear ioo offen- 
sive, when we recollect that succeeding critics 
have agreed in extolling his beauties, his ex- 
cellence, the fire, animation, and enthusiasm 
of his genius. He has been censured for his 
affectation in composing an ode, from which 
the letter S was excluded. The best editions 
of Pindar are those of Heyne,4to. Goltingon, 
1773; of Glasgow, 12mo. 1774; andofSchmi- 
dius, 4to. Witteberg, 1616. Jtken.— ^^umiif. 
10, c. l—Horat. 4, od. 'l.—MUan. V. H. 3.-— 
i'aiLS. 1, c. 8, I. 9, c. 2S.— Fal. Mux. 9, c. 12.— 

Fiat.in Jilex. — Curt. 1, c. 13. A tyrant of 

Eiihesus who killed his master at his ow!i re- 
quest, after the battle of Philippi. Pint. 

ATheban, who wrote a Latin poem on the 
Trojan war, 

PiNDASus, a mountain of Troas. 

PiNDF.Nissus, a town of Cilicia, on the bor- 
ders of Syria. Cicero, when proconsul in 
Asia, besieged it for 25 days and took it. Cic 
ad M. Ccelium. ad Fam. 2, ep. 10. 

PiNDus, a mountain, or rather a chain of 
mountains, between Thessaly, Macedonia, and 
Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as being sa- 
cred to the Muses and to Apollo. Odd. Met. 
1, V. blQ.—atrab \S.— Virg. Ed. \0.—Lucan. 

1, V. 674, 1. 6, V. 339.— .1/e/a, 2,c.3. A town 

of Doris in Greece, called also Cyphas. It 
was watered by a small river of the same name 
which falls into the Cephisus, near Lilaja. 
Herodot. 1, c. 56. 

PiNGDS, a river of Mysia, falling into the 
Danube. Plin. 3, c. 26. 

PiNMA, a town of Italy, at the mouth of the 
Matrinus, .south of Picenum. Sil. 8, v. 518. 

PiMTHiAS. Vid. Phinthias. 

PiNTiA, a town of Spain, now supposed to 
be Valtudoiid. 

PioN, one of the descendants of Hercules, 
who built Piorda, near the Caycus in My- 



PI 

s'la. It is said that smoke issued from Lis tomb 
as often as sacritices were otfered to him. 
Paus 9, c. 18. 

PiOE, one of the Nereides. j9poUod. 

PiyNiA, a town of Mysia, near the Caycus. 

Piraeus, or PirjEeus, a celebrated har- 
bour at Atiiens, at the mouth of the Cephisus 
about tiiree miles distant from the city. It was 
joined to the town by two walls, in circumfe 
rence seven miles and an half, and sixty feet 
high, wliich Themistocles wished to raise in a 
double proportion. One of these was built by 
Pericles, and the other by Theoiistocles. The 
towers which were raised on the walls to serve 
as a defence, were turned into dwelling-houses 
as the poDulation of Athens gradually increa- 
sed. It was the most capacious of all the har- 
bours of the Athenians, and \\d< naturally di- 
vided into three lar^e basins called Cantharos. 
A;)hrodisiiim, and Zea, improved by the la- 
boui-s of.Themistocles and made sutEciently 
commodious for the reception of a fleet of 4<J<> 
ships in the greatest security. The walls 
w hioh joined it to Athens, with all its fortifica- 
tions, were totally demolished when Lysander 
pul-an end to the Pelopoimesian v,ar by the 
reuncfion of Attica. Pam 1- c. 1. — Strab.9. — 
C. A'ep. in Them. — Fior. 3, c. 5. — Justin. 5, c. 
8.~0viJ Met 6: v. 446. 

PiRANTHUs. a son (jf Argus and Evadne, 
brother to Jasus, Ejiidaiirus. and Perasus. 
Paus. 2, c. 1(3 and \l.—.3pollod. 2. 

PiR£NE, a daughter of Danaus. A 

daughter of (Ebalus, or according to others, 
of the Acheious. She had by Neptune two 
sons called Leches and Cenchrius, who gave 
their name to two of the harbours of Corinth 
Pirene was so disconsolate at the death of her 
son Cenchrius who had been killed by Diana, 
♦hat she pined away, and was dissolved by 
her continual wee})ing into a fountain of the 
same name, which was still seen at Corinth 
in Uie age of Pausauias. The fountain Pirene 
was sacred to the Muses, and according to 
some the horse Pegasus was then drinking 
some of its waters, when Bellerophon took it 
to go and conquer the Chimiera. Paus. 2. c. 
3.— On(/..Ve/.2, V. 240. 

PiRiTKous, a son of Ixion and the cloud, 
or according to others, of Dia, the daughter of 
Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia. by 
Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a horse 
whenever he paid his addresses to his mistress. 
He was king of tlie Lapithiu, and as an ambi- 
tious prince he wished to become acquainted 
with Theseus, king of Athens, of whose fame 
and exploits he had heard so many reports. 
To see hini: and at (he same time to be a wit 
ness of his valour, he resolved to invade his 
lerritories with an army. Theseus immedi- 
ately met him on the borders of Attica, but at 
the sight of one another tlie two enemies did 
not begin the engagement, but struck with the 
appearance of each otlier, they stepped be- 
tween the hostile armies. Tiieir meeting was 
like that of the most cordial friends, and Piri- 
thous by giving Theseus his hand as a pledge 
of his sincerity, promised to repair all the da- 
mages which his hostilities in Attica might 
have occasioned. From that time, therefo^-e, 
the two monarchs became the most- intimate 
and the most attached of friends, so much, 
thaith^ir friendship, like (ha; yf Orestes and 



PJ 

Pylades, is become proverbial. Pirithous some 
time after married Hippodamia, and invited 
not only the heroes of his age, but also the 
gods themselves, and his neighbours the Cen- 
taurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was the 
only one of the gods who was not invited, and 
to punish this neglect, the god of war was de- 
termined to raise a quarrel among the guests, 
and to disturb the festivity of the entertain- 
ment. Eurythion, captivated with the beauty 
of Hippodamia. and intoxicated with wine, at- 
tempted to otfer violence to the bride, but he 
was prevented by Theseus, and immediately- 
killed This irrigated the rest of the Centaurs, 
the contest became general, but the valour of 
Theseus, Pirithous, Hercules, and the rest of 
the Lapithaj triumphed over their enemies. 
Many of the Centaurs were slain, and the rest 
saved thnir lives by flight. [V'id. Lapithus.j 
The death of Hippodamia left Pirithous very 
Jiscofjsolate. and he resolved, with his friend 
Theseus, who had likewise lost his w^ife, nev'er 
to marry again, except to a goddess, or one of 
the daughters of the gods. This determina- 
tion occasioned the rape of Helen by the two 
friends ; the lot was drawn, and it fell to the 
share of Theseus to have the beautiful prize. 
Pirithous upon this undertook with his friend 
to carry away Proserpine and to marry her. 
They descended into the infernal regions, but 
Pluto, who was apprized of their machinations 
to disturb his conjugal peace, stopped the two 
friends and confined them there. Pirithous 
was tied to his father's wheel, or according to 
Hygiaus, he was delivered to the furies to be 
continually tormented. His punishment, how- 
ever, was short, and when Hercules visited the 
kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Proser- 
pine the pardon of Pirithous, and brought him 
back to his kingdom safe and unhurt. Some 
suppose that he was torn to pieces by the dog 
Cerberus. \^Vid. Theseus.] Otid. Met. 12; 
tab 4 and 5. — Iltsiod. in Scuf. Her. — Homer. 
II. 2.— Paus. 5. c. lO.—.^pollod. 1, c. 8, 1. 2, c. 
5. — Hyj^in. fab. 14, 79, 155. — Dlod. 4. — Plut. 
in Tilts.— Horat. 4, od. l.— Vir(r. JEn. 7, v. 
304.— .Var/. 7, ep. 2.3. 

PiRLs, a captain of the Thraclans during 
the Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king of jEto- 
lia. Homer. II. 4. 

PiRUsTX, a people of lilyricum. Liv. 45, 
c. -26. 

Pisa, a town ofElison the .\lpheus at the 
west of the Peloponuesus, founded by Pisus 
the son of Perieres, and grandson of iEolus. 
Its inhabitants accompanied Nestor to the Tro- 
jan war, and they enjoyed long the privilege of 
presiding at the Olympic games which were 
celebrated near their city. This honourable 
appointment was envied by the people of Elis, 
who made wai" against the Piscan.?, and after 
many bloody battles look their city and totally 
demolished it. It was at Pisa that (Enomaus 
murdered the suitors of his daughter, and that 
he himself was conquered by Pelops. The 
inhabitants were called Plscci. Some have 
doubted the existence of such a place as Pisa, 
but this doubt orighmtes from Pisa's having 
been destroyed in so remote an age. The 
horses of Pisa were famous. The year on 
which llie Olympic games were celebrated, 
was often called Pisaus annus, and the victory 
uhif;h vrrts obtRined there was called Pisaoi 



PI 

mmusoliViE. Vid. Olyrapia. Slrah.^.—^id.\ 
Trisl, 2, V. 386, 1. 4, el. 10, v. 95. — Mela, 2.— 
Virg. G. 3, V. 180.— 57a/. Tlieb. 7, v. 417.— 
Pans. 6, c. 22. 

Pis/E, a town of Etruria, built by a colony 
from Pisa in tbe Peloponnesus. The inhabit- 
ants were called Pisani. DionysiusofHaiicar- 
nassus atfirms that it existed before the Tro- 
jan war, but others support that it was built 
by a colony of Pisaaans who were shipwrecked 
on the coast of Etruria at their return from 
the Trojan war. Pisa3 was once a very power- 
ful and nourishing city, which conquered the 
Baleares, together with Sardinia and Corsica. 
The sea on the neighbouring coast was called 
the bav ofPisae. "Virg. .ZEn. 10, v. 179. — 
Strab. k—Lucan. 2, v. 401,— Liz?. 39, c, 2, 1. 
45, c. 13.— P/m. 2, c. 193. 

PisJEus, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa. 

PisANDER, a son of Bellerophon killed by 

the Solymi. -A Trojan chief killed by Me- 

nelaus. Homer. IL 13, v. 601. One of Pene- 
lope's suitors, son of Polyctor. Ovid. Heroid. 
1. A son of Antimachus, killed by Aga- 
memnon during the Trojan war. He had had 
recourse to entreaties and promises, but in 
vain, as the Grecian wished to resent the ad- 
vice of Antimachus, who opposed the restora- 
tion of Helen. Homer. IL 11, v. 123. An 

admiral of the Spartan fleet during the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. He abolished the democracy 
at Athens, and established the aristocratical 
government of the four hundred tyi-ants. He 
was killed in a naval battle by Conon the 
Athenian general near Cnidus, in which the 

Spartans lost 50 galleys, B. C. 394. Diod. 

A poet of Rhodes wlio composed a poem cal- 
led Heradea-! in which he gave an account ol 
all the labours and all the exploits of fiercu- 
les. He was the first who ever represented 
his hero armed with a club. Pans. 8, c. 22. 

PisATES, or PisTEi, the inhabitants of Pisa 
in the Peloponnesus. 

PiSAURUs, now Foglia, a river of Pice- 
num, with a town called Pisaurum, now Pe- 
saro^ which became a Roman colony in the 
consulship of Claudius Pulcher. The town 
was destroyed by an earthquake in the begin- 
ning of the reign of Augustus. Mela, 2, c. 4. 
—Catull. S2.—Plin. 3.—Liv. 39, c. 44. 1.41, 
c. 27. 

PjstNOR, a son of Ixion and the cloud. 



One of the ancestors of the nurse of Ulysses. 
Homer. Od. 1. 

PisEus, a king of Etruria, about 260 years 
before the foundation of Rome. Plhi. 7, c 26. 

PisiAS, a general of the Argives in the age 
of Epaminondas. A statuary ,at Athens ce- 
lebrated for his pieces. P«M.f. 

PisiniA, an inland country of Asia Minor, 
between Phrygia, Parnphylia, Galatia, and 
Isauria. It was rich and fertile. The inhabit- 
ants were called Pisidin. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 1. 
—Mela, 1, c. 2.—Slrab. 12.— Liv. 37, c. 64 
and 56. 

PisiDi'cE, a daughter of JEolus, who mar- 
ried Myrmidon. A daughter of Nestor. 

A daughter of Pelias. The daughter 

of a king of Methymnain Lesbos. She be- 
came enamoured ofAchillcs when he invaded 
her father's kingdom, and she promised to de- 
liver the city into his hands if he would marry 
her. Achilles agreed to the proposal, but 



PI 

when he became master of Methymna, he 
ordered Pisidice to be stoned to death for her 
perfidy. Parthen. erol. 21. 

Pisis, a native of Thespis, who gained un- 
common influence among the Thebans, and 
behaved with great courage in defence of their 
liberties. He was taken prison«»r by Deme- 
trius, who made him governor ofThespiae. 

PisisTRATiDi?;, the descendants of Pisis- 
tratus, tyrant of Athens. Fid. Pisistratus. 

PisisTRATiDES, a man sent as ambassador 
to the satraps of the king of Persia by the 
Spartans. 

Pisistratus, an Athenian, son of Hip- 
pocrates, who early distinguished himself by 
his valour in the field, and by his address 
and eloquence at home. After he had rendered 
himself the favourite of the populace by his lib- 
erality and by the intrepidity wuth which he 
had fought their battles, particularly near Sa- 
lamis, he resolved to make himself master of 
his country. Every thing seemed favourable 
to his views, but Solon alone, who was then 
at the head of affairs, and who had lately in- 
stituted his celebrated laws, opposed him and 
discovered his duplicity and artful behaviour 
before the public assembly. Pisistratus Avas 
not disheartened by the measures of his rela- 
tion Solon, but he had recourse to artifice. 
In returning from his country house, he cut 
himself in various places, and after he had ex- 
posed his mangled body to the eyes of the po- 
pulace, deplored his misfortunes, and accused 
his enemies of attempts upon his life, because 
he was the friend of the people, the guardian 
of the poor, and the reliever of the of>pressed, 
he claimed a chosen body of 50 men from the 
populace to defend his person in future from 
the malevolence and the cruelty of his enemies. 
The unsuspecting people unanimously granted 
his request, though Solon opposed it with ail 
his influence ; and Pisistratus had no sooner 
received an armed band, on whose fidelity and 
attachment he could rely, than he seized the 
citadel of Athens, and made himself absolute. 
The people too late perceived their credulity ; 
yet, though the tyrant was popular, two of 
the citizens, Megacles and Lycurgus, con- 
spired together against him, and by their 
means he was forcibly ejected from the city. 
His house and all his effects were exposed to 
sale, but there was found in Athens only one 
man who would buy them. The private dis- 
sentionsof the friends of liberty proved favour- 
able to the expelled tyrant, and Megacles, who 
was jealous of Lycurgus, secretly promised to 
restore Pisistratus to all his rights and privi- 
leges in Athens, if he would marry his daugh- 
ter. Pisistratus consented, and by the assis- 
tance of his father-in-law, he was soon enabled 
to expel Lycurgus, and to re-establish himself. 
By means of a woman called Phya, whose 
siiape was tall, and whose features were noble 
and commanding, he imposed upon the pea- 
pie, and created himself adherents even among 
his enemies. Phya was conducted through the 
streets of the city, and showing herself sub- 
servient to the artifice of Pisistratus, she wa» 
announced as Minerva, the goddess of wis- 
dom, and the patroness of Athens, who was 
come dow^n from heaven to re-establish her 
favourite Pisistratus in a power which was 
sanctioned by the wfll of heaven, and favoup- 



PI 

ed by the afiectkm of the people. In the 
midst of his triuraph, however, Fisistratus 
found himself unsupported, and some time af- 
ter, when he repudiated the daugliter of Me- 
gacles, he found that not only the citizens, 
but even his very troops, were alienated from 
him by the iniluence, the intrigues, and the 
bribery of his father-in-law. He fled from 
Athens, where he could no longer maintain his 
po\fer, and retired to Euboea. Eleven years 
after, he was drawn from his obscure retreat; 
by means of his son Hippias, and he was a 
third time received by the people of Athens 
as their master and sovereign Upon this he 
sacrificed to his resentment the friends of Me- 
gacles, but he did not lose sight of the public 
good ; and while he sought the aggrandizement 
of his family, he did not neglect the dignity and 
the honour of the Athenian name. He died 
about 527 years before the Christian era, after 
he had enjoyed the sovereign power at Athens 
for 33 years, including the years of his banish- 
ment, and he was succeeded by his son Hippar 
chus. Pisistratns claims our admiration for 
his justice, his liberality, and his moderation. 
If he was dreaded and detested as a tyrant, 
the Athenians loved and respected his private 
virtues and his patriotism as a fellow-citizen, 
and the opprobrium which generally falls on 
his head may be attributed not to the severity 
of his administration, but to the republican 
principlesotthe Athenians; who hated and ex- 
claimed against the moderation and equity of 
the mildest sovereign, whi^e they flattered the 
pride and gratified the guilty desires of the 
mo=t tyrannical of their fellow subjects. Fi- 
sistratus often refused to punish the insolence 
of his enemies, and when he had one day been 
virulently accused of murder, rather than in- 
flict immediate punishment upon the man who 
had criminated him, he went to the areopagus, 
and there convinced the Athenians that the 
accusations of his enemies were groundless, and 
that his life was ii-reproachable. It is to his 
labours that we are indebted for the preserva- 
tion of the poems of Homer, and he was the 
first, according to Cicero, who introduced 
them at Athens, in the order in which they 
now stand. He also established a public libra- 
ry at Athens, and the valuable books which 
he had diligently collected, were carried into 
Persia when Xeixes made himself master of 
the capital of Atiica. Hipparchus and Hip- 
pias the sons of Pisi?tratus, who have receiv 
ed the name of Pisidratid(z, rendered them 
selves as illustrious as their father, but the 
flames of liberty were too powerful to be ex- 
tinguished. The PisistratidjK governed with 
great moderation, yet the name of tyrant or 
sovereign was insupportable to the Athenians. 
Two of the mo>t resj)ectable of the citizens, 
called Harmodius and Aristogiton, conspired 
against them, and Hipparchus was despatched 
in a public assembly. This murder was not 
however attended with any advantages, and 
though the two leaders of the conspiracy; 
"w ho have been celebrated through every age 
for their patriotism, were supported by tlie 
people, yet Hippias quelled the tumult by bis 
uncommon firmness and prudence, and for a 
while preserved that peace in Athens Avhich 
his father had often been unable to command. 
This was not long to continue. Hippias was at 
70 



last expelled by the united efforts of the Athe- 
nians and of their allies of Peloponnesus, and 
he left" Attica, when he found hiinself unable 
to maintain his powerand independence. The 
rest of the family of Pisistratus followed him in 
his banishment, and after they had refused to 
accept the liberal oflfers of the princes of Thes- 
saly, and the king of Macedonia, who wished 
them to settle in their respective territories, 
the Fisistratidae retired to Sigajura, which 
their father had in the summit of his power 
conquered and bequeathed to his posterity. 
After the banishment of the Fisistratidae, the 
Athenians became more than commonly jea- 
lous of their liberty, and often sacrificed the 
most powerful of their citizens, apprehensive 
of the influence which pojularity. and a well- 
directed liberality, might gain among a fickle 
and unsettled populace. The Fisistratidae 
were banished from Athens about 18 years af- 
ter the death of Fisistratus, B. C. 510. Mlian. 
V. H. 13, c. U.—Pau^. 7, c. 26.— fJerodot. 1, 
c. 69, I. 6, c. 103.— Cic. de oral. 3.— Val. Max. 

1, c. 2. A son of Kestor. Apollod. 

A king of Orchomenos, who rendered him- 
self odious by his cruelty towards the nobles. 
He was put to death by them, and they car- 
ried away his body from the public assembly, 
by hiding each a piece of his flesh under their 
garments to prevent a discovery from the 
people, of which he was a great favourite. 

Plat, in Par. A Theban attached to the 

Roman interest, while the consul Flaminius 
was in Greece. He assassinated the pretor of 
BcBotia,for which he was put to death, k.c. 

Fiso, a celebrated family at Rome, which 
was a branch of the Calpurnians, descended 
from Calpus the son of Numa. Before the 
death of Augustus, eleven of this family had ob- 
tained the consulship, and many had been ho- 
noured v^ith triumphs, on account of their vic- 
tories, in the different provinces of the Ro- 
man empire. Of this family, the most famous 
were Lucius Calpurnius, who was tri- 
bune of the people, about 149 years before 
Christ, and afterwards consul. His frugality 
procured him the surname of Frugi, and he 
gained the gi'eatest honours as an orator, a 
lawyer, a statesman, and an historian. He 
made a successful campaign in Sicily, and re- 
warded his son, who had behaved with great 
valour during the war, with a crown of gold, 
which weighed twenty pounds. He composed 
some annals and harangues, which were lost 
in the age of Cicero. His style was obscure 

and inelegant. Caius, a Roman consul, A. 

U. C. 687, who suppoited the consular dignity 
against the tumults of the tribunes, and the 
clamours of the people. He made a law to 
restrain the cabals which generally prevailed 
at the election of the chief magistrates.—— 
Cneius; another consul under .Augustus. He 
was one of the favourites ot Tiberius, by whom 
he was appointed governor of Syria, where he 
rendered himself odious by his cruelty. He 
was accused of having poisoned Germanicus, 
and when he saw that he was shunned and 
despised by his friends, he destroyed himself, 

A. D. 20. liUcius. a governor of Spain, who 

was assassir.ated by a pensafit, as he was tra- 
velling through the country. The murderer 
was seized and tortured, but he refused to 
confess the causes of the ra«rrter«*— JL-nciw. 



PI 

a private man, accused of having uttered sedi- 
tious words agaiust ihe emperor Tiberius. He 
Whi condemned, but a natural d«atli saved j 

him {Vv)m the nands of the executioner. 

Luciiis a governor of Rome for twenty years, 
an ottice which he discharged with the great- 
est justice and credit. He was greatly ho 
noured by the friendship of Augustus, as well 
as of his successor, a distinction he deserved, 
both as a faithful citizen and a man of learning. 
Some, howeveri say, that Tiberius made him 
governor of Rome, because he had continued 
dj-inking with him a night and two days, or 
two days and two nights, according to Pliny. 
Horace dedicated his poem de Jirte Poetica, 
to his two sons, whose partiality for literature 
had distinguished them among the rest of the 
Romans, and who were fond of cultivating po- 
etry in their leisure hours. Plut. in Cw.s. — 
Plin. 18, c.3. Cneius, a factious and turbu- 
lent youth: who conspired against his country 
\\\\\\ Catiline. He was among the friends of 

Juli:;s Cffisar. Caius, a Roman who was at 

the head of a celebrated conspiracy against 
the emperor Nero. He had rendered himself 
a favourite of the people by his private, as well 
as public virtues, by the generosity of his be- 
haviour, his fondness of pleasure with the vo 
luptuous, and his austerity with the grave and 
the reserved. He had been marked by some 
as a proper person to succeed the emperor; 
but the discovery of the plot by a freed-raan, 
who was among the conspirators, soon cut l)im 
off, with all his partisans. He refused to court 
the aflections of the people, and of the army, 
when the whole had been made public, and in- 
stead of taking proper measures for his preser- 
vation, either by proclaiming himself emperor, 
as his friends advised, or by seeking a retreat 
in the distant provinces of the empire, he 
retired to his own house, where he opened the 

veins of both his arms, and bled to death. 

Lucius, a senator who followed the emperor 
Valerian into Persia. He fuoclaimed himself 
emperor after the death of Valerian, but he 
was defeated and put to death a few weeks 

after, A. D. 261, by Valens, &c. Lucinia- 

nus, a senator adopted by the emperor Gal- 
ba. He was put to death by Otho's orders. 

A son-in law of Cicero. A patrician, 

whose daughter married Julius Caesar. Ho- 
rat.— Tacit. Jinn. ^' Hisl.— Val. Max.—Liv.— 
Sueton. — Cic. de offic. kc. — Plut. in Ctcs he. 

One of the 30 tyrants appointed over 

Athens by Ly.sander. 

PisoNis VILLA, a place near Raise in Cam- 
pania, which the emperor Nero often frequent- 
ed. Tacit. Ann. 1. 

Pjssirus, a tow n of Thrace, near the river 
Nestus. Utrod. 7, c. 109. 

PisTOR, a surname given to Jupiter by the 
Romans, signifying baker, because when their 
city was taken by ^e Gaub, the god persuad- 
ed them to throw down loaves from the Tar- 
peian hill where tliey were besieged, that the 
enemy might from thence suppose, that they 
were not in want of provisions, though in 
reality they were near surrendering through 
famine. This deceived the Gauls, and they 
soon after raised the siege. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
350, 394, kc. 

PiSTORii, now Pisloj a, a town of Etruria, 
at the foot of the Apennines, near Florence, 



PI 

where Catiline was defeated. Sallust. CuL 
57.— Plin. 3, c. 4. 

Pisus, a son of Aphareus. or according to 
others of Perieres. Jipollod. 3. — Pans. 5. 

PisuTHNEs, a Persian satrap of Lydia, wha 
revolted from Darius IVothus. His father's 
name was Hystaspes. Plut. in Art, 

PiTANE, a town of iEolia in Asia Minor. 
The inhabitants made bricks which swam on 
the surface of the water. Lucan 3, v. 3d6. — 
Strab. 13.—Vitruv. 2, c. 3.— Mela, 1, c. 18.— 

Ovid. Met. 7, v. 357. A town of Laconia. 

Pindar, ol. 6, v. 46. 

PiTARATUs, an Athenian archon, during 
whose magistracy Epicurus died. Cic. Fast. 9. 

PiTHECusA, a small island on the coast of 
Etruria, anciently called Anuria, and Enari- 
na, with a town of the same name, on the top 
of a mountain. The frequent earthquakes to 
which it was subject, obliged the inhabitants 
to leave it. There was a volcano in the middle 
of the island, which has given occasion to the 
ancients to say, that the giant Typhon was bu- 
ried there. Some suppose that it received its 
name from ^t^Mt monkeys, into which the in- 
habitants were changed by Jupiter. Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 90 —Plin. 3, c. 6.— Pindar. Pyth. 
1.— Strab. 1. 

PiTHEUs. Vid. Pittheus. 

PiTHo, called also Svada, the goddess of 
persuasion among the Greeks and Romans, 
supposed to be the daughter of Mercury and 
Venus. She was represented with a diadem 
on her head, to intimate her inlluence over 
the hearts of men. One of her arms appears 
raised as in the attitude of an orator harangu- 
ing in a public assembly, and with the other 
she holds a thunderbolt and fetters; made with 
flow ers, to signify the powers of reasoning, and 
the attractions of eloquence. A caduccus, as 
a .symbol of persuasion, appears at her feet, 
with the writings of Demosthenes and Cicero, 
the two most celebrated among the ancients, 
who understood how to command the attention 
of their audience, and to rouse and animate 

their various passions. A Roman courtezan. 

She received this name on account of the al- 
lurements which her charms possessed, anS of 
her winning expressions. 

PiTHOLAUS and Lycgphuon, seized up»n 
the sovereign power of PheriC, by killing 
Alexander. They were ejected by Phili]) of 
Macedonia. Diod. 16. 

PiTHoLEON, an insignificant poet of Rhodes 
who mingled Greek and Latin in his compo- 
sitions. He wrote some epigrams against J. 
Cajsar, and drew upon himself the ridicule of 
Horace, on account of the inelegance of his 
style. Sueton. de cl. jRk. — Horat. 1, sat. 10, v. 
21. — Macrob. 2, sat. 2. 

PiTHON, one of the body guards of Alexan- 
der, put to death by Antioclius. 

PiTHYS, a nymph beloved by Pan. Boreas 
was also fond of her, but she slighted his ad- 
dresses, upon which he dashed her against u 
rock, and she was changed into a pine tree. 

PiTTACL's, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, 
was one of the seven wise men of Greece. 
His father's name was Cyrradius. With the 
assistance of the sonsof Alcaeus, he delivered 
bis country from the oppression of the tyrant 
Melanclirus, and in the war which the Athe- 
nians waged against Lesbos he appeared at the- 



PI 

kcadof his countrymen, and challenged to sin- 
gle combat Phrynon the enemy's general. As 
the event of the war seemed to depend upon 
(his combat, Pittacus had recourse to artifice, 
und when he engaged, he entangled his adver- 
sary in a net, which he had concealed under 
fcis sliield, and easily despatched him. He was 
amply rewarded for his victory, and his coun- 
trymen, sensible of his merit, unanimously ap- 
pointed him governor of their city with unlim- 
ited authority. In this capacity Pittacus be.- 
liaved with great moderation and prudence, 
and after he had governed his fellow-citizens 
with the strictest justice. and alter hehad estab- 
lished and enforced the most salutary laws, 
he voluntarily resigned the sovereign power 
after he had enjoyed it for 10 years, observing 
that the virtues and innocence of private life 
were incompatible with the power and influ- 
ence of a sovereign. His disinterestedness 
gained him many admirers, and when the 
Mityleneans wished to reward his public ser- 
vices by presenting him with an immense 
tract of territory, he refused to accept more 
land than what should be contained within 
the distance to which he could throw a ja 
velin. He died in the 82d year of his age, 
about 570 years before Christ, after he had 
spent the last ten years of his life in literary 
ease and peaceful retirement. One of his 
favourite maxims was, that man ought to pro- 
vide against misfortunes to avoid them ; 
but that if they ever happened, he ought to 
support them with patience and resignation. 
In prosperity friends were to be acquired, 
and in the hour of adversity their faithfulness 
was to be tried. He also observed, that in 
our actions it was imprudent to make others 
acquainted with our designs, for if we failed 
we had exposed ourselves to censure and to 
ridicule. Many of his maxims were inscribed 
on the walls of Apollo's temple at Delphi, 
to show the world how great an opinion the 
Mityleneans entertained of his abilities as a 
philosopher, a moralist, and a man. By one 
of his laws, every fault committed by a man 
wl^n intoxicated, deserved double punish- 
ment. The titles of some of his writings are 
preserved by Laertius, among which are men- 
tioned elegiac verses, some laws in prose ad- 
dressed to his countrymen, epistles, and moral 
precepts called adomena. Diog. — Arislot. Po- 
lit. — Pint, insymp. — Pans. 10, c. 24. — JElian. 
V. H. 2, he— Val. Max. 6, c. 6. A grand- 
son of Porus king of India. 

PiTTHEA, a town near Troezene. Hence 
the epithet of Pitlhtus in Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
396. 

PiTTHEUs, a king of Troezene in Argolis, 
son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was uni- 
versally admired for his learning, wisdom, and 
application ; he publicly taught in a school at 
Troezene, and even composed a book, which 
was seen by Pausanias the geographer. He 
gave his daughter itthra in marriage to 
iEgeus, king ot Athens, and he himself took 

f)articular care of the youth and education of 
lis grandson Theseus. He was buried at 
Troezene, which he had founded, and on his 
tomb were seen, for many ages, three seats of 
white marble, on which he sat, with two other 
judges, whenever he gave laws to his subjects, 
or settled their disputes. Paux. 1 and 2. — 
Pint, in Thcs.—Hlrab. 8. 



PL 

PiTOANius, a mathematician in the age of 
Tiberius, thrown down from the Tarpeiaa 
rock, kc. Tacit. Ann. 2 

PiTULANi, a people ofUmbria. Their chief 
town was called Pilulum. 

PityjEa, a town of Asia Minor. Apollon. 

PiTYASsi-s, a town of Pisidia. Strab. 

PiTV05E3us, a small i-^land on the coast of 
Peloponnesus, near Epidaurus. Plin. 

PiTYUs (nntis), now Piichinda, a town of 
Colchis. Plin. 6, c. 5. 

PiTviJsA, a small island on the coast of Ar- 
golis. Plin. 4, c. 12. A name of Chios. 

Two small islands in the Mediterranean, 



near the coast of Spain, of which the larger 
was called Ebusus, and the smaller Ophiusa. 
Mela. 2, c 7.—Slrab.—Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Prus, a surname given to the emperor Anto- 
ninus, on account of his piety and virtue. 

A surname given to a son of Metellus, be- 
cause he interested him?elf so warmly to have 
his father recalled from banishment. 

Placentia, now called Placensa, an ancient 
town and colony of Italy, at the confluence 
of the Trebia and Po. Lir. 21, c. 25 and 56, 
1. 37, c. 10. — — Another, near Lusitania, in 
Spain. 

Placideiands, a gladiator in Horace's age, 
2 Sat. 7. 

Placidia, a daughter of Theodocius the 
Great, sister to Honorius and Arcadius. She- 
married Adolphus, king of the Goths, and af- 
terwards Constantius, by whom she had Va- 
lentinian the 3d. She died A. D. 449. 

Placiuius Julius, a tribune of a cohort, 
who imprisoned the emperor Vitellius, he. 
Tacit. H.3,c. S5. 

Planasia, a small island of the Tyrrhene 

sea. Another, on the coast of Gaul., where 

Tiberius ordered Agrippa, the grandson of 
Augustus, to be put to death. Tacit. Ann. 1, 
c. 3. A town on the Rhone. 

Plancina, a woman celebrated for her 
intrigues and her crimes, who married Piso, 
and was accused with him of having mur- 
dered Germanicus, in the reign of Tiberius. 
She was acquitted either by means of the 
empress Livia, or on account of the par- 
tiality of the emperor for her person. She 
had long supported the spirits of her husband, 
during his confinement, but, when she saw 
herself freed from the accusation, she totally 
abandoned him to his fate. Subservient in 
every thing to the will of Livia, siie, at her 
instigation, became guilty of the greatest 
crimes, to injure the character of Agrippina. 
After the death of Agrippina, Plancina was 
accused of the most atrocious villanies. and as 
she knew she could not elude justice, she put 
herself to death, A. D. 33. tacit. Ann. 6, c. 
26, &LC. 

L Pr.ANCUs MuNATius, a Roman, who ren- 
dered himself ridiculous -t)y his follies and 
his extravagance. He had been consul, and 
had presided over a province in the capacity 
of governor, but he forgot all his dignity, 
and became one of the most servile flat- 
terers of Cleopatra and Antony. At the 
court of the Egyptian queen in Alexandria, 
he ap|. eared in the character of the meariest 
stage dancer, and, in comedy, he personated 
Glaucus, and painted his body of a green- 
colour, dancing on a public stage quite na- 



PL 



PL 



Plato from the largeness of his slioulders. 



As 



ked, only with a crown of green reeds on 

his head, while he had lied behind his back, I one of the descendants of Codrus, and as the 
the tail of a large sea fish. This exposed him | offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent 
to the public derision, and when Antony had ' family, Plato was educated with care, his body 
joined the rest of his friends in censuring him was formed and invigorated with gymnastic 



for his unbecoming behaviour, he deserted 
to Octavius. who received him with great 
marks of friendship and attention. It was 
he who proposed, in the Roman senate, that 
the title of Augustus should be conferred on his 
friend Octavius, as expressive of the dignity 
and the reverence which the greatness of his 
exploits seemed to claim. Horace has dedi- 
cated 1 od. 7 to him ; and he certainly deserv- 
ed the honour, from the elegance of hig letters, 
which a;e snil extant, written to Cicero He 
founded a town in Gaul which he called Lug- 
dunum. Pl.ul. in Anton. A patrician, pro- 
scribed by the second triumvirate. His ser 
vants wished to save him from death- but he 
refused it, rather than to expose their persons 
to danger. 

Plasgou, a courtezan of Miletus, in Ionia. 

Plat.s:a. a daughter of Aso})us, king of 

Bceotia Pans. 9, c. L &c. An island on the 

coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean. It be- 
longed to the Cyreneans Herodol. 4, c. 157. 

PlaTj5:a, and je, (arum)- a town of Bceotia, 
near mount Cithaeron, on the confines of Me 
garis and Attica, celebrated fi)r a battle fought 
there, between Mardonius the commander of 
Xeraes king of Persia, and Pausanias the La- 
cedaemonian, and the Athenians The Per 
sian army consisted of 300,000 men, 3000 of 
which scarce escaped with their lives by flight. 
The Grecian army, which uas greatly inferior, 
lost but few men, and among these 91 Spar- 
tans, 52 Athenians, and 16 Tegeans. were the 
only soldiers found in the number of the slain. 
The plunder which the Greeks obtained in 
the Persian camp was immense. Pausanias 
received the tenth of all the spoils, on ac- 
count of his uncommon valour during the en- 
gagement, and the rest were rewarded each 
according to their respective merit. This 
battle was fought on the 22d of September, 
the same day as the battle of Mycale, 479 
B. C and by it Greece was totally delivered 
for ever from the continual alarms to which 
she was exposed on account of the Persian in- 
vasions, and from that time none of the 
princes of Persia dared to appear with a hos- 
tile force beyond the Hel!es[)ont. The Pla- 
tajans were naturally attached to the interest 
of the Athenians, and they furnished them 
with a thousand soldiers when Greece was 
attacked by Datis, the general of Darius. 
Plateea was taken by the Thebans, after a fa- 
moiis siege, in the beginning of the Pelopon- 
nesian war, and destroyed by the Spartans. 

B. C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid 
great encomiums to the inhabitants, on ac- 
count of (heir ancestoi-s, w ho had so bravely 
fought against the Persians at the battle of 
Marathon, and under Pausanias. Herodol. 
8, c. 50.— Pavs. 9, c. l.—Plut. in Alex, kc— 

C. JVep. kc. — Cic. de offic. 1, c. 18. — Strab. — 
Jusdn. 

Platanius, a river of Bceotia. Pans. 9, c. 
24. 

Plato, a celebrated philosopher at Athens, 
son of Ariston and Parectonia. His original 
name was Arislocles, and he received that of 



exercises, and his mind was ciiltivated and en- 
lightened by the study of poetry and of geome- 
try, from which he* derived that acuteness 
of judgment, and warmth of imagination, 
which have stamped his character as the most 
subtle and flowery writer of antitjuity. He 
first began his literary careerby writing poems 
and tragedies ; but he was soon disgusted with 
his own productions, when, at the age of 20, 
he was introduced into the presence of So- 
crates, and when he was enabled to compare 
and examine, with critical accuracy, the merit 
of his compositions with those of his poetical 
predecessors. He therefore comriiitted to the 
flames these productions of his early years, 
which could not command the attention or 
gain the applause of a maturer age. During 
eight years he continued to be one of the pu- 
pils of Socrates ; and, if he was prevented by 
a momentary indisposition from attending the 
philosopher's last moments, yet he collected, 
iVom the conversation of those that were pre- 
sent- and from his own accurate observations, 
the minutest and most circumstantial accounts, 
which can exfiibit in its truest colours, the con- 
cern and sensibility of the pupil, and the firm- 
ness, virtues, and moral sentiments of the 
dying philosopher. After the death of So- 
crates, Plato retired from Athens, and, to ac- 
quire that information which the accurate ob- 
server can derive in foreign countries, he be- 
gan (o travel over Greece. He visited Mega- 
ra, Thebes, and Elis, where he met with the 
kindest reception from his fellow disciples, 
whom the violent death of their master had 
likewise removed from Attica. He after- 
wards visited Magna Graecia. attracted by the 
fame of the Pythagorean philosophy, and by 
the learning, abilities, and reputation, of its 
professors, Phiiolaus, Archytas, and Eury- 
tus. He afterwards pasf?ed into Sicily, and 
examined the eruptions and fires of the vol- 
cano of that island. He also vished Egypt, 
where then the mathematician Theodorus 
flourished, and where he knew that the tenets 
of the Pythagorean philosophy and metemp- 
sychosis bad been fostered and cherished. 
When he had finished his travels, Plato re- 
tired to the groves of Academus, in the 
neighbourhood of Athens, where his lectures 
were soon attended by a crowd of learned, no- 
ble, and illustrious pupils; and the philoso- 
pher, by refusing to have a share in the admi- 
nistration of affairs, rendered his name more 
famous, and his school more frequented. Dur- 
ing forty years he presided at the head of 
the academy, and there he devoted his lime to 
the instruction of his pupils, and composed 
those dialogues which have been the admira- 
tion of every age and country. His studies, 
however, were interrupted for a while, whilst 
he obeyed the pressing calls and invitations of 
Dionysius, and whilst he persuaded the ty- 
rant to become a man,the father of his people, 
and the friend of liberty. [Vid. Dionysius 2d.] 
In his dress the philosopher was not ostenta- 
tious, his manners were elegant, but modest, 
simple, without ofiectation, and the great hon- 



■sn 



PL 

curs which his learning deserved were not 
paid to his appearance. When he came to 
the Olympian games, Plato resided, during the 
eelebration, in a family who were totally stran- 
gers to him. He eat and drank with them, 
he partook of their innocent pleasures and 
amusements; but though he told them his 
name was Plato, yet he never spoke of the 
employment he pursued at Athens, and never 
introduced the name of that philosopher 
whose doctrines he followed, and whose death 
and virtues were favourite topics of conversa- 
tion in every part of Greece. When he re- 
turned home, he was attended by the family 
which had so kindly entertained him ; and as 
being a native of Athens, he was desired to 
show them the great philosopher whose name 
he bore : their surprise was great when he 
told them that he himself was the Plato whom 
they wished to behold. In his diet he was mo- 
derate, and indeed, to sobriety and temper- 
ance in the use of food, and to the want of 
those pleasures which enfeeble the body and 
enervate the mind, some have attributed his 
preservation during the tremendous pestilence 
which raged at Athens with so much fury at 
the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Plato 
was never subject to any long or lingering in- 
disposition, and though change of cUmate had 
enfeebled a constitution naturally strong and 
healthy, the philosopher lived to an advanced 
age, and was often heard to say, when his phy- 
sicians advised him to leave his residence at 
Athens, where the air was impregnated by the 
pestilence, that he would not advance one sin- 
gle step to gain the top of mount Athos, were 
he assured to attain the great longevity which 
the inhabitants of that mountain were said to 
enjoy above the rest of mankmd. Plato died 
on his birth day, in the 81st year of his age, 
about 348 years before the Christian era. His 
last moments were easy and without pain, and, 
according to some, he expired in the midst of 
an entertainment, or, according to Cicero, as 
be was writing. The works of Plato are nu- 
merous ; they are all written in the form of a 
dialogue, except 12 letters. He speaks always 
by the mouth of others, and the philosopher 
has no where made mentionof himself except 
once in his dialogue entitled Phaedon, and 
another time, in his apology for Socrates. His 
writings were so celebrated, and his opinions 
so respected, that he was called divine; and 
for the elegance, melody, and sweetness of his 
expressions, he was distinguished by the ap- 
pellation of the Athenian bee. Cicero had 
such an esteem for him, that in the warmth of 
panegyric he exclaimed errare meliercule 
malo cum Platone, qudni cum istis vera sen- 
tire; andQuintilian said, that when he read 
Plato, he seemed to hear not a man, but a divi- 
nity, speaking. His style, however, though ad- 
mired and commended by the best and most 
refined of critics among the ancients, has not 
escaped the censure of some of the moderns, 
and the philosopher has been blamed, who 
supports that fire is a pyramid tied to the 
earth by numbers, that the world is a figure 
consisting of 12 pentagons, and who, to prove 
the metempsychosis and the immortality of 
I he soul, asserts, that the dead are born from 
the living, and the living from the dead. The 
specniative mind of Plato was employed in ex- 



PL 

amining things divine and human, and he at- 
tempted to fix and ascertain, not only theprac» 
tical doctrine of morals and politics, but the 
more subtle and abstruse theory of mystical 
theogony. His philosophy was universally re- 
ceived and adopted, and it has not only gov- 
erned the opinions of the speculative part of 
mankind, but it continues still to influence the 
reasoning, and to divide the sentiments, of the 
moderns. In his system of philosophy, he 
followed the physic's of HeracUtus, the meta- 
physical opinions of Pythagoras, and the mo- 
rals of Socrates. He maintained the existence 
of two beings, one self-existent, and the other 
formed by the hand of a pre-existent creature, 
god and man. The world was created by that 
self-existent cause, from the rude undigested 
mass of matter which had existed from all 
eternity, and which had even been animated 
by an irregular principle of motion. The ori- 
gin of evil could not be traced under the gov- 
ernment of a deity, without admitting a stub- 
born intractability and wildness congenial to 
matter, and from these, consequently, could be 
demonstrated the deviations from the laws of 
nature, and from thence the extravagant pas- 
sions and appetites of men. From materials 
like these were formed the four elements, 
and the beautiful structure of the heavens and 
the earth, and into the active, but irrational, 
principle of matter, the divinity infused a ra- 
tional soul. The souls of men were formed 
from the remainder of the rational soul of the 
world, which had previously given existence to 
the invisible gods and demons. The philoso- 
pher, therefore, supported the doctrine of ideal 
forms, and the pre-existence of the human 
mind, which he considered as emanations of 
the Deity, which can never remain satisfied 
with objects or things unworthy of their divine 
original. Men could perceive, with their cor- 
poreal senses, the types of immutable things, 
and the fluctuating objects of the material 
world ; but the sudden changes to which these 
are continually obnoxious, create innumerable 
disorders, and hence arises deception, and, in 
short, all the errors and miseries of human 
life. Yet, in whatever situation man may be, 
he is still an object of divine concern, and, to 
recommend himself to the favour of the pre- 
existent cause, he must comply with the pur- 
poses of his creation, and, by proper care and 
diligence, he can recover those immaculate 
powers with which he was naturally endowed. 
All science the philosopher made to consist io 
reminiscence, and in recalling the nature, 
forms, and proportions, of those perfect and 
immutable essences, with which the human 
mind had been conversant. From observa- 
tions like these, the summit of felicity might 
be attained by removingfrom the material, and 
approaching nearer to the intellectual world, 
by curbing and governing the passions, which 
were ever agitated and inflamed by real or ima- 
ginary objects. The passions were divided into 
two classes; the first consisted of the irascible 
passions, which originated in pride or resent- 
ment, and were seated in the breast: the 
other, founded on the love of pleasure, was the 
concupiscible part of the soul, seated in the 
belly, and inferior parts of the body. These 
different orders induced the philosopher to 
compare the soul to a small republic, of which 



PL 

the reasoning and judging powers were sta- 
tioned in the head, as in a firm citadel, and of 
which the senses were its guards and servants. 
By the irascible part of the soul men asserted 
their dignity, repelled injuries, and scorned 
danger; and the concupiscible part provided 
the support and the necessities of the body, 
and, when governed with propriety, it gave 
rise to temperance. Justice was produced by 
the regular dominion of reason, and by the 
submission of the passions ; and prudence arose 
from the strength, acuteness, and perfection of 
the soul, without which all other virtues could 
not exist. But, amidst all this, wisdom was not 
easily aifained; at their creation all minds were 
not endowed with the same excellence, the bo- 
dies which they animated on earth were not 
always in harmony with the divine emanation : 
some might be too weak, others too strong, and 
on the first years of a man's life depended 
his future consequence ; as an effeminate and 
licentious education seemed calculated to de- 
stroy the purposes of the divinity, while the 
contrary produced different effects, and tend- 
ed to cultivate and improve the reasoning and 
judging faculty, and to produce wisdom and 
virtue. Plato was the first who supported the 
immortality of the soul upon arguments solid 
and permanent, deduced from truth and ex- 
perience. He did not imagine that the dis- 
eases, and the death of the body, could injure 
the principle of life and destroy the soul, 
which, of itself, was of divine origin, and of 
an uncorrupted and immutable essence^ which, 
though inherent for a while in matter, could 
not lose tiiat power which was the emanation 
of God. From doctrines like these, the great 
founder of Platonism concluded, that there 
might exist in the world a community of men 
whose passions could be governed with mode- 
ration, and who from knowing the evils and 
miseries which arise from ill conduct, might 
aspire to excellence, and attain that perfection 
which can be derived from the proper exercise 
of the rational and moral powers. To illus- 
trate this more fully, the philosopher wrote 
a book, well known by the name of the re- 
public of Plato, in which he explains, with 
aculeness,judgment,atid elegance, the rise and 
revoiution of civil society; and so respected 
was his opinion as a legislator, that his schol- 
ars were employed in regulating the repub- 
lics 0f Arcadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at the de- 
sire of those states, and Xenocrates gave po- 
litical rules forgood and impartial government 
to the conqueror of the east. The best edi- 
tions of Plato are those of Francof. fol. 1602. 
and Bipont. 12 vols. Svo. 1788. Plato. Dial. 
&c. — -Cic.de Offic. 1. de div. 1, c. 36. de J\\ 
D. 2, c. 12. Tas. 1, c. \1.—Plut. in Sol. kc— 
Seneca, ep. — Quintil. 10, c. 1, &.c. — JElian. V. 
H. 2 and 4. — Paus. 1, c. 30. — i)tog.— -A son 

of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. A Greek poet, 

called ti]e prince of the middle comedy, who 
flourished B. C. 445. Some fragments remain 
®f his pieces. 

Plator, a man of Dyrrhachium, put to 
death by Piso. Cic. Pis. 34. 

Plavis, a river of Venetia, in Italy. 

Plautia Lnx, was enacted by M. Plau- 
tius, the tribune, A. U. C. 6t)4. It required 
every tribe annually to choose fifteen persons 
«f their body, to serve as judges, making the 



PL 

honour common to all the three ordei's, ac- 
cording to the majority of votes in every tribe. 
Another, called also Plolia, A. U. C. 675. 



It punished with the interdictio ignis ^ aquce, 
all persons who were found guilty of attempts 
upon the state, or the senators or magistrates, 
or such as appeared in public armed with an 
evil design, or such as forcibly expelled any 
person from his legal possessions. 

Plautianus Fulvius, an Airican of mean 
birth, who was banished for his seditious 
behaviour in the years of his obscurity. In 
his banishment, Plautianus formed an ac- 
quaintance with Severus, who, some years af- 
ter, ascended the imperial throne. This was 
the beginning of his prosperity; Severus paid 
the greatest attention to him, and, if we be- 
lieve some authors, their familiarity and inter- 
course were carried beyond the bounds of mo- 
desty and propriety. Plautianus shared the 
favours of Severus in obscurity as v, ell as on 
the throne. He wasinvestedwithasmuch pow- 
er as his patron atRome, and in the provinces, 
and indeed, he wanted but the na'me of empe- 
ror to be his equal. His table was served with 
more delicate meats than that of the emperor; 
when he walked in the public streets he re- 
ceived the most distinguishing honours, and a 
number of criers ordered the most noble citi- 
zens, as well as the meanest beggars, to make 
way for the favourite of the emperor, and not 
to fix their eyes upon him. He was concerned 
in all the rapine and destruction which was 
committed through the empire, and he en- 
riched himself with the possessions of those 
who had been sacrificed to the emperor's cru- 
elty or avarice. To complete his triumph, 
and to make himself still greater, Plautianus 
married his favourite daughter Plautilla to Ca- 
racalla, the son of the emperor; and so eager 
was the emperor to indulge his inclination in 
this, and in every other respect, that he de- 
clared he loved Plautianus so much, that he 
would even wish to die before him. The mar- 
riage of Caracalla with Plautilla was attended 
with serious consequences. The son of Seve- 
rus had complied with great reluctance, and, 
though Plautilla was amiable in her manners, 
commanding in aspect, and of a beautiful coun- 
tenance, yet the youngprince often threatened 
to punish her tiaughtyand^mperious behaviour 
as soon as he succeeded to the throne, Plau- 
tilla reported the whole to her father, and to 
save his daughter from the vengeance of Cara- 
calla, Plautianus conspired against the empe- 
ror and his son. The conspiracy was discov- 
ered,and Severus forgot his attachment toPlau- 
tianus, and the favours he had heaped upon 
him , when he heard of his perfidy. The wick- 
ed minister was immediately put to death, and 
Plautilla banished to the island of Lipari, with 
her brother Plautius, where, seven years af- 
ter, she was put to death by order of Caracalla, 
A. D. 211. Plautilla had two children, a son, 
who died in his childhood, and a daughter, 
whom Caracalla murdered in the arms of her 
mother. Dion. Cass. 

Plautilla, a daughter of Plautianus, the 
favourite minister of Severus. [Fid. Plautia- 
nus.] The mother of the emperor Nerva, 

descended of a noble family. 

Plautius, a Roman, \s'ho became so dis- 
consolate at the death of his wife, that he threw 



PL 

himself upon herburning pile. Val. Max. 4, c. 

6. Caius, a consul sent against the Priver- 

nates, kc. Aulu3, a governor of Britain, 

who obtained an ovation for the conquests he ' 

had gained (here over the barbarians. One 

of Olho's friends. He dissuaded him from kil- 
ling himself. Lateranus, an adulterer of 

Messalina, who conspired against Nero, and 

was capitally condemned. Aulus, a general 

who defeated the Umbrians and the Etrurians. 

Caius, another general, defeated in Lusi- 

tania. A man put to death by order of Ca- 

racalla. M. Sylvanus, a tribune, who made 

a law to prevent seditions in the public assem- 
blies. Rubeliius, a man accused before 

IVero, and sent to Asia, where he was assas- 
sinated, 

M. Accius Plautds, a comic poet, born 
at Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved unkind 
to him, and, from competence, he was redu- 
ced to the meanest poverty, by engaging in a 
commercial line. To maintain himself, he en- 
tered into the family of a baker as a common 
servant, and, while he was employed in grind- 
ing corn, he sometimes dedicated a few mo- 
ments to the comic muse. Some, however, 
confute this account as false, and support that 
Plautus was never obliged to the laborious em- 
ployments of a bakehouse for his maintenance. 
He wrote 2-5 comedies, of which only 20 are 
extant. Ke died about 184 years before the 
Christian era ; and Varro, his learned country- 
man, wrote this stanza, which deserved to be 
engraved on his tomb: 
Postqumn merte captus est Plautus, 
Cotncedui lugel-, scena est desert a ; 
Deinde risus, ludus, jocusque, ^ numeri 
Innumeri simal omnes collacrifmdmait. 
The plays of Plautus were universally esteem- 
ed at Rome, and the purity, the energy, and 
the elegance of his language, were, by other 
writers, considered as objects of imitation ; 
and V'arro, whose jodgment is great, and ge- 
nerally decisive, declares, that if the Muses 
were willing to speak Latin they would speak 
in the language of Plautus. In the Augustan 
age, however: when the Roman language be- 
came more pure and refined, the comedies of 
Plautus did not appear free from inaccuracy. 
The poet, when compared to the more ele- 
gant expressions of a Terence, was censured 
tor his negligence in versification, his low wit. 
execrable puns, and disgusting obscenities. 
Yet, however, censured as to language or sen- 
timents, Plautus continued to be a favourite on 
the stage. If his expressions were not choice 
or delicate, it was universally admitted that he 
was more happy than other comic writers in 
his pictures, the incidents of his plays were 
more varied, the acts more interesting, the 
characters more truly displayed, and the ca- 
tastrophe more natural, in the reign of the 
emjjeror Diocletian, his comedies were still 
acted on the public theatres, and no greater 
compliment can be paid to his abilities as a 
comic writer, and no greater censure can be 
passed upo:i his successors in dramatic compo- 
sition, than to observe, that for 600 years, 
with all the disadvantages of obsolete language 
and diction, in spite of the change of manners, 
and Ine revolutions of governnieiit, he com- 
manded, and i*iceived, that applause which no 
other writer dared to dispute with Liiu. The 



PL 

best editions of Plautus are that of GronoTius, 
8vo. L. Bat. 1664 ; that of Barbou, 12ioo. in 9 
vols. Paris, 1759 ; that of Ernesti. 2 vols. 8vo. 
Lips. 1760 ; and that of Glasgow, 3 vols. 12mo. 
1763. Varro apud Quintil. 10. c. 1. — Cic. ds 
Qffic. 1, he. De Oral. 3, hc.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, 

v. 58, 170, de art. poet. 54 and 270. .(Elianus^ 

a high priest, who consecrated the capitol in 
the reign of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 63. 

Plei.jldes, or V'jergilivE, a name givea 
to seven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione 
or /Ethra, one of the Oceanides. They were 
placed in the heavens after death, where they 
formed a constellation called Pleiades, near 
the back of the bull in the Zodiac. Their names 
were Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Electra, Tay- 
geta, Sterope, and Celeno. They all, except 
Merope, who married Sisyphus, king of Co- 
rinth, had some of the immortal gods for their 
suitors. On that account, therefore, Me- 
rope's star is dim and obscure among the rest 
of her sisters, because she married a mortal. 
The name of the Pleiades is derived from the 
Greek word ?rxie». , to sail, because that constel- 
lation shows the time most favourable to navi- 
gators, which is in the spring. The name of 
V'ei-giliae they derive from ver, the spring. 
They are sometimes called Atlanlides, from 
their father, or Hesperides, from the gardens 
of that name, which belonged to Atlas. Hygin. 
fab. 192. P. Jl. 2, c. 2\.—0vid. Met. 13, v. 
293. Fast. 5, v. 106 and 170.— Hesiod. oper. ^ 
dies. — Homer. Od. 5. — Horat. 4, od. 14. — Virg. 

G. 1, v. 138, 1. 4, 233. Seven poets, who, 

from their number, have received the name of 
Pleiades, near the age of Philadelphus Ptole-» 
my, king of Egypt Their names were Lyco- 
phron, Theocritus, Aratus, IS'icander, Apol- 
lonius, Philicus, and Horaerus the younger. 

PleiG.ne; one of the Oceanides, who mar* 
ried Atlas, king of Mauritania, by whom she 
had twelve dauglitcrs, and a son called Hyas^ 
Seven of the daughters were changed into a 
constellation called Pitiades, and the rest into 
another called Hyades. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 84. 

Pi.EMMYRiuM, now Massa Oliveri, a pro- 
montory with a small castle of that name, in 
the bay of Syracuse. Virg. JEn 3, v. 693. 

Pi.E.MNEus, a king of Sicyon, son of Pe- 
ratus. His children always died as soon as 
born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, offer- 
ed herself as a nurse to his wife, as she was 
going to be brought to bed. The child lived 
by the care and [ rotection of the goddess, and 
Plemneus was no sooner acquainted with the 
dignity of his nur«e, than he raised her a tem- 
ple. Pans. 2, c.6and 11. 

Pleumosii, a people of Belgium, the ie- 
habitants of modern Tournav. Cas. G. 6, 
c. 3S, 

Pf.KCidxcs, a king of Illvricam. Liv. 26- 
C.24. 

PLKinoN', a son cf iEtolus, who mar- 
ried Xantip])e, the daughter of Dorns, by 
whom he hud Agenor. He founded a city 
in .(Etolia on the Evenus, which bore hi*- 
name. JlpoUod. 1, c. 7. — Plin. 4, c. 2. — 6//. 
15, V. ^10.— Pans. 7;C. Vi.—Ovid.Mtt. 7. %. 
382. 

Plekaurk, one of the Oceanides. Hesiou 

Plkxifpus, a son of Thestiu;-, brother Iff' 
.\llnjea, the wife of O-neus. He was killeu 
by his nephew Melcager.in luinling (he Caly- 



PL 

donian boar. His brother Toxeus shared his 

fate. [FiW. Althaea and Meleager.] A son 

of Phineus and Cleopatra, brother to Pan- 
dion, king of Athens. Jipollod. 

C. PuNius Skcundds, surnamed the El- 
der, was born at Verona, of a noble family. 
He distinguished himself in the field, and, after 
he had been made one of the augurs at Rome, 
he was appointed governor of Spain. In his 
public character he did not neglect the plea- 
sures of literature, the day was employed in 
the administration of the affairs of his province, 
and the night was dedicated to study. Every 
moment of time was precious to him : at his 
meals one of his servants read to him books 
valuable for their information, and from them 
he immediately made copious extracts, in a 
memorandum boak. Even while he dressed 
himself after bathing, his attention was called 
away from surrounding objects, and he was 
either employed in listening to another, or in 
dictating himself. To a mind so earnestly de- 
voted to learning, nothing appeared too labo- 
rious, no undertaking too troublesome. He 
deemed every moment lost which was not de- 
dicated to study, and, from these reasons, he 
never appeared at Rome but in a chariot, and, 
wherever he went, he was always accompa- 
nied by his amanuensis. He even censured 
}iis nephew, Pliny the younger, because he 
Lad indulged himself with a walk, and sternly 
observed, that he might have employed those 
moments to better advantage. But if his li- 
terary pursuits made him forget the public af- 
fairs, his prudence, his abilities, and the purity 
and innocence of his character, made him 
known and respected. He was courted and 
admired by the emperors Titus and Vespasian, 
and he received from them all the favours 
which a virtuous prince could offer, and an ho- 
nest subject receive. As he was at Misenum, 
where he commanded the lleet, which was 
then stationed there, Pliny was surprised at 
the sudden appearance of a cloud of dust and 
ashes. He was then ignorant of the cause 
which produced it, and he immediately set 
sail in a small vessel for mount Vesuvius, 
which he at last discovered to have made a 
dreadful eruption. The sight of a number of 
boats that fled from the coast to avoid the dan- 
ger, might have deterred another, but the cu- 
riosity of Pliny excited him to advance with 
more boldness, and, though his vessel was of- 
ten covered with stones and ashes, that were 
continually thrown up by the mountain, yet he 
landed on the coast. The place was deserted 
by the inhabitants, but Pliny remained there 
during the night, the better to observe the 
mountain, which, during the obscurity, ap- 
peared to be one c(jntinual blaze. He was 
soon disturbed by a dreadful earthquake, and 
the contrary wind on the morrow prevented 
him from returning to Misenum. The erup- 
tion of the volcano increased, and, at last, the 
fire approached the place where the philoso- 
pher made his observations. Pliny endea- 
voured to fly before it, but though he was 
supported by two of his servants, he was un- 
able to esca[)e. He soon fell down, suflocated 
by the thick vapours that surrounded him, 
and the insupportable stench of sulphureous 
tnatter. His body was found three days after 
afid decently buried by his nephew, who was 



PL 

then at Misenum with the fleet. This memo- 
rable event happened in the 79th year of the 
Christian era, and the philosopher who pe- 
rished by the eruptions of the volcano, has 
been called by some the martyr of nature. 
He was then in the 56th year of his age. Of 
the works which he composed none are extant 
but his natural history in 37 books. It is a 
work, as Pliny the younger says, full of eru- 
dition, and as varied as nature itself. It treats 
of the stars, the heavens, wind, rain, hail, mi- 
nerals, trees, flowers, and plants, besides an 
account of all living animals- birds, fishes, and 
beasts ; a geographical description of every 
place on the globe, and an history of every art 
and science, of commerce and navigation, with 
their rise, progress, and several improvements. 
He is happy in his descriptions as a naturalist, 
he writes with force and energy, and though 
many of his ideas and conjectures are some- 
times ill founded, yet he possesses that fecun- 
dity 01 imagination, and vivacity of expres- 
sion, which are requisite to treat a subject with 
propriety, and to render an history of natune 
pleasing, interesting, and above all, instruc- 
tive. His style possesses not the graces of the 
Augustan age, he has neither its purity and 
elegance, nor its simplicity, but it is rather 
cramped, obscure, and sometimes unintelligi- 
ble. Yet for all this it has ever been admired 
and esteemed, and it may be called a compi- 
lation of every thing which had been written 
before his age on the various stibjects which 
he treats, and a judicious collection from the 
most excellent treatises which had been com- 
posed on the various productions of nature. 
Pliny was not ashamed to mention the authors 
which be quoted, he speaks of them with ad- 
miration, and while he pays the greatest com- 
plimentto Iheirabilities, his encomiums show, 
in the strongest light, the goodtiess, the sensi- 
bility, and the ingenuousness of his own mind. 
He had written 160 volumes of remarks and 
annotations on the various authors which he 
had read, and so great was the opinion in his 
contemporaries, of his erudition and abilities, 
that a man called Lartius Luli.iis ottered to 
buy his notes and observations for the enor- 
mous sura of about 32427. English money. The 
philosopher, who was himself rich and inde- 
pendent, rejected the offer, and his compila- 
tions, after his death, came into the hands of 
his nephew Pliny. The best editions of PJiny 
are that of Harduin, 3 vols, fol Paris 1723, that 
of Frantzius, 10 vols. 8vo. Lisp. 1778, that of 
Brotier, 6 vols. 12mo. Paris 1779, and tiie Va- 
riorum, 8vo. in 8 vols. Lisp. 177S to 1789. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 1, c. 69, I. 13, c. 20, 1. la, c. 53.— 
Plin. ep. &,c. C. Caecilius Secundus, sur- 
named the younger, was son of L. Ca;cilius by 
the sister of Pliny the elder. He was adopted 
by his uncle whose name he assumed, and 
whose estates and effects he inherited. He 
received the greatest part of his education 
under Quintilian, and at the age of 19 he ap- 
peared at the bar, where he distinguisiied 
himself so much by his eloquence, thcit he and 
Tacitus were reckoned the two greatest oi-a- 
tors of their age. He did not make his f)rofes- 
sion an object of gain like the rest of the Ro- 
man orators, but he refused fees from the rich 
as well as from the poorest of his clients, and 
declared that he (dicerfuHy employed him'-el- 



PL 

Xorthe protection of innocence, the relief of 
tlie indigent, and tiie detection of vice. He 
published many of his harangues and orations, ' 
which have been lost. When Trajan was in- ' 
vested with the imperial purple, Pliny was 
created consul by the emperor. This honour 
the consul acknowledged in a celebrated pane- 
gyric, which at the request of the Roman se 
uate and in the name of the whole empire, he 
pronounced on Trajan. Some time after he 
presided over Pontus and Bithynia, in the of- 
fice, and with the power, of pro-consul, and 
fcy his humanity and philanthropy the subject 
was freed from the burden of partial taxes, and 
the persecution which had been begun against 
the Christians of his province was stopped when 
Pliny solemnly declared to the emperor that 
the followers of Christ were a meek and inof- 
fensive sect of men, that their morals were pure 
and innocent, that they were free from all 
crimes, and that they voluntarily bound Ihem- 
eelvesby the most solemn oaths to abstain from 
vice, and to relinquish every sinful pursuit. If 
be rendered himself popular in his province, be 
was not less resjiected at Rome. He was there 
the friend of the poor, the patron of learning, 
great without arrogance, affable in his beha- 
viour, and an example of good breeding, so- 
briety, temperance, and modesty. As a father 
and a husband his character was amiable ; as a 
subject he was faithful to his prince ; and as a 
magistrate, he was candid, open, and compas- 
fiionate. His native country shai-ed among the 
rest his unbounded benevolence ; and Comura, 
« small town of Insubria which gave him birth, 
boasted of his liberality in the valuable and 
choice library of books which he collected 
there. He also contributed towards the ex- 
penses which attended the education of his 
countrymen, and liberally spent part of his 
€state for the advancement of literature, and 
for the instruction of those whom poverty 
otherwise deprived of the advantages of a 
public education. He made his preceptor 
Quintilian, and the poet Martial, objects of 
his benevolence, and when the daughter of the 
former was married, Pliny wrote to the father 
with the greatest civility ; and while he ob- 
served that he was rich in the possession of 
learning, though poor in the goods of fortune, 
he begged of him to accept as a dowry for 
his beloved daughter, 50,000 sesterces, about 
300/. / would not, continued he, be so mo- 
derate, were I not assured from your modesty 
4ind disinterestedness, that the smallness of the 
present will render it acceptable. He died in 
the 52d year of his age, A. D. 113. He had 
written an history of his own times, which is 
lost. It is said, that Tacitus did not begin his 
history till he had found it impossible to per- 
suade Pliny to utidertake that laborious task, 
and indeed what could not have been expected 
from the panegyrist of Trajan, if Tacitus ac- 
knowledged himself inferior to him in deli 
neating the character of the times. Some 
suppose, but falsely, that Pliny wrote the lives 
of illustrious men, universally ascribed to Cor- 
nelius JVepos. He also wrote poetry, but his 
verses have all perished, and nothing of his 
learned works remain, but his panegyric on 
the emperor Trajan, and ten books of letters, 
which he hiinself collected and prepared for 
the public, from a numerous and respectable 
71 



PL 

correspondence. These letters contain inan5r 
curious and interesting facts; they abound 
with many anecdotes of the generosity and the 
humane sentiments of the writer. They are 
written with elegance and great purity, and 
the reader every where discovers that atfabi- 
lity, that condescension and philanthropy, 
which so egregiously marked the advocate 
of the Christians, These letters are es- 
teemed by some, equal to the voluminous 
epistles of Cicero. In his panegyric, Pliny's 
style is florid and brilliant ; he has used, to 
the greatest advantage, the liberties of the 
panegyrist, and the elegance of the cour- 
tier. His ideas are new and refined, but 
his diction is distinguished by that affecta- 
tion and pomposity which marked the reign 
of Trajan, The best editions of Pliny, are 
those of Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1770, and of 
Lallemand, 12mo. Paris apud Barbou, and 
of the panegyric separate, that of Schwartz, 
4to. 1746, and of the epistles, the Variorum, 
L. Bat. 1660, 8vo. Plin. ep. — Vossius. — <S{- 
donius. 

Plinthine, a town of Egypt on the Me- 
diterranean. 

Plistarchus, son of Leonidas of the family 
of the Eurysthenidce, succeeded on the Spar- 
tan throne at the death of Cleombrotus. He-, 
rodot. 9, c, 10. A brother of Cassander. 

Plisthanus, a philosopher of Elis who suc- 
ceeded in the school of Phsedon. Diog. 

Plisthenes, a son of Atreus king of Ar- 
gos, father of Menelaus and Agamemnon ac- 
cording to Hesiod and others. Homer, how- 
ever, calls Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of 
Atreas, though they were in reality the chil- 
dren of Plisthenes. The father died very 
young, and the two children were left in the 
house of their grandfather, who took care of 
them and instructed them. From his atten- 
tion to them, therefore, it seems probable that 
Atreus was universally acknowledged their 
protector and father, and thence their sur- 
name of AtridcE. Ovid. Rem. Am. v, 778. — 
Dictys. Cret. 1. — Homer. II. 

Pi.isTiNus, a brother of Faustulus the shep^ 
herd, who saved the life of Romulus and Re- 
mus. He was killed in a scuffle which hap- 
pened between the two brothers, 

Plistoanax and Plistonax, son of Pau- 
sanias, was general of the Lacedaemonian 
armies in the Peloponnesian war. He was 
banished from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 
years, and was afterwards recalled by order 
of the oracle of Delphi, He reigned 58 years. 
He had succeeded Plistarchus, Tkucyd. 

PusTUS, a river of Phocis falling into lb« 
bay of Corinth. Slrab. 9, 

Plot/E, small islands on the coast of JEte- 
lia, called also Strophades. 

Plotina PoMPEiA, a Roman lady who 
married Trajan while he was yet a private 
man. She entered Rome in the procession 
with her husband when he was saluted empe- 
ror, and distinguished herself by the aft'abilitjT 
of her behaviour, her humanity, and liberal ot- 
lices to the poor and friendless. She accom- 
panied Trajan in the east, and at his death she 
brought back his ashes t,o Rome, and still en- 
joyed all the honours and titles of a Roman 
empress under Adrian, who, by her means, 
hau succeeded to the vacant throne. At her 



PL 

death, A. I). 122, she was ranked among the 
gods, and received divine honours, which ac- 
cording to the superstition of the times, she 
seemed to deserve, from her regard for the 
good and the prosperity of the Roman empire, 
and for her private virtues. Dio7i. 

Plotinopolis, a town of Thrace built by 
the emperor Trajan, and called after Plotina, 
the founder's wife. Another in Dacia. 

Plotinus, a Platonic philosopher of Ly- 
copolis in Egypt. He was for eleven years a 
pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and after 
he had profited by all the instructions of his 
learned preceptor, he determined to improve 
his knowledge and to visit the territories of 
India and Persia to receive information. He 
accompanied Gordianinhis expedition into the 
east, but the day which proved fatal to the 
emperor, nearly terminated the life of the phi- 
losopher. He saved himself by flight, and 
the following year he retired to Rome, where 
he publicly taught philosophy. His school was 
frequented by people of every sex, age, and 
quality, by senators, as well as plebeians; and 
so great was the opinion of the public of his 
honesty and candour, that many, on their 
death-bed, left all their possessions to his care, 
and intrusted their children to him, as a su- 
perior being. He was the favourite of all the 
Romans; and while he charmed the populace 
by the force of his eloquence, and the senate 
by his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus court- 
ed him, and admired the extent of his learn- 
ing. It is even said, that the emperor and 
the empress Salonina intended to rebuild a 
decayed city of Campania, and to appoint the 
philosopher over it, that there he might ex- 
perimentally know, while he presided over a 
colony of philosophers, the validity and the 
use of the ideal laws of the republic of Plato. 
This plan was not executed through the envy 
and malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The 
philosopher, at last, become helpless and in- 
firm, returned to Campania, where the libe- 
rality of his friends for a while maintained 
him. He died A. D. 270, in the 66th year of 
his age, and as he expired he declared that 
he made his last and most violent efforts to give 
up what there was most divine in him and in 
the rest of the universe. Amidst the great 
qualities of thephilosopher, we discover some 
ridiculous singularities. Plotinus never per- 
mitted his picture to be taken, and he ob- 
served, that to see a painting of himself in 
the following age was beneath the notice of 
an enlightened mind. These reasons also in- 
duced him to conceal the day, tlie hour, and 
the place of his birth. He never made use of 
medicines, and though his body was often de- 
bilitated by abstinence or too much study, he 
despised to have recourse to a physician, and 
thought that it would degrade the gravity of 
a philosopher. His writings have been col- 
4ected by his pupil Porphyry. They consist of 
54 different treatises divided into six equal 
parts, written with great spirit and vivacity ; 
but the reasonings are abstruse, and the sub- 
iect metaphysical. The best edition is that of 
Picinus, fol. Basil, 1580. 

Plotius Crispi^jus, a stoic philosopher 
and poet, whose verses were very inelegant, 
and whose disposition was morose, for which 
he has teen ridiculed, by Horace, and called 



c 

PL 

Arttalogvit. Horat. 1, sat. 1, v. 4. Callus, 

a native of Lugdunum, who taught grammar 
at Rome, and had Cicero among his pupils. 
Cic. de Oral. Griphus, » man made sena- 
tor by Vespasian. Tacit, Hist. 3. A cen- 
turion in Caesar's army. C(zs. B. C. 3, c. 19. 

Tucca, a friend of Horace and of Virgil, 

who made him his heir. He was selected by 
Augustus, with Varius, to review the iEneid 

of Virgil. Horat. l,sat. 5, v. 40. Lucius, 

a poet in the age of the great Marius, whose 
exploits he celebrated in his verses. 

PjLusios, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, 
expressive of his power to grant riches. Paus. 
3, c. 19. 

Plutarchus, a native of Chseronea, de- 
scended of a respectable family. His father, 
whose name is unknown, was distinguished for 
his learning and virtues, and his grandfather, 
called Lamprias, was also as conspicuous for 
his eloquence and the fecundity of his genius. 
Under Ammonius, a reputable teacher at 
Delphi, Plutarch was made acquainted with 
philosophy and mathematics, and so well es- 
tablished was his character, that he was ap- 
pointed by his countrymen, while yet very 
young, to go to the Roman pro-consul in their 
name, upon an aft'air of the most important 
nature. This commission he executed with 
honour to himself, and with success for hi* 
country. H« afterwards travelled in quest of 
knowledge, and after he had visited, like a 
philosopher and an hist(H!ian, the territories 
of Egypt and Greece, he retired to Rome, 
where he opened a school. His reputatioa 
made his school frequented. The emperor 
Trajan admired his abilities, and honoured 
him with the office of consul, and appointed 
him governor oflllyricura. After the death 
of his imperial benefactor, Plutarch removed 
from Rome to Cheeronea, where he lived in 
the greatest tranquillity, respected by his fel- 
low-citizens, and raised to all the honours 
which his native town could bestow. In this 
peaceful and solitary retreat, Plutarch closely 
applied himself to study, and wrote the great- 
est part of bis works, and particularly his lives. 
He died in an advanced age at Chaironea, 
about the 140th year of the Christian era. 
Plutarch had live children by his wife, called 
Timoxena,four sons and one daughter. Two 
of thc' sons and the daughter died when young, 
and those that survived were called Plutarcli 
and Lamprias, and the latter did honour 
to his father's memory, by giving to the 
world an accurate catalogue of his writings. 
In his pirvate and public character, the histo- 
rian of Chaeronea was the friend of discipline. 
He boldly asserted the natural right of man- 
kind, liberty; but he recommended obedience 
and submissive deference to magistrates, as ne- 
cessary to preserve the peace of soci^y. He 
supported, that the most violent and danger- 
ous public factions arose too often from private 
disputes and from misunderstanding. To ren- 
der hiaaself more intelligent, he always car- 
ried a common place-book with him, and he 
preserved with the greatest care whatever 
judicious observations fell in the course of con- 
versation. The most esteemed of his works 
are his lives of illustrious men, of whom he- 
examines and delineates the different charac- 
ters with wonderful skill and impartiality. He^ 



\ 



PL 

neither misrepresents the virtues, nor hiJes 
the foibles of iiis heroes. He writes with pre- 
cision and with fidelity, and though his dic- 
tion is neither pure nor elegant, yet there is 
energy and animation, and in many descrip- 
tions he is inferior to no historian. In some of 
iiis narrations, however, he is often too cir- 
cumstantial, his remarks are often injudicious ; 
ai«d when he compares the heroes of Greece 
with those of Rome, the candid reader can 
easily remember which side of the Adriatic 
gave the historian birth. Some have accused 
him of not knowing the genealogy of his he- 
roes, and have censured him for his supersti- 
tion ; yet for all this, he is the most entertain- 
ing, the most instructive, and interesting of all 
the writers of ancient history; and were a 
man of true taste and judgment asked what 
book he wished to save from destruction, of 
«ill the profane comfiositions of antiquity, he 
would perhaps without hesitation reply, the 
Lives of Plutarch. In his moral treatises, 
Plutarch appears in a different character, and 
his misguided philosophy, and erroneous doc- 
trines, render some of these inferior compo- 
sitions puerile and disgusting. They however 
contain many useful lessons and curious facts, 
and "though they are composed without con- 
nexion, compiled without judgment, and 
often abound with improbable stories, and 
false reasonings, yet they contain much infor- 
mation, and many useful reflections. The 
l)est editions of Plutarch are that of Francfort, 
2 vols. fol. 1599; that of Stephens, 6 vols. 8vo. 
1572 ; the Lives by Reiske, 12 vols. 8vo. Lips. 
1775 ; and the Moralia, &,c. by Wyttenbach. 

Plul. A native of Eretria, during the Pe- 

loponnesian war. He was defeated by the Ma- 
cedonians. Plut. in Phoc. 

Plutia, a town of Sicily. Cic. in Verr. 
Plvto, a son of Saturn and Ops, inherited 
his father's kingdom with his brothers, Jupiter 
and Neptune. He received as his lot the king- 
dom of hell, and whatever lies under the earth, 
and as such he became the god of the infernal 
regions, of death and funerals. From his func- 
tions, and the place he inhabited, he received 
different names. He was called Dis, Hades, or 
.ddes, Clylopolon, Jlgelastus, Orcus, &c. As 
the place of his residence was obscure and 
gloomy, all the goddesses refused to marry 
him ; but he determined to obtain by force 
what was denied to his solicitations. As he 
once visited the island of Sicily, after a violent 
earthquake, he saw Proserpine, the daughter 
of Ceres, gathering flowers in the plains of 
Enna, with a crowd of female attendants. 
He became enamoured of her, and imme- 
diately carried her away upon his chariot 
drawn by four horses. To make this retreat 
more unknown, he opened himself a passage 
through the earth, by striking it with his tri- 
dent in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or, accor- 
ding to others, on the borders of the Cephisus 
in Attica. Proserpine called upon her atten- 
dants for help, but in vain, and she became the 
wife of her ravisher, and the queen of hell. 
Pluto is generally represented as holding a tri- 
dent with two teeth, he has also keys in his 
hand, to intimate that whoever enters his 
kingdom can never return. He is looked upon 
as a hard-hearted and inexorable god, with a 
gvhn and dismal countenance, and lor that rea- 



PL 

son no temples were raised to his honour as to 
the rest of the superior gods. Black victims, 
and particularly a bull, were the only sacrifices 
which were offered to him, and their blood 
was not sprinkled on. the altars, or received in 
vessels, as at other sacrifices, but it was per- 
mitted to run down into the earth, as if it were 
to penetrate as far as the realms of the god. 
The Syracusans yearly sacrificed to him black 
bulls, near the fountain of Cyane, where, ac- 
cording to the received traditions, he had dis- 
appeared with Proserpine. Among plants, 
the cypress, the narcissus, and the maiden- 
hair, were sacred to him, as also every thing 
which was deemed inauspicious, particularly 
the number two. According to some of the an- 
cients, Pluto sat on a throne of sulphur, from 
which issued the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phle- 
gethon, and Acheron. The dog Cerberus 
watched at his feet, the harpies hovered round 
him, Proserpine sat on his left hand, and near 
to the goddess stood the Eumenides, with 
their heads covered with snakes. The Parcse 
occupied the I'ight, and they each held in their 
hands the symbols of their office, the distaff, 
the spindle, and the scissors, Pluto is called 
by some the father of the Eumenides. During 
the war of the gods and the Titans, the Cy- 
clops made a helmet, which rendered the 
bearer invisible, and gave it to Pluto. Perseus 
was armed with it when he conquered the 
Gorgons. Hesiod. Tkeog. — Homer. II. — ^pol- 
led. 1, hc.—Hygin. fab. 155. P. A. 2.— Stat. 
Theb. 8.—Diod. 3.— Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6.— 
Pans. 2, c. 36. — Orpheus. Hymn. 17, k.c. — Cic. 
de JVat. D. 2, c. 26.— Plato deRep.—Euri- 
pid. in Med. Hippol. — JEschyl. in Pers. Prom. 
— Varro. L. L. 4.—Catull. ep. S.— Virg. G. 4, 
V. 502. .^n. 6, V. 273, 1. 8, v. 296.—Lucan. 6, 
V. 715. — Horai. 2, od. 3 and 18. — Senec. in 
Her. fur. 

Plutonium, a temple of Pluto in LydJa. 
Cic. dt Div. 1, c. 36. 

Plctus, son of Jasion or Jasius, by Ceres, 
the goddess of corn, has been confounded by 
many of the mythologists with Pluto, though 
plainly distinguished from him as being the 
god of riches. He was brought up by the 
goddess of peace, and on that account, Pai 
was represented at Athens, as holding the god 
of wealth in her lap. The Greeks spoke of 
him as of a fickle divinity. They represented 
him as blind, because he distributed riches iji- 
discriminately ; he was lame, because he came 
slow and gradually ; but had wings, to intimate 
that he flew awav with more velocity than he 
approached raanlcind. Lucian. in Tim. — Pans. 
9, c. 16 and 26. — Hygin. P. A. — Aristoph. in 
Plul.—Diod. Q.—Hesiod. Th. 910.— Dionyt. 
Hal. 1, c. 53. 

Pluvius, a surname of Jupiter as god of 
rain. He was invoked by that name among 
the Romans, whenever the earth was parched 
up by continual heat, and was in want of re- 
freshing showers. He had an altar in the tem- 
ple on the capitol. Tibidl. 1, el. 7, v. 26. 

Plvnteria, a festival among the Greeks, 
in honour of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva, 
who received from the daughter of Cecrops 
the name of Aglauros. The word seems to 
be derived from 7rku^tlv, lavnrc, because, dur- 
ing the solemnity, they undressed the statue 
of the goddcss; and zvashed it. The day on 



PCE 

which it was observed was universally looked 
upon as unfortunate and inauspicious, and on 
that account, no person was permitted to ap- 
pear in the temples, as tliey were purposely 
surrounded with ropes. ■ The arrival of Alci- 
biades in Athens that day was deemed very 
unfortunate; but, however, the success that 
ever after attended him, proved it to be other- 
wise. It was customary at this festival to bear 
in procession a clusterof tigs, which intimated 
the progress of civilization among the first in- 
habitants of the earth, as figs served them fi»r 
food after they had found a dislike for acorns. 
Pollux. 

Pnigeus, a village of Egypt, near Phoeni- 
cia. Slrab. 16. 

Pkvx a place of Athens, set apart by So- 
lon for holding assemblies. C. Kep. Mt. 8. — 
Plut.in Thes.8^ Them. 

PoBUcius, a lieutenant of Pompey in 
Spain. 

PoDALiRius, a son of j^sculapius and 
Epione. He was one of the pupils of the 
Centaur Chiron, and he made himself under 
him such a master of medicine, that during 
the Trojan war, the Greeks invited him to 
their camp, to stop a pestilence which had 
baffled the skill of all their physicians. Some, 
however, suppose, that he went to the Tro- 
jan war not in the capacity of a physician 
in the Grecian array, but as a warrior, at- 
tended by his brother Machaon, in 30 ships 
Avilh soldiers from OEcalia, Ithorae, and Trica. 
At his return from the Trojan war, Poda- 
lirius was shipwrecked on the coast of Ca- 
ria, where he cured of the falling sickness 
and married a daughter of Damoetas, the 
king of the place. He fixed his habitation 
there, and built two towns, one of which he 
called Syrna, by the name of his wife. The 
Carians, after his death, built him a temple, 
and paid him divine honours. Diclys. Crct. 
— Q. Smyrn. 6 and 9. — Ovid, de Art. Jim. 
3. Trist. el. 6. — Faus. 3. A Rutulian en- 
gaged in the wars of iEneas and Turnus. Virg. 
.(En. 12, V. 304. 

PoDAKCE, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 
PoDARCEs, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaly, 

who went to the Trojan war. The first 

name of Priam. When Troy was taken by 
Hercules, he was redeemed from slavery by 
his sister Hesione, and from thence received 
the name of Priam. [Vid. Priaraus.] 

PoDAUEs, a general of Mantinea, in the age 
of Epaminondas. Pans. 8, c. 9. 

PoDARGE, one of the Harpies, mother 

of two of the horses of Achilles, by the 

Zephyrs. The word intimates tlie swiftness 

of her feet. 

PoDARGus. a charioteer of Hector. Homer. 

Fa^AS, son of Thaumacus, was among the 

Argonauts, The father of Philoctetes. The 

son is often called pKuntia proles on account 
«f his father. Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 45. 

PcECiLE, a celebrated portico at Athens, 
which received its name from the variety 
(TTutiiui) of paintings which it contained. It 
was there that Zetio kef»t his school, and 
the stoics also received their lessons there, 
whence their name (a ?», a porch.) The 
Pcecile was adorned with pictures of gods 
and benefactors, and among many others was 
*hat of the siege and sacking of Troy, the 



PO 

battle of Theseus against the Amazens, the 
fight between the Lacedjemonians and Athe- 
nians at (Enoe in Argolis, and of Alliens the 
great friend of Athens. The only reward 
which Miltiades obtained after the battle of 
Marathon, was to have his picture drawn 
more conspicuous than that of the rest of 
the officers that fought with him, in there- 
presentation which was made of the engage- 
ment, which was hung up in the Pcecile, 
in commemoration of that celebrated vic- 
tory. C. JVep. in Milt. 4-- Attic. 3.— Pans, 
l.—Plin. 35. 

PcENi, a name given to the Carthaginians. 
It seems to be a corruption of the word 
Phceni, or Phcenices, as the Carthaginians 
were of Phoenician origin. Strv. ad Virg. 
1, V. 302. 
PffioN. [Tzd. Paeon.] 

PffiONiA, a part of Macedonia. [Vid,.,. 
Pffionia ] 
PoEus, a part of mount Pindus. 
PoGON, a harbour of the Troezenians on 
I he coast of the Peloponnesus. It received 
this name on account of its ap})eai"ing to come 
forward before the town of Troezene, as the 
beara{-^'»yM,) does from the chin. Utrab. 8. — 
Meia, 2. 

PoLA, a city of Istria, founded by the Col- 
chians, and afterwards made a Roman colony, 
and called Pielas Julia. Plin. 3, c. 9.— Jtfc/a, 
2, c. 3.— Slrab. 1 and 5. 

PoLEMARCHDs. [Vid. Archon.] The 

assassin of Polydorus king of Spaita. Paus. 
2, c. 3. 

PoLEMocRATiA, E quccn of Thracc, who 
fled to Brutus after the xnurder of Caesar. 
She retired from her kingdom because her 
subjects had lately murdered her husband. 

PoLEMON, a youth of Athens, son ol Phi- 
lostratus. He was much given to debauchery 
and extravagance, and spent the greatest part 
of his life in riot and drunkenness. He once, 
when intoxicated, entered the school of Xeno* 
crates, while the philosopher was giving his 
pupils a lecture upon the effects of intempe- 
rance, and he was so struck with the eloquence 
ot the academician, and the force of his argu- 
ments, that from that moment he renounced 
the dissipated life he had led, and applied him- 
self totally to the study of philosophy. He 
was then in the 30th year of his age, and from 
that time never drank any other liquor but 
water; and after the death of Xenocrates he 
succeeded in the school where his reformation 
had been eftected. He died about 270 years 
before Christ, in an extreme old age. Biog. 
in vita. — Horat.% sat. 3, v. 254. — Val. Max. 

6, c. 9. A son of Zeno the rhetorician, 

made king of Pontus by Antony. He atten- 



ded his patron in his expedition against Par- 
thia. After the battle of Actium he was re- 
ceived into favour by Augustus, though he had 
fought in the cause of Antony. He was killed 
some time after by the barbarians near the 
Paulus Meeotis, against whom he had made 

war. Slrab. — Dion. His son of the same 

name, was confirmed on his father's throne by 
the Roman emperors, and the province of Ci- 
licia was also added to his kingdom by Clau- 
dius. An officer in the army of Alexander, 

intimate with Pbilotas, ^c. Curt. 7, c. 1, &c. 
A rhetorician at JRome, who wrote a poem 



PO 

t>n weights and measures, still extant. He was 



PO 



master to Persins, the celebrated satirist, and 

died in the age of Nero. A sophist of La- 

odicea in Asia Minor, in the reign of Adrian. 
He was often sent to the emperor with an em- 
bassy by his countrymen, which he executed 
with great success. He was greatly favoured 
by Adrian, from whom he exacted much mo- 
ney. In the 56th year of his age, he buried 
himself alive, as he laboured with the gout. 
He wrote declamations in Greek. 

PoLEMONiuM, now Vatija, a town of Pon- 
tus, at the east of the mouth of the Thermo- 
don. 

PoLiAs, a surname of Minerva, as protec- 
tress of cities. 

PoLicHNA, a town of Troas on Ida. Hero- 
dot. 6, c. 28. Another of Crete. Thucyd. 

2, c. 85. 

PoLiEiA, a festival at Thebes in honour of 
Apollo, who was represented there with grai/ 
hair, (^o?.«©»), contrary to the practice of all 
other places. The victim was a bull, but when 
it happened once that no bull could be found, 
an ox was taken from the cart and sacrificed. 
From that time the sacrifice of labouring oxen 
was deemed lawful, though before it was look- 
ed upon as a capital crime. 

PoLioRCETES, (destroyer of cities), a sur- 
name given to Demetrius, son of Antigonus. 
Plut. in Demet. 

PoLisMA, a town of Troas, on the Simois. 
Slrah. 13. 

PoLi STRATUS, an Epicurean philosopher, 
born the same day as Hippoclides, with whom 
he always lived in the greatest intimacy. They 
both died at the same hour. Diog. — Val. 
Max. 1. 

PoLiTES, a son of Priam and Hecuba, kill- 
ed by Pyrrhus in his father's presence. Virg. 
JEr\.2, V. 526, &,c. His son, who bore the 
same name, followed iEneas into Italy, and 
was one of the friends of young Ascanius. Id. 
5, V. 664. - 

PoLiTORiuM, a city of the Latins destroyed of JNero. 
by the Romans, before Christ 639. Liv. 1, c. 
33. 

PoLLiNEA, a prostitute, he. Juv. 2, v. 68. 
PoLLA Argentaria, the wife of the poet 
Lucan. She assisted her husband in correct- 
ing the three first books of his Pharsalia. 
Stat. Sylv. 1 and 2. 

PoLLENTiA, now Pokuza, a town of Ligu- 
rla in Italy, famous for wool. There was a 
celebrated battle fought there between the 
Romans and Alaric, king of the Huns, about 
the 403d year of the Christian era, in which 
the former, according to some, obtained the 
victory. Mela, 2, c. I.—Plin. 8, c. AS.— Suet. 

Tib. 37. —Sit. 8, v. 598.— Cic. 11, Fain. 13. 

A town of Majorca. Plin. S^/- Mela, of Pi- 

cenura. Liv. 39, c. 44, 1. 41, c. 27. 

Poi.LES, a Greek poet whose writings were 
so obscure and unintelligible that his name be- 
came proverbial. Suidas. 

PoLLiO; C. Asinius, a Roman consul, under 
the reign of x\ugustus, who distinguished him- 
self as much by his eloquence and writings as 
by his exploits in the field. He defeated the 
Dalmatian.s, and favoured the cause of Antony 
against Augustus. He patronised, with great 
liberality, the poets Virgil and Horace, who 
have immortalized him in their writings. He 



was the first who raised a public library at 
Rome, and indeed his example was afterwards 
followed by many of the emperors. In his 
library were placed the statues of all the 
learned men of every age, and Varro vvas the 
only person who was honoured there during 
his life-time. He was with J. Caesar when he 
crossed the Rubicon. He was greatly esteem- 
ed by Augustus when he had become one of 
his adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pollio 
wrote some tragedies, orations, and an his- 
tory, which was divided into 17 books. All 
these compositions are lost, and nothing re- 
mains of his writings except a few letters 
to Cicero. He died in the SOth year of his 
age, A. D. 4. He is the person in whose 
honour Virgil has inscribed his fourth eclogue, 
Pollio, as a reconciliation was effected be- 
tween Augustus and Antony during his con- 
sulship. The poet, it is supposed by some, 
makes mention of a son of the consul bora 
about this time, and is lavish in his excursions 
into futurity, and his predictions of approach- 
ing prosperity. Paterc. 2, c 86 — Horat. 2, 
od. 1, Sat. 10, 1. l.~Virg. Ed. 3 and 4.— VaL 

Max. 8, c. 13. — Quint. 10. Annius, a man 

accused of sedition before Tiberius, and ac- 
quitted. He afterwards conspired against Ne- 
ro, kc. Tadt. 6, c. 9, 1. 15, c. 56.— ^Vedius, 
one of the f|||nds of Augustus, who used to 
I feed his fishes with human flesh. This cruelty 



was discovered when one of his servants broke 
a glass in the presence of Augustus, who had 
been invited to a feast. The master ordered 
the servant to be seized ; but he threw him- 
self at the feet of the emperor, and begged 
him to interfere, and not to suffer him to be 
devoured by fishes. Upon this the causes of 
his apprehension were examined, and Augus- 
tus, astonished at the barbarity of his favour- 
ite, caused the servant to be dismissed, all the 
fish-ponds to be filled up, and the crystal glasses 

of Pollio to be broken to pieces. A man 

who poisoned Britannicus, at the instigation 
An historian in the age of Con- 

stantine the Great. A sophist in the age of 

Pompey the Great. A friend of the empe- 
ror Vespasian. 

PoLLis, a commander of the Laceda;mo- 
nian lleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 377. Diod. 

PoLiiiJS Felix, a friend of the poet Statius, 
to wjtialll he dedicated his second Sylva. 

PoLLUPEx, now Final, a town of Genoa." 

PoLT.cTiA, a daughter of L. Vetus, put to 
death after her husband Rubellius Plautus, by 
order of Nero, kc. Tacit. 16. jinii, c. 10 
and 11. 

Pollux, a son of Jupiter by Leda the 
wife of Tyndarus. He was brother to Castor. 
[Vid. Castor.] A Greek writer, who flour- 
ished- A. D. 186, in the reign of Commodus, 
and died in the 5Sth year of his age. He was 
born at Naucratis, and taught rhetoric at 
Athens, and wrote an useful work called 
Onomasticon, of which the best edition is that 
of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1706. 

PoLTis, a king of Thrace, in the time of the 
Trojan war. 

PoLUs, a celebrated Grecian actor. A 

sophist of Agrigentum. 

PoLuscA, a town of Latium, formerly the 
capital of the Volsci. The inhabitants w^ero 
called Pollustini, Liv, 2, c, 39. 



PO 

YoLi^yvi, a native of Macedonia, who 
wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems 
which he dedicated to the emperors Antoni- 
nus and Verus, while they were making war 
against the Parthians. He wrote also other 
books which have been lost, among which was 
an history, with a description of the city of 
Thebes. The best editions of his stratagems 
are those of Masvicius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1690, and 

of Mursinna, 12mo. Berlin. 1756. A friend 

of Philopcemen. An orator in the age of 

Julius Caesar. He wrote in three books an ac- 
count of Antony's expedition in FarLhia, and 
likewise published orations. A mathema- 
tician, who afterwards followed the tenets of 
Epicurus, and disregarded geometry as a 
false and useless study. Cic. in Acad, qucest. 4. 

PoLVANUs, a mountain of Macedonia, near 
Pindus. Sirab. 

PoLYARCHus, the brother of a queen of Gy- 
rene, &c. Polyom. 8. 

PotYBiDAS, a general after the death of 
Agesipolis the Lacedaimonian, He reduced 
Olynthus. 

PoLYBius, or PoLYBus, a king of Corinth, 
who married Peribcea, whom some have call- 
ed Meropc, He was son of Mercury by 
Chthonophyle, the daughter of Sicyon, king 
of Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had no 
children, to adopt and educate ^jriier own son, 
(EfJipus, who had been found byhis shepherds 
exposed in the woods. He had a daughter 
called Lysianassa whom he gave in marriage 
to Talaus, son of Bias king of Argos. As he 
had no male child, he left his kingdom to 
Adrastus, who had been banished from his 
throne, and who had fled to Corinth for pro- 
tection. Hygin. fab. QQ. — Pans. 2, c. 6. — 
JipoUod. 3, c. 5. — Seneca, in (Edip. 813 

PoLYBTus, a native of Megalopolis in Pe- 
loponnesus, son of Lyuortas. He was early 
initiated in the duties, and made acquainted 
witb the qualifications of a statesman, by his 
father, who was a strong supporter of the 
Achosan league, and under him Philopoimen 
was taught the art of war. In Macedonia he 
distinguished himself by his valour against the 
Komans, and when Perseus had been con- 
rjuered, he was carried to the capital of Italy 
as a prisoner of war. But he was not long bu- 
rled in the obscurity of a dungeon. Scipio 
and Fabius w^ere acquainted with hij||Hicom- 
rnon abilities as a warrior and as a man of learn- 
ing, and they made him their friend by kind- 
wess and attention. Polybius was not insensi- 
ble to their merit; he accompanied Scipio in 
bis expeditions, and was present at the taking 
o( Carthage and IN'umantia. In the midst of 
his prosperity, however, he felt the distresses 
of his country, which had been reduced in- 
to a Roman province, and, like a true pa- 
triot, he relieved its wants, and eased its ser- 
vitude by making use of the iiiQuence which 
lie liad acquired by his acquaintance with the 
most powerful Komans. After the death of 
liis friend and benefactor Scipio, he retired 
Irom Rome, and passed the rest of his days 
jit Megalopolis, where he enjoyed the com- 
iorts and honours which every good man can 
receive from the gratitude of his citizens, and 
trom the self-satisfaction which attends a hu- 
mane and benevolent heart. He died in the 
82d year of his age, about 124 years before 



PO 

Christ, of a wound which he had received by a 
fall from his horse. He wrote an universal his- 
tory in Greek, divided into 40 books, which 
began with the wars of Rome with the Cartha- 
ginians, and finished with the conquest of Ma- 
cedonia by Paulus. The greatest part of this 
valuable history is lost ; the five first books are 
extant, and of the twelve following the frag- 
ments are jmmerous. The history of Polybius 
is admired for its authenticity, and he is, per- 
haps, the only historian among the Greeks 
who was experimentally and professedly ac- 
quainted with the military operations and the 
political measures of which he makes mention. 
He has been recommended in every age and 
country as the best master in the art of war, 
and nothing can more effectually prove the 
esteem in which he was held among the Ro- 
mans, than to mention that Brutus, the mur- 
derer of Caesar, perused his history with the 
greatest attention, epitomized it, and often re- 
tired from the field where he had drawn his 
sword against Octavius and Antony, to read 
the instructive pages which described the 
great actions of his ancestors. Polybius, how- 
ever great and entertaining, is sometimes cen- 
sured for his unnecessary digressions, for his 
uncouth and ill-digested narrations, for his neg- 
ligence, and the inaccurate aiTangement of 
bis words. But every where there is instruc- 
tion to be found, information to be collected, 
and curious facts to be obtained, and it reflects 
not much honourupon Livy for calling the his- 
torian, from whom he has copied whole books 
almost word for w^ord, without gratitude or 
acknowledgment, haud quaquam spemendus 
auctor. Dionysius also of Halicarnassus, is 
one of his most violent accusers; buttiie his- 
torian has rather exposed liis ignorance of true 
criticism, than discovered inaccuracy or inele- 
gance. The best editions of Polybius are those 
of Gronovius, 3 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, of Er- 
nesti, 3 vols. 8vo. 1764, and of Shweighaiuser, 
7 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1785. Plal. in Phil, inprvec. 

—Liv. 30, c. 45.— -Paws. 8, c. 30. A freed- 

man of Augustus. Suet. A physician, disci- 
ple and successor of Hippocrates. A sooth- 
sayer of Corinth, who foretold to his sous the 
fate that attended them in the Trojan war. 

PoLYB(EA, a daughter of Amyclas and 
Diomede, sister to Hyacinthus. Pans. 3, c. 
19. 

PoLYBffiTES. Vid. Polypcetes. 

ror.YBoTKs, one of tl>e giants who made war 
against Jupiter. He was killed by IVeptune, 
who crushed him under a part of the island of 
Cos, as he was walking across the Mgean. 
Paus. 1, c. 2. — Hygin. inprm.fab. 

PoLYBus, a king of Thebes in Egypt in the 
time of the Trojan war. f{o7n. Od. 22, v. 284. 

One of Penelope's suitors. Ovid. Ileroid. 

1. A king of Sicyon. A king of Co- 
rinth. Vid. Polybius. 

PoLvcAON, a son of Lelex who succeeded 
his brother Myles. He received divine hon- 
ours after death with his wife Messene, at 
Lacedaimon, where he had reigned. Paus. 4, 

c. 1, &ic. A son of Butes, who married a 

daughter of HyUus. 

PoLYCAUPus, a famous Greek writer, bora 
at Smyrna, and educated at the expense of a 
rich but pious lady. Some suppose that he 
was St. John's disciple. He became bishop 



PO 

of Smyrna, and went to Rome to settle the 
festival of Easter, but to no purpose. He was 
condemned to be burnt at Sm^yroa, A. D. 167. 
His epistle to the Philippians is simple and 
modest, yet replete with useful precepts and 
rules for the conduct of life. The best edi- 
tion of Polycarp's epistle, is that of Oxon, 
8vo. 1708, being annexed to the w^orks of 
Ignatius. 

PoLvcASTE, the youngest of the daughters 
of Nestor. According to some authors she 
married Telamachus, when he visited her fa- 
ther's court in quest of Ulysses. 

PoLYCHARES, a rich Messeniau, said to have 
been the cause of the war which was kindled 
between the Spartans and his countrymen, 
which was called the first Messenian war. 

PoLYCLEA, the mother of Thessalus, kc. 

PoLvcLEs, an Athenian in the time of De- 
metrius, &c . Polycen. 6. A famous athlete, 

often crowned at the four solemn games of the 
Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter's grove at 
Olympia. Pans, 6, c. 1. 

PoLYCLETUS, a Celebrated statuary of Si- 
cyou) about 232 years before Christ. He was 
universally reckoned the most skilful artist of 
bis profession among the ancients, and the se- 
cond rank was given to Phidias. One of his 
pieces, in which he had represented a body- 
guard of the king of Persia, was so happily ex- 
ecuted, and so nice and exact in all its propor- 
tions, that it was looked upon as a most per- 
fect model, and accordingly called the Rule. 
He was acquainted with architecture. Pans. 

3 and 6.— Quintil. 12, c. 10. Another who 

lived about 30 years after. A favourite of 

the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. 

PoLvcLiTus, ap historian of Larissa. Mien. 
12.— Mlian. 16, c. 41. 

PoLYCRATEs, a tyrant of Samos, well known 
for the continual flow of good fortune which at- 
tended him. He became very powerful, and 
made himself master notoniy of the neighbour- 
ing islands, but also of some cities on the coast 
of Asia. He had a fleet of a hundred ships of 
war, and was so universally respected, that 
Amasis, the king of Egypt, made a treaty of 
aHiance with him. The Egyptian monarch, 
however, terrified by his continued prosperi- 
ty, advised him to chequer his enjoyments, 
by relinquishing some of his most favourite 
objects. Polycrates complied, and tlirew into 
the sea a beautiful seal, the most valuable of 
bis jewels. The voluntary loss of so precious 
a seal afflicted him for some time, but a few 
days after, he received as a present a large 
fish, in whose belly the jewel was found. 
Amasis no sooner heard this, than he rejected 
all alliance with the tyrant of Samos, and ob- 
served, that sooner or later his good fortune 
would vanish. Some time after Polycrates 
visited Magnesia on the Maeander, where he 
had been invited by Orcetes, the governor. 
He was shamefully put to death, 522 years be- 
fore Christ, merely because the governor 
wished to terminate the prosperity of Poly- 
crates, The daughter of Polycrates had dis- 
suaded her father from going to the house of 
Orcetus, on account of tlie bad dreams whicli 
she had had, but her advice was disregarded. 
Pans. 8, c. \4.~Slrah. 14.— Herodo! . 3, c. 31), 

&c. A sophist of Athens, who, to engage 

the public attention, wrote a panegyric on Bu- 



PO 

siris and Clytemnestra. Q^uhiiil. 2, c. i7. — — 
An ancient statuary. 

PoLYCRETA, Or PoLYCRiTA, a young wo- 
man of Naxos, who became the wife of Di- 
ognetus, the general of the Erythreans, &c. 

Polycen. 8. Another woman of Naxos^ 

who died through excess of joy. Plut. 4e. 
clar. Mul. 

PoLYCRiTus, a man who wrote the life of 
Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily. Diog. 

PoLYCTOR, the husband of Stygna, one of 

the Danaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. The father 

of Pisander, one of Penelope's suitors. Aa 

athlete of Elis. It is said that he obtained a 
victory at Olympia by bribing his adversary, 
Sosandcr, who was superior to him in strength 
and courage. Pans. 5, c. 21. 

PoLYD^SMON, an Assyrian prince, killed by 
Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. 

Pol YD AM AS, a Trojan, son of Antenor by 
Theano, the sister of Hecuba. He married 
Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is 
accused by some of having betrayed his coun- 
try to the Greeks. Dares Phry. A son of 

Panthous, born the same night as Hector, He 
was inferior in valour to none of the Trojans, 
except Hector, and his prudence, the wisdoat 
of his counsels, and the firmness of his mind, 
claimed equal admiration, and proved most sa- 
lutary to his unfortunate and misguided coun- 
trymen. He was at last killed by Ajax, after 
he had slaughtered a great number of the ene- 
my. Dictys. Cret. 1, kc— Homer. It. 12, kc. 

A celebrated athlete, son of Nicias, who 

imitated Hercules in whatever he did. He 
killed a lion with his fist, and it is said that he 
could stop a chariot with his hand in its most 
rapid course. He was one day with some of 
his friends in a cave, when on a sudden, a 
large piece of rock came tumbling down, and 
while all fled away, he attempted to receive 
the falling fragment in his arms. His prodi- 
gious strength, however, was insufficient, and 
he was instantly crushed to pieces under the- 
rock. Paus. 6, c. 5. One of Alexander's of- 
ficers, intimate with Parmenio. Curt. 4, c. 15. 

PoLYDAMNA, a Wife of Thonis king of 
Egypt, It is said that she gave Helen a cer- 
tain powder, which had the wonderful power 
of driving away care and melancholy. Ho- 
mtr. Od. 4, v. 228. 

PoLYDECTEs, a king of Sparta, of the fa- 
mily of the Proclidae. He was son ofEuno- 

mus. Paus. 3, c. 7. A son of Magnes, 

king of the island of Scriphos, He received 
with great kindness Danae and her son Per- 
seus, who had been exposed on the sea by 
Acrisius. \_Vid. Perseus.] He took particu- 
lar care of the education of Perseus; but 
when he became enamoured of Danae, here- 
moved him from his kingdom, apprehensive of 
his resentment. Some time alter he paid his 
addresses to Danae, and when she rejected 
him, he prepaied to otter her violence. Drt.- 
nae fled to the altar of JVIiuerva for protection^ 
and Dictys, the brother of Polydectes, whu 
had himself sa\ed her from the sea-wafers, op- 
posed her rnvisher, ai\d armed himself in her 
defence. At this critical moment, Pei-seus 
arrived, and with Medusa's hemd he turned 
into stones Polydectes, with the associates of 
his guilt. The crown of Seriplios was given t* 
Dictys, who had shown himself so active in tlie 



FO 



Ovid. Met. 6, v. 242.— 
-A sculptor of Greece. 



cause of innocenee 
Hygin. fab. 63, kc- 

PU71. 

PoLVDEUCEA, a fountain of Laconia, near 
Thcrapne. Slrah. 9 

FoLYDuRA, a daughter of Peleus king of 
Thessaly, by Antigone, the daughter of Eury- 
lion. Slie married the river Sperchius, by 

whom she had Mnestheus. ^pollod. ^One 

of the Oceanides. Hesiod. A daughter of 

Meleager king of Calydon, who married Pro- 
tesilaus. She killed herself when she heard 
that her husband was dead. The wife of Pro- 
tesilaus is more commonly called Laodamia. 
[Fid. Protesilaus.] Pans. 4, c. 2. A daugh- 
ter of Perieres. An island in the Propouiis 

nearCyzicus. 

PoLYDoRus, a son of Alcaraenes, king of 
Sparta. He put an end to the war which had 
been carried on during 20 years, between 
Messenia and his subjects, and during his 
reign the Lacedaemonians planted two colo- 
nies, one at Crotona, and the other at Locri. 
He was universally respected. He was assas- 
sinated by a nobleman, called Polemarchus. 
His son Eurycrates succeeded him 724 years 
before Christ. Pans. S.—Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

A celebrated carver of Rhodes, who with 

one stone made the famous statue of Laocoon 

and his children. Plin. 34, c. 8. A son of 

Hippomedon, who went with the Epigoni 

to the second Theban war. Pans. 2. A 

son of Cadmus and Hermione, who married 
Nycteis, by whom he had Labdacus, the fa- 
ther of Laius. He had succeeded to the 
throne of Thebes, when his father had gone to 

Illyricum. Jlpollod. 3. A brother of Jason 

of Pheree, who killed his brother, and seized 

upon his possessions. Diod. 15. A son of 

Priam killed by Achilles. Another son of 

Priam by Hecuba, or according to others by 
Laothoe, the daughter of Altes, king of Peda- 
sus. As he was young and inexperienced 
when Troy was besieged by the Greeks, his 
father removed him to the court of Polymnes- 
tor, king of Thrace, and also intrusted to the 
care of the monarch a large sum of money, 
and the greatest part of his treasures, till his 
country was freed from foreign invasion. No 
sooner was the death of Priam known in 
Thrace than Polymnestor made himself mas- 
ter of the riches which were in his possession, 
and to ensure them the better, he assassinated 
young Polydorus, and threw his body into the 
sea, where it was found by Hecuba. [Vid. 
Hecuba.] According to Virgil the body of 
Polydorus was buried near the shore by his 
assassin, and there grew on his grave a 
myrtle, whose boughs dropped blood, when 
iEneas, going to Italy, attempted to tear ihem 
from the tree. \_Vid. Polymnestor.] Virg. 
JEn. 3, V. 21, kc.—.pollod. 3, c. \2.—0vid. 
Met. 13, V. 432.— Homer. II. 20.— Dictys. 
Crtt. 2, c. 18. 

PoLYGius, a surname of Mercury. Pans. 

PoLYGNuri's, a celebrated painter of Tha- 
S09, about 422 years before the Christian 
era. His fathers name was Aglaophon. He 
adorned one of the public porticos of Athens 
with his paintings, in which he had repre- 
sented the most striking events of the Trojan 
war. He particularly excelled in giving grace, 
livellD^es, and expressiou to his piece:;. The 



PO 

Athenians were so pleased ^ith him, tlia^ 
they ottered to reward his labours with what- 
ever he pleased to accept. He declined Oiwi- 
generous offer, and the Amphictyonic coun- 
cil, which was composed of the representa- 
tives of the principal cities of Greece, or- 
dered that Polygnotus should be maintain- 
ed at the public expense wherever he went. 
QiiintiL 12, c. 10.— Plin. 33 and 34.— P/«^ in 

Cim. — Paus. 10, c. 25, &c. A statuary. 

Plin. 34. 

Polyg6nu3 and Telegonus, sons of Pro- 
teus and Coronis, were killed by Hercules. 
JijJolLod. 

Polyhymnia, and Polymnia, one of the 
Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 
She presided over singing and rhetoric, and 
was deemed the inventress of harmony. She 
was represented veiled in white, holding a 
sceptre in her left hand, and with her right 
raised up, as if ready to harangue. She had a 
crown of jewels on her head. Hesiod. Theog. 
75 and 915. — Plut. in Symp. — Horat. 1, od. 1,, 
—Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 9 and 53. 

Polyidius, a physician who brought back 
to life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by applying 
to his body a certain herb, with which he had 
seen a serpent restore life to another which 
was dead. [Vid. Glaucus.] Apollod. 3, c. 3. 

-^Paus. 1, c. 43. A son of Hercules by one 

of the daughters of Thestius. ^Spoiled. A 

Corinthian soothsayer, called also Polybius. 
A dithyrarobic poet, painter, and musician. 

PoLYLAUs, a son of Hercules and Crathe, 
daughter of Thespius. 

PoLYMENEs, an officer appointed to take 
care of Egypt after it had been conquered by 
Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 8. 

PoLYMEDE, a daughter of Autolycus, who 
married iEson, by whom she had Jason. She 
survived her husband only a few days. Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 13. 

PoLYMEDON, One of Priam's illegitimate 
children. 

PoLYMELA, one of Diana's companions. 
She was daughter of Phylas, and had a son by 

Mercury. Homer. II. 16. A daughter of 

iEolus, seduced by Ulysses. A daughter of 

Actor. She was the first wife of Peleus the 
father of Achilles. 

PoLYMNESTES, a Greek poet of Colophon, 

Paus. 1, c. 14. A native of Thera, father 

of Battus or Aristocles, by Phronima, the 
daughter of Etearchus, king of Oaxus. Hero- 
dot. 4, c. 150. 

Polymnestor, a king of the Thracian 
Chersonesus, who married Ilione the eldest 
of Priam's daughters. When the Greeks be- 
sieged Troy, Priam sent the greatest part of 
his treasures, together with Polydorus, the 
youngest of his sons, to Thrace, where they 
were intrusted to the care of Polymnestor. 
The Thracian monarch paid every attention 
to his brother-in-law ; but when he was iu- 
foiraed that Priam was dead, he murdered 
him to become master of the riches which 
were in his possession. At tliat time, the 
Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, 
followed by all the captives, among whom 
was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. The 
fleet stopped on the coast of Thrace, where 
one of the female captives discovered on the 
shore the bpdy of Polydorus, whom Folym- 



PO 



PO 



nestor had thrown into the sea. The dread- 1 Polypemon, a famous thief, called also 
ful intellifijeace was immediately communi- 1 Procrustus, who plundered all tlie travellers 
cated to tlie mother, and Hecuba, who re- ' 
collected the friaihtfui dreams which she had 



had on the preceding night, did not doubt but 
Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. She re- 
solved to revenge her son's death, and imme- 
diately she called out Polymnestor, as if wish- 
ing to impart to him a matter of the most im- 
portant nature. The tyrant was drawn into 
the snare, and was no sooner introduced into 
the apartments of the Trojan princess, than 
the female captives rushed upon him, and put 
out his eyes with their pins, while Hecuba 
murdered his two cliildren who had accompa- 
nied him. According to Euripides, the Greeks 
condemned Polymnestor to be banished into a 
distant island for his perfidy. Hyginus, how- 
ever, relates the whole differently, and ob- 
serves, tliHt when Polydorus was sent to 
Thrace, liione, his sister, took him instead of 
her son Deiphilus, who was of the same age, 
apprehensive of her husband's cruelty. The 
monarch wasunacquainted with the imposition, 
he looked upon Polydorus as his own son, and 
treated Deiphilus as the brother of Ilione. Af- 
ter the destruction of Troy, the conquerors, 
who wished the house and family of Priam to 
be totally extirpated, offered Electra, the 
daughter of Agamemnon, to Polymnestor, if 
he would destroy Ilione and Polydorus. The 
monarch accepted the offer, and immediately 
despatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he 
had been taught to regard as Polydorus. Po- 
lydorus, who passed as the son of Polymnestor, 
consulted the oracle after the murder of Dei- 
philus, and when he was informed that his fa- 
ther was dead, his mother a captive in the 
hands of the Greeks, and his country in ruins, 
he communicated the answer of the god to 
Ilione, whom he had always regarded as his 
mother, liione told him the measures she had 
pursued to save his life, and upon this he aveng- 
ed the perfidy of Polymnestor, by putting out 
his eyes. Eurip.inHecub. — Hygin.fab. 109. — 
Virg. .En. 3, v. 45, kc.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 430, 

&.C. A king of Arcadia, succeeded on the 

throne by Ecmis. Pavs. 8. A young Mile- 
sian who took a hare in running, and after- 
wards obtained a prize at the Olympic games. 
PoLYNicEs, a son of (Edipus, king of 
Thebes, by Jocasta. He inherited his father's 
throne with his brother Eteocles, and it was 
mutually agreed between the two brothers that 
they should reign each a year alternately. 
Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of 
seniority ; but when the year was expired, he 
refused to resign the crown to his brother. 
Polynices, upon this, fled to Argos, where he 
married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus, the 
king of the country, and levied a large army, 
at the head of which he marched to Thebes. 
The commandof this army was divided among 
seven celebrated chiefs, who were to attack 
the seven gates of the city of Thebes. The 
battle was decided by a single combat be- 
tween the two brothers, who both killed one 
another, [yid. Eteocles.] JEschyl. sept, ante 
Tfieb. — Eurip. Phanis. — Senec. in Theb — 
Diod. 4.—Ihjgin. fab. 68, Lc.—Paus. 2, c. 20, 
I. 9, c. 5. — JJpollod.3, c. 5. 

PoLVNOF, one of the Nereides, /ipollod. 
?. r. 2 



about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in Atiica. 
He was killed by Theseus. Ovid calls him fa- 



ther of Procrustes, and Apollodorus of Sinis. 
[Fiflf. Procrustes.] Pans. \, c. oS.— Ovid, in 
lb. 409.— Diod. 4.— Pint, in Thes. 

POLYPERCHON, Or POLVSPERCHOX, OUC of 



the officers of Alexander. Antipater a* his 
death, appointed him governor ol tiic kingdom 
of Macedonia, in preference to his own son 
Cassander. Polyperchon, though old, and a 
man of experience, showed great ignorance 
in the administration of the government. He 
became cruel not only to the Greeks, or such 
as opposed his ambitions views, but even to 
the helpless and innocent children and friends 
ot Alexander, to whom he was indebted for 
his rise and military reputation. He was kil- 
led in a battle 309 B. C. Curt.— Diod. 17, &.c. 
Justin. 13. 

Polyphemus, a celebrated Cyclops, king 
of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of Nep- 
tune and Thoosa, the daughter ofPhorcys. 
He is represented as a monster of strength, of 
a tall stature, and one eye in the middle of the 
forehead. He fed upon human flesh, and 
kept his flocks on the coasts of Sicily, when 
UJysses, at his return from the Trojan war, 
was driven there. The Grecian prince, with 
twelve of his companions, visited the coast, 
and were seized by the Cyclops, who confined 
them in his cave, and daily dev^oured two of 
them. Ulysses would have shared the fate of 
his companions, had he not intoxicated the 
Cyclops, and put out his eye with a firebrand 
while he was asleep. Polyphemus was awaked 
by the sudden pain, he stopped the entrance 
of his cave, but Ulysses made his escape by 
creeping between the legs of the rams of the 
Cyclops, as they were led out to feed on the 
mountains. Polyphemus became enamoured 
of Galataea.but his addresses were disregarded, 
and the nymph shunned his presence. The 
Cyclops was more earnest, and when he saw 
Galataea surrender herself to the pleasures of 
Acis, he crushed his rival with a piece of a 
broken rock. Theocrit. 1. — Ovid. Met. 13, v, 
772. — Homer. Od. 19. — Eurip. in Cyclop. — Hy- 

gin. fab. 125 — Virg. JEn. 3, v. 619, ice. 

One of the Argonauts, son of Elatus and Hip- 
pea. Hygin. 14. 

PoLYPHONTA, oue of Dlaua's nymphs, daugh- 
ter of Hipponus and Thraosa. 

PoiYPHONTES, one of the Heraclidse, who 
killed Cresphontes, king of Messenia, and 

usurped his crown, hygin. iab. 137. Otie 

of the Theban generals, under Eteocles. JEs- 
chyl. Sept. ante Theb. 

PoLVPffiTEs, a son of Pirithous and Hip- 
podamia at the Trojan war. Homer. 11.2. — 

Pans. 10, V. 26. A son of Apollo by Py- 

thia. One of the Trojans whom ii^ncas saw 

when he visited the infernal regions. Virg. 
JEn. 6, V. 484. 
PoLYSPEKCHON. Vid. Polyperchon. 
PoLYSTRATUs, a Macedonian soldier, who 
found Darius after he had been stabbed by 
IJessus, and who gave him water to drink, 
and carried the last injunctions of the dying 

monarch to Alexander. Curl. 6, c. 13. 

An Epiciu'ean philosopher who flourished 
B. C 238. 



t: 



PO 

PoLYTECNus, an artist of Colophon, who 
inanied /Edon, the daughter ol Pandarus. 

PoLYTioN, a fiieiid of Alcibiades, with 
whom he profaned the mysteries of Ceres 
Paas 1, c. 2. 

PoLYTiMiiTus, a river of Sogdiana. Curt. 

6, c 4. 

PoLYPHRON, a prince killed by his nephew 
Alexander, the tyrant of Pherae. 

PoLYTROPUS, a man sent by the Lacedae- 
monians with an array against the Arcadians. 
He was killed at Orchomenus Diod. 15. 

PoLYXENA, a daughter of Priam and He- 
cuba, celebrated for her beauty and accom- 
plishments. Achilles became eiiamoured of 
her, and solicited her hand, and their marriage 
would have been consummated, had not Hec- 
tor her brother opposed it. Polyxena, accor- 
ding to some authors, accompanied her father 
■when he went to the tent of Achilles to redeem 
the body of his son Hector. Sometime after the 
Grecian hero came into the temple of Aj.ol- 
loto obtain a sight of the Trojan princess, but 
he was murdered there by Paris ; and Polyx- 
ena, who bad returned his affection, was so 
afflicted ai his death, that she went and sacri 
filed herself on his tomb. Some however 
suppose, that that sacrifice was not voluntary, 
b;it that the manes of Aciulies appeared to 
the Greeks as they were going to embark 
and demanded of them the sacrifice of Po 
lyxena. The princess, who was in the num- 
ber of the captives, was uf)on this dragijed to 
her lover's tomb, and there immolated by 
Neoptolenius, the son of Achilles. Ovid. 
Mel. 13, fab. 6, &.c. — Didys. Crei. 3 and 5. 
-T-FiV^. JEn. 3, v. 321.— Catw//. ep. 65.-- 
Hygin. fab. 90. 

PoLYXENiDAS, a Syrian general, who flour- 
ished B. C. 192. 

PoLYXENUs, one of the Greek princes 
during the Trojan war. His father's namf 
was Agasthenes. Homer. II. 2. — Paus. 5, c 

3. A son of Medea by Jason. A yonng 

Athenian who became blind, kc. Flat, in Pa 
rail. A general of Dionysius, from whom 



he revolted. 

PoLYxo. a priestess of Apollo's temple in 
Lemnos. She was also nurse to queen Hypsi- 
pyle. It was by her advice that the Lemnian 
women murdered all their husbands. JlpoUon. 

l.—Flacc'l—Hygin fab. 15 One of the 

Atiantides. A native of Argos, who mar- 
ried Tlepolemus, son of Hercules. She fol- 
lowed him to Rljodes, after the murder of his 
uncle Licymnius, and when he departed for 
the Trojan war with the rest of the Greek 
princes, she became the sole mistress of the 
kingdom. After the Trojan war Helen fled 
from Peloponnesus to Rhodes, where Polyxo 
I'eigned. Polyxo detained her, and to punish 
her as being the cause of a war, in which Tie 
polemus had perished, she ordered her to be 
hanged on a tree by her female servants, dis- 
guised in the habit of Furies. \_Vid. Helena.] 

Paus. 5, c. 19. The wife of Nycteus. 

One of the wives of Danaus. 

PoLYZEi.us, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He 
had written a poem on the orgin ard birth ot 
Bacchus, Venus, the Muses, &,c. Some of 
his verses are quoted by Athenajus. Hygin. P. 
A. 2, c. 14. An Athenian archon. 

PoMAx-KTHRES, B Parthian soldier, who 
killed Crassus according to some. Pint. 



PO 

POMETIA, POMETII, and POMBTIA Sv- 

ESSA a town of the Volsci in Latium, totally^ 
destroyed by the Romans, because it had r^- 
volted. Virg. Mn G, v. 773. — Liv. 2, c. 17. 

PoMETiNA, one of the tribes of the people 
at Rome. 

Pomona, a nymph at Rome who was sup- 
posed to preside over gaidens, and to be the 
goddess of all sorts of fruit-trees. She had a 
temple at Rome and a regular priest called 
Flamens Pomonalis, who offered sacrifices to 
her divinity, for the preservation of fruit. She 
was generally represented as sitting on a bas- 
ket full of flowers arid fruit, and holding a 
bough in one hand, and apples in the other. 
Pomona was particularly delighted with the 
cultivation of the earth, she disdained the toils 
of the field; and the fatieues of hunting. Many 
of the gods of the country endeavoured to gain 
her affection, but she received their addresses 
with coldness. Vertumnus was the only one 
who, by assuming different shapes, and intro- 
ducing himself into her company, nnder the 
form of an old woman, prevailed upon her to 
break her vow of celibacy and to marry him. 
This deity was unknown among the Greeks. 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 628, &LC.—Fes(us dei V dg. 
PoMPEiA, a daughter of Sextus Pom- 
pey, by Scribonia She was promised to 
Marcellus; as a means of procuring a reconci- 
liation between her father and the triumvirs, 
but she married Scribonius Libo. A daugh- 
ter of Pompey the Great, .Tiilius Caesars third 
wife. She was accused of incontinence, be- 
cause Cfodius had introduced himself in wo- 
men's clothes into the room where she was 
celebrating the mysteries of Cybele Caesar 
repudiated her upon this accusation. Ptut. 

The wife of Annaus Seneca, was the 

daughter of Pompeius Panllinus. There 

was a portico at Rome, called Pompeia, much 
frequented by all orders of people. Ovid. Art. 

Jim. V. 67. Marl. 11, ep. 48. 

Pompeia lex- by Pompey the Great, dt 
nmbitu, A. U. C. 701 It ordained that what- 
ever person had been convicted of the crime 
of ambitus, should be pardoned, provided he 
could impeach two others of the same crime, 
and occasion the condemnation of one of 

them. Another by the same, A. U C. 701, 

which forbad the use of taudatores in trials, 
or persons who gave a good character of the 

prisoner then impeached. Another by the 

same, A U. C. 683. It restored to the tribunes 

their original power and authority, of which 

they had been deprived by the Cornelian law. 

Another by the same, A. U. C. 701. It 



shortened the forms of trials, and enacted that 
the three first days of a trial should be employ- 
ed in examining witnesses, and it allowed only 
one day to the parties to make their accusa- 
tion and defence. The plaintiff' was confined 
to two hours, and the defendant to three. 
This law had for its object the riots, which 
happened from the quarrels of Clodius and 

Milo. Another by the same, A. U. C. 698. 

It required, that the judges should by the ri«h- 
est of every century, contrary to the usual 
form. It was however requisite that they 
should be such as the Aurelian law prescribea. 
Another of the same, A. U. C. 701. Pom- 



pey was by this empowered to continue in t3i» 
government of Spain five years longer. 



PO 

PoMPEUNiJS Jupiter, a large statue of Ju- 
piter, near Pompey's theatre, whence it re 
oeived its name. Plin. 34, c. 7. 

PoMPEiAnus, a Roman knight of Antioch, 
raised to otfices of the greatest trust- under 
the emperor Aurelius, whose daughter Lucil- 
lahe married. He lived in great popularity at 
Rome, and retired from the court when Com 
modus succeeded to the imperial crown. He 
ought, according to Julian's opinion, to have 
keen chosen and adopted as successor by M. 

Aurelius. A general of Maxentius, killed 

by Constantine. A Roman put to death by 

Caracalla. 

PfjHPEii or PoMPEiuM, a town of Cam- 
pania, built, as some suppose, by Hercules, 
and so called because the hero there exhibited 
the long procession (pompa,) of the heads of 
Geryon, which he had obtained by conquest. 
It was partly demolished by an earthquake 
A. D. 6;^, and afterwards rebuilt. Sixteen years 
after it was swallowed up by another earth- 
quake, which accompanied one of the eruptions 
of mount Vesuvius. Herculaneum, in its neigh- 
bourhood, shared the same fate. The people 
©fthe town Were then assembled in a theatre, 
where public spectacles were exhibited. Vid. 
Herculaneum. Liv. 9, c. 38. — Slrab. 6. — 
Mela, 2, c. 4. — Dionys. 1. — Seneca. Quceit. 4. 
— Solin. 8. 

PoMPEiopor-is, a town of Cilicia, former- 
ly called Soli. Mela, 1, c. 13. Another 

in Paphlagonia, originally called Enpatoria, 
"which name was exchanged when Pompey 
conquered Mithridates. 

Q PoMPEiDs, a consul who carried on war 
against the Numantines, and made a shame- 
ful treaty. He is the first of that noble fami- 
ly, of whom mention is made. Flor. 2, c. 

18. Cneus, a Roman general, who made 

"war against the Marsi, and triumphed over 
the Piceni. He declared himself against Cin- 
jia and Marius, and supported the interest of 
the republic. He was surnamed Strabo, be- 
cause he squinted. While he was marching 
against Marius, a plague broke out in his array, 
and raged with such violence, that it carried 
away 11,000 men in a few days. He was killed 
by a flash of lightning, and as he had behaved 
With cruelty while in power,the people dragged 
his body through the streets of Rome with an 
iron hook, and threw it into the Tiber. Pa- 

terc. 2 — Pluf. in Pomp. Rufus, a Roman 

consul with Sylla. He was sent to finish the 
Marsian war, but the army mutinied at the in- 
stigation of Pompeius Strabo, whom he was to 
succeed in command, and he was assassinated 

by some of the soldiers. Appian. Civ. 1. 

A general who succeeded Metellus in Spain, 
and was the occasion of a war with Numantia. 
Another general taken prisoner by Mith- 
ridates Sextusv a governor of Spain. 

who cured himself of the gout by placing him- 
self in <;orn above the knee. Plin. 22, c. 25. 

Rufus, a grandson of Sylla. A tribune 

of the soldiers in Nero's reign, deprived of his 
office when Piso's conspiracy was discovered. 

Tacit. A coDsul praised for his learning 

and abilities. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. i. A 

^on of Theophanes of Mitylene, famous for hi* 
intimacy with Pompey the Great, and for his 

writings. Tacit. Ann. 6. A tribune of n 

pretorion cohort utider Galba. A Roma* 

Knight put to death by the emperor Claudius for 



PO 

his adultery with Messalina. Tacit. 11, Ann. 

Cneus, surnamed Magnus, from the 

greatness of his exploits, was son of Pom- 
peius Strabo, and Lucilla. He early distin- 
guished himself in the field of battle, and 
fought with success and bravery under his 
lather, whose courage and military prudence 
he imitated. He began his career with great 
popularity, the beauty and elegance of his per- 
son gained him admirers, and by pleading at 
the bar, he displayed his eloquence, and re- 
ceived the most unbounded applause. In the 
disturbances which agitated Rome, by the am- 
bition and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pom- 
pey followed the interest of the latter, and by 
levying three legions for his service he gained 
his friendship and his protection. In the 26tli 
year of his age, he conquered Sicily, which, 
w as in the power of Marius and his adherents, 
and in 40 days he regained all the territories 
of Africa, which had forsaken the interest of 
Sylla This rapid success astonished the Ro- 
mans, and Sylla, who admired and dreaded 
the rising power of Pompey, recalled him to 
Rome. Pompey immediately obeyed, and the 
dictator, by saluting him with the appellatioa 
of the Great, showed to the world what ex- 
pectations be formed from the maturer age ol 
his victorious lieutenant. This sounding title 
was not sufficient to gratify the ambition of 
Pompey^ he demanded a triumph, and whea 
Sylla refused to grant it, he emphatically ex- 
claimed, that the sun shone with more ardour 
at his rising than at his setting. His assurance 
gained what petitions and entreaties could not 
obtain, and he was the first Roman knight who. 
without an office under the appointment of 
the senate, marched in triumphal procession 
through the streets of Rome. He now ap- 
peared, not as a dependant, but as a rival of 
the dictator, and his opposition to his measures 
totally excluded him from his will. After the 
death of Sylla, Pompey supported himself 
against the remains of the Marian faction^ 
which were headed by Lepidus. He defeated 
them, put an end to the war which the revolt 
of Sertorius in Spain had occasioned, and ob- 
tained a second triumph, though still a private 
citizen, about 73 years before the Christian 
era. He was soon after made consul, and ia 
that office he restored the tribunitial power to 
its original dignity, and in forty days removed 
the pirates from the Mediterranean, where 
they had reigned for many years, and by their 
continualplunderandaudacity,almost destroy- 
ed the whole naval power of Rome While he 
prosecuted the piratical war, and extirpated 
these maritime robbers in their obscure retreats 
in Cilicia. Pompey was called to greater under- 
takings, and by the influence of his friends at 
Rome, and of the tribune Manilius, he was em- 
powered to finish the war against two of the 
most powerful monarchs of Asia, .\l>tl)ridate$ 
king of Pontus, and Tigranes king of Armeuia. 
In this expedition Pompey showed himself no 
ways inferior to Lucullus, who was then at 
the head of the Roman armies, and who re- 
■^igned v/ith reluctance an office which would 
have made him the conqueror of Mithridates 
and the master of 11 Asia, His operations 
ai'ainst the king of Pontus were bold and vigo- 
rous, and in a general engagement, the Ro- 
mans so totally defeated the enemv^ that the 
Asiatic monarch escaped with difliculty from 



PO 

the field of battle. [Pld. Mithridaticum bel- 
lum.] Pompey did not lose sight of the advan- 
tages despatch would ensure ; he entered Ar- 
menia, received the submission of king Ti- 
granes, and after he had conquered the Alba- 
nians and Iberians, visited countries which 
were scarce known to the Romans, and, like 
amaster of the world, disposed of kingdoms 
and provinces, and received homage from 12 
crowned heads at once ; he entered Syria, and 
pushed his conquests as far as the Red Sea. 
Part of Arabia was subdued, Judaea became a 
Roman province, and when he had now no- 
thing to fear from Milhridates, who had vol- 
untarily destroyed himself, Pompey returned 
to Italy with all the pomp and majesty of an 
eastern conqueror. The Romans dreaded his 
approach, they knew his power, and his influ 
ence among his troops, and they feared the 
return of another tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, 
however, banished their fears, he disbanded 
his army, and the conqueror of Asia entered 
Rome like a private citizen. This modest 
and prudent be'iaviour gained him more 
friends and adherents than the most unboun- 
ded power, aided with profusion and liberality. 
He was honoured with a triumph, and the 
Romans, for three successive days, gazed with 
astonishment on the riches and the spoils 
which their conquests had acquired in the 
east and expressed their laptures at the sight 
of the different nations, habits, and treasures, 
which preceded the conqueror's chariot. But 
it was not this alone which gratified the am- 
bition, and flattered the pride of the Romans ; 
the advantages of their conquests were more 
lasting than an empty show, and when 20,000 
talents were brouf^ht into the public treasury. 
and when the revenues of the republic were 
raised from 50 to 85 millions of drachma?, 
Pompey became more powerful, more flat- 
tered; and more envied. To strengthen him- 
self, ar. J to triumph over his enemies, Pompey 
soon after united his interest with that of Caj- 
sar and Crassus, and formed the first triumvi- 
rate, by solemnly swearing that their attach- 
ment should be mutual, their cause common, 
and their union permanent. The agreement 
was completed by the marriage of Pompey 
with Julia, the daughterof Cffisar, and the pro- 
vinces of the republic were arbitrarily divided 
among the triumvirs. Pompey was allotted 
Africa and the two Spains, while Crassus re- 
paired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire 
of Rome, and Ceesar remained satisfied with 
the rest, and the continuation of his power as 
governor of Gaul for five additional years. 
But ihis powerful confederacy was soon bro- 
ken, the sudden death of Julia, and the total 
defeat of Crassus in Syria, shattered the poli- 
tical band which held the jarring interest of 
Ca?sarand Pompey united. Pompey dreaded 
his father-in-law, and yet he affected to des- 
pise him ; and by sutFering anarchy to prevail 
in Rome, he convinced his fellow-citizens of 
the necessity of investing him with dictatorial 
power. But while the conqueror of Mithri- 
dctes was as a sovereign at Rome, the adhe- 
rentsofCa;sar werenotsilent. They demanded 
that either the consulship should be given to 
him, or that he should be continued in the gov- 
ernment of Gaul. This just demand would 
l>erhaps have been granted, but Cato opposed 



PO 

it, and when Pompey sent for the two legions 
which he had lent to Ca3sar, the breach be- 
ame more wide, and a .;ivil war inevitable. 
Csesar was privately preparing to meet his 
enemies, while Pompey remained indolent, 
and gratified his pride in seeing all Italy cele- 
brate his recovery from an indisposition by 
universal rejoicings. But he was soon roused 
Irora his inactivity, and it was now time to find 
his friends, if any thing could be obtained frona 
the caprice and the fickleness of a people 
which he had once delighted and amused, by 
the exhibition of games and spectacles in a 
theatre which could contain 20,000 spectators. 
Cassar was now near Rome, he had crossed 
the Rubicon, which was a declaration of hosti- 
lities, and Pompey, who had once boasted that 
he could raise legions to his assistance by 
stamping on the ground with his foot, fled 
from the city with precipitation, and retired to 
Brundusium with the consuls and part of the 
senators. His cause, indeed, was popular, he 
had been invested with discretionary power, 
the senate had entreated him to protect the 
republic against the usurpation and tyranny of 
Caesar ; and Cato, by embracing his cause, and 
appearing in his camp, seemed to indicate, 
that he was the friend of the republic, and 
the assertor of Roman liberty and indepen- 
dence. But Caesar was now master of Rome, 
and in sixty days all Italy acknowledged his 
power, and the conqueror hastened to Spain, 
there to defeat the interest of Pompey, and to 
alienate the hearts of his soldiers. He was too 
successful, and when he had gained to his 
cause the western parts of the Roman em- 
pire, Caesar crossed Italy and arrived in 
Greece, where Pompey had retired, support- 
ed by all the power of the east, the wishes of 
the republican Romans, and by a numerous 
and well disciplined army. Though superior 
in numbers, he refused to give the enemy 
battle, while Caesar continually harassed him, 
and even attacked his camp. Pompey repel- 
led him with great success, and he might have 
decided the war, if he had continued to pur- 
sue the enemy, while their confusion was 
great, and their escape almost impossible. 
Want of provisions obliged Caesar to advance 
towards Thessaly ; Pompey pursued him, and 
in the plains of Pharsalia the two armies en- 
gaged. The v^hole was conducted against the 
advice and approbation of Pompey,and by suf- 
fering his troops to wait for the approach of 
the enemy, he deprived his soldiers of that 
advantage which the army of Caesar obtained 
by running to the charge with spirit, vigour, 
and animation. The cavalry of Pompey soon 
gave way, and the general retired to his camp, 
overwhelmed with grief and shame. But 
here there was no safety, the conqueror push- 
ed on every side, and Pompey disguised him- 
self, and fled to the sea-coast, whence he pass- 
ed to Egypt, where he hoped to find a safe 
asylum, till better and more favourable mo- 
ments returned, in the court of Ptolemy, a 
prince whom he had once protected and en- 
sured on his throne. When Ptolemy was told 
that Pompey claimed his protection, he con- 
sulted his ministers, and had the baseness to 
betray and to deceive him. A boat was sent to 
fetch him on shore, and the Roman genera! 
left his galley, after an affectionate and tender 



PO 

parting with liis wife Cornelia. The Egyptian 
sailors sat in sullen silence in the boat, and 
Avhen Fompey disembarked, Acbillasand Sep- 
timius assassinated him. His wife, who had 
followed him with her eyes to the shore, was 
a spectator of the bloody scene, and she has- 
tened away from the bay of Alexandria, not 
to share his miserable fate. He died B. C. 48, 
in the 58th or 59th year of his age, the day 
after his birth day. His head was cut off and 
sent to C&sar, wiio turned away from it with 
horror, and shed a flood ot tears. The body 
was left for some time naked on the sea-shore, 
till the humanity of Philip, one of his fr&ed- 
men, and an old soldier, who had often fol- 
lowed his standard to victory, raised a burning 
pile, and deposited his ashes under a mound 
of earth. Cajsar erected a moiiumeut on his 
remains, and the emperor Adrian, two centu- 
ries after, when he visited Egypt, ordered it 
to be repaired at his own expense, and paid 
particular honour to the memoVy of a great and 
good man. The character of Pompey, is that 
of ail intriguing and artful general, and the oris 
probi, and animo inierecundo of Sallust, short 
and laconic as it may appear, is the best and 
most descriptive picture of his character. He 
wished it to appear that he obtained all his 
honours and dignity from merit alone, and as 
the free and unprejudiced favours of the Ro- 
mans, while he secretly claimed them by fac- 
tion and intrigue ; and he who wished to ap- 
pear the pairon, and an example of true disci- 
pline and ancient simplicity, was not ashamed 
publicly to bribe the populace to gain an elec- 
tion, or to supj)ort his favourites. Yet amidst 
all this dissimulation, which was perhaps but 
congenial with the age, we perceive many 
other striking features 5 Pompey was kind 
and clement to the conquered, and generous 
to his captives, and he buried at his own ex- 
pense Miihridates, with all the pomp and the 
solemnity which the greatness of his power, 
and the extent of his dominions seemed to 
claim. He was an enemy to flattery, and 
when his character was impeached by the 
malevolence of party, he condescended, 
though consul, to appear before the censorial 
tribunal, and to show that his actions and 
measures were not subversive of the peace 
and the independence of the people. In his 
private character he was as remarkable; he 
lived with great temperance and modei-ation, 
and his house was small, and not ostentatiously 
furnished. He destroyed with great prudence 
the papers which were found in the camp of 
SertorJus, lest mischievous curiosity should 
find causes to accuse the iruiocent, and to me- 
ditate their destruction. AVith great disinter- 
estedness he refused the presents which prin- 
ces and monarchs offered to him, and he or- 
dered them to be added to the public revenue. 
He might have seen a better fate, and termi- 
nated his days with more glory, if he had not 
acted with such imprudence when the flames 
of civil war were first kindled; and he reflec- 
ted with remorse, after the battle of Pharsalia, 
upon his want of usual sagacity and military 
prudence, in fighting at such a distance from 
the sea, and in leaving the fortified places of 
Dyrrachiura, to meet in the open plain au en- 
«my without provisions, without iViends, and 
nrithout resources. The niisfurtuaei which at- 



PO 



I tended him after the conquest of Alithridates, 
I are attributed by Christian writers to his im- 
j piety in profaning the temple of the Jews, 
! and in entering with the insolence of a coc- 
queror the Holy of Holies, where even the 
sacred person of the high priest of the natiou 
was not admitted but upon the most solemn 
occasions. His duplicity of behaviour in re- 
gard to Cicero is deservedly censured, and he 
should not have violently sacrificed to party 
and sedition, a Roman whom he had ever 
found his firmest friend and adherent. In his 
meeting with LucuUus he cannot but be taxed 
with pride, and he might have paid more de- 
lereuce and more honour to a general who 
was as able and more entitled than himself to 
finish the Mithridatic war. Pompey married 
four diflTerent times. His first matrimonial 
connexion was with Antistia, the daughter 
of the pralor Antistius, whom he divorced 
with great reluctance to marry ^mylia, the 
daughter-in-law of Sylla. .i:mylia died in 
child-bed ; and Pompeys marriage with Julia, 
the daughter of Casar, was a step more of 
policy ttian aftection. Yet Julia loved Pom- 
pey with great tenderness, and her death iu 
child bed was the signal of war between her 
husband and her father. He afterwards mar- 
ried Cornelia, the daughter of Merellus Sci- 
pio, a woman commended for her virtues, 
beauty, and accomplishments. Plut. in vUd 
—Flor. 4.—Paterc. 2, c. 29— Dio. Cass.—Lu- 
can.—^ppian.—C(Bs. bell. Civ.~Cic. Orat. 68, 
ad Altic. 1, ep. 25, ad fam. 13, ep. 19.— £«- 

Irop. The two sons of Pompey the Great, 

called Cneius and Stxtus, were masters of a 
poweriul army, when the death of their father 
was known. They prepared to oppose the 
cofiqueror, but Caesar pursued them with his 
usual vigour and success, and at the battle of 
Mundathey were defeated, and Cueius was 
iett among the slain. Sextus fled to Sicily, 
where he for some time supported himself; 
but tiie murder of Ciesar gave rise to new 
events, and if Pompey had been as prudent 
and as sagacious as his father, he might have 
become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. 
He treated with the triumvirs as an equal, 
and when Augustus and Antony had the im- 
prudence to trust themselves without arms 
and without attendants in his ship, Pompey, bv' 
lollowing the advice of his friend Menas, who 
wibhed liim to cut ofl" the illustrious persons 
who were masters of the world, and now in 
his power, might have made himself as abso^ 
lute as Cajsar; but he refused, and observed 
it was unbecoming the son of Pompey to act 
with such duplicity. This friendly meeting ot 
Poqipey with two of the triumvirs was not 
productive of advanta-^es to him, he wished to 
have no superior, and hostilities began. Pom- 
pey was at the head of 350 ships, and appear- 
ed so formidable to his enemies, and so confi- 
dent of success in himself, that he called him- 
self the son of IS'eptune, and the lord of the 
sea. He was, however, soon defeated iu a 
naval engagement by Octavius and Lepidni, 
and of all his numerous fleet, only 17 sail ac- 
companied his flight to Asia. Here for a mo- 
ment he raised seditions, but Antony ordered 
him to be seized, and put to death about 3'-. 
years before the Christian era. Plut. in An- 
ion. LG,—Paicrc. 2, c. 5-5, kc.^Flor. 4, e. 2, 



PO 



^(j Trogus. rii. Trogus. SextusFes- 

lus, a Latin grammarian, of whose treatise, de 
verborum significalione, the best edition is in 
4to. Amst. 1699. 

PoMPELon, a town of Spain, now Pompe- 
turn, the capital of Navarre. PHn. 1, c. 3. 

PoMPiLius NuMA, the second king ot 
Rome. [Vid. Numa.] The descendants of 
the monarch were called PompiUus Sanguis, 
ao expression applied by Horace to the Pisos. 
.■?rf. Poet. V. 292. Andronicus, a gramma- 
rian of Syria, who opened a school at Rome, 
*nd had Cicero and Caesar among his pupils. 

Sueion. ^ ^^ n ■ 

PoMPir.M, a daughter of INuma Pompi- 
lius. She married Numa Martins, by whom 
she had Ancus Martins, the fourth king of 
Rome. . 

PoMPiLus, a fisherman of lonia. He car- 
ried into Miletus, Ocyroe the daughter of 
Ghesias, of whom Apollo was enamoured, but 
before he had reached the shore, the god 
changed the boat into a rock, Pompilius into 
a fish of the same name, and carried away 
Ocyroe. Plin. 6, c. 29, I. 9, c. 15, 1. 32, c H. 
PoMPiscos, an Arcadian. PolycEn. 5, 
PoMPONiA, the wife of Q. Cicero, sister 
to Pomponius Atticus. She punished with the 
greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave who had 
betrayed her husband to Antony, and she or- 
dered him to cut his flesh by piece-meal, and 
afterwards to boil it and eat it in her presence. 

A daughter of Pomponius Graecinus, in 

the age of Augustus, &.c. Another matron 

banished from Rome by Domitian, and re- 
called by Nerva. . 

Pomponius, the father of Numa, advisea 
bis son to accept the regal dignity which the 
Roman ambassadors offered to him. A ce- 
lebrated Roman intimate with Cicero. He was 
gurnamed Atticus, from his long residence at 

Athens. [Vid. Atticus.] Flaccus, a man 

appointed governor of Moesia and Syria by li- 
berius, because he had continued drinking and 
eating with him for two days without intermis- 
sion. Suet, in T/ieb. 42. A tribune of the 

people in the time of Servilius Ahala the con- 
sul. Labeo, a governor of Moesia,accused of 

ill management in his province. He destroyed 
himself bv opening his veins. Tacit, ^nn. 6, 

X. 29. iMela, a Spaniard who wrote a book 

on geography. [Vid. Mela.] A proconsul 

of Africa accused by the inhabitants of his 

province, and acquitted, kc. A Roman 

■who accused Manlius the dictator of cruelty. 
He triumphed over Sardinia, of which ho was 
made governor. He escaped from Rome, and 
the tyranny of the triumvirs, by assuming the 
habit of a prffitor, and by travelling with his 
servants disguised in the dress of lictors with 
their fasces. Secundus, an otficer in Ger- 
many in the age' of Nero. He was honoured 
with a triumph for a victory over the barba- 
rians of Germany. He wrote some poems 
greatly celebrated by the ancients for their 

beauty and elegance. They are lost, A 

friend of C. Gracchus. He was killed in at- 
tempting to defend him. Plut. in Grac. 

An officer taken prisoner by Mithridates. 

A dissolute youth, he. Horat. 1, sat. 4, v. 52. 

Scxtus,'a lawyer, disciple to Papinian, &.c. 

PoMPosiiNi's, a Roman put to death by Do- 
■litian. He had before been made consul by 
Vespasian. 



PO 

PoMPTiNA. Vid. Pontina. 

C. PoMPTiwus, a Roman officer who cor* 
quered the Allobroges after the defeat of Ca- 
tiline. Cic. 4, Att. 16, 1. 6, ep. 3. 

PoMPus, a king of Arcadia. Pam. 8, c. 5. 

Pons /Elius was built by the emperor 
Adrian at Rome. It was the second bridge of 
Rome in following the current of the Tiber. 
It is still to be seen, the largest and most beau- 
tiful in Rome iEmylius, an ancient bridge 

at Rome, originally called Sublicius, because 
built with wood (sublica). It was raised by 
Aliens Martins, and dedicated with great pomp 
and solemnity by the Roman priests. It was 
rebuilt with stonesby jS^mylius Lepidus, whose 
name it assumed. It was much injured by 
the overflowing of the river, and the emperor 
Antoninus, who repaired it, made it all with 
white marble. It was the last of all the bridges 



of Rome, in following tlie course of the river, 

and some vestige? of it may still be seen. 

\nienses was built across the river Anio. about 
Uiree miles from Rome. It was built by the 
eunuch Narses. and called after him when de- 
stroyed by the Goths. Cestus was built in 

(he reign of Tiberius by a Roman called Ces- 
tius Gallus, from whom it received its name, 
and carried back from an island of the Tiber, 

to which the Fabricius conducted. Aure- 

lianus was built with marble by the emperor 
Antoninus. Armoniensis was built by Au- 
gustus, to join the Flaminian to the iEmylian 

road. Bajanus was built at Baiae in the sea 

by Caligula. It was supported by boats, and 
measured about six miles in length.-—-— Jani- 
cularis received its name from its vicinity to 

mount Janiculum. It is still standing. Mil- 

vius was about one mile from Rome. It was 
built by the censor ^^lius Scaurus. It was 
near h that Constantine defeated Maxentius. 
Fabricius was built by Fabricius, and car- 
ried to an island of the Tiber. Gardius 

was built by Agri >pa. Palatinus near mount 

Palatine, was also called Sc7}ntorhis. because 
the senators walked over it in procession, 
when they went to consult the Sybilline books. 
It was begun by M. Fulvius, and finished in 
the censorship cf L. Mumrnius, and some re- 
mains of it are still visible. Trajani was 

built by Trajan across the Danube, celebrated 
for its bigness and magnificence. — The empe- 
ror built it to assist more expeditiously the 
provinces against the barbarians, but his sue- 
cessor destroyed it, as he supposed that it 
would be rather an inducement for the bar- 
barians to invade the empire. Is was rai.sed 
on 20 piers of hewn stones, 150 feet from tb© 
foundation, 60 feet broad, and 170 feet distant 
one from the other, extending in length above 
a mile. Some of the pillars are still standing. 
Another was built by Trajan over the Ta- 
gus, part of which still remains. Of tempora- 
ry bridges, that of Cae-ar over the Rhine was 

the most famous. The largest single arched 

bridge known is over the river Flaver ia 
France, called Pons VeUris Brivatis. The 
pillars stand on two rocks at the distance of 195 
feet. The arch is 84 feet high above the wa- 
ter. Suii'ragiorum was built in tlie Campus 

Martins, and received its name because the 
populace were obliged to pass over it when- 
ever they delivered their suffrages at the elec- 
tions of magistrates and officers of the state-^ 



PO 

-- — Tirensis, a bridge of Latiura between Ar- 

|)inum and Minturnae Triumphalis was on 

the way to the capitol, and passed over by 

those who triumphed. Narniensis joined 

two mountains near Narnia, built by Augustus, 
of stupendous height, 60 miles from Rome ; 
one arch of it remains, about 100 feet high. 

PoNTiA, a Roman matron who committed 
adultery with Sagitta, &c. Tacit. Ann. 12. 
A mother famous for her cruelty. Mar- 
tial. 1, ep. 34. A surname of Venus at 

Hermione. Paus 2, c. 34. A woman con- 
demned by Nero as guilty of a' conspiracy. 
She killed herself by opening her veins. She 
was daughter of Petronius, and wife of Bola- 
nus. Juv. 6, V. 637. An island in the Tyrr- 
hene sea, where Pilate, surnaraed Pontius, is 
supposed to have lived. PUn. 3, c. Q.—Plol. 
3, c. 1. Vid. (Enotrides. 

PoNTicuM MARE, the sea of Pontus, gene- 
rally called the Euxine. 

PoNTicus, a poet of Rome, contemporary 
with Propertius, by whom he is compared to 
Homer. He wrote an account of the Theban 

war in heroic verse. Propert. 1, el. 7 A 

man in Juvenal's age, fond of boasting of the 
antiquity and great actions of his family, yet 
without possessing himself one single virtue. 

PoNTiNA, or PoMPTiNA LAC US, a lake in 
the country of the Volsci, through which 
the great Appian road passed. Travellers 
were sometimes conveyed in a boat, drawn by 
a mule, in the canal that ran along the road 
from Forum Appii to Tarracina. This lake is 
now become so dangerous, from the exhala- 
tions of its stagnant water, that travellers avoid 
passing near it. Horat 1, Sat. 5, v 9.—Lucan. 
3, V. 85. 

PoMTiKus, a friend of Cicero. A tri- 
bune of the people, who refused to rise up 
when Caesar passed in triumphal procession. 
He was one of Caesar's murderers, and was 
killed at the battle of Mutina. Sueion. in 

C(Bsar. 78. — Cic. 10, adfam. A mountain 

of Argolis, with a river of the same name. 
Fauf. 2, c. 73. 

Pontius Aufidianus, a Roman citizen, 
who upon hearing that violence had been of- 
fered to his daughter, punished her and her 

ravisher with death. Val. Max. 6, c. 1. 

Herennius, a general of the Samnites, who 
surrounded the Roman army under the con- 
suls T. Veturius and P. Posthuraius. As there 
was no possibility of escaping for the Romans, 
Pontius consulted his father what he could do 
with an army that were prisoners in his hands. 
The old man advised him either to let them 

fo untouched, or put them ail to the sword, 
'ontius rejected his father's advice, and spared 
the lives of the enemy, after he had obliged 
them to pass under the yoke with the greatest 
ignominy. He was afterwards conquered, and 
obliged in his turn to pass under the yoke. 
Fabius Maximus defeated him, when he ap- 
peared again at the head of another army, and 
ne was afterwards shamefully put to death by 
the Romans, after he had adorned the triumph 

of the conqueror. Liv. 9, c. 1, Lc. Co- 

minius, a Roman who gave information to his 
countrymen who were besieged in the capi- 
tol that Camillus had obtained a victory over 

the Gauls. Plut. -A Roman slave, who 

told Sylla in a prophetic strain, that he brought 



PO 

him success from Bellona. One of tke 

favourites of Albucilla. He was degraded 
from the rank of a senator. Tacit. Ti- 
tus, a Roman centurion, whom Cicero de 
Senect. mentions as possessed of uncommon 
strength. 

PoNTus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bound- 
ed on the east by Colchis, west by the Halys, 
north by the Euxine sea, and south by part 
of Armenia. It was divided into three parts 
according to Ptolemy. Pontus Galaticm, 
of which Araasia was the capital, Pontus Po- 
lemoniacus, from its chief town Polemonium, 
and Pontus Cappadocius, of which Trapezus 
was the cajntal. It was governed by kings, 
the first of whom was Artabazes, either one 
of the seven Persian noblemen who murdered 
the usurper Smerdis, or one of their descend- 
ants. The kingdom of Pontus was in its 
most flourishing state under Mithridates the 
Great. When J. Csesar had conquered it, it 
became a Roman province, though it was often 
governed by monarchs who were tributary to 
the power of Rome. Under the emperors a 
regular governor was always appointed over it. 
Pontus produced castors, whose testicles were 
highly valued among the ancients for their sa- 
lutary qualities in medicinal processes. Virg. 
G. 1, V. 58.— jtfe/a, 1, c. 1 and \9.—Strab. \2. 
—Cic. pro Leg.—Man.—Jippian.—Ptol 5, c. 
6. A part of Mysia in Europe on the bor- 
ders of the Euxine sea, where Ovid was ba- 
nished, and from whence he wrote bis four 
book.s of epistles de Ponto, and his six books 

de Trislibiis. Ovid, de Pont. An ancient 

deity, father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Nereus, 
Euribia, and Ceto, by Terra. He is the same 
as Oceanus. Jipollod. 1, c. 2. 

Pontus Euxinus, a celebrated sea, situate 
at the west of Colchis, between Asia and 
Europe, at the north of Asia Minor. It is 
called the Black Sea by the moderns. [Vid. 
Euxinus.] 

M. PopjLius, a consul who was informed, 
as he was offering a sacrifice, that a sedition 
was raised in the city against the senate. Upon 
this he immediately went to the populace in 
his sacei-dotal robes, and quieted the multitude 
with a speech. He lived about the year of 
Rome 404. Liv. 9, c. 21.— Val. Max. 7, c. 

8. Caius, a consul, who, when besieged 

by the Gauls, abandoned his baggage to save 

his army. Cic. ad Heren. 1, c. 15. Laenas, 

a Roman ambassador to Antiochus, king of 
Syria. He was commissioned to order the 
monarch loabstain from hostilities against Pto- 
lemy, king of Egypt, who was an ally of 
Rome. Antiochus wished to evade him by 
his answers, but Popilius, with a stick which 
he had in his hand, made a circle round him 
on the sand, and bade him, in the name of 
the Roman senate and people, not to go be- 
yond it before he spoke decisively. This bold- 
ness intimidated Antiochus; he withdrew his 
garrisons from Egypt, and no longer medita- 
ted a war against Ptolemy. Val. Max. 6, c. 4. 
—Liv. 45, c. 12.—Paterc. 1, c. 10. A tri- 
bune of the people who murdered Cicero, to 
whose eloquence he was indebted for his life 

when he was accused of parricide. PliU. 

A prajtor who banished the friends of Tiberius 

Gracchus from Italy. A Roman consul 

who made war agaUist the people of JVuman- 



PO 



tia, on pretcHce tliat the peace had not been 
firilv established. He was defeated by them. 

\ senator who alarmed the conspirators 

a<^ainst C83sar, by telling them that the whole 

p?ot was discovered. A Roman emperor. 

[Frrf. Nepotianus.] , rrr-j 

PoPLicoLA, one of the first consuls. iVid. 
Publicola.] 

Poppj^^A Sabina, a celebrated Roman ma- 
tron, daughter of Titus OUius. She marned 
a Roman kni-^ht called Rufus Crispmus, by 
whom she had a son. Her personal charms, 
and the elegance of her figure, captivated Otho-, 
^vho was then one of Nero's favourites He 
carried her away and married her ; but Nero, 
who had seen her, and had often heard her 
accomplishments extolled, soon deprived hira 
of her company, and sent him out of Italy, on 
pretence of presiding over one of the Konian 
provinces. After he had taken this step, Ne- 
ro repudiated hi? wife Octavia, on pretence ot 
barrenness, and married Popp^a. .The cruel- 
ty and avarice of the emperor did not long 
permit Popna3a to share the imperial dignity, 
and though she had already made him father 
of a son, he began to despise her, and even to 
n^e her with barbarity. She died ot a blow 
Avhich she received from his foot when many 
months advanced in her pregnancy, about the 
65th year of the Christian era. .^er funeral 
M'as performed with great pomp and solemni- 
ty, and statues were raised to her memory. 
Jt i^ -^aid that she was so anxious to preserve 
her beauty and the elegance of her pei-son, 
thTtt 500 asses were kept on purpose to attcrd 
her milk in which she used daily to bathe. 
Even in her banishment she was attendee by 
60 of these animals for the same purpos_e, and 
from their milk she invented a kind of oint- 
ment, or pomatum, to preserve beauty, caUeo 
poppcvanum from her. Plin. II, ^^ ^l.-Z^o 
62 — Ji/r. 6.—Siieton. m Mr. «^' Oth.—Tanl. 

13 -md 14 A beautiful woman at the court 

of Nero. She was mother to the preceding. 
Tacit. Jinn. n,c.\, he. 

Popp/Eus Sabinus, a Roman of obscure 
origin, who was made governor of some ot the 
Roman provinces. He destroyed himself, kc. 
Tacit. C>,^nn. 39. Sylvanns, a man ot con- 
sular disni^ v, who brought to V espasian a body 

of 600 Dalmatians. A friend of Otho. 

PoPULONiA, or FopuLANiuM, a town of Etru- 
ria, near Pisjc, destroyed in the civil wars of 
Sylla. Sirah. 5.— Virg. JEn. 10, v. \n.-Mda, 
2, c. b.—PUn. 3, c. 5 „ „ r „ 

PoR\T^, a river of Dacia, now Fnillh fall- 
in'^ into the Danube a little below Asiopoli. 

PoKciv. a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly 
rommended bv Cicero. A daughter of Ca- 
to of L'tica, who married Bibulus, and alter 
his death, Brutus. She was remarkable tor 
her prudence, philosophy, courage, and con- 
jugal tenderness. She gave herself a heavy 
wmind in the thigh, to see with what fortitude 
she could bear pain : and when her husband 
asked her the reason of it, she said that she 
wished to try whether she had courage enough 
1o share not only his bed, but to partake of his 
most hidden secrets. Brutus was astonished 
at her constancy, and no longer detained from 
her knowledge the conspiracy which he and 
many other illustrious Romans had formed 
a-^ninst J. Caesar, Portia wished them suc- 



PO 

cess, and though she betrayed fear, and fell in- 
to a swoon the day that her husband was gone 
to assassinate the dictator, yet she was faithful 
to her promise, and dropped nothing which 
might aS"ect the situation of the conspirators. 
When Brutus was dead, she refused to sur- 
vive him, and attempted to end her life as ta 
daughter of Cato. Her friends attempted to 
terrify her; but when she saw that every 
weapon was removed from her reach, she 
swallowed burning coals and died, about 42 
years before the Christian era. Valerius iMax- 
imiis says, that she was acquainted with her 
husband's conspiracy against Caesar when she 
gave herself the wound. Val. Max. 3, c. 2, 1. 
4^ c. Q.—Plut. in Brut. k,c. 

PoRCiA LEX, de civitale, by M. Porcins the 
tribune, A. U. C. 453. It ordained that no ma- 
gistrate should punish with death, or scourge 
with rods, a Roman citizen when condemned, 
but only permit him to go into exile. Sallust. 
in Cat.—Liv. 10.— Cic. pro Rab. 

PoRciNA, a surname of the orator M. JE. 
Lepidus, who lived a little before Cicero's age, 
and was distinguished for his abilities. Cic. ad 
Her. 4, c. 5. , i 

M. PoRcius Latro, a celebrated orator who 
killed himself when labouring under a quartaa 
aaie, A. U C. 750. Licinius, a Latin poet 



during the time of the third Panic war, com- 
mended for the elegance, the graceful ease, and 
happy wit of bis epigrams. A Roman sen- 
ator who joined the conspiracy of Catiline. 
A son of Cato of Utica, given much to 



drinking. 

PoRKDORAX, one of the 40 Gauls whom 
Mlthridates ordered to be put to death, and 
to remain unburied for conspiring against him. 
Hi.5 mistress at Pergamus buried him against 
the orders of the monarch. Plut. de Virt. 

Mul. 

PoRiNA, a river of Peloponnesus. Pans. 1, 

c. 85. ^ ^ , 

PoRosELENE, an islar-d near Lesbos. Slrao. 
13 — P/m. 5, c. 31. 

Porphyron, a son of Ccelus and Terra, one 
of the giants who made war against Jupiter. 
He was so formidable, that Jupiter, to con- 
quer him, in.'^pired him with love for Juno, 
and while the giant endeavoured to obtain his 
wishes, he, v. ish the assistance of Hercules, 
overpowered him. Horat. 3, od. 4.— Mart. 13, 
ep. 78. — Jipollod. 1, c. 6. ^ 

PoRPHYRis, a name of the island Cy- 

thera. . 

PoRPUYUios, a Platonic philosopher or 
Tyre. He studied eloquence at Athens under 
Longinus, and afterwards retired to Rome, 
where he perfected himself under Plotinus. 
Porphyry was a man of universal information, 
and; according to the testimony of the an- 
cients, he excelled his contemporaries in the 
knowledge of history, mathematics, music, and 
philosophy. He expressed his sentiments with 
elegance and with dignity, and while other 
philosophers studied obscurity in their lan- 
guage, his style was remarkable for its sim- 
plicity and grace. He applied himselt to the 
study of magic, which he called a theourgic 
or divine operation. The books that he wrote 
were numerous, and some of his smaller 
treatises are still extant. His most celebrated 
work, which is now lost, was against the re-- 



PO 

ligion of Christ, and in this theological con- j 
lest he appeared so formidable, that raostl 
of the fathers of the church have been em- \ 
ployed in confuting his arguments, and de- 
veloping the falseliood of his assertions. He 
has been universaliy called the greatest enemy 
which the Christian religion had, and indeed 
his doctrines were so pernicious, that a copy 
of his book was publicly barnt by order of 
Theodosius, A. D. 388. Porphyry resided for 
some time in Sicily, and died attlie advanced 
age of 71, A. D. 303. The best edition of 
his life of Pythagoras is that of Kuster, 4to. 
Amst. 1707, that of his treatise De abstinen- 
tia, is De Rhoer. Traj. ad Rhen, 8vo. 1767, 
and that De Anlro Xyiapkarum is 8vo, Traj. 

ad Rhen. 1765. A Latin poet in the reign 

of Consiantine tne Great. 

PoRRiMA, one of the attendants of Car- 
mente wheii she came from Arcadia. Ovid. 
1. Fast. V. 633. 

PoRSENKA, or PoRSE.vA, a king of Etru- 
ria, who declared war against the Romans, 
because they refused to restore Tarquin to his 
throne and to his royal privileges. He was 
at first successful, the Romans were defeated, 
and Porsenna w^ould have entered the gates of 
Rome, had not Codes stood at the head of a 
bridge, and supported the fury of the whole 
Etrurian array, while his companions behind 
were cutting off the communication with the 
opposite shore. This act of bravery astonished 
Porsenna; but when he had seen ivlutius Sca?- 
vola enter his camp with an intention to mur 
der him, and when he had seen him burn his 
hand without emotion, to convince him of his 
fortitude and intrepidity, he no longer dared to 
make head against a people so brave and so 
generous. He made a peace with the Romans, 
and never after suppoi-ted the claims of Tar- 
quin. The generosity of Porseniia's behaviour 
to the captives was admired by the Romans, 
and to reward his humanity they raised a bra- 
zen statue to his honour. Liv. 2, c. 9, &c. — 
Plul. in Public— Flor 1, c. lO.—Horat. ep 
W.— Virg.Xn. 8, v. 646. 

Porta Capena, a gate 
leads to the Appian road 



at Rome, which 
Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 



192. Aurelia, a gate at Rome, which re- 
ceived its name from Aurelius, a consul who 
made a road which led to Pisa, all along the 

coast of Etruria. Asinaria led to mount 

Cffilius. It received its name from the family 

of the Asinii. Carmentalis was at the foot 

of the capitol, built by Romulus. It was after- 
wards called Scelerata, because the 300 Fa- 
bii marched through when they went to fight 
an enemy, and were killed near the river 

Cremera. Janualis was near the temple of 

Janus. Esquilina was also called Metia, 

Taurica, or Libilinensis, and all criminals who 
were going to be executed generally passed 
through, as also dead bodies which were car- 
ried to be burnt on mount Esquilinus. Fla- 

minia, called also Flumentaiia, was situate be- 
tween the capitol and mount Quirinalis, and 

through it the Flaminian road passed. Fon- 

linalis led to the Campus Martins. It received 
its name from the great number of fountains 

fhat were near it. Navalis was situate near 

the place where the ships came from Oslia. 

Viminalis was near mount Viminalis. 

— — -Trigemina, called also Ostiensi-f, led to 
7.3 



PO 

the town of Ostia. Catularia was near the 

Carmentalis Porta, at the foot of mount Vi- 
minalis. Collatina received its name from 

its leading to Collatia. Collina, called also 

Q_uirinalis, .^voncnsis, and Solaria, was near 
Quirinalis Mons. Annibal rode up to this 
gate and threw a spear into the city. It is to 
be observed, that at the death of Romulus 
there were only three or four gates at Rome, 
but the number was increased, and in the time 
of Pliny there were 37, when the circumference 
of the walls was 13 miles and 200 paces. 

Portia and Fortius. [Vid. Porcia and 
Porcius.] 

PoRTMos, a town of Euboea. Demosth. — 
Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Portumnalia, festivals of Portumnus at 
Rome, celebrated on the 17th of August, in a 
very solemn and lugubrious manner, on the 
borders of the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 547. — 
Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3. 

Portumncs, a sea deity. [Fid. Meli- 
certa.] 

PoRus, the god of plenty at Rome. He 

was son of Metis or Prudence. Plato. 

A king of India, when Alexander invaded 
Asia. The conqueror of Darius ordered him 
to come and pay homage to him as a depend- 
ant prince. Porus scorned his commands, and 
declared he would go and meet him on the 
frontiers of his kingdom sword in hand, and 
immediately he marched a large army to the 
banks of the Hydaspes. The stream of the 
river was rapid ; but Alexander crossed it in 
the obscurity of the night, and defeated one 
ofthe sons of the Indian monarch. Porus 
himself renewed the battle, but the valour of 
the Macedonians prevailed, and the Indian 
prince retired, covered with wounds, on the 
backof one of his elephants. Alexander sent 
one of the kings of India to demand him to 
surrender, but Porus killed the messenger, 
exclaiming, is not this the voice of the wretch 
who has abandoned his country .' and when he 
at last was prevailed upon to come before the 
conqueror, he approached him as an equal. 
Alexander demanded of him how he wished 
to be treated ; like a king, replied Ihe Indian 
monarch. This magnanimous answer so 
pleased the Macedonian conqueror that he 
not only restored him his dominions, but he 
increased his kingdom by the ro'iquestof new 
provinces ; and Porus, in acknowledgement of 
such generosity and benevolence, became one 
of the most faithful and attached friends of 
Alexander, and never violated the assurances 
of peace which he had given him. Porus is 
represented as a man of uncommon stature, 
great strength, and proportionable dignity. 
Plut. in Alex.—Philostr. 2, c. 10.— Cwr/. 8, c. 

8, ^c. — Claud. Cons. Honor. 4. Another 

king of India in the reign of Alexander. A 

king of Babylon. 

PosiDEs, an eunuch and freed-man ofthe 
emperor Claudius, who rose to honours by 
the favour of his master. Juv. 14, v. 94. 

PosiDiuM, a promontory and town of 
Ionia, where Neptune had a temple. Slrab. 

14. A town of Syria below Libanus. Plin. 

5, c. 20. A town near the Strymon, on the 

borders of Macedonia. Plin. 4, c, 10. 

PosiDON, a name of Neptune among the 
Greeks. 



FoslDo^fIA, a town of Lucania, better 
known by the name of Pajsturn. [l^'id. Pajs- 

tUill.] 

PosiDONiuM, a town or temple of Nep- 
tune, near Cirnis in Italy, where the' straits 
of Si'rily are narrowest, and scarce a mile dis- 
lant from the opposite shore. 

PosiDorJius, a philosopher of Apamea. 
He lived at Khodes for sometime, and after- 
wards came to Rome, where, after cultivating 
the friendship of Pompey and Cicero, he died 
in his 84th year. He wrote a treatise on the 
nature of the gods, and also .ittempted to mea- 
sure the circumference of the earth; he ac- 
counted for the tides from the motion of the 
moon, and calculated the height of the atmos- 
phere to be 400 stadia, nearly agreeiiig to the 
ideas of the moderns. Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 37. — 

Sirnh: 14. Another philosopher, born at 

Alexandria in E,?ypt. 

Posio, a native of Magnesia, who wrote an 
history of the Amazons. 

FosTHUMiA, a vestal virt^in accused of 

adultery and acquitted. Tlie wife of Ser- 

vius Sulpicius. Cic. tp. A daughter of 

Sylla. 

PosTHUMius Albinus, a man who suf- 
fered himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, against 

whom he had been sent with an army. A 

writer at Rome whom Cato ridiculed tor com- 
posing an history in Greek, and afterwards of 
(ering ajwlogies for the inaccuracy and inele- 
gance of his expressions. Tubero, a mas- 
ter of horse to the dictator /Emilius Mamercus. 
He was himself made dictator in the war 
which the Romans waged against the Volsoi, 
and he punished his son with death for fight- 
ing against his orders, A. U C. 312. Lie. 4, 

c. 23. Spurius, a consul sent against the 

Samniles, He was taken in an ambush by 
Pontius the enemy's general, and obliged to 
pass under the yoke with all his army. He 
.saved his life by a shamer"ul treaty ,and when he 
returned to Rome, he persuaded the Romans 
not to reckon as valid the engagements he had 
made with the enemy, as it was without their 
advice. He was given up to the enemy be- 
cause he could not perform his engagements; 
but he was released by Pontius for his gene- 
rous and patriotic behaviour. Aulus, a dic- 
tator who defeated the Latins and the Volsci. 

Tubertus, another dictator, who defeated 

the .^qui and Volsci. Lucius, a consul sent 

against the Samnites. A general who de- 
feated the Sabines, and wlio was the first 

who obtained an ovation. A man [loisorsed 

by his wife. A general who concjuered the 

,^qui, and who was stoned by the army, be- 
cause he refused to divide the promised spoils 

Flor. 22. Lucius, a Roman consul, who 

wasdeleated by the Boii. He was left amon;: 
the slain, and his Ijead was cut olf from his bo- 
dy, and carried in triumph by the barbarians 
into their temples, where they made with the 
bcuU a sacred vessel to oHer libations to their 

gods. Marcus Crai^sus Latianus, an ofticer 

proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A. D. 260. He 
reignejl with great popularity, and gained 
the affection of his sulijects by his humanity 
and moderation. He took his son of the same 
name as a colleague on the tiirone. They 
were both assassinated by their soldiers, after 
a reign of six years. MegiUhas, a cou^ul 



PO 

against the Samnites an<J Tarentincs. 

Quintus, a man put to death by Antony, 

A soothsayer in the ago of Sylla. • 

Spurius, an enemy of Tib. Gracchus. ■ 

Albus. a Roman decemvir, sent to Athens to 
collect the most salutary laws of Solon, ^c. 

Liv. 3. c. 31. Sylvius, a son of iEneas and 

Sylvia. 

PosTVERTA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over the painful travails of women. 
Olid. Fast 1, v. 63:^. 

PosTUMTA VIA, a Roman road about the 
town of Hostilia. 

PosTUMius. [FiV. Posthumius.] 

PoTAAiiDES, nymphs who presided over 
rivers and fountains, as their name (^ox/io^^ 
fuivius) itnplies. 

PoTAMON, a philosopher of Alexandria, in 
the age of Augustus. He wrote several trea- 
tises, and confined himself to the doctrines of 
no particular sect of philosophers. 

PoTAMos, a town of Attica near Sunium. 
Slrab. 9. 

PoTENTiA, a town of Picenum. Liv 39, 
c.44. 

PoTHiNus, an eunuch tutor to Ptolemy, 
king of Egypt. He advised 'the minarcb to 
mifder Pom[)ey, when he claimed his pro- 
tection after the battle of Pharsalia. He stir- 
red up commotions in Alexandria, when Cas- 
sar came there, upon which the conqueror or- 
dered him to be put to death. Lucan. 8, v. 
483, 1. 10, v. 95. 

PoTHos, one of the deities of the Samo- 
thracians. Plin. 39, c. 5. 

PoTiD^iA, a town of Macedonia, situate in 
the peninsula of Pallene. It was founded by a 
Coiinthian colony, and became tributary to the 
Alhenians. from wiiom Philip of Macedonia 
took it. The conqieror gave it to the Olyn- 
thians to render tiiem more attached to his 
interest. Cassander repaired atid enlarged it, 
and called it ('assandria, a name which it 
still preserves, and whicii has given occasion 
to Livy to say, that Cassander was the original 
founder of that city. Liv. 44, c. 11. — De- 
mosiU. Olynlh. — Slrab, 7. — Paus. 5, c. 23. — 
Mela, 2, c. 2. 

PoTiDANiA, a town of .'Etolia. Liv. 28, 
c. 8. 

PoTiNA, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over children's potions. Varro. 

PoTiTius. \_i^id, Pinarius.] 

PoTNi^, a town of Bceoiia, where Bac- 
chus had a temple. The Potnians, having 
once murdered the priest of the god, were or- 
dered by the oracle, to appease his resentment, 
yeaily to offer on his altars a young man. This 
unriHiural sacrifice was continued for some 
years, till Bacchus himself substitited a goat, 
from wiiich circumstance he received the ap- 
pellation o! JE<j;obolus and JE^opha^us. There 
was here a fountain whose waters made horses 
run mad as soon as they were touched. There 
were also here certain goddesses called Pot- 
tiiudcs, on whose altars, in a grove sacred to 
Ceres and Proserpine, victims were sacrificed. 
It was also usual, at a certain season of the 
year, to conduct into the grove, young pigs, 
which were found the following year in the 
proves of Dodona. The mares of Potnias de- 
iroyed their master Glaucus, son of Sisyphus. 
[Hrf. Glaucus.] Faus. 9, c. 8.-— f^ir^. G. ^.- 



PR 

V. 267 —JElian. V. H. 15, c. 25. A town of 

Magnesia, whose pastures gave madness to 
asses, according to Pliny. 

Practium. a town and smH»l river of Asia 
Minor on the Hellespont. 

Pa^EciA, a courtezan at Rome, who influ- 
enced Cethegus, and procured Asia as a consu- 
lar fjrovince for Luculius. Plut. in Luc. 

Pr.enestk, a town of Latinm, about 21 
miles from Rome, built by Telegonus, son of 
Ulysses and Circe, or according to others by 
Ceecuius the son of Vulcan. Tliere was a cele- 
brated temple of Fortune there with two fa- 
mous images, as also an oracle, which was 
long in great repute. Cic. de Dlv. 2, c. 41. — 
Virg. Jfin. 7, v. 680.— Hora/. 3, od. 4.— Stat. I, 
Si/lv. 3, V. 80. 

Prj^esos, a small town of Crete, destroyed in 
a civil war by one of the neighbouring cities. 

Pr.«sti, a nation of India. Curl. 9, c. 8. 

Pra;tor, one of the chief magistrates at 
Home. The office of Praetor was first institu- 
ted A. U. C. 388, by the senators, who wished 
l)y some new honour to compensate for the 
loss of the consulship, of which the plebeians 
had claimed a share. The praetor received his 
name a prceeundo. Only one was originally 
•lected, and another A. U. C. 601. One of 
them was totally employed in administering 
justice among the citizens, whence he was 
called praetor urbamis ; and the other ap- 
pointed judges in all causes which related to 
foreigners. In the year of Rome 520, two 
more praetors were created to assist the con- 
sul in the government of the provinces of Si- 
cily and Sardinia, which had been lately con 
quered. and two more when Spain was re- 
duced into the form of a Roman province, A. 
U. C.551. Syllathe dictator added two more, 
and Julius Cajsar increased the number to 
10, and afterwards to 16, and the second tri- 
umvirate to 64. After this their numbers 
fluctuated, being sometimes 18, 16, or 12, 
till, in the decline of the empire, their dignity 
decreased and their numbers were reduced 
to three. In his public capacity the praetor ad- 
ministered justice, protected the rights of 
widows and orphans, presided at the celebra 
tion of public festivals, and in the absence of 
the consul assembled or pi'oroi^ued the senate 
as he pleased. He also exhibiled shows to tljf 
people, and in the festivals of the iiona Dea, 
where no males were permitted to aj:)pear, his 
wife presided over the rest of the Romati 
matrons. Feasts were announced and pro- 
claimed by him, and he had the power to 
make and repeal laws, if it mel ^^'ith the ap 
probation of the senate and people. Tlie 
quaestors were subject to him, ?nd in the ab- 
sence of the consuls, he appeared ni the heail 
of the armies, and in the city he kept a re- 
gister of *i" the freed-men of Rome, with the 
reas(ms fo*' which they had received their free- 
dom. In the provinces the PrP3tors appeared 
with great pomf», six lictors with the fasces 
walked befo''^ tliem, and when the empire 
was increased by conquests, they divided like 
the consuls their government, and provinces 
were given them by lot. When the year of 
the pnetorship was elapsed, they were call- 
ed proj)ra'Jors, if they still continued at the 
head of their province. At Rt-nic the praj 
•ora appeared also with much pomp> two lie- 



PR 

tors preceded them, they wore the pratexia; 
or the white robe with purple borders, they 
sat in curule chairs, and tlieir tribunal was dis- 
tinguished by a sword and a spear, while they 
administered justice. The tribunal was called 
prcElorium. When they rode they appeared 
on white horses at Rome, as a mark of distinc- 
tion. The praetor who appointed judges to 
try foreign causes, was called prcpior peregri- 
nus. The praetors Cereales, appointed by 
Julius CiBsar, were employed in providing 
corn and provisions for the city. They were 
on that account often caUed frumentarii. 
Pretoria, a town of Dacia,now Cromladt. 
Another, now Aoust, in Piedmont. 



Prjetorius, a name ironically applied to 
As Sempronius Rufus, because he was disap- 
pointed in his solicitations for the praetorship, 
as being too dissolute and luxurious in his man- 
ners. He was the first who had a stork 
brought to his table. Horat. 2, Sat. 2, v. 50. 

Pr^tutium, a town of Picenum. Jlal. 15, 
V. 568.— Lir. 22, c. 9, 1. 27, c. 43. 

Prisiane, now Verdant, a large island at 
the mouth of the Indus. Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Prasias, a lake between Macedonia and 
Thrace, where were silver mines. Herodot. 
5, c. 17. 

Prasii, a nation of India in Alexander's 
age. Curt. 9, c. 2. 

Pratet^lia lex. was enacted by Pratellius 
the tribune, A. U. C. 398, to curb and check the 
ambitious views of men who were lately ad- 
vanced in the state. Liv. 7, c. 15. 

Pratinas, a Greek poet of Phlius, contem- 
porary with iEschylus. He was the first 
among the Greeks who composed satires, 
which were represented as farces. Of these 
32 were acted, as also 18 of his tragedies, on© 
of which only obtained the poetical prize. 
Some of his verses are extant, quoted by Athe- 
najus. Paus. 2, c. 13. 

Praxagoras, an Athenian writer, who pub- 
lished an history of the kings of his own coun- 
try. He was then only 19 years old, and 
three years after, he wrote the life of Constan- 
tine the Great. He had also written the life of 
Alexander, all now lost. 

Praxjas, a celebrated statuary of Athens. 
Paus. 10, c. 18. 

Praxidamas, a famous athlete of jEgina 
Pam. 6, o. 18. 

Pr.»xumck, a goddess among the Greeks,, 
.vho presided over the execution of enter- 
prises, and who punished all evil actions. 
Paus. 9, c. 33. 

Praxila, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, who 
flourished about 492 years before Christ. 
Pans 3 c. 13. 

PuAXiPFi.iNES, a Rhodian, who wrote a 
learned c(jmmentnry on the obscure passages 
of So[)hocles. .\n historian. Diog. 

Praxis, a surname of Venus at Megara. 
Pans. 1, c 43. 

Praxitklfs, a famous sculptor of Mag- 
na Gra2(ia, who nourished about 324 years 
fjf'fore the Christian tjra. He chiefly worked 
on Parian marble, on account of its beauti- 
ful whiteness. He carried his art to the 
greatest perfection, and was so happy in 
copying nature, that his statues seemed to bo 
animated. The most famous of liis pieces 
was a Cupid which he gave to Phryn(». Thi«! 



PR 

celebrated courtezan, who wished to have I 
the best of all the statues of Praxiteles, audi 
who could not depend upou her own judg- \ 
ment in the choice, alarmed the sculptor, by I 
telling him his house was on lire. Praxiteles 
upon this showed his eagerness to save his 
Cupid from the flames, above all his other 
pieces ; but Phryne restrained his fears, and 
by discovering her artifice, obtained the fa- 
vourite statue. The sculptor employed his 
chisel m making a statue of this beautiful 
courtezan, which was dedicated in the tem- 
ple of Delphi, and placed between the sta- 
tues of Archidamus, king of Sparta, and 
Philip king of Macedon. He also made a 
statue of Venus, at the request of the people 
of Cos aiid gave them their choice of the 
goddess, either naked or veiled. The former 
was superior to the other in beauty and per- 
fection, but the inhabitants of Cos preferred 
the latter. The Cnidians, who did not wish to 
patronise modesty and decorum with the 
same eagerness a the people of Cos, bought 
the naked Venus, nd it was so universally es- 
teemed, that Nicomedes king of Bithynia, of- 
ferred the Cnidians, to pay an enormous debt, 
under which they laboured, if they would give 
him their favourite statue. This offer was not 
accepted. The famous Cupid was bought of 
the Thespians by Cains Caesar, and carried to 
Rome, but Claudius restored it to them, and 
IVero afterwards obtained possession of it. 
Faus. 1, c. 40, 1. 8, c. 9,—Plin. 7, c. 34 and 36. 

Praxithea, a daughter of Phrasimus and 
Diogenea. She married Erechtheus, king 
of Athens, by whom she had Cecrops, Pan- 
darus, atid Metion, and four daughters, Pro- 
cris, Creusa, Chthonia, and Orithyia. j9pol- 
lod. 3, c. 15. A daughter of Thestius, mo- 
ther of some children by Hercules. Id. % c. 

7. A daughter of Erechtheus sacrificed by 

order of the oracle. 

Prehus, a lake in Tuscany,- now Castigliont. 
Cic. Mil. 27.— P/m. 3, c. 5. 

Presbon, a son of Phryxus, father of Cly- 

menus. A son of Clytodora and Minyas, 

also bore the same name. Pans. 9, c. 34 and 
37. 

Preugenes, a son of Agenor. Paus. 3, c. 
2, 1. 7, c. 18 and 20. 

Prexaspes, a Persian who put Smerdis to 
death, by order of king Cambyses. Htrodot. 
3, c. 30. 

Priamides, a patronymic applied to Paris 
as being son of Priam. It is also given to Hec- 
tor, Deiphobus, and all the other children of 
the Trojan monarch. Ooid. Hcroid. — F/rif. 
^n. 3, v. 295. 

Priamus, the last king of Troy, was son 
of Laomedon, by Strymo, called Placia by 
some. When Hercules took the city of Troy 
[Vid. Laomedon] Priam was in the number 
of his prisoners, but his sister Hesione re- 
deemed him from captivity, and he exchang- 
ed his original name of Podarces for that of 
Priam, which signifies bought or ransomed. 
[Vid. Podarces.] He was also placed on his 
father's throne by Hercules, and he employ- 
ed himself with well directed diligence in 
repairing, fortifying, and embellishing the 
city of Troy. He had married, by his fa- 
ther's orders, Arisba, whom now he divorced 
for Hecuba, the daughter of Dimas, or Ci^- 



PR 

3CUS, n neighbouring prince. He had by He« 
cuba 17 children, according to Cicero, or 
according to Homer, 19 ; the most celebra- 
ted of whom are Hector. Paris, Deiphobus, 
Helenus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hip- 
ponous, Troilus, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, 
and Cassandra. Besides these he had many 
others by concubines. Their names, accord- 
ing to ApoUodorus, are Melampus, Gorgy- 
thion, Philsemon, Glaucus, Agathon, Evago- 
ras, Hippothous, Chersidamus, Hippodaraas, 
Mestor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, Lycaon, 
Astygonus, Bias, Evander, Cbromius, Teles- 
tas. Melius, Cebrion, Laodocus, idomeneus, 
Archemachus, Echephron, Hyperion, Ascani- 
us, Arrhetus, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemon, 
Clovius, .^gioneus, Hyporichus, Lisithous, 
Polymedon, Medusa, Lysamache, Medesi- 
casta, and Aristodeme. After he had reign- 
ed for some time in the greatest prosperity, 
Priam expressed a desire to recover his 
sister Hesione, whom Hercules had carried 
into Greece, and married to Telamon his 
friend. To carry this plan into execution, 
Priam manned a fleet, of which he gave the 
command to his son, Paris, with orders to 
bring back Hesione. Paris, to whom the 
goddess of beauty had promised the fair- 
est woman in the world, [Ftc?. Paris] neg- 
lected in some measure his father's injunc- 
tions, and as if to make reprisals upon the 
Greeks, he carried away Helen the wife of 
Menelaus, king of Sparta, during the absence 
of her husband. Priam beheld this with satis- 
faction, and he countenanced his son by re- 
ceiving in his palace the wife of the king of 
Sparta. This rape kindled the flames of war ; 
all the suitors of Helen, at the request of Me- 
nelaus, [Vid. Menelaus] assembled to revenge 
the violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, ac- 
cording to some, of 140 ships under the com- 
mand of the 69 chiefs that furnished them, set 
sail for Troy. Priam might have averted the 
impending blow by the restoration of Helen; 
but this he refused to do, when the ambassa- 
dors of the Greeks came to him, and he im- 
mediately raised an army to defend himself. 
Troy was soon besieged, frequent skirmishes 
took place, in which the success was various, 
and the advantages on both sides inconsidera- 
ble. The siege was continued for ten succes- 
sive years, and Priam had the misfortune to 
see the greatest part of his children massacred 
by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of these, 
was the only one upon whom now the Trojans 
looked for protection and support ; but he soon 
lell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was kill- 
ed by Achilles. Priam severely felt his loss, 
and as he lovedfiim with the greatest tender- 
ness, he wished to ransom his body which was 
in the enemy's camp. The gods, according to 
Homer, interested themselves in favour of old 
Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by his 
mother, the goddess Thetis, to restore Hector 
to Priam, and the king of Troy passed through 
the Grecian camp conducted by Mercury the 
messenger of the gods, who with his rod had 
made him invisible. The meeting of Priam 
and Achilles was solemn and affecting, the con- 
queror paid to the Trojan monarch that atten- 
tion and reverence which was due to his dig- 
nity, his years, and his misfortunes, and Priam 
in a suppliant manner addressed the priHce 



PR 



whose favours he claimed, and kissed the 
hands that had robbed him of the greatest and 
llie best of his children. Achilles was moved 
by his tears and entreaties, he restored Hector, 
and permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for 
the funeral of his son. Some time after Troy 
was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks by 
Antenor and iEneas, and Priam upon this 
resolved to die in the defence of his country. 
He put on his armour and advanced to meet 
tlie Greeks, but Hecuba by her tears and en- 
treaties detained him near an altar of Jupiter, 
whither she had fled for protection. While 
Priam yielded to the prayers of his wife, Po- 
ntes, one of his sons, tied also to the altar be- 
fore Neoptolemus, who pursued him with 
fury. Polites, wounded and overcome, fell 
dead at the feet of his parents, and the aged 
father, fired with indignation, vented the most 
bitter invectives against the Greek, who paid 
no regard to the sanctity of altars and tem- 
ples, and raising his spear darted it upon 
him. The spear, hurled by the feeble hand of 
Priam, touched the buckler of Neoptolemus, 
and fell to the ground. This irritated the son 
of Achilles, he seized the gray hairs of Priam, 
and, without compassion or reverence for the 
sanctity of the place, he plunged his dagger into 
his breast. His bead was cut off, and the mu- 
tilated body was left among the heaps of slain. 
Dictys. Cret. 1, he. — Dares Phryg. — Herodot. 
2, e. 120.— Pans. 10, c. 27.— Homer. II. 22, 
&,c. — Evrip. in Troad. — Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 35. 
— Q. Smyrn. l.— Virg. Mn. 2, v. 507, &c.— 
Horat. Od. 10, v. U.—Hygm. fab. 110.— Q. 
Calaber. 15, v. 226. 

Priapus, a deity among the ancients, who 
presided over gardens, and the parts of gene- 
ration in the sexes. He was son of Venus by 
Mercury or Adonis ; or according to the more 
received opinion, by Bacchus. The goddess 
of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, 
went to meet him as he returned victorious 
from his Indian expedition, and by him she had 
Priapus, who was born at Lampsacus. Pri- 
apus was so deformed in all his limbs, particu- 
larly the genitals, by means of Juno, who had 
assisted at the delivery of Venus, that the mo- 
ther, ashamed to have given birth to such a 
monster, ordered him to be exposed on the 
mountains. His life, however, was preserved 
by shepherds, and he received the name of 
Priapus propter deformilalem ^^ membri vi- 
rilis magnitudinem. He soon became a favour- 
ite of the people of Lampsacus, but he was ex- 
pelled by the inhabitants on account of the 
freedom he took with their wives. This vio- 
lence was punished by the son of Venus, and 
when the Lampsacenians had been afflicted 
with a disease in the genitals, Priapus was re- 
called, and temples erected to his honour. 
Festivals were also celebrated, and the people, 
naturally idle and indolent, gave themselves 
up to every lasciviousness and impurity during 
the celebration. His worship was also intro- 
duced in Rome ; but the Romans revered him 
more as god of orchards and gardens, than 
as the patron of licentiousness. A crown 
painted with different colours was offered (o 
him in the spring, and in the summer a gar- 
land of ears of corn. An ass was generally 
sacrificed to hini; because that animal by its 
braying awoke the nyropU Lotis, to whom 



PR 

Priapus was going to offer violence. He is 
generally represented with an human face and 
the ears of a goat j he holds a stick in his hand, 
with which he terrifies birds, as also a club to 
drive away thieves, and a scythe to prune the 
trees and cut down corn. He was crowned 
with the leaves of the vine, and sometimei 
with laurel, or rocket. The last of these plants 
is sacred to him, and it is said to raise the pas- 
sions and excite love. Priapus is often dis- 
tinguished by the epithet o( phallus, fascinus, 
Ilyphalkis, or ruber, or rubicundus, which are 
all expressive of his deformity. Calull. ep. 
19 and 20. — Cohimn.2, de Cullhort. — Horat. 1, 
sat. l.— Tibull. 1, el. 1, v. i8.—0vid. Fast. 1, 
V. 415, 1. 6, V. 319.- Virg. Ed. 7. v. 33, G. 4, 
V. 111.— PaM5. 9, c. 3l.—Hygin. fab. 190.— 
Diod. 1. A town of Asia Minor, near Lamp- 
sacus, now Caraboa. Priapus was the chief 



deity of the place, and from him the town re- 
ceived its name, because he had taken refuge 
there ^vhen banished from Lampsacus. Strab. 

\2.—Plin. 5, c. S2.—Mela, 1, c. 19. An 

island near Ephesus. Plin. 5, c. 31. 

Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor at 
the foot of mount Mycale, one of the twelve 
independent cities of Ionia. It gave birth to 
Bias, one of the seven wise men of Greece. It 
had been built by an Athenian colony. Pans. 
7, C.2, 1. 8, c.24.— S/ra6. 12. 
Prima, a daughter of Romulus and Hersilia. 
Prion, a place of Carthage. 
Priscianus, a celebrated grammarian at A- 
thens, in the age of the emperor Justinian. 

Priscit-la, a woman praised for her con- 
jugal affection by Statins, 6 Sylv. 1. 

Pkiscus Servilius, a dictator at Rome who 
defeated the Veientes and the Fidenates. 

A surname of the elder Tarquin king of 

Rome. [Vid. Tai'qmniiis.l A governor of 

Syria, brother to the emperor Philip. He 
proclaimed himself emperor in Macedonia 
when he was informed of his brother's death, 
but he was soon after conquered and put to 

death by Decius, Philip's murderer. A 

friend of the emperor Severus. A friend of 

the emperor Julian, almost murdered by the 

populace. Helvidius, a quaestor in Achaia 

during the reign of Nero, remarkable for his 
independent spirit, &.c. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 6. — 

Juvenal. An officer under Vitellius. 

One of the emperor Adrian's friends. A 

friend of Doraitian. An orator whose dis- 
sipated and luxurious manners Horace ridi- 
cules, 1 Sat. 7, v. 9. 

Pkistis, the name of one of the ships thnt 
engaged in the naval combat which was ex- 
hibited by JEneas at the anniversary of his 
father's death. She was commanded by 
Mnestheus. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 116. 

Priveunus, a Rutulian, killed by Capys iu 
the wars betvveen JEntas and Turnus. Virg. 
JEn. 9, v. 576. 

Privkrnum, now Piperno Vccchio, a town 
of the Volsci in Italy whose inhabitants were 
called Privernatcs. It became a Roman colo- 
ny. Liv.S, c. m.— yirg. JEn. 11, v. 540.— 
Cir.l. niv.4'3. 
Proba, the wife of the emperor P)<»bu<. 

A woman who opened the gates of Rom«» 

to the Goths. 

Probus, M. Aurelius Severus. a native 
of Sirinium in Pannonia. His father was 



PR 

^#i'iglnally a gardener, who by entering the 
army rose to the rank of a military tribune. 
His son obtained the same office in the 22d 
year of his age, and he distingnished himself 
so much by his probity, his valour, his intre- 
pidity, moderation, and clemency, that at the 
death of the emperor Tacitus, he was invested 
with the imperial purple by the voluntary and 
uninfluenced choice of his soldiers. His elec- 
tion was universally approved by the Roman 
senate and the people; and Probus, strength- 
ened on his throne by the affection and at- 
tachment of his subjects, marched against the 
enemies of Rome, iti Caul and Germany. Se- 
veral battles were fouglit, and alter he had left 
400,000 barbarians dead in the field, Froljus 
turned his arms against the Sarmatians. The 
same success attended him, and after he liad 
r|uelled and terrified to peace the -iumerous 
barbarians of the north, he marched through 
Syria against the Blemmyes in the neighbour- 
hood of Egypt. The Blemmyes were delisted 
with great slaughter, and the military charac- 
ter of the emperor was so well established, 
that the king of Persia sued for peace by his 
ambassadors, and attempted to buy the con- 
queror's favours with the most splendid pre- 
sents. Probus was then feasting upon the most 
common food when the ambassadors were in- 
troduced ; but without even casting his eyes 
upon them, he said, that if their master did not 
give proper satisfaction to the Romans, he 
would lay his territories desolate, and as naked 
as the crown of his head. As he spoke the 
emperor took off his cap, and showed the 
baldness of his head to the ambassadors. His 
conditions were gladly accepted by the Persian 
monarch, and Probus retired to Rome to con- 
vince his subjects of the greatness of his con- 
quests, and to claim from them the applause 
■which their ancestors had given to the con- 
queror of Macedonia or the destroyer of Car- 
thage, as he passed along the streets of Rome. 
His triumph lasted several days, and the Ro- 
man populace were long entertained with 
shows an(j combats. But the Roman empire, 
delivered from its foreign enemies, was torn 
by civil discord, and peace was not re-estab- 
lished till three usurpers had been severally 
defeated. While his subjects enjoyed tran- 
quillity, Probus encouraged the liberal arts, 
he permitted the inhabitants of Gaul and 
Illyricum to plant vines in their tciiitories, 
and he himself repaired 70 cities in diiFer- 
«nt parts of the empire which had been re- 
duced to ruins. He also attempted to drain 
the waters which were stagnated in the neigh- 
bourhood of Sirmium, by conveying them to 
The sea by artificial canals. His armies were 
employed in this laborious undertaking; but 
as they were unaccustomed to such toils, they 
«oon mutinied, and fell upon the emperor 
as he was passing into one of the towns of 
lllyricuui. He Ucd into an iron tower which 
he himself had built to observe the marshes, 
but as he whs alone and without arms, he 
was sooi\ overpowered and murdered in the 
oOlh year of his age, after a reign of six 
veursHiid four months, on the second of No- 
vember, after Christ 2S2. The news of his 
death \vas received with the greatest conster- 
nation; not only his friends, but his very ene- 
mies deplored his fate, and even the army. 



PR 

which had been concerned in his fall, erecteol 
a monument over his body, and placed upon 
it this inscription : Hie Probiis imperalor, vert 
probus, situs est, vicfor omnium gentium bar- 
bararum, victor etiam tyrannorum. He was 
then preparing in a few days to march against 
the Persians that had revolted, and his victo- 
ries there might have been as great as those 
he obtained in the two other quartei*s of the 
globe. He was succeeded by Carus, and his 
family, who had shared his greatness, immedi- 
ately retired from Rome, not to become ob- 
jects either of priva' or public malice. Zos. 
— Prob. — Saturn. i^milius, a grammari- 
an ill the age of Theodosius. The lives of ex- 
cellent commanders, written by Cornelius 
•Nepos, have been falsely attributed to him, 

by some authors. An oppressive prefect of 

the pretorian guards, in the reign of Valen- 
tinian. 

Procas, a king of Alba after his father 
Aventinus. He was father of Amulius and 
Numitor. Liv. 1, c. o. — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
622.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 7^7. 

PuocHYTA, an island of Campania in the 
bay of Puteoli, now Procida. It was situated 
near Inariraa, from which it was said that it 
had been separated by an earthquake. It re- 
ceived its name according to Dionysius from 
the nurse of jEneas. Virg. ,Mn. 2, v. 715. — 
Mela, 2, c. 7. — Dionys. Hal. 1. 

Prociljus, a Latin historian in the age of 
Porapey the Great. Varro. 

Procilla Julia, a woman of uncommon 
virtue, killed by the soldiers of Otho. Tacit. 
Agric. 4. 

C. Valerius Procillus, a prince of Gaul, 
intimate with Casar. 

Proclka, a daughter of Clytius, who mar- 
ried Cycnus, a son of Neptune. Paus. 10, 
c. 14. 

Procles, a son of Aristodemus and Argia, 
born at the same birth as Eurysthenes. There 
were continual dissentions between the two 
brothers, who both sat on the Spartan throne. 

[Pui. Eurysthenes and Lacedajmon.] A 

native of Andros in the JEgean sea, who was 
crowned at the Olympic games. Paus. 6, c 

14. A man who headed the lonians when 

they took Samos. Id. 7, c. 4. A Cartha- 
ginian writer, son of Eucrates. He wrote 
some historical treatises, of which Pausanias 
has preserved some fragments. Id. 4, c. 35. 

A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death and 

thrown into the sea Pint, de orac. A 

general of the Naxians in Sicily, who betray- 
ed his country to Dionysius the tyrant, for a 
sum of money. 

PnocLiD^, the descendants of Procles, who 
sal on the throne of Sparta together with the 
Eurysthenida:. [Vid. Lacedajraou and Eu- 
rysthenes.] 

Procnf., J'id.Vrogne. 

Pkoconnksus, now Marmora, an island 
of tlie Propontis, at the north-east of Cyzicus ; 
also called Elaphonntsus and JS'turis. It wa< 
famous fur its line marble. Plin. 5, c. 32 — 
Slrab. l3.~Mcla, 2. c. 7. 

Pnocorius, a celebrated officer of a noble 
family in Cilicia, related to the emperor Ju- 
lian, with whom he lived in great intimacy. 
He was universally admired for his integrity, 
but ho was not df'=fltMto of ambition or priHp. 



PR 

After lie Lad signalized himself under Julian 
and his successor, he retired from the Roman 
provinces among the barbarians in the Thra- 
cian Chersonesus, and some time after he sud- 
denly made his appearance at Constantinople, 
\vhen ihe emperor Valens had marched into 
the east, and he proclaimed himself master of 
the eastern empire. Ilis usurpation was uni- 
versally acknowledged, mid his victories were 
so rapid, that Valens would have resigned the 
imperial purple, had not his friends interven- 
ed. Bui now fortune changed, Procopius 
was defeated in Phrygia, and abandoned by ' 
his army. His head was cut off; and carried to 
Valentinian in Gaul, A. D. 366. Procopius was 
slain the 42d year of his age,, and-he had usurp- 
ed the title of emperor for about eight months. 
Ammian. Marcel. 25 and 26. A Greek his- 
torian of Ceesarea in Palestine, secretary to 
the celebrated Belisarius, A. D. 534. He 
wrote the history of the reign of Justinian, 
and greatly celebrated the hero whose favours 
and patronage he enjoyed. This history is di- 
vided into eight books, two of which give an 
account of the Persian war, two of the Van- 
dals, and four of the Goths, to the year 553, 
vrhich was afterwards continued in live books 
by Agathias till 559 Of this performance the 
character is great, though perhaps the histo- 
rian is often too severe on the emperor. The 
works of Procopius were edited in 2 vols, folio. 
Paris, 1662. 

Pkockis, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of 
Athens. She married Cephalus. [Vid. Ce- 

phalus.] rirg. JEn 6, v. 435. A daughter 

of Thestius. 

Procrustes, a famous robber of Attica, 
killed by Theseus, near the Cephisus. He 
tied travellers on a bed, and if their length 
exceeded that of the bed, he used to cut it oif, 
but if the}- were shorter, he had them stretch- 
ed to make their length equal to it. He is 
called by some Damastes and Polypemon. 
Ovid. Htroid. 2, v. 59. Met. 7, v. 43.—Plut. in 
Thes. 

Procula, a prostitute in Juvenal's age, 2, 
V. 68. 

Proculeius, a Roman knight very intimate 
with Augustus. He is celebrated for his hu- 
manity and fraternal kinduess to his brothers 
Murajna and Scipio, with whom he divided 
Ijis possessions, after they had forfeited their 
estates, and incurred tlie displeasure of Au- 
gustus for siding with young Pompey. He 
was sent by Augustus to Cleopatra, to endea- 
vour to bring her alive into his presence, but 
to no purpose. He destroyed himself when 
labouring under a heavy disease. Moral. 2; 

od. 2.—Flut. in Antm.—Plin. 36, c. 24. A 

debauchee in Nero's reign. Juv. 1, v. 40. 

ProcClus Julius, a Roman who, after 
the death of Romulus, declared that he had 
seen him in his appearance more than human, 
and (hat he had ordered him to bid the Ro- 
mans to oiler him sacritices under the name 
of Quirinus, anil to rest assin*ed that Rome 
was destined, by the gods, to become the capi- 
tal of the world. Plat, in Rom. Liv. 1, c 

16 Geganius, a Roman consul. Placi- 



tius- a Roman who conquered the Hernici. 

A friend of Vitellius. A consul under Nerva. 

A man accused of extortion. An Afri- 
can in the age of Aurellus. He published a 



PR 

book entitled dc regionibus, or religionibusj on 
foreign countries, iic. An officer who pro- 
claimed himself emperor in Gaul, in the reign 
of Probus. He was soon after defeated, and 
exposed on a gibbet. He was very debauch- 
ed and licentious in his manners, and had ac- 
quired riches by piratical excursions. 

Procyon, a star near Sirius, or the dog star, 
before which it generally rises in July. Cicero 
calls it .inticanis, which is of the same signi- 
fication ('Tfo ujv.) Horat. 3, od. 29. — Cic. dc 
Kat. D. 2, c. 44. 

Prodicus, a sophist and rhetorician of 
Cos, about 396 years before Christ. He was 
sent as ambassador by his countrjmen to 
Athens, where he publicly taught, and had 
among his pupils Euripides. Socrates, Thera- 
meues, and Isocrates. He travelled from town 
to town in Greece, to procure admirers and 
get money. He made his auditors pay to hear 
him harangue, which has given occasion to 
some of the ancients to speak of the orations 
of Prodicus, for 50 drachmas. In his writings, 
which were numerous, he composed a beauti- 
ful epi.«ode, in which virtue and plesisure were 
introduced, as attemptiag to make Hercules 
one of their votaries. The hero at last yielded 
to the charms of virtue, and rejected pleasure. 
This has been imitated by Lucian. Prodicus 
was at last put to death by the Athenians, oa 
pretence that he corrupted the morals of their 
youth. Xenophon. Memor. 

Proerna, a town of Phthiotis. Liv. 63y 
c. 14. 

Proerosia, a surname of Ceres. Her fes- 
tivals, celebrated at Athens and Eleusis before 
the sowing of corn, bore the same name. 
Meurs. de myst. El. 

Prcetides, the daughters of Proetus, king 
of Argolis, were three in number, Lysippe, 
Iphinoe, and Iphia?iassa. They became in- 
sane for neglecting the w'orship of Bacchus, 
or according to others, for preferring them- 
selves to Juno, and they ran about the fields 
believing themselves to be cows, and flying 
away not to be harnassed to the plough or to the 
chariot. Proetus applied to Melampus to cure 
his daughters of their insanity, but he refused 
to employ him when he demanded the third 
j)art of his kingdom as a reward. This ne- 
glect of Proetus was punished, the insanity be- 
came contagious, and the monarch at last pro- 
mised Melampus two parts of his kingdom 
and one of his daughters, if he would restore 
them and the Argian women to their senses. 
Melampus consented, and after he had 
wrought the cure, he married the most beau- 
tiful of the Prtetides. Some have called them. 
Lysippe, Ipponoe, and Cyrianassa. .ipollod. 
2, c. 2.— rirg. Ed. 6, v. 4S.— 0nd. Met. 15.— 
Laclant. ad i)lat. Theb. 1 and 3. 

Prctus, a king of Argos, son of Abas 
and Ocalea. He was twin brother to Acrisius, 
with whom he quarrelled even before their 
birth. This dissention between the two 
brothers increased with their years. After 
their father's death, they both tried to obtain 
the kingdom of Argos ; but the claims of 
Acrisius prevailed, and Prffitus left Pelopon- 
nesus and retired to the court of Jobales, king 
of Lycia, where he married Stenobcea, called 
by some Antea or Antiope. He afterwards 
returned to Argolis, and by means of his 



PR 

father-in-law,he made himself master of Tiryn- 
thus. Stenobcea had accompanied her hus- 
band to Greece, and she became by him 
mother of the Proetides, and of a son called 
Megapenthes, who after his father's death, 
succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus. [l^id. 
Stenobcea.] Homtr. II. 6, v. 160. — Apollod. 
2, c. 2. 

*Progne, a daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens, by Zeuxippe. She married Tereus 
king of Thrace, by whom she had a son call- 
ed Itylu?; orltys. [Vid. Philomela.] 

Prolaus, a native of Ells, father to Phi- 
lanthus and Lampus, bv Lysippe. Paus. 5, 
c. 2. 

Promachus, one of the Epigoni, son of 

Parthenopscus. Pans. 2, c 2(). A son of 

Psophis, daughter of Erys, king of Sicily. 

Id. 8, c. 34. An athlete of Pallene. A 

son of ^son, killed by Pelias. JipoUod. 

PromathVdas, an historian of Heraclea. 

Promathio:^, a man who wrote an history 
©f Italy. PLut. in Rom. 

Promedol, a native of the island of Naxos, 
he 

PromenjEa, one of the priestesses of the tem- 
ple of Dodona. It was from her tiiat Hero- 
dotus received the tradition that two doves 
had fiown from Thebes, in Egypt, one to Do- 
dona, and the other to the temple of Jupiter 
Ammon, where they gave oracles. Herodot. 
2, c. 55. 

Promethki jugum and antrum, a place 
on the top of mount Caucasus, in Alba- 
KJa. 

PnoMETHELS, a son of lapetus by Cly- 
mcne, one of the Oceanides. He was bro- 
ther to Atlas, Menojtius, and Epimetheus, 
and surpassed all mankind in cunning and 
fraud He ridiculed the gods, and deceived 
Jupiter himself. He sacrificed two bulls, and 
filled their skins, one with the flesh and the 
other with the hones, and asked the father 
of the gods, w'hich of the two he preferred 
as an offering. Jupiter became the dupe of 
his artifice, and chose the bones, and from 
that time the priests of the temples were 
rver after ordered to burn the whole vic- 
tims on the altars, the flesh and the bones 
altogether. To punish Prometheus and the 
rest of mankind,. Jupiter took fire away from 
the earth, but the son of lapetus out-wilted 
the father of the gods. He climbed the hea- 
•vensbythe assistance of Minerva, and stole 
fire from the chariot of ihe sun, which he 
brought down upon the earth, at the end 
of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the more ; 
lie ordered Vulcan to make a woman of clay, 
and after he had given her life, he sent her 
to Prometheus, with a box of the richest 
and most valuable presents which he had 
received from the gods. [F?rf. Pandora.] Pro- 
metheus, who suspected Jupiter, took no no- 
lice of Pandora or her box, but he made 
his brother Epimetheus marry her, and the 
god, now more irritated, ordered Mercury, 
• IP Vulcan, according to J-^schylus, to carry 
this artful mortal to mount Caucasus, and 
}h?re tie him to a rock, where, for 30,00<> 
years, a vulture was to feed upon his liver, 
wjiich was never diminished, though con- 
tinually devoured. He was delivered from 
^his painful confinement about 30 years after- 



PR 

wards by Hercules, who killed the bird of 
prey. The vulture, or according to others, 
the eagle, which devoured the liver of Pro- 
metheus, was born from Typhon and Echid- 
na. According to Apollodorus, Prometheus 
made the first man and woman that ever were 
upon the earth, with clay, which he animated 
by means of the fire which he had stolesn 
from heaven. On this account, therefore, 
the Athenians raised him an altar in the 
grove of Academus, where they yearly cele- 
brated games in his honour. During these 
games there was a race, and he who carried 
a burning torch in his hand without extin- 
guishing it, obtained the prize. Prometheus, 
as it is universally credited, had received ithe 
gift of prophecy, and all the gods, and even 
Jupiter himself, consulted him as a most in- 
fallible oracle. To him mankind are in- 
debted for the invention of many of the use- 
ful arts; he taught them the use of plants, 
with their phy.sicaJ power, and from him they 
received the knowledge of taming horses and 
different animals, either to cultivate the ground 
or for the purposes of luxury. Hcsiod. Theog. 
510 and 5dO.—£poUod. 1 and 2.— Pau5. 1, c. 
30, 1.5, c. n.—Hygin. fab. UA.—JEschyl. in 
Prom.— Virg. EcL6.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 82.— 
Horat. 1, od. 3. — Seneca, in Med. 823. 

Promethis, and Promethides, a pa- 
tronymic applied to the children of Pronie- 
tlieus as to Deucalion, he. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 
390. 

Promethus and Damasichthon, two 
sons of Codrus, who conducted colonies into 
Asia Minor. Pans. 1, c. 3. 

Promulus, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
Virg. ^n. 9, v. 574. 

Pronapides, an ancient Greek poet of 
Athens, who was, according to some, pre- 
ceptor to Homer. It is said that lie first 
taught the Greeks how to write from the 
left to the right, contrary to the custom of 
writing from the right to the left, which is 
still observed by some of the eastern nations. 
Diod. 3. 

Pronax, a brother of Adrastus, king of 
Argos, son of Talaus and Lysimache. Paus. 
3, c. 18. 

Pronoe, a daughter of Phorbus, mother of 
Pleuron aud Calydon, by /Eolus. 

Pronomus, a Theban who played soskil-' 
fully on the flute, that the invention of that 
musical instrument is attributed to him, Pmis. 
9, c. V2.—.men. 14, c. 7. 

Pronous, a son of Phlegoas, killed by the 
sons of Alcmseon. 

Pronuba, a surname of Juno, because 
.she presided over marriages. I'irg. JFji. 4, 
V. 166. 

Propertjus (Sextus Aurelius). a Latin 
poet born at Mevania,in Umbria. His father 
was a Roman knight, whom Augustus pro- 
scribed, because he had followed the interest 
of Antony. He came to Rome, where his ge- 
nius and poetical talents soon recommended 
him to the notice of the great and powerful. 
Mecasnas, GaJlus, and Virgil, became his 
friends, and Augustus hi.? patron. Mecaenas 
wished him to attempt an epic poem, of which 
he proposed the emperor for hero ; but Pro- 
pertius refused, observing that his abilities 
were unequal to the task. He died about W , 



PR 

years before Christ, in the 40lh year of his age. 
His works consist of four Ijooks of elegies, 
which are written with so much spirit, vivacity, 
and energy, that many authors call him the 
prince of the elegiac poets among- the Latins. 
His poetry though elegant, is not free from 
faults, and tiie many lascivious expressions 
which he uses, deservedly expose him to cen- 
sure. Cynthia, who is the heroine of all his 
elegies, was a Roman lady, whose real name 
was Mostia, or Hostilia, of whom the poet was 
deeply enamoured. Though Mevaniaismore 
generally supposed to be the place of his birth, 
yet four other cities of Umbria have disputed 
the honour of it ; Hespillus, Ameria, Perusia; 
and Assisium. The best edition is that of 
Santenius, 4iO. Traj ad Rh. 1780, and when 
published together v\ ith Catullus, and Tibul- 
lus, those of Gra;vius, 8vo. Utr. 1680. and of 
Vulpius, 4 vols. Patavii, 1737- 1749. 1755, and 
Ihe edition of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1754. 
Ovid. Tr'ist. 2. v. 465. I. 4, el. 10, v. 53, de Ad. 
Jm. 3, v. S33.— Martial. 8, ep. 73, I. 14, ep. 
lS9.—quintiL 10, c. l.—Flin. 6, ep. I. 9, ep. 
22. 

Propcetipes, some women of Cyprus, se- 
verely punished by Venus, whose divinity they 
had despised. They sent their daughters to 
the sea-shore, where they prostituted them- 
selves to st?"aiigers. The poets have feigued 
that they were changed into stones, on account 
of their insensibility to every virtuous senti- 
ment. Justin. 18, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 10, v. 
238 

Propontis, a sea which has a communi- 
cation with the Euxine, by the Thracian Bos- 
phorus, and with the JEgeaa by the Helles- 
pont, now called the sea of Marmora. It is 
about 175 miles long and 62 broad, and it re- 
ceived its name from its vicinity to Pontus 
Mela, 1. c. 19.— Slrab. 2.— Ovid. 1, Trist. 9, v. 
29.— Proper^ 3, el. 22. 

Pkopvlea, a surname ef Diana. She had 
a temple at Eleusis in Attica. 

Prosclystius. a surname of Neptune among 
the Greeks. Paus. 2. 

Proserpina, a daughter of Ceres by Jupi 
ler, called by the Greeks Persephone. She 
was so beautiful, that the fatlier of the gods 
himself became enamoured of her, and de- 
ceived her by changing himself into a ser- 
pent, and folding her in his wreaths. Pro- 
serpine made Sicily the place of her resi- 
dence, and delighted herself with the beauti- 
ful views, the flowery meadows, and limpid 
streams, which surrounded the plains of En- 
Ba. In this solitary retreat, as she amused 
herself with her female attendants in gather- 
ing flowers, Pluto carried her away into the 
infernal regions, of which she became the 
queen. [Vid. Pluto.] Ceres was so discon- 
solate at the loss of her daughter, that 
she travelled all over the world, but her 
inquiries were in vain, and she never could 
have discovered whither she had been car 
ried, had not she found the girdle of Pro- 
serpine on the surface of the waters of the 
fountain Cyane, near which the ravisher hail 
opened himself a passage to his kingdom by 
striking the earth with his trident. Ceres soon 
learned from the nym[)h .^rethusa that her 
daughter had been carried avvay by Pluto, 
and immediately she repaired to Jupiter, and 
7/1 



PR 

[demanded of him to punish the ravisher. 
I Jupiter in vain attempted to persuade the 
j mother, that Pluto was not unworthy of her 
' daughter, and when he saw that she was in- 
flexible for the restitution of Proserpine, he 
said that she might return on earth, if she 
had not taken any aliments in the infernal 
regions. Her return, however, was impossible. 
Proserpine, as she walked in the Elysian 
fields, had gathered a pomegranate from a 
tree and eaten it, and Ascalaphus was the 
only one who saw it, and for his discovery 
the goddess instantly turned him into an ovvI» 
Juj)iter, to appease the resentment of Ceres, 
and sooth her grief, permitted that Proserpine 
should remain six months with Pluto in the 
infernal regions, and that she should spend 
the rest of the year with her mother on 
earth. As queen of hell, and wife of Plu- 
to, Proserpine presided over the death of 
mankind, and, according to the opinion of 
the ancients, no one could die, if the god- 
dess herself, or Atropos, her minister, did not 
cut off one of the hairs from the head. From 
this superstitious belief, it was usual to cut 
otf some of the hair of the deceased, and to 
strew it at the door of the house, as an offer- 
ing for Proserpine. The Sicilians were very 
particular in their worship to Proserpine, 
and as they believed that the fountain Cy- 
ane had risen from the earth at the very 
place where Pluto had opened himself a pass- 
age, they annually sacrificed there a bull, of 
which they suffered the blood to run into 
the water. Proserpine was universally wor- 
shipped by the ancients, and she was known 
by the different names of Core, TUeogamiaf 
Lihitina.. Hecate, Juno infema, Anthtspho' 
ria, Coiyto, Deois, Libera, ^c. Plut. in Luc. 
— Paus. 8, c. 37, 1. 9, c. 31. — Ovid. Met. 5, 
fab. 6. Fast. 4, v. 411.— Virg. JEi}. 4, v. 6i)8, 1. 
6, V. 138. — Strab. 7 — Diod. b.—Cic. in Verr. 
4. — Hygin. fab. 146. — Hesiod. Theog. — Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 3. — Orpheus. Hymn. 28. — Claudian. 
de Rapt. Pros. 

PRosoPiTis, an island in one of the mouths 
of the Nile. Herodot. 2, c. 4. 

Prosper, one of the fathers who died Ai 
D. 4G6. His works have been edited by Maa- 
geant, fol. Paris, 1711. 

Prosymna, a part of Argolis, where Juno 
was worshipped. It received its name from a 
nymph of the same name, daughter of Aste* 
rion, who nursed Juno. Paus. 2. 

Protagor.^s, a Greek philosopher of Ab- 
dera in Thrace, who was originally a porter. 
He became one of the disciples of Demo- 
critus, when that philosopher had seen him 
carrying faggots on his head, poised in a pro- 
per equilibrium. He soon rendered himself 
ridiculous by his doctrines, and in a book 
which he published, he denied the existence 
of a supreme being. This doctrine he sup- 
ported by observing, that his doubts arose 
tiom the uncertainty of the existence of a 
.sii'neme power, and from the shgrtness of 
hnn^a I life. This book was publicly burnt 
at Alliens, and the phdosupher banished from 
the city, as a \v.)iti)less and contemptible 
Ijeing. Protagoras visited, from Athens, dif- 
ierenl islands in the Mediterranean, and died 
in Sicily iii a very advamed age, about 400 
yeai^ Ntore tho Clu-isuau era. He gene* 



PR 

rally reasoned by dilemmas, and always left 
the mind in suspense about all the questions 
which he proposed. Some suppose that he 
was drowned. Diog. 9. — Plut. in Protag. 

A king of Cyprus, tributary to the court 

of Persia. Another. 

Protagorides, an historian of Cyzicus, who 
wrote a treatise on the games of Daphne, ce- 
lebrated at Antioch. 

Protei Columnje, a place in the remotest 
parts of Egypt. Virg. Mn. 1 1, v. 262. 

Protesilai Turris, the monument of Pro- 
lesilaus, on the Hellespont. PlinAj c. 11. — 
Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Protesilaus, a king of part of Thessaly, 
son of Iphiclus, originally called lolaus, grand- 
son of Phylacus, and brother to Alcimede, the 
mother of Jason. He married Laodamia, the 
daughter of Acastus, and some time after be 
departed with the rest of the Greeks for the 
Trojan war with 40 sail. He was the first of the 
Greeks who set foot on the Trojan shore; and 
as such he was doomed by the oracle to pe- 
rish, therefore he was killed, as soon as he 
had leaped from his ship, by ^neas or Hector. 
Homer has not mentioned the person who 
killed him. His wife Laodamia destroyed 
herself, when she heard of his death. [Vid. 
Laodamia.] Protesilaus has received the 
patronymic of Phylacides, either because he 
was descended from Phylacus, or because he 
was a native of Phylace. He vi/as buried on 
the Trojan shore, and, according to Pliny, 
there were near his tomb certain trees which 
grew to an extraordinary height, which as 
soon as they could be discovered and seen 
from Troy immediately withered and decay- 
ed, and afterwards grew up again to their for- 
mer height, and suffered the same vicissitude. 
Homer. II. 2, v. 205.— Omrf. Met. 12, fab. 1.— 
. Heroid. 13, v. 17. — Propert. 1, el. 19. — Hygin. 
fab. 103, he. 

Proteus, a sea deity, son of Oceanus and 
Tethys, or according to some of Neptune 
and Pha3nice. He had received the gift of 
prophecy from Neptune because he had tend- 
ed the monsters of the sea, and from his 
knowledge of futurity mankind received the 
greatest services. He usually resided in the 
Carpathian sea, and, like the rest of the gods, 
he reposed himself on the sea-shore, where 
such as wished to consult him generally re- 
sorted. He was difficult of access., and when 
Jt con«ulted he refused to give answers, by im 
mediately assuming different shapes, and if 
not properly secured in fetters, eluding the 
grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or 
disappearing in a flame of lire, a whirlwind, or 
ft rushing stream. Arisla3us and Menelaus 
were in the number of those who consulted 
him, as also Hercules. Some suppose that he 
was originally king of Egypt, known among his 
subjects by tlie name of Cetes, and they as- 
sert that he had two sons, Telegonus and Poly- 
gonus, who were both killed by Hercules. He 
had also some daughters, among whom were 
Cabira, Eidothea, and Rhetia. Homer. Od. 4, 
V. 3G0.— Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 10. ^m. el. 12, v. 
S6.—Hesiod. Tlieog. v. 243.— Ftrg. G. 4, v. 
287.— Hygi7i. fab. U8.—Herodot. 2,c. 112.— 
JOiod. 1. 

Prothenob, a Boeotian who went to the 
Trojftn war. Homer. II, S, 



PR 

Protheus, a Greek at the Trojan war- 

A Spartan who endeavoured to prevent ». 

war with the Thebans. 

Phothous, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia- 
.BpoUod. A son of Agrius. 

Proto, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 

Protogenea, a daughter of Calydon, by 
jEolia the daughter of Amythaon. She hada 
son called Oxillus by iVIars. Jipollod. 1. 

Protogenes, a painter of Rhodes, who 
flourished about 328 years before Christ. He 
was originally so poor that he painted ships to 
maintain himself His countrymen were ig- 
norant of his ingenuity before Apelles came 
to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his pieces. 
This opened the eyes of the Rhodians, they 
became sensible of the merit of their country- 
man, and liberally rewarded him. Protoge- 
nes was employed for seven years in finishing 
a picture of .Jalysus, a celebrated huntsman, 
supposed to have been the son of Apollo, and 
the founder of Rhodes. During all this time 
the painter lived only upon lupines and water, 
thinking that such aliments would leave him 
greater flights of fancy; but all this did not 
seem to make him more successful in the per- 
fection of his picture. He was to represent in 
the piece a dog panting, and with froth at his 
mouth, but this he never could do with satis- 
faction to himself ; and when all his labours 
seemed to be without success, he threw his 
sponge upon the piece in a fit of anger. 
Chance alone brought to perfection what the 
utmost labours of art could not do, the fall of 
the sponge upon the picture represented the 
froth of the mouth of the dog in the most per- 
fect and natural manner, and the piece was 
universally admired. Protogenes was very 
exact in his representations, and copied na- 
ture with the greatest nicety, but this was 
blamed as a fault by his friend Apelles. When 
Demetrius besieged Rhodes, he refused to set 
fire to a part of the city which might have 
made him master of the whole, because he 
knew that Protogenes was then working in 
that (juarter. When the town was taken, the 
painterwas found closely employed in a garden 
in finishing a picture ; and when the conquer- 
or asked him, why he showed not more con- 
cern at the general calamity ; he replied that 
Demetrius made war against the Rhodians, 
and not against the fine arts. Paus. 1, c. 3. — 
Plin. 35, c. la.—JElian. V. H. 1%—Juv. 3, v. 
120. — Plut. in Dem. One of Caligula's fa- 
vourites, famous for his cruelty and extrava- 
gance. * 

Protogenia, a daughter of Deucalian and 
Pyrrha. She was beloved by Jupiter, by 
whom she had ^Ethlius, the father of Endy- 
niion. Jipollod. 1, c. 7. — Paiu<t. 6, c. 1. — Hy- 
gin. fab. 155. Another. Vid. Protogenea. 

PkotomediTsa, one of the Nereides, called 
Protomelia by Hesiod, Th. 245. 

Proxenus, a Boeotian of great authority at 
Thebes, in the age of Xenophon. Polycen. 
A writer who published historical ac- 
counts of Sparta. Mhen. 

Prudentius, (Aurelius Clemens,) a Latin 
poet who flourished A. D. 392, and was suc- 
cessively a soldier, an advocate, and a judge. 
His poems are numerous, and all theological, 
devoid of the elegance and purity of the Au- 
gustan age, and yet greatly valued. The best. 



PR 

©ditlojis are the Delphin, 4to. Paris 1687 ; that 
of Cellarius, 12mo. Halae 1703 3 and that of 
Parma, 2 vols. 4to. 1788. 

Prdmnides. a kins; of Corinth. 



PS 

parts ; but it is unknown what tribe presided 
the rest of those days which were supernu- 
merary. When the number of the tribes was 
increased to 12, each of the piytanes presided 



Prusa, a town of Bithynia, built by king lone full month. Some of the principal 

magistrates of Corinth were also cadled prj'- 
tanes. 

Pkvtanis, a king of Sparta, of the family 

of the Proclidae. Pans. 2, c. 3fi. One of 

the friends of ^neas killed by Turnus. Virg. 
.^i. 9, V. 767. 

PsAMATHE, one of the Nereides, mother 
of Phocus by iEacus. king of iEgina. Apol- 
lod. 3, c. \2.—0vid. Met. 11, v. 398.— F/acr, 

364. A daughter of Crotopus, king of 



Prusias, from whom it received its name. 
Strab. 12.— Plin. 10, ep. 16. 

PRtsiEus, Dion, flourished A. D. 105. 

pRusiAS, a king of Bithynia, who flourished 

221 B. C. Another, surnamed Venator, 

who made an alliance with the Romans when 
they waged war with Antiochus, king of Sy- 
ria. He gave a kind reception to Annibal, and 
by his advice he made war against Eumenes, 
king of Pergamus, and defeated him. Eume- 
nes, who was an ally of Rome as well as Pru- 
sias, complained before the Romans of the 
hostilities of the king of Bithynia. Q. Flami- 
nius was sent from Rome to settle the disputes 
of the two monarchs, and he was no sooner 
arrived in Bithynia, than Prusias, to gain his 
favour, prepared to deliver to him, at his re 
quest, the celebrated Carthaginian, to whom 
he was indebted for all the advantages he had 
obtained over Eumenes ; but Annibal prevent- 
ed it by a voluntary ^eath. Prusias was obli- 
ged by the Roman- ambassador to make a res- 
titution of the provinces he had conquered, 
and by his meanness he continued to enjoy 
the favours of the Romans. When some time 
after he visited the capital of Italy, he ap- 
peared in the habit of a manumitted slave, 
calling himself the freed-man of the Romans; 
and when he was introduced into the senate- 
house, he saluted the senators bj^ the name 
of visible deities, of saviours and delive- 
rers. Such abject behaviour rendered him 
contemptible not only in th« eyes of the 
Romans, but of his subjects, and when he 
returned home the Bithynians revolted, and 
placed his son Nicomedes on the throne. The 
banished monarch fled to Nicomedia, where 
he was assassinated near the altar of Jupiter, 
about 149 years before Christ. Some say that 
his son became his murderer. Prusias, ac- 
cording to Polybius, was the meanest of mon- 
archs, without honesty, without morals, vir- 
tue, or principle •, he was cruel and cowardly, 
intemperate and voluptuous, and an enemy to 
all learning. He was naturally deformed, and 
he often appeared in public in the habit of a 
woman to render his deformities more visible. 
Polyb. — Liv. — Justin. 31, k.c. — C. Mp. in .inib. 
— Plut. in Flam. he. 

pRvaiNO, one of the Oceanides. 

Prytanes, certain magistrates at Athens 
who presided over the senate, and had the 
privilege of assembling it when they pleased, 
festivals excepted. They generally mei. in a 
large hall, called prytaneum, where they gave 
audiences, offered sacrifices, and feasted to- 
gether with all those who had rendered signal 
service to their country. The prytanes were 
elected from the senators, which were in 
number 500, fifty of which were chosen from 
each tribe. When they were elected, the 
names of the 10 tribes ot Athens were thrown 
into one vessel, and into aQOther were placed 
nine black beans and a white one. The tribe 
whose name was drawn with the white bean, 
presided the first, and the rest in the order in 
which they were drawn. They presided each 
for 36 days, as Uie year was divided into 10 



V. 

Argos. She became mother of Linus by 
Apollo, and, to conceal her shame from her 
father, she exposed her child, which was 
found by dogs and torn to pieces. Paus. 1, c. 

43. A fountain and town of Thebes. Flacc. 

1 y. 364. 

Psamathos, £1 town and port of Laconia. 
Pans. 3, c. 25. 

PsAMipiNiTus, succeeded his father Ama- 
sis an the throne of Egypt. Cambyses made 
war against him, and as he knew that the 
Egyptians paid the greatest veneration to cats, 
the Persian monarch placed some of these 
animals at the head of his army, and the ene- 
my, unable to defend themselves, and unwil- 
ling to kill those objects of adoration, were 
easily conquered. Psammenitus was twice 
beaten at Pelusium and in Memphis, and be- 
came one of the prisoners of Cambyses, who 
treated him with great humanity. Psamme- 
nitus however raised seditions against the Per- 
sian monarch ; and attempted to make the 
Egyptians rebel, for which he was put to death 
by drinking bull's blood. He had reigned about 
six months. He flourished about 535 years 
before the Christian era. Herodot. 3, c. 10,&.c. 

PsAMMExicHus, a king of Egypt. He was 
one of the 12 princes who shared the kingdom 
among themselves; but as he was more popu- 
lar than the rest, he was banished from his 
dominions, and retired into the marshes near 
the sea shore. A descent of some of the 
Greeks upon Egypt, proved favourable to his 
cause ;hejoined the enemy, and defeated the 11 
f)rinces who had expelled him from the coun- 
try. He rewarded the Greeks, by whose valour 
he had recovered Eg)'pt, he allotted them some 
territory on the sea coast, patronised the libe- 
ral arts, and enc(%aged commerce among his 
subjects. He made useless inquiries to find the 
sources of the Nile, and he stopped, by bribes 
and money, a large army of Scythians that 
were marching against him. He died 617 years 
before the Christian era, and was buried in Mi- 
nerva's temple at Sais. During his reign there 
was a contention among some oithe neighbour- 
ing nations about the antiquity of their lan- 
guage. Psammetichus took a part in the con- 
test. He confined two young children and (ed 
them with milk; the shepherd to whose care 
they were intrusted, was ordered never to 
speak to them, but to watch diligently their 
articulations. After some time the shepherd 
observed, that whenever he entered the place 
oftheir confinement they repeatedly exclaimed 
Beccos, and he gave information of this to the 
monarch. Psammetichus made inquiries, and 
found that the word Beccos signified bread ii\ 



PT 

the Phoenician language, and from that cir- 
cumsfance, therefore, it was universally con- 
cluded that ttie language of Phoenicia was of 
the greatest antiquity. Herodot. 2, c. 28, <kc. — 

Polywn. 8. — Strab. 16. A son of Gordius, 

brother to Periander, who held the tyranny at 
Corinth for three years, B. C. 584. Aristol. 
Polit. 5, c. 12. 

PsAMMis, or PsAMMUTHis, 8 king of Egypt, 
B. C 376. 

PsAPHis, a town on the confines of Attica 
and Boeotia. There was there an oracle of 
Ainphiaraus. 

PsAPHO, a Libyan, who taught a number of 
birds which he kept to say, Psapfio is a god, 
and afterwards gave them their liberty. The 
birds did not torget the words which they had 
been taught, and the Africans paid divine ho- 
nours to Psapho. JElian. 

PsECAS, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. 
Ovid. Met. 3. 
'' PsoPHis, a town of Arcadia near the river 
Erymanthus, whose name it originally bore, 
and afterwards that of Phegia. iitat. Th. 4, v. 
296.—Paus. 8, c. 24.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 607. 

A river and town of Elis. A daughter 

ofEryx. Atowuof Acarnania. -Another 

of Libya. 

PsYCHK, a nymph whom Cupid married and 
carried into a place of bliss, where he long en- 
joyed her company. Venus put her to death 
because she had robbed the world of her son ; 
but Jupiter, at the request of Cupid, granted 
immortality to Psyche. The word signifies 
the soul, and this personification of Psyche, first 
mentioned by Apuleius, is posterior to the 
Augustan age, though still it is connected with 
ancient mythology. Psyche is generally re- 
presented with the wings of a butterliy to in- 
timate the lightness of the soul, of which the 
butterfly is the symbol, and on that account, 
among the ancients- when a man had just ex- 
pired, a b .tterfly appeared fluttering above, 
as if rising from the mouth of the deceased. 

PsycHRUS, a river of Thrace. When sheep 
drank of its waters they were said always to 
bring forth black lambs. Arislot. 

PsvLLi, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, 
very expert in curing the venomous bite of ser- 
pents, which had no fatal effect upon them. 
Strah. \l.—Dio. 51, c. \4.-~Lucan. 9, v. 894, 
931 —Herodot. 4, c. 173.— Paws 9, c. 28. 

Ptemsum, a tow not Th0>aly on the bor- 
ders of Boeotia. Lucaak 5, v. 852. — Liv 35, 
o 43. ^ 

Pterexaus, a son of Taphios, presented 
with immorti-lity by JVeptune, provided he 
kept on his bead a yellow lock. His daughter 
cut it ofi^, and he died. He reigned at Taphos 
in Argos, hx,. Ji-pollod. 2, c. 4. 

Pteria, a well fortified town of Cappado- 
Gia. It was in the neighbourhood, according 
to some, that Croesus was defeated by Cyrus. 
Herodot. 1, c. 76. 

Ptulederma, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 
8, c 27. 

PxoLEMiEUM, a certain place at Athens 
dedicated to exercise and study. Cic. 6, de 
Jin. 

ProLEHf^us Ist, surnamed Lagus, a king 
of Egypt, son of Arsinoe, who when pregnant 
by Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus, a man 
of mean extraction, [f^irf. Lagus.] Ptolemy 



PT 

was educated in the court of the king of Macef- 
donia, he became one of the friends and asso- 
ciates of Alexander, and when that monarch 
invaded Asia, the son of Arsinoe attended him 
as one of his generals. During the expedition , 
he behaved with uncommon valour; he killed 
one of the Indian monarcbs in single combat, 
and it was to his prudence and courage that 
Alexander was indebted for the reduction of 
the rock Aornus. After the conqueror's death , 
in the general division of the Macedonian 
empire, Ptolemy obtained as his share the 
government of Egypt, with Libya, and part of 
the neighbouring territories of Arabia. In this 
appointment the governor soon gained the es- 
teem of the people by acts of kindness, by be- 
nevolence, and clemency ; and though he did 
not assume the title of independent, monarch 
till 19 years after, yet he was so firmly estab- 
lished, that the attempts of Perdiccas to drive 
him away from his possessions proved abor- 
tive : and Ptolemy, after the murder of his ri- 
val by Grecian soldiers, might have added the 
kingdom of Macedonia to his Egyptian territo- 
ries. He made himself master of Ccelosyria, 
Phoenicia, and the neighbouring coast of Syria, 
and when he had reduced Jerusalem, he carri- 
ed above 100,0(X) prisoners to Egypt, to people 
the extensive city of Alexandria, which became 
the capital of his dominions. After he had 
rendered these prisoners the most attached and 
faithful of his subjects by his liberality and the 
grant of privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title- 
of king of Egypt, and soon after reduced Cy- 
prus under his power. He made war with 
success again.st Demetrius and Antigonus, who 
disputed his right to the provinces of Syria ; 
and from the assistance he gave to the people 
of Bhodes against their common enemies, he 
received the name of Soter. While he extend- 
ed his dominions, Ptoleniy was not negligent 
of the advantages of his people. The bay of 
Alexandria being dangerous of access, he built 
a tower to conduct the sailors in the obscurity 
of the night, [Vid. Pharos] and that bis subjects 
might be acquainted with literature, he laid 
the foundation of a library, which under the 
succeeding reigns became the most celebrated 
in the world. He also established in the capi- 
tal f his dominions a society called museum, 
of which the members, maintained at the pub- 
lic expense, were employed in philosophical 
researches, and in the advancement of science 
and the liberal arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th 
year of his age^ after a reign of 39 years, 
about 284 years before Christ. He w as succeed- 
ed by his son Ptolemy Pliiladelphus, who had 
been his partner on the throne the last ten years 
of his reign. Ptolemy Lagus has been com- 
mended for his abilities, not only as a sove- 
reign, but as a writer, and among the many val- 
uable compositions which have been lost, we 
are to lanjent an history of Alexander the 
Great, by the king of Egypt, greatly admired 
and valued for elegance and authenticity. All 
his successors were called Ptolemies from him. 
Palis. 10, c. T.— Justin. 13, kc.~Polyh. 2.— - 

jirrian — Curt.—Plut. in Alex. The 2d, son 

of Ptolemy the first, succeeded his father on 
the Egyptian throne, and was called Philadel- 
pkus by antiphrases, because he killed two of 
his brothers. He showed himself worthy 
in every respect to succeed his great father. 



PT 



PR 



and conscious of the advantages which arise I Septuapint, because translated by the labours 
from an alliance with powerful nations, he sent I of 70 diiferent persons. Eutrop. — Juslin. 17 y 



ambassadors to Italy to solicit the friendship of 
the Romans, whose name and military reputa- 
tion had become universally known for the 
victories which they had just obtained over 
Pyrrhus and the Tare.itines. His ambassa- 
dors were received with marks of the greatest 
attention, and immediately after four Roman 
senators came to Alexandria, where they gained 
the admiration of the monarch and of his sub- 
jects, and by refusing the crowns of gold and 
rich presents which were oflfered to them, con- 
vinced the world of the virtue and of the 
disinterestedness of their nation. But while 
Ptolemy strengthened himself by alliances 
with foreign powers, the internal peace of his 
kingdom was disturbed by the revolt of Alagas 
his brother, king of Cyrene. The sedition 
however was stopped, though kindled by An 
tiocbus king of Syria, and the death of the re- 
bellious prince re-established peace for some 
time in the family of Philadelphus. Antiochus 
the Syrian king married Berenice the daughter 
of Ptolemy, and the father, though old and 
infirm, conducted his daughter to her husband's 
kingdom, and assisted at the nuptials. Phila- 
delphus died in the 64th year of his age, 246 
years before the Christian era. He left two 
sons and a daughter, by Arsinoe the daughter 
of Lisimachus. He had afterwards married 
bis sister Arsinoe, whom he loved with uncom- 
mon tenderness, and to whose memory he be- 
gan to erect a celebrated monument, [Vid. 
Dinocrates,] during the whole of his reign. 
Philadelphus was employed in exciting indus- 
try, and in encouraging the liberal arts and 
useful knowledge among his subjects. The in- 
habitants of the adjacent countries were allur- 
ed by promises and presents to increase the 
nunjber of the Egyptian subjects, and Ptolemy 
could boast of reigning over 33,339 well peo- 
pled cities. He gave every possible encour- 
agement to commerce, and by keeping two 
powerful fleets, one in the Mediterranean, and 
the other in the Red Sea, he made Egypt the 
mart of the world. His army consisted of 
200,000 foot, 4(.>:000 horse, besides 300 ele- 
phants and 2000 armed chariots. With justice 
therefore he has been called the richest of all 
the princes and monarchs of his age, and in- 
deed the remark is not false when it is obser- 
ved, that at his death he left in his treasury 
750,000 Egyptian talents, a sum equivalent to 
two hundred millions sterling. His palace was 
the asylum of learned men, whom he admired 
and patronised. He paid particular atten- 
tion to Euclid, Theocritus, Callimachus. and 
Lycophron, and by increasing the libraiy, 
which his father had founded, he showed his 
taste for learning, and his wish to encourage 
genius. This celebrated libraiy at his death 
contained 200,000 volumes of the best and 
choicest books, and it was afterwards increas- 
ed to 700 000 volumes. Part of it was burnt 
by the flames of Caesar's fleet when he set it on 
fire to save himself, a circumstance, however, 
not mentioned by the general, and the whole 
was again magnificently repaired by Cleopa- 
tra, who added to the Egyptian library that of 
the kings of Pergamus, It is said that the Old 
Testament was translated into Greek during 
his reigU; a IranElatiun which has been eallsd 



c. 2, kc.—Liv.—Ptut.— T/ieocnt.—jlthen. 12. 
— P/m. 13, c. l2.'~Diod. 42.— Gellius 6. c. 17- 
— The 3d, succeeded his father Philadelphus 
on the Egyptian throne. He early engaged 
in a war against Antiochus Theus, for his un- 
kindness to Berenice the Egyptian king's sis- 
ter, whom he had married with the consent of 
Philadelphus. With the most rapid success 
he conquered Syria and Siiicia, and advanced 
as lar as the Tigris, but a sedition at home 
stopped his progress, and he returned to Egypt 
loaded with the spoils of conquered nations. 
Among the immense riches which he brought 
he had above 2500 statues of the Egyptian gods, 
whicu Camhyses had carried away into Persia 
when he conquered Egypt. These were resto- 
red to the temples, and the Egyptians called 
their sovereign Erer^des, in acknowledgment 
of his attention, betieticeace, and religious zeal 
for the gods of his country. The last years of 
Ptolemy's reign were passed in peace, if w& 
e.xcept the refusal of the Jews to pay the tri- 
bute of 20 silver talents which their ancestors 
had always paid to the Egyptian monarchs. He 
also interested himself in the affairs of Greece, 
and assisted Cleomenes the Spartan king against 
the leaders of the Achaean league; but he had 
the mortification to see his ally defeated, and 
even a fugitive in Egypt. Evergetes died 221 
years before Christ, after a reign of 25 years, 
and like his two illustrious predecessors, he 
was the patr«)n of learning- and indeed he is 
the last of the Lagides who gained popularity 
among his subjects by clemency, moderation, 
and humanity, and who commanded respect 
even from his enemies, by valour, prudence, 
and reputation. It is said that he deposited 
15 talents in the hands of the Athenians to be 
permitted to translate the original manuscripts 
of /EschyluS; Euripides, and Sophocles. PLut. 
in Cleom. k.c. — Polyb. 2. — Justin. 29, <stc. 
The fourth succeeded his father Evergetes on 
the throne of Egypt, and received the sur- 
name of Philopater by antiphrasis, because, 
according to some historians, he destroyed bis 
tather by poison He began his reign with acts 
of the greatest cruelty, and he successively sa- 
crificed to his avarice his own mother; his wife, 
his sister, and his brother. He received the 
name of TipUoyi from his extravagance and de- 
bauchery, and that of Gallus, because he ap- 
peared in the streets of Alexandria like one of 
the bacchanals, and with all the gestures of the 
priests of Cybele. In the midst of his |)lea- 
sures, Philopater was called to war against 
Antiochus king of Syria, and at the head of 
a powerful army he soon invaded his enemy's 
territories, and might have added the kingdom 
of Syria to Egypt, if he had made a prudent 
use of the victories which attended his arms. 
In his return he visited Jerusalem, but the 
Jews prevented him forcibly from entering 
their temple, for which insolence to his ma- 
jesty the monarch determined to extirpate the 
whole nation. He ordered an immense number 
of Jews to be exposed in a plain, and trodden 
under the feet of elephants, but by a supernatu- 
ral instinct, the generous animals turned their 
fury not on those that had been devoted to 
death, but uj)on the Egyptian spectators. This 
circumstance terrified Philopater, and he be- 



PT 

kaved with more limn cospimoa kindness to a 
nation wliich lie had so lately devoted to de- 
struction. In the latter part of his reign, the 
Romans, whom a dangerous war with Carthage 
had weakened, but at the same time roused to i 
superior activity, renewed, for political rea- 
sons, the treaty of alliance which had been 
made with the Egyptian monarchs. Philopater 
at last, weakened and enervated by intemper- 
ance and continual debauchery, died in the 
37th year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, 
204 years before the Christian era. His death 
wasimmedialelyfollowedbylhe murder of the 
<x)mpanions of his voluptuousness and extrava- 
gance, and their carcasses were dragged with 
the greatest ignominy through the streets of 
Alexandria. Polyb. — Justin. 30, &tc. — Plui. in 

Cleom. The 5th, succeeded his father Philo- 

pater as king of Egypt, though only in the 4th 
year of his age. During the years of his minor- 
ity he was under the protection of Sosicius and 
of Aristomenes, by whose prudent administra- 
tion Antiochus was dispossessed of the pro- 
vinces of Coelosyria and Palestine, which he 
had conquered by war. The Ronaans also 
renewed their alliance with him after their 
victories over Annibal, and the conclusion 
of the second Punic war. This flattering em- 
bassy induced Aristomenes to offer the care 
of the patronage of the young monarch to the 
Romans, but the regent was confirmed in his 
honourable office, and by making a treaty of 
alliance with the people of Achaia, he con 
vinced the Egyptians that he was qualiiied 
to wield the sceptre and to govern the na- 
tion. But now that Ptolemy had reached his 
14th year, according to the laws and customs 
of Egypt, the years of his minority had ex- 
pired. He received the surname of Epipha- 
nes, or illustrious, and was crowned at Alex- 
andria with the greatest solemnity, and the 
faithful Aristomenes resigned into his hands 
an empire which he had governed with honour 
to himself, and with credit to his, sovereign. 
Young Ptolemy was no sooner delivered from 
the shackles of a superior, than he betrayed 
the same vices which had characterized his 
father, the counsels of Aristomenes were de- 
spised, and the minister who for ten years had 
governed the kingdom with equity and mode- 
ration, was sacriliced to the caprice of the so- 
vereign, who abhorred him for the salutary 
advice which his own vicious inclinations did 
not permit him to follow. His cruelties raised 
seditions among his subjects, but these were 
twice quelled by the prudence and the mode- 
ration of one Polycrates, the most faithful of 
his corrupt ministers. In the midst of his ex- 
travagance, Epiphanes did not forget his al- 
liance with the Romans ; above all others he 
showed himself eager to cultivate friendship 
with a nation from "whom he could derive so 
many advantages, and during their war against 
Antiochus, he offered to assist them with mo- 
ney against a monarch, whose daughter Cleo- 
patra he had married, but whom he hated on 
account of the seditions he raised in the very 
heart of Egypt. After a reign of 24 years, 180 
years before Christ, Ptolemy was poisoned 
by his ministers, whom he had threatened to 
rob of their possessions, to carry on u war 
against Seleucus king of Syria. Liv. 35, c. 
IS, kt, — Justin. Lc. The 6{h, tuccetal- 



PT 

ed his father Epiphanes on the Egyptian 
throne, and received the surname of Philomt' 
tor, on account of his hatred against his mo- 
ther Cleopatra. He was in the 6th year of 
his age when he ascended the throne, and 
during his minority the kingdom was governed 
by his mother, and at her death by an eunuch 
who was one of his favourites. He made war 
against Antiochus Epiphanes king of Syria, to 
recover the provinces of Palestine and Coelo- 
syria, which were part of the Egyptian domi- 
nions, and after several successes he fell into 
the hands of his enemy, who retained him in 
confinement. During the captivity of Fhi- 
lometor, the Egyptians raised to the throne 
his younger brother Ptolemy Evergetes, or 
Physcon, also son of Epiphanes, but he was 
no sooner established in his power than An- 
tiochus turned his arms against Egypt, drove 
the usurper, and restored Philometor to all his 
rights and privileges as king of Egypt. This 
artful behaviour of Antiochus was soon com- 
prehended by Philometor, and when he saw 
that Pelusium, the key of Egypt, had re- 
mained in the hands of his Syrian ally, he 
recalled his brother Physcon, and made him 
partner on the throne, and concerted with 
him how to repel their common enemy. 
This union of interest in the two royal bro- 
thers incensed Antiochus ; he entered Egypt 
with a large army, but the Romans checked 
his progress and obliged him to retire. No 
sooner were they delivered from the impend- 
ing war, than Philometor and Physcon, whom 
the fear of danger had united, began with mu- 
tual jealousy to oppose each other's views. 
Physcon was at last banished by the superior 
power of his brother, and as he could find no 
support in Egypt, he immediately repaired to 
Rome. To excite more effectually the com- 
passion of the Romans, and to gain their assist- 
ance, he appeared in the meanest dress, and 
took his residence in the most obscure corner 
of the city. He received an audience from 
the senate, and the Romans settled the dispute 
between the two royal brothers, by making 
them independent of one another, and giving 
the government of Libya and Cyrene to 
Physcon, and confirming Philometor in the 
possession of Egypt, and the island of Cyprus. 
These terms of accommodation were gladly 
accepted, but Physcon soon claimed the do- 
minion of Cyprus, and in this he was sup- 
ported by the Romaus, who wished to aggran- 
dize themselves by the diminution of the 
Egyptian power. Philometor refused to deli- 
ver up the island of Cyprus, and to call away 
his brother's attention, he fomented the seeds 
of rebellion in Cyrene. But the death of 
Philometor, 145 years before the Christian 
era, left Physcon master of Egypt, and all the 
dependent provinces. Philometor has been 
commended by some historians for his cle- 
mency and moderation. Diod. — Liv. — Polyb. 

The 7th Ptolemy, surnamed Physcon, on 

account of the prominence of his belly, as- 
cended the throne of Egypt after the death 
of his brother Philometor, and as he had 
reigned for some time conjointly with him, 
\_Vid. Ptolemajus 6th,J his succession was ap- 
proved, though the wife and the son of the 
deceased monarch laid claim to the crown. 
Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the 



PT 



PT 



Jews, and it was at last agreed that Piiyscon the tliione, than his mother Cleopatra, who 
should marry the queen, and that her son j reigned conjointly with him, expelled him to 
should succeed on the throne at his death. Cyprus, and placed the crown on the head of 



The nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but 
on that very day the tyrant murdered Cleopa- 
tra's son in her arms. He ordered himselt to 
be chUed Evergetcs, but the Alexandrians re- 
fused to do il, and stigmatized him with the 
appellation of Aa/rfrge/eA-, or evil doer, a sur- 
name which he deserved by his tyranny and 
oppression. A series of barbarity rendered 
him odious, but as no one attempted to rid 
Egypt of her tyranny, the Alexandrians aban- 
doned their habitations, and fled from a place 
which continually streamed with the blood of 
their massacred fellow-citizens. If their mi- 
gration proved fatal to the commerce and pros- 
perity of Alexandria, it was of the most es- 
sential service to the countries where they re- 
tired ; and the numbers of Egyptians that 
sought a safer asylum in Greece and Asia, in- 
troduced among the inhabitants of those coun 
tries the different professions that were prac- 
tised with success in the capital of Egypt. 
Physcon endeavoured to re-people the city 
which his cruelty had laid desolate ; but the 
fear of sharing the fate of the former inhabit- 
ants, prevailed more than the promise of 
riches, rights, and immunities. The king at 
last, disgusted with Cleopatra, repudiated her, 
and married her daughter by Philometor, cal- 
led also Cleopatra. He still continued to ex- 
ercise the greatest cruelty upon his subjects, 
but the prudence and vigilance of his ministers 
kept the people in tranquillity, till all Egypt 
revolted, when the king had basely murdered 
all the young men of Alexandria. Without 
friends or support in Egypt he fled to Cyprus, 
and Cleopatra, the divorced queen, ascended 
the throne. In his banishment Physcon dread- 
ed lest the Alexandrians should also place the 
crown on the head of his son, by his sister 
Cleopatra, who was then governor of Cyrene, 
and under these apprehensions he sent for the 
young prince, called Memphitis, to Cyprus, 
and murdered him as soon as he reached the 
shore. To make the barbarity more com- 
plete, he sent the limbs of Memphitis to 
Cleopatra, and they were received as the 
queen was going to celebrate her birth-day. 
Soon after this he invaded Egypt with an 
army, and obtained a victory over the forces 
of Cleopatra, who, being left without friends 
or assistance, fled to her eldest daughter Cleo- 
patra, who had married Demetrius king of 
Syria. This decisive blow restored Physcon 
to his throne, where he continued to reign for 
some time, hated by his subjects, and feared 
by his enemies. He died at Alexandria in the 
67th year of his age, after a reign of 29 years, 
about 116 years before Christ. Some authors 
have extolled Physcon for his fondness for 
literature ; they have observed, that from his 
extensive knowledge tie was called the philolo- 
gist, and that he wrote a comment upon 
Homer, besides an history of 24 books, ad- 
mired for its elegance, and often quoted by 
succeeding authors whose pen was employed 
on the same subject. Diod. — Justin. 38, kc. 

— Alhen. 2. — Porphyr. The 8th, surnamed 

Lathyrus, from an excrescence like a pea on 
the nose, succeeded his father Physcon as 
king of Egypt. He had H9 sooner ascended 



his brother Ptolemy Alexander, her favourite 
son. Lathyrus, banished from Egypt, became 
king of Cyprus, and soon after be appeared at 
the head of a large army, to make war against 
Alexander Jannaeus, king of Judea, through 
whose assistance and intrigue he had been ex- 
pelled by Cleopatra. . The Jewish monarch 
was conquered, and 50,000 of his men were 
left on the field of battle. Lathyrus, after he 
had exercised the greatest cruelty upon the 
Jews, and made vain attempts to recover the 
kingdom of Egypt, retired to Cyprus till the 
death of his brother Alexander restored hira 
to his native dominions. Some of the cities 
of Egypt refused to acknowledge him as their 
sovereign, and Thebes, for its obstinacy, was 
closely besieged for three successive years, and 
from a powerful and populous city, it was re- 
duced to ruins. In the latter part of his reiga 
Lathyrus was called upon to assist the Romans 
with a navy forthe conquest of Athens, but Lu- 
cullus, who had been sent to obtain the wanted 
sup{)ly, though received with kingly honours, 
was dismissed with evasive and unsatisfactoiy 
answers, and the monarch refused to part 
with troops which he deemed necessary to 
preserve the peace of his kingdom. Lathyrus 
died 81 years before the Christian era, after a 
reign of 36 years since the death of his father 
Physcon, eleven of which he had passed 
with his mother Cleopatra on the Egypliaa 
throne, eighteen in Cyprus, and seven after 
his mother's death. He was succeeded by his 
only daughter Cleopatra, whom Alexander, 
the son of Ptolemy Alexander, by means of the 
dictator Sylla soon after married and murder- 
ed. Joseph. Hist. — Justin. 39. — Plut. in Luc. 

— jQppian. in Milhrid. The 9th. Vid. 

Alexander Ptolemy 1st; forthe 10th Ptolemy, 
vid. Alexander Ptolemy 2d ; for the 11th, vid. 
Alexander Ptolemy 3d. The 12th, the il- 



legitimate son of Lathyrus, ascended the throne 
of Egypt at the death of Alexander 3d. He 
received the surname of Auletes, because he 
played skilfully on the flute. His rise showed 
great marks of prudence and circumspectioQ, 
and as his predecessor by his will had left the 
kingdom of Egypt to the Homans, Auletes 
knew that he could not be firmly established 
on his throne, without the approbation of the 
Roman senate. He was successful in bis ap- 
plications, and Caesar, who was then consul, 
and in want of money, established his succes- 
sion, and granted him the alliance of the Ro- 
mans, after he had received the enormous 
sura of about a million and 162,500/. sterling. 
But these measures rendered him unpopular 
at home, and when he had suffered the Ro- 
mans quietly to take possession of Cyprus, the 
Egyptians revolted, and Auletes was obliged 
to fly from his kingdom, and seek protection 
among the most powerful of his allies. Hit 
complaints were heard at Rome, at first with 
indilference, and the murder of 100 noblemen 
of Alexandria, whom the Egyptians had sent 
to justify their proceedings before the Roman 
sei\ate, rendered him unpopular and suspect- 
ed. Pompey, however, supported his cause, 
andthesenators decreed to re-establish Auletes 
on his throne j but as they proceeded slowly 



PT 

ih the execution of their plans, the monarch 
retired from Rome to Ephesus, where he la> 
concealed for some time in the temple c 
Diana. During his absence from Alexandria 
his daughter Berenice had made herself abso 
lute, and established herself on the throne by a 
marriage with Archelaus; a priest of Bellona's 
temple at Comana, but she was soon driven 
from Egypt, when Gabioius, at the head of a 
Roman army, approached to replace Auletes 
on his throne. Auletes was no sooner restored 
to power, than he sacrificed to his ambition 
his daughter Berenice, and behaved with the 
greatest ingratitude and perfidy to Rabirius, 
a Roman who had supplied him with money 
when expelled from his kingdom. Auletes 
died four years after bis restoration, about 51 
years before the Christian era. He left two 
sons and two daughters, and by his will order- 
ed the eldest of his sons to marry the eldest 
of his sisters,' and to ascend v/ith her the va- 
cant throne. As these children were young, 
the dying monarch recommended them to the 
protection and paternal care of the Romans, 
and accordingly Pompey the Great was ap- 
pointed by the senate to be their patron and 
their guardian. Their reign was as turbulent 
as that of their predecessors, and it is remark- 
able for no uncommon events, only we may 
•bserve that the young queen was the Cleo- 
patra who sooa after became so celebrated as 
being the mistress of J. Caesar, the wife of M. 
Antony, and the last of the Egyptian monarchs 
of the family of Lagus. Cic. pro Rabir. — 

Strab. 17. — Dion. 39. — Appian. de Civ. 

The 13th, surnamed Dionysius or Bacchus, 
ascended the throne of Egy[)t conjointly with 
his sister Cleopatra, whom he had manied, ac- 
cording to the directions of his father Auletes. 
He was under the care and protection of Pom- 
pey the Great, [Vid. Ptolemaeus 12th,] but 
the wickedness and avarice of his ministers 
soon obliged him to reign independent. He 
was then in the 13th year of his age, when his 
guardian, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, 
earae to the shores of Egypt, and claimed his 
protection. He refused to grant the required 
assistance, and by the advice of his ministers 
he basely murdered Pompey, after he had 
brought him to shore under the mask of 
friendship and cordiality. To curry the fa- 
vour of the conqueror of Pharsalia, Ptolemy 
cut off the head of Pompey, but Cajsar turn- 
ed with indignation from such perfidy, and 
^yhen he arrived at Alexandria he found the 
king of Egypt as faithless to his cause as to 
that of his fallen enemy. Caesar sat as judge 
to hear the various claims of the brother and 
sister to the throne ; and, to satisfy the peo- 
ple, he ordered the will of Auletes to be 
read, and confirmed Ptolemy and Cleopatra 
in the possession of Egypt, and appointed 
the two younger children masters of the 
island of Cyprus. This fair and candid de- 
cision might have left no room for dissatis- 
faction, but Ptolemy was governed by cruel 
and avaricious ministers, and, therefore, he re- 
fused to acknowledge Caesar as a judge or a 
mediator. The Roman enforced his authority 
by arms,and three victories were obtained over 
the Egyptian forces. Ptolemy, who had been 
for some lime a prisoner in the hands of 
Caesar, now headed hia armies, but a defeat 



Pt 

was fatal, and as he atlemptecJ to save his life 
•y llight, he was drowned in ihe Nile, about 
o years before Christ, and three years and 
.^ht months after the death of Auletes. 
Cleopatra, at the death of her brother, be- 
came sole mistress of Egypt ; but as the Egyp- 
tians were no friends to female government, 
Caesar obliged her to marry her younger bro- 
ther Ptolemy, who wa& then in the eleventh 
year of his age. Appian. Civ. — Ctzs. in Alex. 
— Strab. 17. — Joseph. Ant. — Dio. — Plut. in 

Ant. (iic. — Sutton, m CiBS. Apion, king of 

Cyrene, was the illegitimaie son of Ptolemy 
Physcon. After a reign of 20 years he diedf 
and as he had no chil-Jren, he made the Ro- 
mans heirs of his domiuions. The Romans 
presented his subjects with their indepen- 
dence. Liv. 70. — ^Ceraunus,a son of Ptole- 
my Soter, by Eurydice the daughter of Anti- 
pater. Unable to succeed to the throne of 
Egypt, Ceraunus fled to the court of Seleucus, 
where he was received with friendly marks of 
attention. Seleucus was then king of Mace- 
donia, an empire which he had lately acquired 
by the death of Lysimachus in a battle ia 
Phrygia, but his reign was short, and Cerau- 
nus perfidiously murdered him and ascended 
his throne, 280 B C, The murderer, how- 
ever, could not be firmly established in Mace- 
donia, as long as Arsinoe the widow, and the 
children of Lysimachus were alive, arid en- 
titled to claim his kingdom as the lawful pos- 
session of their father. To remove these ob- 
stacles, Ceraunus made offers of marriage to 
Arsinoe, who was his own sister. The queen 
at first refused, but the protestations and 
solemn promises of the usurper at last pre- 
vailed upon her to consent. The nuptials, 
however, were no sooner celebrated, than 
Ceraunus murdered the two young princes, 
and confirmed his usurpation by rapine and 
cruelty. But now three powerful princes 
claimed the kingdom of Macedonia as their 
own, Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, Anti- 
gonus, the son of Demetrius; and Pynhus, 
the king of Epirus These enemies, however, 
were soon removed; Ceranus conquered 
Antigonus in the field of battle, and stopped 
the hostilities of his two other rivals by pro- 
mises and money. He did not long remain 
inactive, a barbarian army of Gauls claimed a 
tribute from him, and the monarch immedi- 
ately marched to meet them in the field. The 
battle was long and bloody. The Macedoni- 
ans might have obtained the victory, if Ce- 
raunus had shown more prudence. He «a« 
(iu'own down from his elephant, and taken 
prisoner by the enemy, who immediately tore 
liis body to pieces. Ptolemy had been king of 
Macedonia only 18 months. Justin. 24, &ic. 

— Paus. 10, c. 10. An illegitimate son of 

Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of Cyprus, of which 
he was tyrannically dispossessed by the Ro- 
mans. Cato was at the head of the forces 
which were sent against Ptolemy by the se- 
nate, and the Roman general proposed to the 
monarch to retire from the throne, and to 
pass the rest of his days in the obscure office 
of high priest in the temple of Venus at Pa- 
phos. This offer was rejected with the indig- 
nation which it merited, and the monarch 
poisoned himself at the approach of the ene- 
my. The treasure* feund in the island 



PT 

wnonnted to tlie enormous snra of 1,356-250' 
sterling, which were carried to Rome by tb.^ 
conquerors. Plut. in Cat. — Fcf^ Max. 9. — 

F/or. 3. A man who attempted to make 

kimself king of Macedonia, in opposition to 
Perdiccas He was expelled b}' Pelopidas. 
A son of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, by An- 
tigone, the daue;hler of Berenice. He was 
left governor of Epirus. when Pyrrhus went to 
Italy to assist the Tarentines against the Ro 
mans, where he presided with ^reat prudence 
and moderation. He was killed, bravely 
fi.?htiug, in the expedition which Pyrrhus un- 
dertook against Sparta and Are;os. An eu- 
nuch, by whose friendly assistance Mithri- 
tlates the Great saved his life after a battle 

with Lucullus. A king of Epirus who died 

Very young as he was marching an army 
against the ^tolians, who had seized part of 

his dominions. Justin. 28. A king of 

Chalcidica in Syria, about 30 years before 
Christ. He op[)osed Pompey when he inva- 
ded Syria, but he was defeated in the at- 
tempt, and the conqueror S[)ared his life only 
upon receiving ICKK^ talents. Joseph. Ant. 13. 
A nephew of Antigonus, who command- 
ed an army in the Peloponnesus. He re- 
volted from his uncle to Cassander, and some 
time after he attempted to bribe the sol- 
diers of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, w'ho 
had invited him to his camp He was seized 
and imprisoned for this treachery, and the 
Eg^-ptian monarch at last ordered him to 

drink hemlock. A son of Seleucus, killed 

in the celebrated battle which was fought at 
Issus between Dnrius ^nd Alexander the 
Great. .A son of Juba, made king of .Mau- 
ritania. He was son of Cleopatra Selene, 
the daughter of M. Antony, and the cele- 
brated Cleopatra. He was put to death by 

Caius Caligula. Dio. — Tacxi. Ann. 11. 

A friend of Otho. A favourite of Antio- 

ehus king of Syria. He was surnamed Ma- 
cron. S. Jew, famous for his cruelty and 

avarice. He was for some time governor of 

Jericho, about 135 years before Christ. 

A po'-verful Jew during the troubles which 
disturbed the peace of Judea, in the reign of 

Augustus. A son of Antony by Cleofialra, 

surnamed PhilcJelphus by bis father, and 
made meister of Phoenicia, Syria, and ail the 
territories of Asia Minor, which were situated 
between the .^gean and the Euphrates. Plut. 

in Ayilon. A general of Herod, king of 

Judea. A son of Chrysermus, who visit- 
ed Cleomenes king of Sparta, when impri- 
soned in Egypt. A governor of Alexandria, 

put to death by Cleomenes. Claudius, a 

celebrated geographer and astrologer in the 
rei;^ti of Adrian and Antoninus. He was a 
native of Alexandria, or, accordiug to others, 
of Pelusium, and on accoinit of his great learn- 
ing, he received the name of most wise, and 
most divine among the Greeks. In his system 
of the world, he places the earth in the centre 
of the universe, a doctrine universally believ- 
ed and adopted till the 16th century, when 
it was confuted and rejected by Copernicus. 
His geography is valued for its learni;ig; and 
the very useful information which it gives. 
.Besides his sy.'^tcm and his geojiraphy, Ptole- 
my wrote other books, in one of which Ijk 
gives an account of the fixed stars, of 1{.>*22 of 
75 



PU 

which he gives the certain and definite longii 
tudc and latitude. The best edition of Ptole- 
my's {geography is that of Bertius, fol. Amst 
1618. and that of his treatise de. Judieiis Asiro- 
loiricis by Camerar, 4to. 1535, and of theHar- 
moriica,'4to. Wallis, Oxon. 1683. 

Ptolemais, a town of Thebais in Egypt, 
called after the Pfolpmies, who beautified it. 
There was also another city of the same name 
in the territories of Cyrene. It was situate on 
the sea coast, and, according to some, it was 

the same as Barce. {Vid Barce.] A city 

of Palestine, called also Aeon. Mda, 1, c. 8, L 
3, c. S.—Plin. 2. c. IS.—Slrab. 14, iic. 

Ptolvcus, a statuary of Corcyra, pupil to 
Critias the Athenian. Pans. 6. c. 3. 

Ptous, a son of Athamas and Themisto, who 
gave his name to a mountain of Boeotia, upon 
which he built a temple to Apollo, surname^ 
Ptous. The god had also a celebrated oracle 
on mount Ptous. Plut. de orac. def. — Pans. 9, 
c. 23.—ApoUod. 1, c. 9. 

PtJBLicifjs, a Roman freed-man, so much, 
like Pomiiey the Great, that they were often 
confounded together. Val. Max. 9, c. 14. 

PcBLiciA LEX forbad any persons to play 
with bad or fraudulent designs. 

PcBLicoLA, a name given to Publius Vale- 
rius, on account of his great popularity. Vid. 
Valerius. Plut. in Pub. — Liv. 2, c. 8. — Plin, 
30, c. 15. 

PuBLiLiA LEX. was made by Publilius Phil© 
the dictator, A. U. C.445. It permitted one of 
the censors to be elected from the plebeians, 
since one of the consuls was chosen from that 

body. Liv 8, c. 12. Another, by which it: 

was ordained, that all lau's should be previous- 
ly approved by the senators, before they were 
proposed by tiie people. 

Publics Svrus, a Syrian mimic poet, who 
flourished about 44 years before Christ. He 
was originally a slave sold to a Roman pa- 
trician, called Domitius, who brought him up 
with great attention, and gave him his free- 
dom when of age. He gained the esteem of 
the most powerful at Rome, and reckoned J. 
Caesar among his patrons. He soon eclipsed 
the poet Laberius, whose burlesque composi- 
tions were in general esteem. There remains 
of Publius, a collection of moral sentences, 
written in Iambics, and placed in alphabetical 
order, the newest edition of which is that of 
Patav. Comin. 1740. 

PcBLiDS, a prajnomen common among the 

Romans. Caius, a man who conspired with 

Brutus against J. Casar. .A praetor who 

conquered Palaepolis He was only a plebeian, 
and though neither consul nor dictator, he ob- 
tained a triumph in spite of the opposition ot 
the senators. He was the first who was hon- 
oured with a triumph during a pra-torship. 

A Roman consid v. ho defeated the Latins, and 

was made dictator. A Roman flatterer in 

the court of Tiberius. A tribune who ac- 
cused Manlius, k.c. 

PcinciTiA, a goddess who, as her name 
implies, presided over chastity. She had two 
temples at Ftome. Ftslus. de l\ sig. — Liv. 10, 
c. 7 

PiLCHEKiA, a daughter of the emperor 
Theodosius the Great, famous for her piety ,^ 

inoderr.tion, and virtues. .\ daughter of 

Arcadius, who held the government of th« 



PU 

Roman empire for many year;^. She was 
mother of Valeutinian. Her piely, and her 
private as well as public virtues have been uni- 
versally admired. She died A. D. 452, and 
■was interred at Ravenna, where her tomb is 

still to be seen. A sister of Theodosiu?, who 

reigned absolute for some time in the Roman 
ompire. 

PuLCHRUM, a promontory near Carthage, 
now Rasafran. Liv. 29, c. 27. 

PuLLus, a surname of Numitorius. 

PuMcuM BELLUM. The first Punic war was 
undertaken by the Romans against Carthage, 
B. C. 264. The auibition of Rome was the 
origin of this war. For upwards of 240 years, 
the two nattons had beheld with secret jea- 
lousy each other's power, but they had total- 
ly eradicated every cause of contentions, by 
settling, in three different treaties, the boun- 
daries of their respective territories, the num- 
ber of their allies, and how far one nation 
might sail into the Mediterranean, without 
giving offence to the other. Sicily, an island, 
of the highest consequence to the Carthagini- 
ans as a commercial nation, wa& the seat of 
the first dlssentions. The Mamertini, a body 
of Italian mercenaries, were appointed by the 
king of Syracuse to guard the town of Mes- 
sana, but this tumultuous tribe, instead ot 
protecting the citizens, basely massacred 
them, and seized their possessions. This act 
of cruelty raised the indignation of all the 
Sicilians, and Hiero, king of Syracuse, who 
had employed them, prepared to punish their 
perfidy; and the Mamertini, besieged in 
Messana, and without friends or resources, 
resolved to throw themselves for protection 
into the hands of the first power that could 
relieve them. They were, however, divid- 
ed in their sentiments, and while some im- 
plored the assistance of Carthage, others call- 
ed upon the Romans for protection. Without 
hesitation or delay, the Carthaginians enter- 
ed Messana, and the Romans also hastened 
to give to the Mamertini that aid which had 
been claimed from them with as much ea- 
gerness as from the Carthaginians. At the 
approach of the Roman troops, the Mamer- 
tini, who had implored their assistance, took 
up arms, and forced the Carthaginians to 
evacuate Messana. Fresh forces were poured 
in on every side, and though Carthage seemed 
superior in arms and in resources, yet the 
valour and intrepidity of the Romans daily 
appeared more formidable, and Hiero, the 
Syracusan king, who hitherto embraced the 
interest of the Carthaginians, became the 
most faithful ally of the republic. From a 
private quarrel the war became general. 
The Romans obtained a victory in Sicily, 
but as their enemies were masters at sea, the 
advantages they gained were small and in- 
considerable. To make themselves equal to 
their adversaries, they aspired to the dominion 
of the sea, and in sixty days timber was 
cut down, and a fleet of 120,galL'ys complete- 
ly manned and provisioned. Ttie successes 
they met with at sea were trivial, and little 
advantage could be gained over an epemy 
that were sailors by actual practice and long 
experience. Duilius at last obtained a victo- 
ry, and he was ti)e first Roman who ever re- 
ceived a triumph after a naval battle. The 



PU 

losses they had already sustained induced tb» 
Carthaginians to sue for peace, and the Ro^ 
mans, whom an unsuccessful descent upon 
Africa, under Regulus, [Fid. Regulus] had 
rendered diffident, listened to the proposal, 
and the first Punic war was concluded B. C. 
241, on the following terms: — The Cartha- 
ginians pledged themselves to pay to the Ro- 
mans, within twenty years, the sum of 3O0O 
Euboic talents, they promised to release all 
the Roman captives without ransom, to 
evacuate Sicily, and the other islands in 
the Mediterranean, and not to molest Hie- 
ro, king of Syracuse, or his allies. After this 
treaty, the Carthaginians, w^ho had lost the 
dominion of Sardinia and Sicily, made new 
conquests in Spain, and soon began to repair 
their losses by industry and labour. They 
planted colonies, and secretly prepared to re- 
venge themselves upon their powerful rivals. 
The Romans were not insensible of their suc- 
cesses in Spain, and to stop their progress to- 
wards Italy, they made a stipulation with the 
Carthaginians, by which they were not per-^ 
mitted to cross the Iberus, or to molest the 
cities of their allies the Saguntines. This was 
for some time observed, but when Annibal 
succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian 
armies in Spain, he spurned the boundaries 
which the jealousy of Rome had set to his 
arms, and he immediately formed the siege of 
Saguntum. The Romans were apprized of 
the hostilities which had been begun against 
their allies, but Saguntum was in the hands of 
the active enemy before they had taken any 
steps to oppose him. Complaints were car- 
ried to Carthage, and war was determined on 
by the influence of Annibal in the Carthagi- 
nian senate. Without delay or diffidence, B. 
C. 218, Annibal marched a numerous army of 
90,00<) foot and 12,000 horse towards Italy, 
resolved to carry on the war to the gates of 
Rome. He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and 
the Apennines, with uncommon celerity, and 
the Roman consuls who were stationed to stop 
his progress, were severally defeated. The 
imttle of Trebia, and that of the lake of Thra- 
symenus, threw Rome into the greatest ap- 
prehensions, but the prudence and the dilatory 
measures of the dictator Fabius, soon taught 
them to hope for better times Yet the con- 
duct of Fabius was universally censured a? 
cowardice, and the two consuls who succeeded 
liim in the command, by pursuing a different 
plan of operations, soon brought on a decisive 
action at Canna?, in which 45,000 Romans 
were left in the field of battle. This bloody 
victory caused so much consternation aJ; 
Rome, that some authors have declared that 
if Annibal had immediately marched from the 
plains of Caimie to the city, he would have 
met with no resistance, but vvouldhave termi- 
nated a long and dangerous war with glory to 
himself, and (he most inestimable advantages 
to his country. This celebrated victory at 
Canna3 left the conqueror master of two camps, 
and of an immense booty ; and the cities which 
had hitherto observed a neutrality, no sooner 
saw the defeat of the Romans, than they ea- 
gerly embraced the interest of Carthage. The 
news of this victory was carried to Carthage 
by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to 
believe it till three bushels of golden rings; 



I 



PU 

were spread before Ihem, which had been ta- 
ken from the Roman knights in the field of 
battle. After this Annibal called bis brother 
Asdrubal from Spain with a large reinforce- 
ment ; hut the march of Asdrubal was inter- 
cepted by tiie Romans, his array was defeated, 
and himself slain. Affairs now had taken a 
different turn, and Marccllus, who had the 
«;ommand of the Roman legions in Italy, soon 
taught his countrymen that Annibal was not 
invincible in the field. In dilferent parts of 
the world the Romans were making very 
rapid co!M|nests, and if the sudden arrival of 
a Carthaginian array in Italy, at first I'aised 
fears and apprehensions, they were soon en- 
abled to dispute with their enemies for the 
sovereignty of Spain, and the dominion of the 
sea. Annibal no longer appeared formidable 
in Italy ; if he conquered towns in Campa- 
nia or i*lagna Grajcia, he remained master of 
ihem only while his army hovered in the 
neighbourhood, and if he marched towards 
Rome the alarm he occasioned was but mo 
mentary, the Romans were [wepared to op- 
pose him, and his retreat therefore the more 
dishonourable. The conquests of young Sci- 
pio in Spain had now raised the expectations 
of the Romans, and he had no sooner returned 
to Rome than he proposed to remove Annibal 
from the capital of Italy by carrying the war 
to the gales of Carthage. This was a bold and 
hazardotis enterprise, but tiiough Fabius op- 
posed it, it v.as universally approved by the 
Roman senate, and young Scipio was em- 
powered to sail to Africa. The conquests of 
the young Roman were as ra^id in Africa as 
in Spain, and the Carthaginians, apprehensive 
for the fate of their capital, recalled Annibal 
from Italy, and preferred their safety at home, 
to the maintaining of a long and expensive 
war in anuther quarter of the globe. Annibal 
received their orders with indignation, and 
with tears in his eyes lie left Italy, w-here for 
16 yeare he had known no superior in the 
field of battle. At his arrival in Africa, the 
Carthaginian general soon collected a large 
army, and met his exulting adversary in the 
plains of Zama. The battle was long and 
bloody, and though one nation fought for glory, 
and the other for the dearer sake of liberty; 
the Romans obtained the victory, and Annibal, 
who had sworn eternal enmity to the gods of 
Rome, fled from Carthage after he had advised 
his countrymen to accept the terms of the con- 
queror. This battle of Zama was decisive, the 
Carthaginians sued for peace, which the haugh- 
ty conquerors granted with dithcuity. The 
conditions were these: Carthage was permit- 
ted to hold all the possessions which she had 
in Africa before the war, and to be governed 
by her own laws and institutions. She was 
ordered to make restitution of all the ships 
and other eftects which had been taken in vio- 
lation of a truce that had been agreed upon by 
both nations. She was to surrender the whole 
of her fleet, except 10 galleys; she was to re- 
lease and deliveriip all the captives, deserters, 
or fugitives, taken or received during the war; 
to indemnify Masinissafor all the losses which 
he had sustained ; to deliver up all her ele- 
phants, and for the future never more to tame 
or break any more of these auimals. She was 
not to make war upon any nation whatever. 



PU 

without the consent of the Romans, and sb« 
was to reimburse the Romans, to pav the sum 
of lO.CHX) talents, at the rate of 200'talents a 
year for fifty years, and she was to give up 
hostages from the noblest families for the per- 
formance of these several articles } and till the 
ratification of the treaty, to supply the Romaa 
forces with money and provisions. These hu- 
miliating conditions were accepted 201 B. C. 
and immediately 4000 Roman captives were 
released, five hundred galleys weje delivered 
and burnt on the spot, but the immediate ex- 
action of 20(1 talents was more severely felt, 
and many of the Carthaginian senators burst 
into tears. During the 50 years which follow- 
ed the conclusion of the second Punic war, the 
Carthaginians were employed in repairingtheir 
losses by unwearied application and industry; 
but they found still in the Romans a jealous ri- 
val,aiid a haughty conqueror, and iuMasinissa, 
the ally of Rome, an intriguing and ambitious 
monarch. The king of Numidia made himself 
master of one of their provinces ; but as they 
were unable to make war without the consent 
of Rome, the Carthaginians sought relief by 
embassies, and made continual complaints in 
the Roman senate of the tyranny and oppres- 
sion of Masinissa. Commissioners were ap- 
pointed to examine the cause of their com- 
plaints ; but as Masinissa was the ally of Rome, 
the interest of the Carthaginians was neglect- 
ed, and whatever seemed to depress their re- 
public, was agreeable to the Romans. ,Cato, 
who was in the number of the commission- 
ers, examined the capital of Africa with a 
jealous eye; he saw it with concern rising 
as it were from its ruins ; and when he 
returned to Rome he declared in full se- 
nate, that the peace of Italy would never be 
established while Carthage was in being. The 
senators, however, were not guided by his 
opinion, and the ddenda est Cart/tago of Cato 
did not prevent the Romans from acting with 
moderation. But while the senate were de- 
bating about the existence of Carthage, and 
while tiiey considered it as a dependant 
power, and not as an ally, the wrongs of 
Africa were without redress, and Masinissa 
continued his depredations. Upon this the 
Cartbaginiajjs resolved to do to their cause 
that justice which the Romans had denied 
them ; they entered the field against the Nu- 
midians, but they were defeated in a bloody 
battle by Masinissa, who was then 90 years 
old. In this bold measure they had broken 
the peace ; and as their late defeat had ren- 
dered them desperate, they hastened with all 
possible speed to the capital of Italy to justify 
their proceedings, and to implore the for- 
giveness of the Roman senate. The news of 
Masinissa's victory had already reached Italy, 
and immediately some forces were sent to 
Sicily, and from thence ordered to pass into 
Africa. The ambassadors of Carthage re- 
ceived evasive and unsatisfactory answers 
trom the senate ; and when they saw the 
Romans landed at Utica, they resolved to 
purchase peace by the most submissive terras 
which even the most abject slaves could 
ofler. The Romans acted with the deepest 
policy, no declaration of war had been made, 
though hostilities appeared inevitable ; and 
in answer to the submissive ofl'ei*s of Carthage 



PU 

the consuls replied, that to prevent every 
cause of quarrel, the Carthaginians must deli- 
ver into their l)aads SOOhostaj^es, all chiluren 
of senators, and of the most noble and respec- 
table families. The demand was great and 
alarming, but it \v: s no sooner granted, than 
the Romans made another demand, and the 
Carthaginians uero told that peace could not 
continue if tliey relused to deliver up all theii 
ships, their arms, engines of war, with ail their 
uavai and military siores. The Carthaginians 
complied, and injmcdiately 40,000 suits uf ar- 
mour, 20;0t)0 large engines of u-ar, with a ))ien 
tiful store of ammuniiions and missile wea- 
pons, were surrendered. Aiier this duplicity 
had succeeded, the Romans laid open the 
final resolutions of ihti senate, and^he Cartha- 
ginians were then told that to avoid hoitilities, 
they must leave iheir ancient habitations and 
retire into the inland parts of .\irica. auo 
found another city, at the distance of not less 
than ten miles from the .sea. This was heard 
"with horror and indignation; the Romans 
■were iixed and inexorable, and Carthage was 
filled with tears and lamentations. Rut the 
spirit of liberty and independence was not yet 
extinguished in the capital of Africa, and the 
Carthaginians determinedto sacrince their lives 
for the protection of their gods, the tombs ot 
their forefathers, and the place which had giv- 
en them birth. Before the Ronian aimy ap 
proached the city, pre[)arations to support a 
siege were made, and the ramparts ot Car- 
thage were covered with stones, to compen- 
sate for the weapons and instruments of war 
which they had ignorantly betrayed to the du 
plicity of their enemies. Asdrubal, whom the 
despair of his countrymen had banished on ac- 
count of tUe unsuccessful expedition against 
Masinissa, was immediately recalled ; and iii 
the moment of danger, Carthage seemed tu 
have possessed more spirit and more vi- 
gour, than when Annibal was victorious at the 
gates of Rome. The town was bloclced U}) b\ 
the Romans, and a regularsiegc begun. Two 
years were s{)ent in useless operations, and 
Carthage seemed still able to rise from its 
ruins, to dispute for the empire of the world; 
when Scipio, the descendant of the great Sci 
pio, who finished the second Punic war, was 
sent to conduct the siege. The vigour of 
his operatiojis soon baflied the eflbrts, and 
the bold resistance of tne besieged ; the com 
munications which they had with the land 
were cut oil", and the city, which was twenly 
miles in circumference, was completely sur- 
rounded on all sides by the enemy. Despair 
and famine now raged in the city, and Scipio 
gained access to the city walls, where the bat- 
tlements were low and unguarded. His en- 
trance into the streets was disputed with un- 
common fury, the houses as he advanced 
were set on fire to stop his progress; but 
when a body of 50,000 persons of either sex 
had claimed quarter, the rest of the iuhabi 
tan ts were disheartened, and such as disdained 
to be prisoners of war, perished in the tlames, 
which gradually destroyed their habitations. 
147 B. C. after a conlinuatioii of hostilities 
for three years. During 17 days Carthage 
was in flames; and the soldiers were permit- 
ted to redeem from the fire whatever |)osses- 
Hion they could, iiut while others profited 



PU 

from the destruction of Carthage, the philoso- 
piiic general, struck by the melancholy aspect 
of the scene, repeated two lines from Homer, 
which contained a prophecy concerning the 
fall of Troy. He was asked by the historian 
Poly bins, to what he then applied this predic- 
tion ? To my country, replied Scipio, for her 
too I dread Ike vicissitude of human affairs, 
and in her turn she may exJiibit another flam- 
ing Carthage. This res.iarkable event hap- 
pened about the year of Rome 606. The news 
of this victory caused the greatest rejoicings at 
Rome; and immediately commissioners were 
a[)pointed by the Roman senate, not only to 
raze the walls of Carthage, but even to de- 
mt)li3h and burn the very materials with 
wliich they were made: and in a few days, 
that city which had been once the seat of 
commerce, the model of magnificence, the 
common store of the wealth of nations, and 
01. e of the most powerful states of the world, 
left behind no traces of its splendour, of its 
power, or even ot its existence. Polyb. — Oro- 
sins. — Appian. de. Punic. «^c. — Flor. — Plut. in 
Vat ^c. — Strab. — Liv. epit. — Diog. 

PupiA LEX de senatu, required that the se- 
nate should not be assembled from the 18th 
of the calends of February to the calends of 
tiie same month: and that before the embas- 
sies were either accepted or rejected, the se- 
nate should be held on no account. 

Pup^Nus, Marcus Claudius Maximus, a 
man of an obscure family, who raised him- 
self by his merit to the iiighest olfices in the 
Roman armies, and gradually became a prae- 
tor, consul, prefect of RomC; and a governor 
of the provinces. His father was a black- 
smith. After the death of the Gordians, 
Pupienus was elected with Balbinus to the 
im[)erial throne, and to rid the world of 
the usurpation and tyranny of the Maximi- 
fii. he immediately marched against these 
tyrants; but he was soon informed that they 
nad been sacrificed to the fury and resent- 
ineiit of their own soldiers, and therefore 
lie retired to Rome to enjoy the tranquil- 
lity which his merit claimed. He soon af- 
ter prepared to make war against the Per- 
sians, who insulted the majesty of Rome, 
biit in this he was prevented, and massa- 
cred A. D. 236, by the praetorian guards. 
Balbinus shared his fate. Pupienus is some- 
times called Maximus. In his private cha- 
racter he appeared always grave and serious, 
he was the constant friend of justice, modera- 
tion, and clemency, and no greater enco- 
mium can be passed upon his virtues, than to 
say that he was invested with the purple 
\vithout soliciting for it, and that the Roman 
senate said they had selected him from thou- 
sands, because they knew no person more 
worthy or better qualified to support the dig- 
nity of an emperor. 

Pupius, a centurion of Pompey's army, 
seized by Cajsar's soldiers, fcc. Cces. B. C. 1, 
c. 13. 

Puprius, a tragic poet in the age of J. 
Cassar. His tragedies were so pathetic, that 
v\ hen they were represented on the Roman 
stage, the audience melted into tears, from 
which circumstance Horace calls them lacry- 
moso, 1 ep. 1, V. 67. 

PuRPURARi^, two islands of the Atlantic 



PY 

•n the African coast, now Lancarofa and For- 
tuvenlura. Plin. 6, c 31, 1. 35, c. G. 

PuTEojLF, a maritime town of Campania, 
between Baiae and Naples, founded by a co- 
lony from Curaae. It was originally called 
Dicaearchia, and afterwards /ju^so/i, from the 
great number of wells that were in the neigh- 
bourhood. It was much frequented by the 
Romans, on account of its mineral waters and 
hot baths, and near it Cicero had a villa called 
Futeolanum. It is now called Puzzoli, and 
contains, instead of its ancient magnificence, 
not more than 10.000 inhabitants. Sit. 13, 
V. 285.— Slrab. 5.— Varro. L. L. 4, c. b.—Cic. 
Phil. 8, c. S.fam. 15, ep. 5.— Mela, 2, c. 4. — 
Fails. 8, c. 7. 

PuTicuL.*, a place of the Esquiline gate, 
where the meanest of the Roman populace 
were buried. Part of it was converted into 
a garden by Mecaenas, who received it as a 
present from Augustus, Horat. 1. Sat. 8, v. 8. 
— Varro. L. L. 4, c. 5. 

PvA.NKPSiA, an Athenian festival celebra- 
ted in honour of Theseus and his companions ; 
"who, after their return from Crete, were en 
tertained with all manner of fruits, and par- 
ticularly pulse. From this circumstance the 
Pyanepsia was ever after commemorated by 
the boiling of pulse, «^3 tsv £</•«•. ^v^^,. Some, 
however, suppose, that it was observed in com- 
memoration of the Heraclidae, wlio were en- 
tertained with pulse by the Athenians. 

Pydna, a town of Macedonia, originally 
called Cilron, situate between the mouth of 
the pjvers Aliacraon and Lydius. It was in 
this city that Cassander massacred Olympias 
the mother of Alexander the Great, his wife 
Roxane, and his son Alexander. Pydna is fa- 
mous for a battle which was fought there, on 
the 22d of June, B. C. 168, between the Ro- 
mans under Paulus and king Philip, in which 
the latter was conquered, and Macedonia soon 
after reduced into the form of a Roman pro- 
vince. Justi7i. 14, c. Q.—Flor. — Plut. in Paul. 
—Liv. 44, c. 10. 

PycELA, a seaport town of Ionia. Liv. 37, 

G. 11. 

PyGM.Ei, a nation of dwarfs, in the ex- 
tremest parts of India, or according to others, 
in il^thiopia. Some authors affirm, that they 
were no more than one foot high, and that 
they built their houses with egg shells. Aris- 
totle says that they lived in holes under the 
earth, and that they came out in the harvest 
time with hatchets to cut down the corn as if 
to fell a forest. They went on goats and 
lambs of proportionable stature to themselves, 
to make war against certain birds whom some 
call cranes, whicli came there yearly from 
Scylhia to plunder them. They were origin- 
ally governed by Gerana a princess, who was 
changed into a crane, for boasting herself 
fairer than Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 90. — Ho- 
mer. 11. S.—Slrab. T.—Jirist. Anini. 8, c. 12 
—Juv. 13, V. 186.— P/m. 4, 6ic.—Mela, 3, c. 

e.—Suet. in Mg. 83. Philostr. icon. 2, c. 

22, mentions that Hercules once fell asleep in 
the deserts of Africa, after he had conquered 
Antaeus, and that he was suddenly awakened 
by an attack which had been made upon his 
body by an army of these Liliputians, who dis- 
charged their arrows with great fury u^mn his 
M'ins and legs. The hero, pleased with their 



PY 

courage, wrapped the greatest number of 
them in the skin of the Nemaean lion, and car- 
ried them to Eurystheus. 

PygmvEon, a surname of Adonis in Cyprus. 
Hesych. 

Pygmalion, a king of Tyre, son of Be- 
lus, and brother to the celebrated Dido, who 
founded Carthage. At the death of his father 
he ascended the vacant throne, and soon be- 
came odious by his cruelty and avarice. He 
sacrificed every thing to the gratification of 
his predominant passions, and he did not even 
spare the life of Sichseus, Dido's husband, be- 
cause he was the most powerful and opulent 
of all the Phoenicians. This mnrder he com- 
mitted in a temple, of which Sichseus was the 
priest ; but instead of obtaining the riches 
which he desired. Pygmalion was shunned by 
his subjects, and Dido, to avoid further acts of 
cruelty, fled away with her husband's treasure, 
and a large colony, to the coast of Africa, 
where she founded a city. Pygmalion died in 
the 56th year of his age, and in the 47th of his 
reign. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 347, he— Justin 18, 

c. 5. — JipoUod. 3. Ital 1. A celebrated 

statuary of the island of Cyprus. The de- 
baucheiy of the females of Amathus, to 
which he was a witness, created in him such 
an aversion for the fair sex, that he resolved 
never to marry. The affection which he had 
denied to the other sex, he liberally be- 
stowed upon the works of his own hands. 
He became enamoured of a beautiful statue 
of marble which he had made, and at his 
earnest request and prayers, according to the 
mythologists, the goddess of beauty changed 
the favourite statue into a woman, whom 
the artist married, and by whom he had 
a son called Paphus, who founded the city 
of that name in Cyprus. Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 9. 

Pylades, a son of Strophius, king of Pho- 
cis, by one of the sisters of Agamemnon. He 
was educated together with his cousin Ores- 
tes, with whom he formed the most inviolable 
friendship, and whom he assisted to revenge 
the murder of Agememnon, by assassinating 
Clytemnestra and .Eg)'sthus. He also accom- 
panied him to Taurica Chersonesus, and for 
his services Orestes rewarded him, by giving 
him his sister Electra in marriage. Pylades 
had by her two sons, Medon and Strophius. 
The friendship of Oi-estes and Pylades be- 
came proverbial. [Vid. Orestes.] Eurip. in 
Iphig.—JEschyl. in Ag. Lc.—Paus. 1, c. 28. 

A celebrated Greek musician, in the age 

of Philopcemen. Plut. in Phil. A mimic 

in the reign of Augustus, banished, and after- 
wards recalled. 

Pyl/E. a town of Asia, between Cappadocia 
and Cilicia. Cic. 5, ad. Alt. The word Pylx, 
which signifies gates, was often applied by the 
Greeks to any straits or passages which 
opened a communication between one coun- 
try and another, such as the straits of Thermo- 
pylae, of Persia, Hyrcania, &c. 

Pyla;menes, a Paphlagonian, son of Me- 
lius, who came to the Trojan war, and was 
killed by Menelaus. His son, called Harpa- 
lion, was killed by Meriones. Dictys. Cret. 

2, c. M.— Homer. II. 2, v. 358. A king of 

Maionia, who sent his sons, Mestes and An- 

liphus, to the Trojan war. Another, son 

of Nicomedes, banished from Paphlagonia by 



PY 

JUithridates, and restored by Pompey. Eu- 
trop. 5 and 6. 

PyLAGoRiE, a name given to the Amphic- 
tyooic council, because they always assembled 
at Pylae, near the temple of Delphi. 

Pylaon, a son of Neleus and Chloris, 
killed by Hercules with his brothers. JijJol- 
kd. 1, c. 9. 

PvLARGE, a daughter of Danaus. Jlpollod. 

Pylartes, a Trojan killed by Patroclus. 
Homtr. II. 16, v. 695, 

Pylas, a king of Megara. He had the 
misfortune accidentally to kill his uncle Bias, 
for which he fled away, leaving his kingdom to 
Pandion, his son-in-law, who had been dri- 
ven from Athens. Mpollod. 3, c. 15. — Faus. 
I, c. 39. 

Pylkne, a town of iEtolia. Homer. II. 2, 

Pyleus, a Trojan chief, killed by Achil- 
les. A son of Clymenus, king of Orcho- 

oenQs. 

Pylleon, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 42, c. 42. 

Pylo, a daughter of Thespius, mother of 
Hippotas. Jlpollod. 

Pi-Los, now jVavarin, a town of Messe- 
nla, situate on the western coast of the Pelo- 
ponnesus, opposite the island Sphacteria in tue 
Ionian sea. It was also called Coryphasion, 
from the promontory on which it was erected. 
It was built by Pylus, at the head of a colony 
from Megara. The founder was dispossessed 
of it by IS'eieus, and fled into Elis, where he 
dwelt in a small town which he also called Py- 

los. A town of Elis, at the mouth of the 

river Alpheus, between the Peneus and Selleis. 
■Another town of Elis called Triphyliadia, 
from Triphylia, a province of Elis, where it 
was situate. These three cities which bore 
the name of Pylos, disputed their respective 
right to the honour of having given birth to the 
celebrated Nestor son of Neleus. The Pylos 
whcih is situate near the Alpheus. seems to 
win the jjalm, as it had in its neighbourhood 
a small village called Geranus, and a river 
called Geron, of which Homer makes mention. 
Pindar, however, calls Nestor king of Mes- 
senia, and, therefore, gives the preference to 
the first mentioned of these three cities. Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 19, 1, 3, c. 15. — Pans. 1, c. 39. — IStrab. 
9.— Homer. II. 2, Od. 3. 

Pylus, a town. [Fie?. Pylos.] A son of 

Mars by Demonice, the daughter of Agenor. 
He was present at the chase of the Calydonian 
boar. Jlpollod. 1. 

PvRA, part of mount (Eta, on which the 
body of Hercules was burnt. Liv. 36, c. 30. 

PvRACMON, one of Vulcan's workmen in 
the forges of mount ^tna. The name is de- 
rived from two Greek words, which signify 
fiirt and an anvil. Virg. JEn. S-, v. 425. 

Pyracmos, a man killed by Caineus. Ovid. 
Md. 12, v. 460. 

Pyrjechmes, a king of Eubosa. A king 

of Pa^onia during the Trojan war. 

Pvramus, a youth of Bal>ylon, who be- 
came enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin, 
who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame 
was mutual, and the two lovers, whom their 
parents forbad to marry, regularly received 
each other's addresses through the chink of 
a wall, which sepai'ated their houses. After 
the most solemn vows of sincerity, they both 
igreed to elude the vigilance of their friends, 



high 



PY 

and to meet one another at the tomb of 
Ninus, under a white mulberry tree, with- 
out the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came first 
to the appointed place, but the sudden arrival 
of a lioness frightened her away; and as she 
fled into a neighbouring cave she dropped her 
veil, which the lioness found and besmeared 
with blood. Pyramus soon arrived, he found 
Thi^e's veil all bloody, and concluding that 
she had been torn to pieces by the wild beasts 
of the place, he stabbed himself with his 
sword. Thisbe, when her fears were vanished, 
returned from the cave, and at the sight of the 
dying Pyramus, she fell upon the sword which 
still reeked with his blood. This tragical scene 
happened under a white mulberry tree, which, 
as the poets mention, was stained with the 
blood of the lovers, and ever after bore 
fruit of the colour of blood. Ovid. Met. 4, 

V. 55, &,c. — Hygin. fab. 243. A river of 

Cllicia, rising in mount Taurus, and falling 
into the Pamphylian sea. Cic.3, fam. 11.— « 
Dionys. Perieg. 

Pyren«a Venus, a town of Gallia Narbo- 
nensis. 

PvRENiEi, a mountain, or a long ridge of 
mountains, which separate Gaul from 
Spain, and extend from the Atlantic to the 
Alediterranean sea. They receive. their name 
from Pyrene the daughter of Bebrycius, 
[Fid. Pyrene, or from the fire (^e) which 
once raged there for several days. This fire 
was originally kindled by shepherds, and so 
intense was the heat which it occasioned, that 
all the silver mines of the mountains *vere 
melted, and ran down in large rivulets. This 
account is deemed fabulous by Strabo and 
others. Diod. 5. — Strab. 3. — Mela, 2, c. 6. 
—Ital. 3, v. 415.-^Liv. 21, c. 60.— P/u/.4, c. 
20. 

Pyren«;us, a king of Thrace, who during a 
shower of rain, gave shelter in his house to 
the nine muses, and attempted to offer them 
violence. The goddesses upon this took to 
their wings and flew away. Pyreneeus, who 
attempted to follow them, as if he had wings, 
threw himself down from the top of a tower 
and was killed. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 274. 

Pyrenje, a daughter of Bebrycius, king of 
the southern parts of Spain. Hercules offer- 
ed violence to her before he went to attack 
Geryon, and she brought into the world a 
serpent, which so terrified her, that she fled 
into the woods, where she was torn to pieces 

by wild beasts. A nymph, mother of Cyc- 

nus by Mars, jlpollod. A fountain near 

Corinth. A small village in Celtic Gaul, 

near which, according to some, the river Ister 
took its rise. 

PvRGi, an ancient town of Etruria, on the 
sea coast. Virg. JE.n. 10, v. 184. — Liv. 36, 
c. 3. 

Pyrgion, an historian who wrote on the 
laws of Crete. Mitn. 

Pyrgo, the nurse of Priam's children, who 
followed -/Eneas in his flight from Troy. Virg. 
JEn. 5, V 645. 

Pyrgoteles, a celebrated engraver on gems, 
in the age of Alexander the Great. He had 
the exclusive privilege of engraving the con- 
queror, as Lysippus was the only sculptor 
who was permitted to make statues of him: 
Plin. 37, c. 1. 



PY 

FiRGUs, a fortified place of Elis in the Pe- 
leponnesus. 

PvRipPE, a daughter of Thespius. 

Pyro, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 

PvRODES, a son of Ciiii, said to be the first 
who discovered aud applied to hurnaa pur- 
poses the fire concealed in flints. Pli/i. 1, 
c.5d. 

PvKois, one of the horses of the sun. Odd. 
.Ve/.2, V. 133. 

PvRONiA, a surname of Diana. Pans. 8, 
c. 16. 

PvRRHA, a daughter of Epimethus and 
Pandora, who married Deucalion, the sou of 
Prometheus, who reigned in ihessaly. In 
4ier age all mankind were destroyed by a de- 
luge, and she alone, with her husband, escaped 
from tiie general destruction, by saving them- 
selves in a boat which Deucalion had made 
by his father s advice. \Vhen the waters had 
retired from tue surtace of the earth, Pyrrha, 
with her Husband, went to the oracle of The- 
m. 5, where tiiey were directed, to repair the 
loss of mankind, to throw stones behind their 
backs. They obeyed, and the stones which 
Pyrrha threw were changed into women, and 
those of Deucalion into men. [HcL Deucali- 
on.] Pyrrha became mother of Amphictj'on, 
Helien, and Proiogenea, by Deucalion. Ovid. 
Met. 1, V. 350, »»:,c. — Uygin. fab. 153. — Apollon. 

Rj'wd. 3, V. 1085. A daughter of CreoU; 

king of Thebes. Pau^. 9, c. 10. The 

name which Achilles bore when he disguised 
himself in women's clothes, at the court of 

Lycomedes, Hygin. fab. 96. A town of 

Euboea. Mela, 2, c. 7. A promontory of 

Phthiotis, on the bay of Malia. A town 

of Lesbos. A beautiful courtezan at Rome, 

of whom Horace was long an admirer. Ho- 
rat. 1, od. 5. 

PvRRHECs, a place in the city of Ambracia. 
Liv. 38, c. 5. 

PvRRHi cASTK.v, a placc of Lucania. Liv. 
35, c. 27. 

PvRRHiAS; a boatman of Ithaca, remark- 
able for his humanity. He delivered from 
slavery an old man who had been taken by 
pirates, and robbed of some pots full ot" pitch. 
The old man was so grateful for his kindness, 
'hat he gave the pots to his deliverer, after 
he had told him that they contained gold 
under the pitch. Pyrrhias upon ti is offered 
the sacrifice of a bull to the old man, and 
retained him in his house, with every act 
of kindness and attention till the time of 

his death. Pl^d. in qudd. G. A general 

of the ^tolians, defeated by Philip, king of 
Macedonia. 

PvKUuicHA, a kind of dance said to be in- 
vented and introduced into Greece by Pyr- 
vhus the son of Achilles. The dancers were 
generally armed. Plin. 7, c. 56. 

Pyrrhicus, n free town of Laconia. Paus. 
3, c. 21.— ^i/ien. 14. 

PvrrhidjE, a patronymic given to the suc- 
cessors of Neoptolcmus in Epirus. 

Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis, disciple to 
Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. His 
father's name was Plistarchus, or Pistocrates. 
He was in continual suspense of judgjuent, he 
doubted of every thi«)g, never made any con- 
clusions, and when he bad carefully examined 
a subject, and investigated all its part?, he 



PY 

concluded by still doubting of its evidence. 
This manner of doubting in the philosopher 
h£is been called Pyrrhonism, and his disciple* 
have received the appellation of sceptics, in- 
quisitors, examiners, 6i-c. He pretended to 
nave acquired an uncommon dominion over 
opinion and passions. The former of these 
virtues he called ataraxia, and the latter ma- 
triepatki, and so far did he carry his want 
of common feeling and sympathy, that he 
passed with unconcern near a ditch in which 
iiis master Anaxarchus had fallen, and where 
he nearly perished. He was once in a storm^ 
and when all hopes were vanished, and de- 
struction certain, the philosopher remained 
unconcerned ; and while the rest of the crew 
were lost in lamentations, he plainly told them 
to look at a pig which was then feeding him- 
self on board the vessel, exclaiming, This is a 
true model for a wise man. As he showed so 
much indifference in every thing, and de- 
clared that life and death were the same thing* 
some of his disciples asked him, why he did 
not hurry himself out of the world ; because^ 
says he, there is no difference between life and 
death. When he walked in the streets he 
never looked behind or moved from the road 
for a chariot, even in its most rapid course ; 
and, indeed, as some authors remark, this 
indifference for his safety often exposed him 
to the greatest and most imminent dangers, 
from which he was saved by the interference 
of his friends who followed him. He flourished 
B. C. 309, and died at the advanced age of 90. 
He left no writings behind him. His coun- 
trymen were so partial to him, that they raised 
statues to his memory, and exempted all the 
philosophers of Elis from taxes. Diog. 9. — 
Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 17.— Aul. Gel. 11, c, 5.— 
Paus. 6, c. 24. 

Pyrrhus, a son of Achilles and Deidamia, 
the daughter of king Lycomedes, who re- 
ceived this name from the yellovmess of hiis 
hair. He was also called iS'eoptolemus, or 
neic warrior, because he came to the Trojan 
war in the last year of the celebrated siege of 
the capital of Troas. [Fid. iVeoptolemus.] 
A king of Epirus, descended from Achil- 
les, by the side of his mother, and from 
Hercules by that of his father, and son of 
.^nciiJes and Phthia. He was saved when an 
infant, by the fidelity of his servants, from the 
pursuits of the enemies of his father, who 
had been banished from his kingdom, and he 
was carried to the court of Glautias king of 
lllyricum, who educated him with great ten- 
derness. Cassander, king of Macedonia, wish- 
ed to despatch him, as he had so much to dread 
from him ; but Glautias not only refused to 
deliver him up into the hands of his enemy, 
but he even went with an army, and placed 
him on the throne of Epirus, though only 12 
yeara of age. About five years after, the 
absence of Pyrrhus, to attend the nuptials of 
one of the daughters of Glautias raised 
new commotions. The monarch was expelled 
from his throne by ISeoptolemus, who had 
usurped it after the death of yEacidcs ; and 
being still without resources, he applied to hi? 
brother-in law Demetrius for assistance. He 
accompanied Demetrius at the battle of Ipsu<«, 
and fought there with all the prudence and In- 
trepidity of an experienced general. He alter 



PY 

wards passed into Egypt, where by his mar- 
riage with Antigone the daughter ot Berenice, 
he soon obtained a sutficient force to attempt 
the recovery of his throne. He was success- 
ful in the undertaking, but to remove all causes 
of quarrel, he took the usurper to share with 
hioi the royalty, and some time after he put 
Lim to death under pretence that he had at- 
tempted to poison him. In the subsequent 
years of his reign, Pyrrhus engaged in th» 
■quarrels which disturbed the peace of the JMa- 
cedoniaa monarchy, he marched against De- 
jnetrius, and gave the Macedonian soldiers 
iresh proofs of his valour and activity, by 
dissimulation he ingratiated himself in the 
minds of his enemy's subjects, and when De- 
metrius laboured under a momentary illness, 
Pyrrhus made an attempt upon the crown oi 
JUacedonia, which, if not then successful, soon 
after rendered him master of the kingdom. 
'Xhis he shared with Lysimacbus for seven 
months, till the jealousy of the xMacedonians, 
and the ambition of his colleague, obliged him 
to retire. Pyrrhus was meditating new con- 
<iuests, when the Tareutines invited him to 
Italy to assist them against the encroaching 
■power of Rome. He gladly accepted the invi- 
tation, but his passage across the Adriatic 
proved nearly fatal, and he reached the sliores 
of Italy, after the loss of the greatest part oi 
his troops in a storm. At his entrance into 
Tareutum, B. C. 280, he began to reform the 
manners of the inhabitants, and, by introdu- 
cing the strictest discipline among their troops, 
to accustom them to bear fatigue and to despise 
dangers. In the first battle which he fought 
"ivitli the Romans, he obtained the victory, bui 
for this he was more particularly indebted to 
his elephants, whose bulk and uucommon ap- 
pearance astonished the Romans, and terrified 
their cavalry. The number of the slain was 
equal on both sides, and the conquerorsaid that 
such another victory would totally ruin him. 
He also sent Cineas, his chief minister, to 
Rome, and though victorious, he sued for peace. 
These offers of peace were refused, and when 
Pyrrhus questioned Cineas about the manners 
and the character of the Romans, the saga- 
cious minister replied, that their senate was 
a venerable assembly of kings, and that to 
fight against them was to attack another Hy- 
dra. A second battle was fought near Ascu- 
lum, but the slaughter was so great, and the 
valour so conspicuous on both sides, that the 
Romansandtheiretiemies reciprocally claimed 
the victory as their own. Pyrrhus still con- 
tinued the war in favour ol tlie Tarentiues, 
when he was invited into Sicily by the inha- 
bitants, who laboured under the yoke of Car- 
thage, and the cruelty of their own petty ty- 
rants. His fondness of novelty soon detcrmitj- 
ed him to quit Italy, he left a gari ison at Ta- 
rentum, and crossed over to Sicily, where he 
obtained two victories over the Cartliaginians, 
and took many of their towns. He wa^ U>v a 
while successful, and formed the project of in- 
vading Africa, but soon his ]>opularily vanish- 
ed, his troops became insolent, and he behaved 
with haughtiness, and showed himself 0|)pres- 
fcive, so that his return to Italy was deemed 
a fortunate event for all Sicily. He iiad no 
sooner arrived at Tarentum than he renewed 
ijosliiities with the Romans with c-cat acri- 



PY 

mony, but when his army of 80,000 men haA 
been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, under 
Curias, he left Italy with precipitation, B. C. 
274, ashamed of the enterprise, and mortified 
by the victories which had been obtained over 
one of the descendants of Achilles. In Epiru* 
he hegan to repair his military character, by 
attacking Anligonus, who was then on the Ma- 
cedonian throne. He gained some advantages 
over his enemy, and was at last restored to the 
throne of Macedonia. He afterwards march- 
f^d ai,ainst Sparta, at the request of Cleony- 
mus, but whesi all his vigorous operations were 
insuliicient to take the capital of Laconia, he 
retired to Argos, where the treachery of 
Aristeus invited him. The Argives desired 
him to retire, and not to interfere in the af- 
fairs of their republic, which were confounded 
by the ambition of two of their nobles. He 
complied with their wishes,, but in the night 
he marched his forces into the town, and 
might have made himself master of the place 
had he not retarded his progress by entering 
it with his elephants. The combat that ensu- 
ed was obstinate and bloody, and the monarch, 
to fight with more boldness, and to encounter 
dangers with more facility, exchanged his 
dress. He was attacked by one of the ene- 
my, but as he was going to run him through 
m his own defence, the mother of the Argive, 
who saw her son's danger from the top of a 
house, threw down a tile, and brought Pyr- 
rhus to the ground. His head was cut off, and 
carried to Antigonus, who gave his remains a 
magnificent funeral, and presented his ashes to 
his son Helenus, 272 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Pyrrhus has been deservedly com- 
mended for his talents as a general ; and not 
onl}' his friends but also his enemies, have 
been warm in extolling him ; and Annibal de- 
clared, that for experience and sagacity the 
king of Epirus was the first of commanders. 
He had chosen Alexander the Great for a mo- 
del, and in every thing he wished not only to 
imitate, but to surpass him. In the art of war 
none were superior to him ; he not only made 
it his study as a general,butevenhe wrote many 
books on encampments, and the different 
ways of training up an army and whatever he 
did w as by principle and rule. His uncommon 
understanding, and his penetration, are also 
admired ; but the general is severely censur- 
ed, who has no sooner conquered a country, 
than he looks for other victories, without re- 
garding, or securing what he had already ob- 
tained, by measures and regulations honoura- 
ble to himself, and advantageous to his sub- 
jecls. The Romans passed great encomiums 
upon him, and P^-rrhus was no less struck 
with their magnanimity and valour ; so much 
indeed, that he exclaimed, that if he had sol- 
diers like the Romans, or if the Romans had 
him for a general, he would leave no corner 
of the earth unseen, and no nation unconquer- 
led. Pyrrhus married many wives, and ail for 
political reasons; besides Antigone, he had 
Lanassa the daughter of Agathocles, as also a 
daughter of Antoleon king of Paeonia. His 
children, as his biograpiier observes, derived a 
warlike spirit from their father, and when he 
was asked by one to which of them he should 
leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, to 
him who has the sharpest sword. JFAicn. 



PY 

Hist. im. lO.—Pha. in vitd.—Jilslin. 17, kc— 

Liv. 13 and l4.~Horat. 3, od. 6. A king of 

Epu'us, son of Ptolemy, murdered by the peo- 
ple of Ambracia. His daugiiter, called Lau- 
damia, or Deidamia, succeeded him. Pans. 
' ■■ -A son of Daedalus. 

PvsTE; the wife of Seleucus, taken prisoner 
by the Gauls, Hac. Polycen. 2. 

PvTHAGORAS, a Celebrated philosopher, 
born at Samos. His father. Miiesarchus, was 
a person of distinction, and, therefore, the son 
received that education which was most cal- 
culated to enlighten his mind, and invigorate 
his body. Like his contemporaries, he was 
early made acquainted with poeU'y and music; 
eloquence and astronomy became his private 
studies, and in gymnastic exercises he often 
bore tlie palm for strength and dexterity. He 
first made himself known in Greece, at the 
Olympic games, where he obtained, in the 
18th year of his age, the prize for wrestling ; 
and, after he had been admired for the ele- 

fance and the dignity of his pereon, and the 
rilliancy of his understanding, he retired into 
the east. In Egypt and Chaldaja he gained 
the confidence of the priests, and learned from 
them the artful policy, and the symbolic writ- 
ings, by which they governed the princes as 
w«ll as the people, and after he had spent 
many years in gathering all the information 
which could be collected from antique tradi 
tion, concerning the nature of the gods and 
the immortality of the soul, Pythagoras revi- 
sited his native island. The tyranny of Poly- 
erates at Samos disgusted the philosopher, 
who was a great advocate for national indepen- 
dence ; and, though he was the favourite of 
the tyrant, he retired from the island, and a se- 
cond time assisted at the Olympic games. His 
fame was too well known to escape notice ; he 
was saluted in the public assembly by the name 
of Sophist, or wise man ; but he refused the 
appellation, and was satisfied with that of 
philosopher, or, the friend of wisdom. " At 
the Olympic games," said he, in explanation 
of this new appellation he wished to assume, 
" some are attracted with the desire of obtain- 
ing crowns and honoui'S;Others come to expose 
their different commodities to sale, while cu- 
riosity draws a third class, and the desire of 
contemplating whatever deserves notice in 
that 'celebrated assembly ; thus on the more 
extensive theatre of the world, while many 
struggle for the glory of a name, and many 
pant for the advantages of fortune, a few, and 
indeed but a few, who are neither desirous of 
money, nor ambitious of fame, are sufficiently 
gratified to be spectators of the wonder, the 
liurry, and the magnificence of the scene." 
From Olympia, the philosopher visited the 
republics of EHs and Sparta, and retired to 
Magna Graecia, where he fixed bis habitation 
in the town of Crotona, about the 40th year 
of his age. Here he founded a sect which 
has received the name of the Italian, and he 
soon saw himself surrounded by a great num- 
ber of f>upils, which the recommendation of 
his mental, as well as his personal accomplish- 
ments, had procured. His skill in music and 
juedioine, and his knowledge of mathematics 
and of natui-al philosophy, gained him friends 
and admirers; and amidst the voluptuousness 
that prevailed among the iababilonts of CiX)- 
7*i 




|tona, the Samian sa^PYound his instructioas 
. respected, and his approbation courted : the 
most debauched and eflFeminate were pleased 
with the eloquence and the graceful delivery 
ot the philosopher, who boldly upbraided them 
tor their vices, and called them to more virtu- 
ous and manly pursuits. These animated ha= 
rangues were attended with rapid success, and 
a relormation soou took place in the morals and 
the life of the people of Crotona. The females 
were exhorted to become modest, and they 
left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths 
were called away from their pursuits of plea- 
sure, and instantly they forgot their intempe- 
rance, and paid to their parents that sub- 
missive attention and deference which the pre- 
cepts of Pythagoras required. As to the old, 
tbey were directed no longer to spend their 
time in amassing money, but to improve their 
understanding, and to seek that peace and thos» 
comforts of mind which frugality, benevolence, 
and philanthropy alone can produce. Th© 
sober and religious behaviour of the philoso- 
pher strongly recommended the necessity and 
importance of these precepts. Pythagoras was 
admired for his venerable aspect; his voice 
was harmonious, his eloquence persuasive, and 
the reputation he had acquu-ed by his distant 
travels, and by being crowned at the Olympic 
games, was great and important. He regular- 
ly frequented the temples of the gods, and 
paid his devotion to the divinity at an early 
hour; he lived upon the purest and most inno- 
cent food, he clothed himself like the priests 
of the Egyptian gods, and, by his continual 
purifications, and regular offerings, he seemed 
to be superior to the rest of mankind in sanc- 
tity. These artful measures united to render 
him an object, not only of reverence, but of 
imhation. To set himself at a greater dis- 
tance from his pupils, a number of years was 
required to try their various dispositions ; the^ 
most talkative were not permitted to speak ia 
the presence of their master before they had 
been his auditors for five years ; and those who 
possessed a natural taciturnity were allowed 
to speak after a probation of two years. When 
they were capable of receiving the secret in- 
structions of the ()hilosopher, they were taught 
the use of cyjnhers and hieroglyphic writings; 
and Pythagoras might boast, that his pupils 
could correspond together, though in the 
most distant regions, in unknown characters ; 
and by the signs and words which they had re- 
ceived, they could discover, though strangers 
and barbarians, those that had been educated 
in the Pythagorean school. So great was hb 
authority among his pupils, that, to dispute hia 
word was deemed a crime, and the most stub- 
born were drawn to coincide with the opinion* 
of their opponents, when they helped their 
arguments by the words of the master said so, 
an expression which became proverbial iu 
jurare in verba m^gistri. The gi-eat influence 
which the philo.so|)her possessed in his school 
was transferred to the world ; the pupils divid- 
ed the applause and the approbation of the 
people with liieir venerated master, and in a 
short time, the rulers and the legislators of all 
the principal towns of (Jreece, Sicily. and Italv, 
boasted in being the disciples of Pythagoras. 
The Saraian philosopher was the first wh« 
supported the doctriB« of mctempst/chftis, er 



VY 

transmigration cf the soul into different bo- 
dies • and those notions he seemed to have 
imbibed among the priests of Egypt, or 
in the solitary retreats of the Braciimans. 
More strenuously to support his chimerical 
system, he declared he recollected the dif- 
ferent bodies his soul had animated before 
that of the son of Mnesarchus. He remem- 
tiered to have been ^thalides, the son of 
Mercury; to have assisted the Greeks du- 
ring the Trojan war, in the character of 
Eupborbus; [Fid Euphorbus,] to have been 
Hermotimus ; afterwards a fisherman ; and last 
of all, Pythagoras. He forbad his disciples to 
cat flesh, as also beans, because he supposed 
them to have been produced from the same 
putrified matter from which, at the creation 
of the world, man was formed. In his theo- 
logical system, Pythagoras supported that the 
universe was created from a shapeless heap of 
passive matter, by the hands of a powerful 
being, who himself was the mover and soul of 
the world, and of whose substance the souls of 
mankind were a portion. He considered num- 
bers as the principles of every thing, and per- 
ceived in the universe regularity, correspon- 
dence, beauty, proportion, and harmony, as 
intentionallj^- produced bv the creator. In his 
doctrines of morality, he perceived in the 
human mind, propensities common to us with 
the brute creation ; and besides these, and the 
passions of avarice and ambition, he discover- 
ed the nobler seeds of virtue, and supported 
that the most ample and perfect gratification 
was to be found in the enjoyment of moral 
and intellectual pleasures. The thoughts of 
the past he considered as always present to us, 
and he believed that no enjoyment could be 
had where the mind was disturbed by con- 
sciousness of guilt, or fears about futurity. 
This opinion induced the jthiiosopher to re- 
commend to his followers a particular mode 
of education. The tender years of the Pytha- 
goreans were employed in continual labour, 
in study, in exercise, and repose j and the 
philosopher maintained his well known and 
important ma.xim, that many things, especi- 
ally love, are best learnt late. In a more ad- 
vanced age, the adult was desired to behave 
with caution, spirit, and patriotism, and to re- 
member that the community and civil society 
demanded his exertions, and that tlie good of 
the public, and not his own private enjoy- 
ments, were the ends of his creation. From 
lessons like these, the Pythagoreans were 
strictly enjoified to call to mind, and carefully 
to review the actions, not only of the present, 
but of the preceding days. In their acts of de- 
votion, they early repaired to the most solita- 
ry places of the mountains, and alter they 
had examinecl their private and public conduct, 
and conversed with themselves, they joined 
in the company of their friends, and early re- 
freshed the body with light and frugal aliments. 
Their conversation was of the most innocent 
nature ; political or philosophic subjects were 
discussed with propriety, but without warmth, 
and, afterthe conductof the following day was 
regulated, the evening was spent with the 
same religious ceremony as the morning, in a 
strict and impartial self-examination. From 
such regularity, nothing but the most salutary 
consequences could arise ; and it will not op- j 



pear wonderful that the disciples of Pythagd- 
ras were so much respected and admired a» 
legislators, and imitated for their constancy, 
friendship, and humanity. The authors that 
lived in, and after the age of Alexander, 
have rather tarnished than brightened the 
glory of the founder of the Pythagorean school, 
and they have obscured his fame by attribut- 
ing to him actions which were dissonant with 
his character as a man and a moralist. To 
.give more weight to his exhortations, as some 
writers mention, Pythagoras retired into a sub- 
terraneous cave, where his mother sent him 
intelligence of every thing which happened 
during his absence. After a certain number of 
months he again re-appeared on the earth with 
a grim and ghastly countenance, and declared, 
in t!ie assembly of the people, that he was re- 
turned from hell. From similar exaggerations, 
it has been asserted that he appeared at the 
Olympic games with a golden thigh, and that 
he could write in letters of blood whatever he 
pleased on a looking glass, and that, by setting 
it opposite to the moon, when full, all the cha- 
racters which were on the glass became legible 
on the moon's disk. They also support, that, 
by some magical words, he tamed a bear, 
stopped the flight of an eagle, and appeared 
on the same day and at the same instant in the 
cities of Crotona and Metapontum, &c. The 
time and the place of the death of this great 
philosopher are unknown ; yet many suppose 
that he died at Metapontum, about 497 years 
before Christ : and so great was the veneration 
of the people of Magna Grascia for him, that 
he received the same honours as were paid to 
the immortal gods, and his house became a 
sacred temple. Succeeding ages likewise ac- 
knowledged his merits ; and when the Romans, 
A. U. C. 411, were commanded by the oracle 
of Delphi to erect a statue to the bravest and 
wisest of the Greeks, the distinguished honour 
was conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras^ 
Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. 
There is now extant a poetical composition 
ascribed to the philosopher, and called the 
golden verses of Pythagoras, which contain 
the greatest part of his doctrines and moral 
precepts ; but many support, that it is a suppo- 
sititious composition, and that the true name' 
of the writer was Lysis. Pythagoras distin- 
guished himself, also, by his discoveries in 
geometry, astronomy, and mathematics ; and 
it is to him that the world is indebted for the 
detnonstration of the 47th proposition of the 
first book of Euclid's elements, about the 
square of the hypothenuse. It is said, that he 
was so elated after making the discovery, that 
he made an oflering of a hecatomb to the 
gods ; but the sacrifice was undoubtedly of 
small oxen, made with wax, as the philoso- 
pher was ever an enemy to shedding the blood 
of all animals. His system of the universe, in 
which he placed the sun in the centre, and all 
the planets moving in elliptical orbits round 
it, was deemed chimerical and improbable, 
till the deep inquiries and the philosophy of 
the 16th century proved it, by the most ac- 
curate calculations, to be true and incon- 
testible. Diogenes, Porphyry, lamblicus, and 
other?, have written an account of his life, 
but with more erudition, perhaps, than vera- 
city. Cic. de A'at. D. I, c. 5. Tmc 4, c. 1.— 



PY 

Tfiog. fee. S.-^Hfjgm. fab. m.—Ovid. Met. 
15, v.60,kc.—Pln!o.—P[m.34, c. 6.— GeU. 
9. — lumblic. — Purphi/r. — Plut. A soothsay- 
er at Babylon, who foretold the death of 
Alexander, and of Hephoestion, by consulting 

the entrails of victims. A tyrant of Ephe- 

sus. One of IVero^s wicked favourites. 

PvTHEAS, an arci>on at Athens. A 

native of IMassilia, famous for his knowledge 
of astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and 
:|;eography. He also distinguished himself by 
his travels, and \\\[h a mind that wished to 
seek information in every corner of the earth, 
he advanced far into the northern seas, and 
discovered the island of Thule, and entered 
that then unknown sea,which is now called the 
Baltic. His discoveries in astronomy and ge- 
ography were ingenious, and indeed, modern 
navigators have found it expedient to justify 
and accede to his conclusions. He was the 
first who established a distinction of climate by 
the length of days and nights. He wrote dif- 
ferent treatises in Greek, which have been 
lost, though some of them were extant in the 
beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas lived, 
according to some, in the age of Aristotle. 
Strab. 2, toe. — Plin. 37. An Athenian rhe- 
torician in the age of Demosthenes, who distin- 
guished himself by his intrigues, rapacity, and 
his opposition to the measures of Dem<j3thenes, 
of whom he observed, that his orations smelt 
of the lamp. Pytheas joined Antipater after 
the death of Alexander the Great. His ora- 
tions were devoid of elegance, harsh, uncon- 
nected and diffuse, and from this circumstance 
he has not been ranked among the orators of 
Athens. JElian. V. H. 7, c. 7. — Piui in Dem. 
^ Polit. fr. 

PvTHES, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, 
«on of Andromache, who obtained a crown at 
the Olympian games. Plin. 34, c. 7. — Paus. 
€, c. 14. 

Pythecs, a Lydian, famous for his riches 
in the age of Xerxes. He kindly entertained 
the monarch and all his army, when he was 
marching on his expedition against Greece, 
and oti'ered him to defray the expenses of the 
whole war. Xerxes thanked him with much 
gratitude, and promised to give him whatever 
he should require. Pytheus asked him to dis- 
miss his son from the expedition : upon which 
the monarch ordered the young man to be cut 
in two, and one half of the body to be placed on 
the right hand of the way, and the othf. r on the 
ieft, that his army might march between them. 
Flut. de mul. virt. — UtrodoL 

Pythi.a., the priestess of Apollo at Del- 
phi. She delivered the answer of the god to 
such as came to consult tiie oracle, and was 
supposed to be suddenly inspired by the sul- 
phureous vapours which issued from the hole 
of a subterraneous cavity within the temple, 
over which she sat bare on a three legged 
stool, called a tripod. In the stool was a small 
aperture, through which the vapour was ex- 
haled by the priestess, and at this divine in- 
spiration, her eyes suddenly sparkled, her 
hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over 
all her body, li; this convulsive state she 
.=poke the oracles of the god, often with loud 
howlings and cries, and her articulations were 
taken down by the priest, and set in order. 
i^OBictJmes the spirit gf inspiration waifr more 



PY 

[gentle, and not always violent; yet Plutarch 
mentions one of the priestesses who was 
thrown into such excessive fury, that not 
only those that consulted the oracle, but also 
the priests that conducted her to the sacred 
tripod, and attended her during the inspira- 
tion, were terrified and forsook the temple; 
and so violent was the fit, that she continued 
tor some days in the most agonizing situation, 
and at last died. The Pythia, before she 
placed herself on the tripod, used to wash her 
w hole body, and particuktriy her hair, in the 
waters of tlie foutstain Castalis, at the foot of 
mount Parnassus. She also shook a laurel 
tree that grew near the place, and sometimes 
eat the leaves with which she crowned her- 
self. The priestess was originalk' a virgin, but 
the institution was changed v\-henEchecrates, 
a Thessalian, had offered violence to one of 
them, and none but women who were above 
the age of fifty, were permitted to enter upon 
that sacred office. They always appeared 
dressed in the garments of virgins to intimate 
their purity and modesty, and they were so- 
lemnly bound to observe the strictest laws of 
temperance and chastity, that neither phan- 
tastical dresses nor lascivious behaviour might 
bring the office, the religion, or the sanctity 
of the place into contempt. There was ori- 
ginallj' but one Pythia, besides subordinate 
priests, and aflerwards two were chosen, and 
sometimes more. The most celebrated of all 
these is Phemonoe, w ho is supposed by some 
to have been the first who gave oractes at 
Delphi. The oracles were always doiivered 
in haxameter verses, a custom which was 
some time after discontinued. The Pythia 
was consulted only one month in Ihe year, 
about the spring. It was always required that 
those who consulted the oracle should make 
large presents to Apollo, and from thenc* 
arose the opulence, splendour, and the magni- 
ficence of that celebrated temj)le of Delphi. 
Sacrifices also were offered to the divinily, and 
if the omens proved unfavourable the priestess 
refused to give an answer. There were gene- 
rally five priests who assisted at the offering 
of the sacrifices, and there was also another 
who attended the Pythia, and assisted her in 
receiving the oracle. [FzV/. Delphi, Oraculum.] 
Pans. 10, c. 5. — Diod. 16. — Strab. 6 and 9. — 
Justin. 24, c. 5. — Plut. de oral. def. — Eurip. in 
Ion. — Clirysosl. Games celebrated in ho- 
nour of Apollo near the temple of Delphi. 
They were first in.stituted, according to th« 
more received opinion, by Ai)ollo himself, in 
commemoration of the victory which he had 
obtained ov€r tiie serpent Python, from which 
they received their name ; though others main- 
tain that they were first established by Aga- 
memnon, or Dinmedes, or by Amphictyon, 
or lastly by the council of the Ami)iiictyons, 
B. C. 1263. They were originally celebrated 
once in nine years, but afterwards every 
fifth year, on the second year of every Olym- 
piad, according to the number of the Parnas- 
sian nymphs who congratulated Apollo after 
his victory. The gods themselves were oii- 
glnally among the combatants, and according 
to some authors, the first prizes were won by 
Pollux, in boxing; Castor, in horse-racing; 
Hercules, in the pancratium ; Zetus, in fight- 
ing with th« armour; Culais; in running; 



PY 

Telamon, in wrestling; andPeleus, in throw- 
ing the quoit. These illustrious conquerors 
were rewarded by Apollo himself, who was 
present with crowns and laurel. Some how- 
ever observe, that it was nothing but a mu- 
sical contention, in which he who sung best 
the praises of Apollo, obtained the prize, 
which was presents of gold or silver, which 
were afterwards exchanged for a garland of 
the palm tree, or of beach leaves. It is said 
that Hesiod was refused admission to these 
games, because he was not able to play up- 
on the harp, which was required of all such 
as entered the lists. The songs which were 
sung were called CT-j5»'.ei ie^o« Ihe Pythian modes, 
divided into five parts, which contained a 
representation of the fight and victory of 
ApoMo over Python; av-i'-^-'i, the prepnration 
for the Jight ; -=.</.?i-'«fa, ihe first attempt; ■'■^'■ 
Ta/sXiuT.Mi , takins:; breath and collecting cour- 
age ; '^,« o< /:;w ^-MT-jKoi, the insulting sarcasms of 
the god over his vanquished enemy; '^■jptyy.g , 
an imitation of the hisses of the set-pent; 
just as he expired under the blows of A})ollo. 
A dance was also introduced; and in the 
48' h Olympiad, the Ampniclyons, who pre- 
sided over the games, increased the number 
of musical instruments by the addition of a 
flute, but, as it was more peculiarly used in 
funeral songs and lamentations, it was soon 
rejected as unfit for merriment, and the festi- 
vals which represented the triumph of Apol- 
lo over the conquered serpent. The Romans, 
according to some, introduced them into their 
city, and called them Apollinares ludi. Pans. 
10, c. 13 and S'7.—Strab. 9.— Ovid. Met 1, v. 
447.—Plin. l.—Liv. 25. 

Pythias, a Pythagorean philosopher 
mate with Damon. [Vid. Phintias.] 
road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. 
lian. A comic character, &c. 

PvTHioN, an Athenian killed, with 
soldiers, when he attempted to drive 
garrison of Demetrius from Athens, 
Polymn. 5. 

Pythium, a town of Thessaly. Liy. 42, c. 
53, I. 44, c. 2. 

Pythius, a Syracusan, who defrauded Ca- 
nius, a Roman knight, to whom he had sold 

his gardens, iiic. Cic. de Off. 3, c. 14. A 

surname of Apollo, which lie had received 
for his having conquered the serpent Python, 
or because he was worshipped at Delphi ; 
called also Pytho. Macrob. 1, sat. 17- — Pro- 
jierl. 2, el.23, V. 16. 

Pytho, the ancient name of the town of 
Delphi, which it received aro tou 57:«?tr5;<i, be- 
cause the serpent which Apollo killed rot- 
ted there. It was also called Parnassia Nape. 
fVid. Delphi.] 

PyxHocHARis, a musician who assuag^ed 




PY 

the fury of some wolves by playing on a mu- 
sical instrument, &.c. JElian. 

Pythocles, an Athenian descended frona 
Aratus. It is said, that on his account, and 
for his instruction, Plutarch wrote the life of 

Aratus. A man put to death with Phocion. 

A man who wrote on Italy. 

Pythodorus, an Athenian archon in th» 
age of Themistocles. 

Pytholaus, the brother of Theba, the 
wife of Alexander tyrant of Phera;. He as- 
sisted his sister in despatching her husband. 
Plut. 

Python, a native of Byzantium, in the 
age of Philip of Macedonia. He was a great 
favourite of the monarch, who sent him to 
Thebes, when that city, at the instigation of 
Demosthenes, was going to take arms against 

Philip. Plut, in Dem. — Diod. One of the 

friends of Alexander put to death by Ptolemy 

Lagus. A man who killed Cotys king of 

Thrace, at the instigation of the Athenians. 

A celebrated serpertt sprung from the 

mud and stagnated waters which remained on 
the surface of the earth after the deluge of 
Deucalion. Some, however, suppose that it 
was produced from the earth by -Juno, and 
sent by the goddess to persecute^i^tona, who 
was then pregnant by Jupiter. Latona escaped 
his fury by means of her lover, who changed 
her into a quail during the remaining months 
of her pregnancy, and afterwards restored 
her to her original shape in the island of De- 
los, where she gave birth to Apollo and Diana. 
Apollo, as soon as he was born, attacked the 
monster and killed hira with his arrows, and 
in commemoration of the victory which he had 
obtained, he instituted the celebrated Pythian 
games. Strab. 8. — Paus. 2, c. 7, 1. 10, c. 6. 
— Hygin. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 438, &c. — Lucan. 
5, V. 134, 

Pythonice, an Athenian prostitute greatly 
honoured by Harpalus, whom Alexander some 
time before had intrusted with the treasures 
of Babylon. He married her; and according 
to some, she died the very moment that the 
nuptials were going to be celebrated. He 
raised her a splendid monument on the road 
which led from Athens to Eleusis, which cost 
him 30 talents. Diod. 17. — Paus. 1. — Athtn, 
13, he. 

Pythonissa, a name given to the priest- 
ess of Apollo's temple at Delphi. She is more 
generally called Pythia. [Firf. Pythia.] The 
word Pythanissa was commonly applied to wo- 
men who attempted to explain futurity. 

Pytna, a part of Mount Ida. 

Pyttalus, a celebrated athlete, son of 
Lampis of Elis, who obtained a prize at (k* 
Olympic games. Paui. 9, c. 16. ' 



QU 

j-|UADERNA, a town of Italy. 
^*>t QuADi- an ancient nation of Germany, 
near the country of the Marcomanni, on 
the borders of the Danube, in naodern Mo- 
ravia. They rendered themselves celebrated 
by their opposition to the Romans, by whom 
they were often defeated, though not totally 
subdued. Tacit, in Germ. 42 and 43. ^n. 2, 
C.63. 

QuADRATCs, a surname given to Mer- 
cury, because some of his statues were square. 
The number 4, according to Plutarch, was 
sacred to Mercury, because he was born on 
the 4th day of the month, Plut. in Sym- 

pos. 9. A governor of Syria in the age 

of Nero. 

QuADRiFRONS, or Quadriceps, a surname 
of Janus, because he was repreeented with 
four heads. He had a temple on the Tarpei- 
an rock, raised by L. Catulus. 

Qu^sTOREs, two officers at Rome, first 
•reated A. U. C. 269. They received their 
name, a quarendo, because they collected the 
revenues of the state, and had the total ma- 
nagement of the public treasury. The quags- 
torship was the first office which could be had 
in the state. It was requisite that the candi- 
dates should bie 24 or 25 years of age, or ac- 
cording to some 27. In the year 333, U. 
C two more were added to others, to at- 
tend the consuls, to take care of the pay of 
the armies abroad, and sell the plunder and 
booty which had been acquired by conquest. 
These were called Pertgrini, whilst the 
others, whose employment was in the city, 
received the name of Urbani. When the Ro- 
mans were masters of all Italy, four more were 
created, A. U. C.439, to attend the pro-consuls 
and pro-praetors in their provinces, and to col- 
lect all the taxes and customs which each par- 
ticular district owed to the republic. They 
were called Provinciales. Sylla the dictator 
created 20 quaestors, and J. Ceesar 40, to fill up 
the vacant seats in the senate ; from whence it 
is evident that the quaestors ranked as senators 
in the senate. The quaestors were always ap- 
pointed by the senate at Rome, and if any 
person was appointed to the quaestorship with- 
out their permission he was only called Pro- 
qucestor. The quajstores urbani were appa- 
rently of more consequence than the rest, the 
treasury was intrusted to their care, they kept 
an account of all receipts and disbursements, 
and the Roman eagles or ensigns were always 
in their possession when the armies were not 
on an expedition. They required every ge- 
neral before he triumphed to tell them, upon 
his oath, that he had given a just account of 
the number of the slain on both sides, and that 
he had been saluted irnperaior by the soldiers, 
a title which every commander generally re- 
ceived from his army after he had obtained a 
victory, and which was afterwards confirmed 
and approved by the senate. The city quaes- 
tors had also the care of the ambassadors, they 
lodged and received them, and some time af- 
ter, when Augustus was declared emperor, 
they kept the decrees of the senate, which had 
been before intrusted with the ediles and the 
tribunes. This gave rise to two new offices of 
trust and honour, one of which was'-(^u,fEslor 
palatii, and the other quceslor principis, or 
nuguslif sometimes called candidalus princi- 



QU 

pis. The tent of the quaestor in the camp was 
called qucestorum. It stood near that of the 
general. Varro. de L. L. 4. — Liv. 4, c. 43. — 
Bio. 43. 

QuARi, a people of Gaul. 

QuARius, a river of Bceotia. 

QuERCENs, a Rutulian who fought against 
the Trojans. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. 

QuERQUETDLANus, a name given to mount 
Ccelius at Rome, from the oaks which grew 
there. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 65. 

QuiETis FANUM, a temple without the walls 
of the city of Rome. Quies was the goddess 
of rest. Her temple was situate near the 
Colline gate. Liv. 4, c. 4. — August, de. Civ. 
D. 4, c. 16. 

L. Quietus, an officer under the emperor 
Trajan, who behaved with great valour in the 
expeditions which were undertaken by the 
army, which he commanded. He was put to 
death by Adrian. 

QUINCTIA PRATA. Vid. QUIVTIA. 

QniNCTiANus, a man who conspired against 
Nero, for which he was put to death. 

QuiNCTiLiA, a comedian who refused to 
betray a conspiracy which had been formed 
against Caligula. 

QuiNCTius T. a Roman consul who gained 
some victories over the ^Equi and the Volsci, 
and obtained a triumph for subduing Prae- 
neste. Caeso,a man accused before the Ro- 
man people, and vindicated by his father Cin- 
cinnatus. A Roman celebrated for his fru- 
gality. [Vid. Cincinnatus.] A master of 

horse. A Roman consul when Annibal in- 
vaded Italy. A brother of Flaminius, ban- 
ished from the senate by Cato, for killing a 
Gaul. An officer killed by the Carthagi- 
nians. An officer under Dolabella. A- 

nother who defeated the Latins. A consul 

who obtained a victory over the Volsci. 
Hirpinus. Vid. Hirpinus. 

QuiNDA, a town of Cilicia. 

QuiNDECiMV-yRi, an order of priests whom 
Tarquin the proud appointed to take care 
of the Sibylline books. They were origi- 
nally two, but afterwards the number was 
increased to ten, to whom Sylla added five 
more, whence theirnarae. Vid. Decemviri 
and Duumviri. 

QuiNQUATRiA, B festival in honour of Mi- 
nerva at Rome, which continued during five 
days. The beginning of the celebration was 
the 18th of March. The first day sacrifices 
and oblations were presented, but, however, 
without the effusion of blood. On the se- 
cond, third, and fourth days, shows of gladia- 
tors were exhibited, and on the fifth day there 
was a solemn procession through the streets 
of the city. On the days of the celebration, 
scholars obtained holidays, and it was usual 
for them to oiler prayers to Minerva for learn- 
ing and wisdom, which the goddess patronis- 
ed ; and on their return to school, they pre- 
sented their master with a gift, which has re- 
ceived the name of Minennt. They were 
much the same as the Panath^naia of the 
Greeks. Plays were also acted and disputa- 
tions were held on subjects of literature. 
They received their name from the Jive days 
which were devoted for the celebration. 

QuiN(iuKNN.\i,Es i.uDi, games celebrated 
by ttie Chians in honour of Homer every 



QtJ 

a&iUi yeai'. There were also some games 
among the Romans which bore this name. 
They are the same as the Autian games. Vid. 
Actia. 

QuiNTiA Erata, a place on the borders 
«f the Tiber near Rome, which had been 
cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. Uv. 3, 
G. 26. 

QuiNTiLiAKOs, Marcua Fabius, a celebra- 
ted rhetorician born in Spain. He opened a 
school of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first 
who obtained a salary from the state aa being 
a public teacher. After he had remained 
twenty years in this laborious employment, 
and obtained the merited applause of the 
most illustrious Romans, not only as a pre- 
ceptor, but as a pleader at the bar, Quintilian, 
by the permission of the emperor Domitian, 
retired to enjoy the fruits of his labours and 
industry. In his retirement he assiduously de- 
dicated his time to the study of literature, and 
wrote a treatise on the causes of the corrup- 
tion of eloquence. Some time after, at the 
pressing solicitations of his friends, he wrote 
his bistitu Hones oratoricoR, the most perfect and 
complete system of oratory extant. It is 
divided into 12 books, in which the anther ex- 
plains from observations, as well as from ex- 
perience, what can constitute a good and per- 
fect orator, and in this he not only mentions 
the pursuits and the employments of the 
rhe'orician, but he also speaks of his educa- 
tion, and begins with the attention which 
ought to be shown him even in his cradle. He 
was appointed preceptor to the two young 
princes whom Domitian destined for his suc- 
cessors on the throne, but the pleasures which 
the rhetorician received from the favours and 
the attention of the emperor, and from the 
success which his writings met in (he world, 
were embittered by the loss of his wife, and of 
his two sons. It is said that Quintilian was 
poor in his retirement, and that his indigence 
was relieved by the liberality of his pupil, 
Pliny the younger. He died A. D. 95. His 
institutions were discovered in the 1415th year 
of the Christian era, in an old tower of a mo- 
nastery at St Gal, by Poggio Bracciolini, a na- 
tive of Florence, The best editions of Quin- 
lilian are those of Gesner, 4lo. Gotting. 1733; 
of L. Bat.'Svo. cum notis variorum, 16G5 ; of 
<jribson, 4to. Oxon. 1693; and that of RoUin, 
republished in 8vo. London, 1792. 

QuiNTiLius Varus, a Roman governor of 
Syria. {Vid. Varus.] A friend of the em- 
peror Alexander. A man put to death by 

ihe emperor Severus. 

QuiNTiLLA, a courtezan at Rome, &ic. Juv. 
7, V. 75. 

QuiNTiLLL's, M. Aurelius Claudius, a bro- 
ther of Claudius who proclaimed himself em- 
peror, and 17 days after destroyed himself 
by opening his veins in a bath, when he heard 
that Aurelian was marchirjg against him, about 
the 270th year of the Christian era. 

QuiNTUs, or QumcTius, one of the names 

of Cincinnatus. Pers. 1, v. 73. Pedius, a 

painter. Vid. Pedius. 

QuiNTUs CuRTius RuFus, 3 Latin histo- 
rian, who flourished, as some suppose, in 
the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He has 
rendered hiinself known by his history of the 
igign of Alexaoder the Great. This history 



QTJ 

was divided into 10 books, of which the two 
first, the end of the fifth, and the beginning of 
the sixth, are lost. This work is admired for 
its elegance, the purity, and the floridness of 
the style. It is, however, blamed for great 
anachronisms, and glaring mistakes in geogra- 
phy, as well as history. Freinshemius has 
written a supplement to Curtius, in which he 
seems to have made some very satisfactory 
amends for the loss which the history has 
suffered, by a learned collection of facts and 
circumstances from all the diS"erent authors 
who have employed their pen in writing an 
account of Alexander, and of his Asiatic con- 
quests. Some suppose that the historian is 
the same with that Curtius Ruffus, who lived 
in the age of Claudius, under whom he was 
made consul. This Rufus was born of an ob- 
scure family, and he attended a Roman quaes- 
tor in Africc,whenhe was met at Adrumetuna 
by a woman above an human shape, as he 
was walking under the porticos in the middle 
of the day. Tnis exlraordinaiy character ad- 
dressed the indigent Roman, and told hira 
that the day should come in which he should 
govern Africa with consular power. This 
strange prophecy animated Rufus ; he re- 
paired to Rome, where he gained the favours 
of the emperor, obtained consular honours, 
and at last retired as pro-consul to Africa, 
where he died. The best editions of Curtius 
are those of Elzevir, 8vo. Amst. 1673;of Sna- 
kenburg, 4to. L. Bat. 1724 ; and of Barbou, 
12mo. Paris 1757. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 23, &c. 

QuiKTus Veeanius, a governor of Cappa- 

docia. Cicero, the brother of Cicero. 

Catulus, a Roman consul. A friend of Cee- 

sar. 

QuiRiNALiA, festivals in honour of Romu- 
lus, surnamed Quirinus, celebrated on the 13th 
of the calends of March. 

QuiRiNALis, a hill at Rome, originally 
called ^gonitis, and afterwards Collimts. The 
name of Quirinalis it obtained from the inhabi- 
tants of Cures, who settled there under their 
king Tatius. It was also called Cabalinusy 
from two marble statues of a horse, one of 
which was the work of Phidias, and the other 
of Praxiteles. Liv. 1, c. 44. — Ovid. Fast. 375. 

Met. 14, V. 845. One of the gates of Rome 

near mount Quirinali. 

QuirIncs, a surname of Mars among the 
Romans. This name was also given to Ro- 
mulus when he had been made a god by hia 
superstitious subjects. Ovid. Fas'. 2, y. 475. 
Also, a surname of the 



Sulpitius, a Roman consul born at Lanuviura. 
Though descended of an obscure family, he 
was raised to the greatest honours by Augus- 
( us. He was appointed governor of Syria, and 
was afterwards made preceptor to Caius, the 
grandson of the emperor. He married ..-Emi- 
lia Lepida, the grand-daughter of Sylla and 
Pompey, but some time after he shamefully 
repudiated her. He died A. D. 22. Tacit. 
Jinn. 3, he. 

QuiRiTEs, a name given to the Roman ci- 
tizens, because they admitted into their city 
the Sabines, who inhabited the town of Cures, 
and who on that account were called Quiritcs. 
After this union, the two nations were indis- 
criminately and promiscuously called by that 
name. It is, however, to be observed that (lie 



QU 



QU 



word was confined to Rome, and not ustd in rebellious soldiers M the d€<tradlng anpeil'a- 
the armies, as we find some of the generals ap- tion of Quirites. Seuion. Cms. 70 —Lamprid 
plymg It only to such ot their soldiers as they 5'S.~Lucan. 5, v, 558.—HorcU 4, od 14 v 1 
dismissed or disgraced. Even some of the —Varro. dcL. L. 4.-^Liv. 1, c. 13 —Omd Fartf 
•naperors appeased a sedition, by calling their I 2, v. 479. 



RA 



RE 



Tl ABIRIUS, C. a Roman knight, who lent! wretched town situate at the distance of about 



^ an immense sum of money to Ptolemy 
Auletes, king of Egypt. Tlie monarch after- 



four miles from the sea, and surrounded with 
swamps and marshes. Slrab.5. — Suet, in Aug. 



T/ards, not only refused to i-epay him, but even 49.— P/m.36, c. 12.— Mela, 2, c. 4. MartiaL 

confined him, and endangered his life. Rabiri- 3, ep. 93, v. 8, &c, 

us escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at Ravola, a celebrated debauchee, &lc 

hisreturntoRome,he was accused by the sen- Rauraci, a people of Gaul whose 



ate of having lent money to an African prince, 
for unlawful purposes. He was ably defended 
by Cicero, and acquitted with difficulty. Cic 
■pro Rub. A Latin poet in the age of Au- 
gustus, who wrote, besides satires and epi 



grams, a poem on the victory which the em- 
peror had gained over Antony at Actium. 
Seneca has compared him to Virgil for ele- 
gance and majesty, but Quintilian is not so fa- 
vourable to his poetry.— — An architect in the 
reign of Domitian, who built a celebrated pal- 
ace for the emperor, of which the ruins are 
still seen at Rome. 

Racilia, the wife of Cincinnatus. Liv. 
3, c. 26. 

Racilius, a tribune who complained in the 
senate of the faction of Clodius. Cic. in Verr. 
3, c. 12, ad. q. fr. 2, c. 1. 

Rosaces, an officer of Artaxerxes, He re- 
volted from his master and fled to Athens. 

Ramises, a king of Egypt. Vid. Rhamses. 

Ramnes, or Rhamnenses, one of the three 
centuries instituted by Romulus. After the 
Roman people had been divided into three 
tribes, the monarch elected out of each 100 
young men of the best and noblest families, 
with which he formed three companies of 
horse. Ofie of them was called Ramnes, 
cither from the tribe of which it was chosen, 
or from Romulus. Another was called Talian, 
and the third Luceres. Varr. dt L. L. 4, c. 9. — 
Liv. 1, c. V3.—Horat. do, Art. poet. 440. — Plut. 
in Rom. 

Randa, a village of Persia, where 3000 re- 
bellious Persians were slain by Chiles. Po- 
ly cen. 7. 

Rapo, a Rutulian chief, &c. Virg. JEji. 10, 
V. 748. 

Rascipolis, a Macedonian sent to the as- 
sistance of Pompey. CcEsar. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 4. 

Ravknna, a town of Italy on the Adriatic, 
whicli became celebrated under the Roman 
emperors for its capacious harbour, which 
could contain '250 ships, and for being for 
some time the scat of the western empire. 
It was difficult of access by land, as it stood 
on a small peninsula ; and so ill supplied witii 
wafer, that it sold at a higher price than wine, 
according to Martial. The emperors kept 
one of their fleets there, and the other at 
Misonum, on tlie other side of Italy. It was 
founded by a colony of Thcssalians, or ac- 
cording to others of Sabines. It is now 
fallen from its former grandeur, and i3 a 



Juv. 

chief 

Cos. G. 



town is now Augst on the Rhine. 
1, c. 5. 

Reate, a pleasant town of Umbria, built as. 
some suppose before the Trojan war, about 15 
miles from Fanum Vacunae, near the lake 
Velinus. Cybele was the chief deity of the 
place. It was famous for its asses. Strab. 5. 
—Dionys. Hal. l.— Varro. de R. R. I.— Liv. 
25, c. 7, 1. 26, c. 11, 1. 28, c. 4A.—Cic. Cat. 3* 
c. 2, JV. D. 2, c. 2. 

Rediculus, a deity whose name is derived 
from the word redirg, (to return.) The Ro- 
mans raised a templfe to this imaginary deity 
on the spot where Annibal had retired when 
he approached Rome, as if to besiege it. 
Festus de V. sig. 

Redones, a nation among the Amorici, now 
the people of Rennes and St. Maloes, in Bri- 
tany. Cces. B. G.2,c.41. 

Regill^, or Regili.um, a town in the 
country of the Sabines in Italy, about 20 miles 
from Rome, celebrated for a battle which wa» 
fought there, A. U. C. 258, between 24,000 
Romans, and 40,000 Etrurians, who were 
headed by the Tarquins. The Romans ob- 
tained the victory, and scarce 10,000 of the 
enemy escaped from the field of battle. Cas- 
tor and Pollux, according to some accounts^ 
were seen mounted on white horses, and fight- 
ing at the head of the Roman armv. Liv. 2, 
c. 16.— Dionys. Hal. 5.— Plut. in' Cor. — Vol. 
Max. l.—Flor. l.—Suet. Tib. 1. 

Regilliands, Q. Noi»iu5, a Dacian wh€> 
entered the Roman armies, and was raised 
to the greatest honours under Valerian. He 
was elected emperor by the populace, who 
were dissatisfied with Gallieuus, and was soon 
after murdered by his soldiers, A. D. 262. 

Regillus, a small lake of Latium, whose 
waters fall into the Anio, at the east of Rome. 
The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latia 
army near it. Liv, 2, c. 19. 

REQiNUif, a town of Germany, now sup- 
posed Ratisbon orRegensburg. 

Regium Lepidum, a town of Modenat, 
now Kt^io, at tlie south of the Po. Plin. 3. 
c. 15.— Cic. 12, yaw. 6, 1. 13, ep. 7. 

M. Attimus Rkgulus, a consul during 
the first Punio war. He reduced Brundu- 
sium, and in his second consulship he took 64 
and sLinkUO ^allies of the Carthaginian fleet, on 
the coast of Sicily. Afterwards ho landed 
in Africa, and so rapid was his success, that in 
a short tinie he dcicated tJiree generaN-, «rid 



RE 

Made himself master of about 200 places of 
consequence on the coast. The Carthaginians 
«ued for peace, but the conqueror refused to 
grant it, and soon after he was defeated in a 
battle by Xanthippus, and 30,000 of his men 
were left on the field of battle, and 15,000 ta- 
ken prisoners. Regulus was in the number of 
the captives, and he was carried in triumph 
to Carthage. He was afterwards sent by the 
enemy to Rome, to propose an accommoda- 
tion, and an exchange of prisoners; and if 
his commission was unsuccessful, he was 
bound by the most solemn oaths to return to 
Carthage without delay. When he came to 
Rome, Regulus dissuaded his countrymen from 
accepting the terms which the enemy pro- 
posed, and when his opinion had had due in- 
fluence on the senate, Regulus retired to Car- 
thage agreeable to his engagements. The Car- 
thaginians were told that their offers of peace 
bad been rejected at Rome by the means of 
Regulus, and therefore they prepared to pun- 
ish him with the greatest severity. His eye- 
brows were cut, and he was exposed for some 
days to the excessive heat of the meridian sun, 
and afterwards confined in a barrel, whose 
sides were every where filled wiih large iron 
spikes, till he died in the greatest agonies. 
His sufferings were heard at Rome, and the 
senate permitted his widow to inflict what- 
ever punishment she pleased on some of the 
most illustrious captives of Carthage, who 
■were in their hands. She confined them also 
in presses filled with sharp iron points, and 
was so exquisite in her cruelty, that the senate 
at last interfered, and stopped the barbarity 
of her punishments. Regulus died about 251 
years before Christ. Sil.6, v. 319.— Flor. 2, 
c. 3.—Horat.3, od. o.— Cic.de Off. 1, c. 13.— 

Val. Max. 1, c. 1, 1. 9, c. 2.—Liv. ep. 16. 

Memraius, a Roman made governor of Greece 
by Caligula. While Regulus was in his pro- 
vince, the emj'veror wished to bring the cele- 
brated statue of Jupiter Olympius, by Phidias, 
to Rome ; but this was supernaturally pre- 
vented, and according to ancient authors, the 
ship which was to convey it was destroyed by 
lightning, and the workmen who attempted 
to remove the statue, were terrified away by 

sudden noises. Dio. Cass. A man who 

«ondemned Sejanus. Roscius, a man who 

beld the consulship but for one day, in the 
reign of Vitellius. 

Rf.mi, a nation of Gaul, whose principal 
town Duricortorium, is now Rheims, in the 
north of Champagne. Flin. 4, c. 17. — Cces. 
£. G. 2, c. 5. 

Remmi^ Ltx de judiciit, was enacted to 
punish all calumniators. The letter K was 
marked on their forehead. This law was 
abolished by Coustantine the Great. Cic.pro 
Ros. 

Remulus, a chief of Tiber, whose arms 
were seized by the Rutulians, and afterwards 
became part of the plunder which Euryalus 

•btained. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 360. A friend 

of Turniis. trampled to death by his horse, 
which Drsilochus had wounded. Id. 11, v. 
636, kc. 

RiiMrLLS Sylvius, a king of Alba, de- 
stroyed by lightning on- account of his impie- 
ty. Oxid. Trisl. 4, v. 50. 
■ RtMVRiA; ftstivals established at Rome by 



Rtt 

Romulus, to appease the manes of his brothef 
Remus. They were afterwards called Lemv^ 
ria, and celebrated yearly. 

Remus, the brother oi Romulus, was ex* 
posed, together with him, by the cnielty of 
his grandfather. In the contest which hap- 
pened between the two brothers about build- 
ing a city. Romulus obtained the preference, 
and Remus, for ridiculing the rising walls, wa< 
put to death by his brother's orders, or by Ro- 
mulus himself. {Vid. Romulus.] The Ro- 
mans were afflicted with a plague after this 
murder, upon which the oracle was consulted, 
and the manes of Remus appeased by the in- 
stitution of the Remuria. Ovid. One of 

the auxiliaries of Turnus against .tineas. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. ^30. 

RKSiEXA, a town of Mesopotamia, famous 
for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian. 

Resus, a small river of Asia Minor, falling 
into the Meander. 

Retina, a village near Misenum. Plin. 6, 
ep. 16. 

Reudigni, a nation of Germany. Tadt. de 
Germ. 40. 

Rha, a large river, now the Volga, of Rus- 
sia. A medical root which grew on its bank 
was called Wia barbarum. Rhubarb. 

Rhacia, a promontory in the Mediter- 
ranean sea, projecting from the Pyrenean 
mountains. 

Rhacius, a Cretan prince, the first of 
that nation wiio entered Ionia with a colony. 
He seized Claros, of which he became the 
sovereign. He married Manto, the daughter 
of Tiresias, wiio had been seized on his coasts. 
Pans. 7, c. 3. 

Riiac<3tjs, an ancient name of Alexandria, 
the capital of Egypt. Slrab. — Pans. 5, c. 21. 

Rhadamasthus, a son of Jupiter and 
Europa. He was born in Crete, which he 
abandoned about the 30th year of his age. 
He passed into some of the Cyclades, where 
he reigned with so much justice and imparti- 
ality, that the ancients have said he became 
one of the judges of hell, and that he was 
employed in the infernal regions in obliging 
the dead to confess their crimes, and in punish- 
ing them for their otlences. Rhadamanthus 
reigned not only over some of the Cyclades, 
but over many of the Greek cities of Asia. 
Paiis. 8, c. o3.—0Lid. Mel. 9, v. 435.— Diod. 5. 
— Plato. — Homer. 11. 4, v. 564. — Virg. JEn. 6, 
v. 566. 

Rhadamistus, a son of Pharnasmanes, king 
of Iberia. He married Zenobia, the daugh- 
ter of his uncle Mithridates, king of Arme- 
nia, and some time after put him to death. 
He was put to death by his father for his cru- 
elties, about the year 52 of the Christian era. 
Tacit. Ann. 13, c 37. 

Rhadius, a son of Neleus. 

RhjEteum, a city of Phrygia. 

Rh.eti, or R.€Ti, an ancient and warlike 
nation of Etruria. They were driven from 
their native country by the Gauls, and went to 
settle on the other side of the Alps. Vid. 
Rhajtia. Plin. 3, c. 10.— Jus/m. 20, c. 5. 

Rh^etia, a country at the north of Italy, 
between the Alps and the Danube, which now 
forms the territories of the Grisons, of T}to1, 
and part of Italy. It was divided into two 
parts, Widtia jfrimU} and iS/ME/m eccit^dft^ 



RH 

The first extended from the sources of the 
Rhine to those of the Licus or Lek, a small 
river which falls into the Danube. The 
other, called also Vindelicia, extended from 
the Licus to another small river called CEnus, 
or Inn, towards the east. The principal towns 
ef Rhsetia were called Curia, Tridentum, 
Belunum, Feltria. The Rhaetians rendered 
themselves formidable by the frequent inva- 
sions they made upon the Roman empire, and 
ivere at last conquered by Dmsus, the brother 
of Tiberius, and others under the Roman em- 
perors. VtTg. G. 2, V. 96.— Strab. A.—Plin. 
3, c. 20, 1. 14, c. 2, hc.—Horat. 4, Od. 4 and 
14. 

Rhamnes, a king and augur, who assisted 
Turnus against ^neas. He was killed in the 
night by ISisus. Virg. ^n. 9, v. 325. 

Rhamnus, a town of Attica, famous for a 
temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of the 
goddess Nemesis, who was from thence called 
Rhamnusia. This statue was made by Phidias, 
out of a block of Parian marble which the 
Persians intended as a pillar to be erected to 
commemorate their expected victory over 
Greece. Paus. 1. — Plin. 36. 

Rhamnusia, a name of Nemesis. Vid. 
Rhamnus. 

Rhampsinitus, an opulent king of Egypt, 
who succeeded Proteus. He built a large 
tower, with stones, at Memphis, where his 
riches were deposited, and of which he was 
robbed by the artifice of the architect, who 
had left a stone in the w^all easily moveable, 
80 as to admit a plunderer. Herodot. 2, c. 
121, &c. 

FiHAMSES, or Ramises, a powerful king 
of Egypt, who, with an army of 700,000 men, 
•onquered ^Ethiopia, Libya, Persia, and other 
eastern nations. In his reign, according to 
Pliny, Troy was taken. Some authors consi- 
der him to be the same as Sesostris. Tacit. 
Jinn. 2, c. 60.— P/in. 36, c. 8. 

Rhanis, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. 
Ovid. Met. 3. 

Rharos, or Rharium, a plain of Attica, 
where corn was first sown by Triptolemus. 
It received its name from the sower's father, 
who was called Rharos. Paus. 1, c. 14 and 
38. 

Rhascuporis, a king of Trace, who inva- 
ded the possessions of Cotys, and was put to 
death by order of Tiberius, kc. Tacit. Ann. 
a, c. 64. 

Rhea, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
who married Saturn, by whom she had Vesta, 
Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, he. Her hus- 
band, however, devoured them all as soon 
as born, as he had succeeded to the throne 
with the solemn promise that he would raise 
no male children, or, according to others, be- 
cause he had been informed by an oracle, that 
one of his sons would dethrone him. To stop 
the cruelty of her husband, Rhea consulted 
her parents, and was advised to impose upon 
bini or perhaps to fly into Crete. Accord- 
ingly, when she brought forth, the child was 
immediately concealed, and Saturn devoured 
up a stone which his wife had given him as her 
own child. The fears of Saturn were soon 
proved to be well founded. A year after, the 
«5hild, whose name was Jupiter, becarae so 
strong and powerful, that he drove M" father 
77 



RH 

from his throne. Rhedihas been confounded 
by the mythologists with some of the other 
goddesses, and many-have supposed that she 
was the same divinity that received adoration 
under the various names of Bona Dea, Cybele, 
Dindymena, Magna mater, Ceres, Vesta, Ti- 
taea, and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. [Vid. Cy- 
bele, Ceres, Vesta, he.} Rhea, after the ex- 
pulsion of her husband from his throne, fol- 
lowed him to Italy, where he established a 
kingdom. Her b'enevolence in this part of 
Europe^ was so great, that the golden age of 
Saturn is often called the age of Rhea. Hesiod, 
T/ieog. — Orpheus, m Hymn. — Homer, ib. — 
.E^chyl. Prom. — Euripid. Bacc. fy Elect. — 
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 197 —Apollod. 1, c, 1, &;c. 
Sylvia, the mother of Romulus and Re- 
mus. She is also called Ilia. Vid. V. la. A 

nymph of Italy, who is said to have borne a son 
called Aventinus to Hercules. Virg. JEn. 7, 
V. 659. 

Rhebas, or Rhebus, a river of Bithynia, 
flowing from mount Olympus into the Euxine 
sea. Place. 7, v. 698. 

Rhedones. Vid. Redones. 

Rhegidm, now Rlieggio, a town of Italy, 
in the country of the Bnitii, opposite Mes- 
sana in Sicily, where a colony of Messenians 
under Alcidamidas settled, B. C. 723. It was 
originally called Rliegium, and afterwards 
Rhegium Julium, to distinguish it from Rhe- 
gium Lepidi, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some 
suppose that it received its name from the 
Greek word (ny^f^^, to break, because it is situ- 
ate on the straits of Carybdis, which were 
formed when the island of Sicily, as it w^ere, 
was broken and separated from the continent 
of Italy. This town has always been subject 
to great earthquakes, by which it has often 
been destroyed. The neighbourhood is re- 
markable for its great fertility, and for its 
delightful views. Sil. 13, v. 94. — Cic. pre 
Arch. 3.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 5 and 48. —Justin. 4, 
c. I.— Mela, 2, c. 4.— Strab. 6. 

Rhegusci, a people of the Alps. 

Rhemi. Vid. Remi. 

Rhene, a small island of the ^gean, about 
200 yards from Delos, 18 miles in circumfer- 
ence. The inhabitants of Delos always buried 
their dead there, and their women also retired 
there during their labour, as their own island 
was consecrated to Apollo, where Latona had 
brought forth, and where no dead bodies were 
to be inhumaled. Strabo says, that it was un- 
inhabited, though it was once as populous and 
flourishing as the rest of the Cyclades. Poly- 
crates conquered it, and consecrated it to 
Apollo, after he had tied it to Delos by means 
of a long chain. Rhene was sometimes called 
the small Delos, and the island of Delos the 
great Delos. Thucyd. 3.— Strab. 10.— jtfc/a, 
2, c. 7. 

Rheni, a people on the borders of the 
Rhine. 

Rhenus, one of the largest rivers of Eu- 
rope, which divides Germany from Gaul. 
It rises in the Rhaetian Alps, and falls into 
the German Ocean. Virgil has called it bicor- 
nis, because it divides itself into two streams. 
The river Rhine w;.s a long time a bar- 
rier between the Romans and the Germans, 
and on that account its banks were covered 
with strong ca'^tle*. .f. Caesar wa? the firnt 



RH 

Roman who crossed it to invade Germany. 
The waters of that river were held in great 
\-eneration, and were supposed by the an- 
cient Germans to have some peculiar virtue, 
as they threw their children into it, either 
to try the fidelity of the mothers, or to brace 
and invigorate their limbs. If the child swam 
on the surface, the mother was acquitted of 
suspicion, but if it sunk to the bottom, its 
origin was deemed illegitimate. In modern 
geography the Rhine is known as dividing 
itseli into four large branches, the Waal, 
Lech, Issel, and the Rhine. That branch 
which still retains the name of Rhine, loses 
itself in the sands above modern Leyden, and 
is afterwards no longer known by its ancient 
appellation, since the year 860, A. D. when 
inundations of the sea destroyed the regular- 
ity of its mouth. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258.— 
Sfrab. 4.— Mela, 2, c. 3, 1. 5, c. 2.—C(ES. de 
hclL G. 4, c. \0.— TacU. Ann. 2, c. 6.— Virg. 

,1^71. 8, V. 727. A small river of Italy, 

falling into the Po on the south, now RJie- 
no. Sil. 8, V. 600.— P;m. 3, c. 16, }. 16, c. 36. 
Rheomitres, a Persian who revolted 
from Artaxerxes, &.c. Diod. 15. A Per- 
sian officer killed at the battle of Issus. Curt. 
2, c. 5. 

Rhesus, a king of Thrace, son of the Stry- 
mon and Teipsichore, or, according to others, 
of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike 
exploits and conquests in Europe, he marched 
to the assistance of Priam, king of Troy, 
against the Greeks. He was expected with 
great impatience, as an ancient oracle had de- 
clared, that Troy should never be taken, if the 
horses of Rhesus drank the waters of the 
Xanthus, and fed upon the grass of the Trojan 
plains. This oracle was well known to the 
Greeks, and therefore two of their best gene- 
rals, Diomedes and Ulysses, were commission- 
ed by the rest to intercept the Thracian prince. 
The Greeks entered his camp in the night, 
slew him. and carried away his horses to their 
camp. Homer. U. 10. — Didys. Cret. 2. — Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 3.— Hrg. ^n. 1, v. 473.— OiiW. Met. 
13, V. 98. 

Rhetogenes. a prince of Spain who sur- 
rendered to the Romans, and was treated with 
great humanity. 

Rhetico, a mountain of Rhaetia, 
Rhecnus, a place in Arcadia. Paus. 8. 
€. 23. 

RhexLnor, a son of Nausithous. king of 
Phceacia. Homer. Od. 7. The father of 



RH 

RiinioTACEES, a king of Thrace, who 
revolted from Antony to Augustus. He 
boasted of his attachment to the emperor's 
person at an entertainment, upon which Au- 
gustus said, prodiiionem amo, proditorts vero 
odi. 

Rhinocolura, a town on the borders of 
Palestine and Egypt. Liv. 45, c. 11. 

Rhion, a promontory of Achuia, opposite 
to Antirrhium in ^Etolia, at the mouth of the 
Corinthian gulf, called also the Dardanelles of 
Lepanto. The strait between Aaupactum and 
Patra bore also the same name. The tomb 
of Hesiod was at the top of the promontorv. 
Liv. 27, c. 30, 1. 38, c. T.—Plin. 4, c. 2.—Paiu. 
7, c. 22. 

Rkipha, or Rhiphe, a town of Arcadia. 
Stat. 4. Tkeb. v. 289. 

Rhiph^i, large mountains at the north of 
Scythia, where, as some suppose, the Gror- 
gons had fixed their residence. The name of 
Riphaan was applied to any cold mountain in 
a northern country, and indeed these moun- 
tains seem to have existed only in the ima- 
gination of the poets, though some make the 
Tanais ri.se there. Plin. 4, c. \2.—Lucan. 8, 
V. 272, 1. 3, V. 232, 1. 4, v. 4\%.—Virs. G. 1, v. 
240, 1. 4, V. 5.18. 

Rhinthon, a Greek poet of Tarentum, in 
the age of Alexander. Cic. ad. Att. ep. 20. 

Rhipheus, one of the Centaurs. Ovid. 

Met. A Trojan praised for his justice, &c. 

l^irg. ^.n. 2, v. 426. Vid. Ripbeus. 

Rhium. f^id. Rhion. 

RH1ZONIT.S, a people of Illyricum, whose 
chief town was called Rhizinium. Liv. 46, 
c. 26. • 

Rhoda, now Roses, a sea-port town of 

Spain. Lie. 34, c. &. A town of the Rhona 

from which the river received its name. It 
was ruined in Pliny's age. Plin. 3, c. 4. 

Rhodands, a river of Gallia Narbonen- 
sis, rising in the Rhsetian Alps, and falling into 
the Mediterranean sea, near Marseilles. It is 
one of the largest and most rapid rivers of 
Europe, now known by the name of the 
Rhone. Mela, 2, c. 5, I. 3, c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 
2, V. 2o8.— Sil. 3, V. 477.- JJ/arcc//. 15, 6ic.— 
Cccsar. bell. G^ 1, c. l.—Plin. 3, c. 4. — Strobe 
4. — Lucan. 1, v. 433, 1. 6, v. 475. 

Rhode, a daughter of Neptune. .,^pollod. 
Of Danaus. Id. 

Rhodia, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
— —A dacghter of Danaus. Apollod. 



Calciope, the wife of yEgens, king of Athens. 

A musician who accompanied A(itony in 

Asia. 

Rhexibius, an athlete of Opus, who 
obtained a prize in the Olympic games, and 
had a statue in the grove of Jupiter. Pans. 
6, c. 18. 

Rhiancs, a Greek poet of Thrace, ori- 
ginally a slave. He wrote an account of the 
war between Sparta and Messenia, which 
continued for twenty years, as also an his- 
tory of thf! principal revolutions and events 
which had taken place in Thessaly. Of this 
poetical composition nothing but a few verses 
are extant. He flourished about 200 years be- 
fore the Christian era. Pau.';. 4, c. 6. 

RniPAGo, a river of Hyrcania falling into 
(he Caspian sea. Curt. 6, c. 4. 



Rhouogvne, a daughter ol' Phraat«s, king 
of Parihia, who married Demetrius, when he 
was in banisiimenl at her father's court. Po- 
ly ain. 8. 

Rhodopz, or Rhodopis, a celebrated 
courtezan of Greece, who was fellow ser- 
vant with JCsop, at the court of a king 
of Samos. She was carried to Egypt by 
Xanthus, and her liberty was at last bought 
by Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of 
Sappho, who was enamoured of her, and 
who married her. She sold her favours at 
Naucratis, where she collected so much mo- 
ney, that, to render her name immortal; she 
consecrated a number of spits in the temple of 
Apollo at Delphi ; or, according to others, 
erected one of the pyramids of Egypt, illlian 
says, that as Rhodope was one day bathing her- 
self, an eagle carried away que of her sbg- 



RH 

iials, ind dropped it near Psammetichus, king 
«f Egypt, at Memphis. The monarch was 
struck with the beauty of the sandal, 'strict 
inquiry was made to find the owner, and 
Rhodope, when discovered, married Psam- 
metichus. Herodot. 2, c. 134, &lc. — Ovid. 
Heroid. l5.—^liMi. V. H. 13, c. 33. Peri- 
zoniua supposes there were two persons of 
that name. 

Rhodope, a high mountain of Thrace, ex- 
tending as far as the Euxine sea, all across the 
country nearly in an eastern direction, Rho- 
dope, according to the poets, was the wife of 
Heemus, king of Thrace, who was changed in- 
to this mountain, because she preferred her- 
self to Juno in beauty. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 87, 
iLC.— Vir^. Ed. 8, G, 3, v, 3bl.—Mela, 2, 
c. 2.—Strab. l.—ItaL 2, v. 73.— 6enec. in 
Here. Ott. 

Rhodopeius, is used in the same signifi- 
cation as Thracian, because Rhodope was a 
mountain of that country. Ovid. A. A. 3, v. 
Z2i.— Heroid. 2.— Virg. G. 4, v. 461. 

Rhodunia, the top of mount (Eta. Liv. 
36, c. 16. 

Rhodus, a celebrated island in the Carpa- 
thian sea, 120 miles in circumference, at the 
south of Caria, from which it is distant about 
20 miles. Its principal cities were Rhodes, 
founded about 408 years before the Christian 
era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes was 
famous for the siege which it supported against 
Demetrius, and for a celebrated statue of Apol- 
lo. [Vid. Colossus.] The Rhodians were 
originally governed by kings, and were inde- 
pendent, but this government was at last ex- 
changed for a democracy and an aristocracy. 
They were naturally given up to commerce, 
and during many ages they were the most 
powerful nation by sea. Their authority was 
respected, and their laws were so uuivei-sally 
approved, that every country made use of them 
to decide disputes concerning maritime affairs, 
and they were at last adopted by other com- 
mercial nations, and introduced into the Ro- 
man codes, from whence they have been ex- 
tracted to form the basis of the maritime regu- 
lations of modern Europe. When Alexander 
made himself master of Asia, the Rhodians 
lost their independence, but they soon after as- 
serted their natural privileges under his cruel 
successors, aud continued to hold that influ- 
ence among nations to which their maritime 
power and consequence entitled them. They 
assisted Pompey against Caesar, and were de- 
feated by Cassius, and became def)endent upon 
the Romans. The island of Rhodes has been 
known by the several names of Opkiusa, Sta- 
dia, Telc/tiiiis, Corymbia, Trinncria, JEthrea, 
Asteria, Potsm, Atabyria, Oloessa, Marcia, 
and Petagia. It received the name of Rhodes, 
either on account of Rhode, a beautiful nymph 
who dwelt there, and who was one of the ia 
voui'ites of Apollo, or because roses, (roiow,) 
grew in great abundance all over the island. 
Strab. H.— Homer. 11. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— 
Diod. b.-~Plia. 2, c. 62 and 87, 1. 5, c. 31.— 
Flor. 2, c. 7. — Pindar. Olymp. 7. — Liican. 6, 
V. 248. — Cic. pro Man, leg. ia Brut. 13. — Liv. 
27, c. 30, I. 31, c. 2. 

Rhcebus, ahorse of Mezentius, whom his 
master addressed with the determination to 
conquer or to die, when lip snw his son f.an- 



RO 

sus brought lifeless from the battle. This 
beautiful address is copied from Homer, where 
likewise Achilles addresses his horses. Virg. 
JEn. 10, V. 861. 

Rh(ecus, one of the Centaurs, who attempt- 
ed lo offer violence to Atalanta. He was kil- 
led at the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus. 

Ovid. Met. 12, v. 301.— F/r^. G. 2. One of 

the giants killed by Bacchus, under the form 
of a lion, in the war which these sons of the 
earth waged against Jupiter and the gods. 
HoraL 2, ^Od. 19, v. 23. 

IIhceo, a nymph beloved by Apollo. Diod. 5. 

Rhcetkum, or Rh(etus, a promontory 
of Troas, on the Hellespont, near which the 
bodyofAjax was buried. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
197, 4 Fast. v. 279.— Tirg. ^n. 6, v. 505, 1. 
12, V. 456. 

Rhcetius, a mountain of Corsica, now 
Rosso. 

Rh(etus, a king of the Marubii, who mar- 
ried a woman called Casperia, to whom Ar- 
chemorus, his son by a former wife, offered 
violence. After this incestuous attempt, Ar- 
chemorus fled to Turnus, king of the Rutuli. 

Virg.Mn. 10, v. 388. A Rutulian killed 

by Euryalus in the night. Id. 9, v. 344. 

An -(Ethiopian killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 

5, V. 38. 

Rhosaces, a Persian killed by Ciitus as he 
was going to stab Alexander at the battle of 
the Granicus. Curt. 8, c. 1. 

Rhoscs, a town of Syria, on the gulf of 
Issus, celebrated for its earthen ware. Cic, 

6, Ait. I. 

Rhoxalani, a people at the north of the 
Palus Ma30tis. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79. 

Rhoxana, or RoiANA, a mistress of Alex- 
ander, daughter of a Persian satrap, Vid. 
Roxana. 

Rhoxani, a nation against whom Mitbri- 
dates made war. 

Rhuteni and Rdtheni, a people of Gaul. 

Rhvndacus, a large river of Mysia, in Asia 
Minor. Plin. 5, c. 32. 

Rhynthon, a dramatic writer of Syra- 
cuse, who flourished at Tarentum, where he 
wrote 38 plays. Authors are divided with res- 
pect to the merit of his compositions, and the 
abilities of the writer. Vid. Rhinthon. 

Rhyp^s:, a town of Achaia, at the west of 
Helice. 

RiGODULUM, a village of Germany, now 
Rigol, near Cologne. Tatit. H. 4, c, 71. 

RiPA^i. Vid. Rhiphaei. 

RiPHKUs, a Trojan who joined iEneas the 
night that Troy was reduced to ashes, and was 
at last killed after making a great carnage of 
the Greeks. He is commended for his love of 
justice and equity. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 339 and 
426. One of the Centaurs killed by The- 
seus at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 
12, V. 352. 

RiXAMARi£, a people of Illyricura. Liv. 
45, c. 26. 

RoBiGO, or RuBiGO, a goddess at Rome, 
particularly worshipped by husbandmen, as 
she presided over corn. Her festivals, called 
Robigulia, were celebrated on the 25lh of 
April, ami in<;ense was oU'ereil lo her, as also 
the entrails of a sheep, and of a dog. She was 
entreated to preserve the corn from blights. 

Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 911. Virg. G. 1, v. 15 L 

..f'nrw del.. L 5, dp R /?. 1, c. 1. 



RO RO 

(ewn of the 1 was of the family of the tyrants ; and anothfeij 
! to slop their suspicions, was obliged to -puU 



RoDtTMNA, now Roanne, a 
^duijon the Loire. 

Roma, a city of Italy, the capital of the 
Roman empire ; situate on the banks of the 
river Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles 
from the sea. The name of its founder, and 
the manner of its foundation, are not pre- 
cisely known. Romulus, however, is univer 
sally supposed to have laid the foundations 
of that celebrated city, on the 20th of April; 
according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the 
Julian period, 3251 years after the creation of 
the world, 753 before the birth of Christ- 
and 431 years after the Trojan war, and in 
the 4th year of the 6th Olympiad. In its 
original state, Rome was but a small castle 
on the summit of mount Palatine ; and the 
founder, to give his followers the appearance 
of a nation, or a barbarian horde, was obliged 
to erect a standard as a common asy- 
lum for every criminal, debtor, or murderer, 
who fled from their native country to avoid 
the punishment which attended them. From 
such an assemblage a numerous body was soon 
collected, and before the death of the foun- 
der, the Romans had covered with their habi- 
tations, the Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, 
Esquiline hills, with mount Coelius. and 
Quirinalis. After many successful wars a- 
gainst the neighbouring states, the views of 
Romulus were directed to regulate a nation 
naturally fierce, warlike, and uncivilized. 
The people were divided into classes, the in- 
terests of the whole were linked in a common 
chain, and the labours of the subject, as w^ell 
as those of his patron, tended to the same 
end, the aggrandizement of the state. Under 
the successors of Romulus, the power of 
Rome was increased, and the boundaries of 
her dominions extended ; while one was em- 
ployed in regulating the forms of worship, and 
in inculcating in the minds of his subjects a 
reverence for the deity, the other was enga- 
ged in enforcing discipline among the army, 
and raising the consequence of the soldiers in 
the government of the state, and a third made 
the object of bis administration consist in 
adorning his capital, in beautifying the edi- 
fices, and in fortifying it with towers and walls. 
During 244 years, the Romans were governed 
by kings, but the tyranny, the oppression, 
and the violence of the last of these monarchs, 
and of his family, became so atrocious, that 
a revolution was effected in the state, and 
the deraocratical government was established. 
The monarchical government existed under 
seven princes, who began to reign in the fol- 
lowmg order : Romulus, B. C. 753 ; and after 
one year's interregnum, ISuma, 715; Tullus 
Hostilius, 672; Ancus Martius, 640; Tarquin 
Priscus, 616; Semus Tullius, 578; and Tar- 
quin the Proud, 534 ; expelled 25 years after, 
B. C. 509; and this regal administration has 
been properly denominated the infancy of the 
Roman empire. After the expulsion of the 
Tarquins from the throne, the Romans be- 
came more sensible of their consequence : 
with their liberty they acquired a spirit of fac- 
tion, and they became so jealous of their in- 
de{)endence, that the first of their consuls who 
had been the most zealous and animated in 
the assertion of their freedom, was banished 
ftom the city becatrso he bore the name, and 



down his house, whose stateliness and mag- 
nificence above the rest, seemed incompati- 
ble with the duties and the rank of a private 
citizen. They knew more effectually tl'.eir 
power when they had fought with success 
against Porsenna, the king of Etruria, and 
some of the neighbouring states, who sup- 
ported the claim of the tyrant, and attempt- 
ed to place him on his throne by force of 
arms. A government which is intrusted in- 
to the hands of two of the most distinguished 
of its members, for the limited space of one 
year, cannot but give rise to great men, glo- 
rious exploits, and tremendous seditions. 
The general who is placed at the head of an 
army during a campaign, must be active and 
diligent, when he knows that his power is ter- 
minated with the year, and if he has a be- 
coming ambition, he will distinguish his con- 
sulship by some uncommon act of valour, 
before he'descends from the dignity of an ab- 
solute magistrate to the dependence of a fel- 
low citizen. Yet these attempts for the attain- 
ment of glory often fail of success, and though 
the Romans could once boast that every in- 
dividual in their armies could discbarge with 
fidelity and honour the superior offices of 
magistrate and consul, there are to be found 
in their annals many years marked by over- 
throws, or disgraced by the ill conduct, the 
oppression, and the wantonness of their gen- 
erals. [Vid. Consul.] To the fame which 
their conquest and daily successes had gained 
abroad, the Romans were not a little in<^ebt- 
ed for their gi'adual rise to superiority ; and to 
this may be added the policy of the census, 
which every fifth year told them their actual 
strength, and how many citizens were able 
to bear arms. And indeed it was no smalt 
satisfaction to a people who were continually 
making war, to see that in spite of all the 
losses which they might sustain in the field, 
the increase of the inhabitants of the city was 
prodigious, and almost incredible ; and had 
Romulus lived after the battle of Actium, he 
would have been persuaded with difficulty 
that above four millions of inhabitants were 
contained within those walls, which in the 
most flourishing period of his reign could 
scarce muster an army of 3000 infantry, and 
300 horse. But when Rome had flourished un- 
der the consular government for about 120 
years, and had beheld with pleasure the con- 
quests of her citizens over the neighbouring 
states and cities, which, according to a Roman 
historian, she was ashamed to recollect in the 
summit of her power, an irruption of the bar- 
barians of Gaul rendered her very existence 
precarious, and her name was neaily extin- 
guished. The valour of aji injured individual, 
[Vid. Camillus,^ saved it from destruction, 
yet not before its buildings and temples were 
reduced to ashes. This celebrated event, which 
gave the appellation of another founder of 
Rome to Camillus, has been looked upon as 
a glorious era to the Romans. The huts and 
cottages which Romulus had erected, and all 
his successors repaired, were totally con- 
sumed, and when the city arose again from 
its ruins, the streets were enlarged, conve- 
nience as well a^ order wa6«bserved, taste and 



RO 

regularity were consulted, and the poverty, 
Ignorance and rusticity of the Romans seemed 
to be extinguished with their old habitations. 
But no sooner were they freed from the fears 
of their barbarian Iftvaders, than they turned 
their arms against those states which refused 
to acknowledge their superiority, or yield 
their independence. Their wars with Pyrrhus 
and the Tarentines, displayed their character 
in a different view ; if they before had fought 
for freedom and independence, they now drew 
their sword for glory ; and here we may see 
them conquered in the field, and yet refusing 
to grant that peace for which their conqueror 
himself had sued. The advantages they gained 
from their battles with Pyrrhus were many. 
The Roman name became known in Greece, 
Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or gaining a 
victory, the Romans were enabled to examine 
the mancenvres, observe the discipline, and 
contemplate the order and the encampments 
of those soldiers whose friends and ancestors 
had accompanied Alexander the Great in the 
conquest of Asia. Italy became subjected to 
the Romans at the end of the war with the 
Tarentines, and that period of time has been 
called the second age, or the adolescence of 
the Roman empire. After this memorable 
era they tried their strength not only with 
distant nations, but also upon a new element ; 
and in the long wars which they waged against 
Carthage, they acquired territory and obtained 
the sovereignty of the sea, and though Anni- 
bai for sixteen years kept them in continual 
alarms, hovered round their gates, and de- 
stroyed their armies almost before their walls; 
yet they were doomed to conquer, [rid. Pu- 
nicum bellum,] and soon to add the kingdom 
of Macedonia, [Vid. Macedonicum bellum,] 
and the provinces of Asia, [Fid. Mithridati- 
cum bellum,"] to their empire. But while we 
consider the Romans as a nation subduing their 
neighbours by war, their manners, their coun- 
sels, and their pursuits at home are not to be 
forgotten. To be warriors was their profes- 
sion; their assemblies in the Campus Martius 
were a meeting of armed men, and very 
properly denominated an army. Yet while 
their conquests were so extensive abroad, 
we find them torn by factions at home; and 
so far was the resentment of the poorer citi- 
zens carried, that we see the enemy at the 
gates of the city, while all are unwilling to 
take up arms and to unite in the defence of 
their common liberty. The senators and no- 
bles were ambitious of power, and endeavour- 
ed to retain in their hands that influence which 
had been exercised with so much success, 
and such cruelty, by their monarchs. This 
was the continual occasion of tumults and se- 
dition. The people were jealous of their li- 
berty. The oppression of the nobles irritated 
them, and the stripes to which they were too 
often exposed without mercy, was often pro- 
ductive of revolutions. The plebeians, though 
originally the poorest and most contemptible 
citizens of an indigent nation, who^e food in 
tlie first ages of the empire was only bread 
and salt, and whose drink was water, soon 
gained rights and privileges by their opposition. 
Though really slaves they became powerful in 
the stale; one concession from the patricians 
produced another, and when their indepeo- 



RO 

dence was boldly asserted by their tribunes^ 
they were admitted to share in the highest 
offices of the state, and the laws which for- 
bad the intermarriage of plebeian and patri- 
cian families were repealed, and the meanest 
peasant could, by valour and fortitude, be rais- 
ed to the dignity of dictator and consul. It 
was not till these privileges were obtained by 
the people from the senate, that Rome begaa 
to enjoy internal peace and tranquillity, her 
battles were then fought with more \igour, 
her soldiers were more animated, and her 
sovereignty was more universally established. 
But supreme power, lodged in the hands of a 
factious and ambitious citizen, becomes too 
often dangerous. The greatest oppression, 
and tyranny took place of subordination and 
obedience : and from those causes proceeded 
the unparalleled slaughter and eftusion of 
blood under a Sylla or a Marius. It has 
been justly observed, that the first Romans 
conquered iheir enemies by valour, tempe- 
rance, and fortitude; their moderation also, 
and their justice, were well known among 
their neighbours; and not only private pos- 
sessions, but even mighty kingdoms and em- 
pires, were left in their power, to be distri- 
buted among a family, or to be ensured in the 
hands of a successor. They were also chosen 
umpires, to decide quarrels ; but in this ho- 
nourable oflSce they consulted their own inte- 
rest; they artfully supported the weaker side, 
that the more powerful might be reduced, and 
graduaWy become their prey. Under J. Caesar 
and Porapey, the rage of civil war was carried 
to unprecedented excess; it was not merely 
to avenge a private injury, but it was a con- 
test for the sovereignty ; and though each of 
the adversaries wore the niask of pretended 
sincerity, and professed himself to be the 
supporter of the republic, not less than the 
abolition of freedom and the public liberty 
was the aim. What Julius began, his adopt- 
ed son achieved : the ancient spirit of national 
independence was extinguished at Rome, 
and after the battle of Actium. the Romans 
seemed unable to govern themselves with- 
out the assistance of a chief, who under the 
title of imperalor, an appellation given to 
every commander by his army after some 
signal victory, reigned with as much power 
and as much sovereignty as another Tarquin. 
Under their emperors the Romans lived a 
luxurious and indolent life; fhey had long 
foigot to appear in the field, and their wart 
were left to be waged by mercenary troops, 
who fought without spirit or animosity, and 
who were ever ready to yield to him who 
bought their allegiance and fidelity with the 
greatest sums of money. Their leaders them- 
selves were not the most prudent or the most 
hiimann ; the power which they had acquired 
by bribery was indeed precarious, and among 
a people, where not only the highest office? 
of the state, but even the imperial purple 
itself, are exjxised to sale, there cannot be 
expected much hajipiness or tranquillity in 
the jmlace of the emperor. The reigns ot 
the successors of Augustus were distinguished 
by variety ; one was (he most abandoned and 
profligate of men, whom his own vice5 and ex- 
travagance hurried out of the world, while hi.-; 
!«ucccssor, perhf>ps tlif* fos.t r1(!r"^nl. ii^^t. ^v.d 



RO 

^popular of princes, was sacrificed in the midst 
of his guards and attendants, by the dagger of 
some otfeuded favonrile, or disappointed eu- 
nuch. Few, indeed, were the emjierors of 
Rome whose days were not shortened by poi- 
son, or the sword of an assassin. If one, for 
some time, had the imprudence to trust him- 
self in the midst of a multitude, at last to pe- 
rish by his own credulity, the other consulted 
his safety, but with no better success, in the 
innumerable chambers of his palace, and 
changed every day, to elude discovery, the 
place of his retirement. After they had been 
governed by a race of princes, remarkable for 
the variety of their characters, the Roman 
possessions were divided into two distinct em- 
pires, by the enterprising Constantine, A. D. 
328. Constantinople became the seat of the 
eastern empire, and Rome remained in the 
possession of the westci'n emperors, and con- 
tinued to be the capital of their dominions. In 
the year 800 of the Christian era. Rome, with 
Italy, was delivered by Charlemagne, the then 
emperor of the west, into the hands of the 
Pope, who still continues to hold the sove- 
reignty, and to maintain his independence un- 
der the name of the Ecclesiastical States — 
The original poverty of the Romans has often 
been disguised by their poets and historians, 
who wished it to appear, that a nation who 
were masters of the world, had had better be- 
ginning than to be a race of shepherds and 
robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they 
were indebted for their successes. Their 
houses were originally destitute of every orna- 
ment ; they were made with unequal boards, 
and covered with mud, and these served them 
raiher as a shelter against the inclemency of 
the seasons, than for relaxation and ease. Till 
the age of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and 
many salutary laws were enacted to restrain 
luxury, and to punish indolence. They ob- 
served great temperance in their meals : young 
men were not permitted to drink wine till they 
had attained their 30th year, and it vvas totally 
forbidden to women. Their national spirit was 
supported by policy ; th« triumphal procession 
of a conqueror along the streets, amidst the ap- 
plause of thousands, was well calculated to 
liTomote emulation ; and the number of gladi- 
attn-s which were regularly introduced, not 
«nily in public games and sjiectacles, but also 
«t private meetings, served to cherish their 
fondness for war, while it steeled their hearts 
against the calls of compassion; and when 
they could gaze with pleasure upon wretches 
Avhora they forcibly obliged to murder one 
another, they v^ere not inactive in the de- 
otruction of those whom they considered ae 
inveterate foes, or formidable rivals in the 
tield. In their punishments, civil as well as 
military, the Romans were strict and rigorous ; 
a deserter was severely whipped, and sold as 
a slave ; and the degradation from the rank of 
a soldier and dignity of a citizen, was the most 
ignominious s<igma which could be ailixed up- 
on a seditious mutineer. The transmarine vic- 
tories of the Romans proved at last tlie ruin of 
their innocence and bravery. They grew fond 
of the luxury of the Asiatics ; and, conquered 
by, tlie vices and indolcsnce of those nations 
whom they had subdued, they became as ett'e- 
rainate and as dissolute as their CBplives. 



RO 

Marcellus was the first who introduced a taste 
for the fine arts among his countrymen. The 
spoils and treasures that were obtained in the 
plunder of Syracuse and Corinth, rendered 
the Romans partial to elegant refinement and 
ornamental equipage. Though Cato had des- 
pised philosophy, [Vid. Carneades] and de- 
clared that war was the only profession of his 
countrymen, the Romans, by their intercourse 
with the Greeks, soon became fond of litera- 
ture ; and though they had once banished the 
sophists of Athens from their city, yet they 
beheld with rapture their settlement among 
them, in the principal towns of Italy, after the 
conquest of Achaia. They soon after began 
to imitate their polished captives, and to culti- 
vate poetry with success. From the valour of 
their heroes and conquerors, indeed the sub- 
limest subjects were oflfered to the genius of 
their poets ; but of the little that remains to ce- 
lebrate the early victories of Rome, nothing 
can be compared to the nobler effusions of the 
Augustan age. Virgil has done so much for 
the Latin name that the splendour and the tri- 
umphs of his country are forgotten for a while, 
when we are transported in the admiration of 
the majesty of his numbers, the elegant deli- 
cacy of his expressions, and the fire of his 
muse ; and the applauses given to the lyric 
powers of Horace, the softness of Tibullus, the 
vivacity of Ovid, and the superior composi- 
tions of other respectable poets, shall be uncea- 
sing so long as the name of Rome excites our 
reverence and our praises, and so long as ge- 
nius, virtue, and abilities are honoured amongst 
mankind. Though they originally rejected 
with horror a law which proposed the building 
of a public theatre, and the exhibition of plays, 
like the Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved 
favourable to the compositions of their coun- 
trymen. Livius was the first dramatic. writer 
of consequence at Rome, whose plays began 
to be exhibited A. U. C. 514. After him Nae- 
vius and Ennius wrote for the stage ; and in a 
more polished period Plautus, Terence, Cae- 
cilius, and Afranius, claimed the public atten* 
tion, and gained the most unbounded applause. 
Satire did not make its appearance at Rome 
till 100 years after the introdutlion of come- 
dy, and so celebrated was Lucilius in this kind 
of writiiig, that he was called the inventor of 
it. In historical writing the [)rogress of the 
Romans was slow and inconsiderable, and for 
many years they employed the pen of foreign- 
ers to compile their annals, till the superior 
abilities of a Livy were made known. In their 
worship and sacrifices the Romans were un- 
commonly superstitious, the will of the gods 
was consulted on every occasion, and no gene- 
ral marched to an expedition without the pre- 
vious assurance from the augurs, that the 
omen.s were propitious, and his success almost 
indubitable. Their sanctuaries were nume- 
rous, they raised altars not only to the gods, 
who, as they supposed, presided over their city, 
but also to the deities of conquered nations, as 
well as to the ditferent passions and virtues. 
There were no less than 420 temples at Rome, 
crowded with statues, the priests were na- 
meroMs, and each divinity had a particular 
college of sacerdotal servants. Their war.*? 
were declared in the most awful and solemn 
manner, and prayers were always otfered in 



RO 

the temples for the prosperity oiKoBie, wiien 
a defeat had been sustained , or a victory'won. 
The power of fathers over their children was 
very extensive, and indeed unlimited ; they 
could sell them or put them to death at plea- 
sure, without the forms of trial, or the inter- 
ference of the civil magistrates. Many of their 
ancient families were celebrated for the great 
men which they had produced, but the vigor- 
ous and interested part tliey took in the gov- 
ernment of the republic exposed them often 
to danger, and some have observed that the 
Romans sunk into indolence and luxury when 
the Cornelii, the Fabii, the JEmyWi, the iMar- 
celli, &:c. who had so often supported their 
spirit and led them to victory, had been extin- 
guished in the bloody wars of Marius and of 
the two triumvirates. When Rome was be- 
come powerful, she was distinguished from 
other cities by the flattery of her neighbours 
and citizens, a form of worship was established 
to her as a deity, and temples were raised in 
her honour, not only in the city, but in the 
provinces. The goddess Roma was represent- 
ed like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a 
rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her 
head covered with a helmet, and a trophy at 
her feet. Lh\ 1. k.c. — Cato de R. R. — Virg. 
JEn. G. ^ Ecl.—Horat. 2. soLt. 6, hc.—Flor. 
1, c 1, he— Paterc— Tacit. Ann. 4- Hist.— 
Tibull. 4. — Lucan — Plut in Rom. jXum. &c. 
— Cic.de J\at. D. 1, kc.—Plin. 7, kc.—Jus- 
itn. 43.— Farro deL.L.5. — Val. Max. l, Lc. 

— Martial. 12, ep. 8. A daughter of Evan- 

der. A Trojan woman who came to Italy 

with iEneas. A daughter of Italus and Lu- 

eeria. It was after one of these females, ac- 
cording to some authors, that the capital of 
Italy was called Roma. 

RoMANi, the inhabitants of Rome. Vid. 
Roma. 

RoMANUS, an officer under Theodosius. 

Another poisoned by Nero. A son of 

Constans, fcc. 

RoMiLius Marcellus, a Roman centu- 
rion in Galba's reign, he. Tacit. I, Hist. 

RoMULA, a name given to the fig-tree un- 
der which Romulus and Remus were found. 
Ovid. 2, Fast. v. 412. 

RojiuLEA, a town of the Samnites. Liv. 
10, c. 17. 

RoMuiaDjE, a patronymic given to the 
Roman people from Romulus their first king, 
and the founder of their city. Virg. JEn. 8, 
Y. 638. 

Romulus, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandson 
of Numitor kingof Alba, was born at the same 
birth with Remus. These two children were 
thrown into the Tiber by order of Amulius. 
who usurped the crown of his brother Numi- 
tor : but they were preserved, and according to 
Florus, the river stopped its course, and a she- 
wolf came and fed them with her milk till 
they were found by Faustulus, one of the king's 
she{)herds, who educated them as his own chil- 
dren. When tijey knew their real origin, the 
twins, called Romulus and Remus, put Amu- 
Jlus to death; a.d restored the crown to their 
erandfather IVumitor. They afterwards un- 
dertook to build a city, and to determine which 
of the two brothers should have the manage- 
ment of it, they had recourse to omen;? and the 
(if^)t of bird«^. RpintTS went to mount Aven- 



RO 

tinej an J Romulus to mount Palatine. Rerau3 
saw first a flight of six vultures, and soon after 
Romulus, tsvelve ; and. therefore, as bis num- 
ber was greater, he began to lay the founda- 
tions of the city, hopeful that it would become 
a v.arlike and powerful nation, as the birds 
from which he had received the omen were 
fond of prey and slaughter. Romulus mark- 
ed V. ith a furrow the place where he wished 
to erect the vvalls ; but their slenderness was 
ridiculed by Remus, v.ho leaped over them 
with the greatest contempt. This irritated 
Romulus, and Remus was immediately put 
to death, eitlier Vjy the hand of his brother or 
one of the workmen. When the walls were 
built, the city was without inhabitants; bat 
Romulus, by making an asylum of a sacred 
grove, soon collected a multitude of fugitives, 
ioreigners; and criminals, whom he received 
as his lawful subjects. Yet however numer- 
ous these might be, they were despised by 
the neighbouring inhabitants, and none were 
willing to form matrimonial connexions with 
them. But Romulus obtained by force what 
was denied to his petitions. The Romans 
celebrated games in honour of the god Consus, 
and forcibly carried away all the females who 
had assembled there to be spectators of these 
unusual exhibitions. These violent measures 
offended the neighbouring nations ; they made 
war against the ravishers with various success, 
till at last they entered Rome, which had 
been betrayed to them by one of the stolen 
virgins. A violent engagement was begun 
in the middle of the Roman forum ; but 
the Sabines were conquered, or according to 
Ovid, the two enemies laid down their arms 
when the women had rushed between tlie two 
armies, and by their tears and entreaties 
raised compassion in the bosoms of their 
parents and husbands. The Sabines left their 
original possessions, and came to live in Rome, 
where Tatius, their king, shared the so- 
vereign power with Romulus. The introduc- 
tion of the Sabines into the city of Rome, 
was attended with the most salutary conse- 
quences, and the Romans, by pursuing thi* 
plan, and admitting the conquered nation* 
among their citizens, rendered themselves 
more powerful and more formidable. Af- 
terwards Romulus divided the lands which 
he had obtained by conquest ; one part was 
reserved for religious uses, to maintain the 
priests, to erect temples, and to consecrate 
alteirs ; the other was appropriated for the ex- 
penses of the state ; and the third part was 
equally distributed among his subjects, who 
were divided into three classes or tiibes. The 
most aged and experienced, to the number of 
IW, were also chosen, whom the monarch 
might consult in matters of the highest im- 
j>ortaMce, and from their age they were called 
senators, and from their authority patres. 
The whole body of the people was also dis- 
liugui.shed by the name ot patricians and ple- 
beians, patron and client, who by mutual in- 
terest were induced to preserve the peace of 
the state, and to promote the public good. 
Some time after Rom.jlu^ disappeared as he 
was giving instructions to the senators, nnd the 
eclipse of the sun, which happened at that 
time, was favourable to the rumour which as- 
serted that the king bad been taken up to hea- 



RU 

yen, 714 B. C. after a reign of 39 years, 
ihis was further confirmed by J. Procules, 
one of the senators, who solemnly declared, 
that as he returned from Alba, he had seen 
Romulus in a form above human, and that he 
had directed him to tell the Romans to pay 
him divine honours under the name of Qui- 
rinus, and to assure them that their city was 
doomed one day to become the capital of 
the world. This report was immediately- 
credited, and the more so as the senators 
dreaded the resentment of the people, who 
suspected them of having offered him vio- 
lence. A temple was raised to him, and a 
regular priest, called Flamen Quiriaalis, was 
appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romulus 
was ranked by the Romans among the 12 
great gods, and it is not to be wondered 
that he received such distinguished honours, 
when the Romans considered him as the 
founder of their city and empire, and the 
son of the god of war. He is generally 
represented like his father, so much that 
it is difficult to distinguish them. The fable 
of the two children of Rhea Salvia being 
nourished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa, 
Faustulus's wife, having brought them up. 
[Vid. Acca.] Dionys. Hal. 1 and 2. — Liv. 
l,c.4,kc.— Justin. 43, c.l and 2.—Flor. 1, 
c. 1. — Pint, in Romul. — Val. Max. 3, c. 2, 
1.5, c. S.—Plin. 15, c. 18, kc—Virg. JEn. 
2, v. 342, 605.— Oi'id. Met. 14, v. 616 and 
845. Fast. 4, kc.—Horat. 3, od. 3.—Juv. 
18, V. 272. 

Romulus Svlvius, or Alladius, a 

king of Alba. Momyllus Augustulus, the 

last of the emperors of the western empire of 
Rome. His country was conquered A. D. 
476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who as- 
sumed the name of king of Italy. 

RoMus, a son of iEneas, by Lavinia. Some 
suppose that he was the founder of Rome. — — 
A son of iEmathion sent by Diomedes to Italy, 
and also supposed by some to be the founder 
of Rome. 

RosciA LEX de theatris, by L. Roscius 
Otho the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It required 
that none should sit in the first 14 seats of the 
theatre, if they were not in possession of 400 
sestertia, which was the fortune required to be 
a Roman knigiit. 

RosciASUM, the port of Thurii, now Ros- 
sano. 

Q. Roscius, a Roman actor, born at Lanu- 
vium, so celebrated on the stage, that every 
comedian of excellence and merit has received 
his name. His eyes were naturally distorted, 
and he always appeared on the stage with a 
mask, but the Romans obliged him to act his 
characters without, and they overlooked the 
deformities of his face, that they might the 
better hear his elegant pronunciation, and be 
delighted with the sweetness of his voice. He 
w^s accused on suspicion of dishonourable 
practices ; but Cicero, who had been one of his 
pupils, undertook his defence, and cleared him 
of the malevolent aspersions of his enemies, in 
an el€g;int oration still extant. Roscius wrote 
atrealtse, in which he compared with great 
success and much learning, the profession of 
the orator with that of the comedian. He 
tlied about 60 years before Christ, llorai. 
^•, ef». I. — Qvititil. — Cic. ]u\> Rqs. dc Oral. 3; 



RU 

de Div. 1, Slc. Tusc. 3, kc.-^Plut, in Cic^ 
Sextus, a rich citizen of Ameria, murder- 
ed in tlie dictatorship of Sylla. His son, of the 
same name, was accused of the xnurder, and 
eloquently defended by Cicero, in an c»racioii 
still extant, A. U. C. 673. Cic. pro S. lioacio 
Jimer. Lucius, a lieutenant of Cajsar's ar- 
my in Gaul. Otho, a tribune, who made a 

law to discriminate the knights from the «om- 
mon people at public spectacles. 

Rosi^ Campus, or Rosia, a beautiful plaia 
in the country of the Sabines, neai* the lake 
Velinura. Varro. R. R. 1, c. 7. — Virg.Mn. 7, 
V. 712.— Cic. 4, ^«. 15. 

RosiLLANus AGJER, E territory in Etruria. 

Rosius, a harbour of Cilicia. A man 

made consul only for one day under Vitcliiusj 
k.c. Tacit. 

RosuLUM, a town of Etruria, now Monte 
Rosi. 

RoTOMAGUs, a town of Gaul, now Rouen. 

RoxANA, a Persian woman taken prisoner 
by Alexander. The conqueror became ena- 
moured of her and married her. She beha- 
ved with great cruelty after Alexander's death, 
and she was at last put to death by Cassan- 
der's order. She was daughter of Darius, or, 
according to others, of one of his satraps. 

Curt. 8, c. 4, i. 10, c. d.—Plut in Alex. 

A wife of Mithridates the Great, who poisoned 
herself. 

RoxoLANi, a people of European Sarma- 
tia, who proved very active and rebellious in 
the reign of the Roman emperors. 

RuBE^, the north cape at the north of Scan- 
danavia. 

RuBELLius Blandus, a man who mar- 
ried Julia, the daughter of Drusus, iSic. 

One of the descendants of Augustus, treach- 
erously put to death by Nero, &,c. Tacit. 

Plautus, an illustrious Roman, who disgraced 
himself by his arrogance and ambitious views. 
Juv. 8, V. 39. 

RuBi, now Ruvo, a town of Apulia, from 
which the epithet Rubeus is derived, applied 
to bramble bushes which grew there. The in- 
habitants were called Rubitini. Horat. 1, Sat. 
5, V. 94. Virg. G. 1, v. 266. 

Rubicon, now Rugone, a small river of 
Italy, which it separates from Cisalpine Gaul. 
It rises in the Apennine mountains, and falls 
into the Adriatic sea. By crossin"; it, and 
thus transgressing the boundaries ol his pro- 
vince, J. Caesar declared war against the se- 
nate and Pompey, and began the civil wars. 
Lucan. 1, v. 185 and 213. — Strab. 5. — Su£t. 
in Cats. 32. — Plin. 3, c. 15. 

RuBiENus Lappa, a tragic poet in the age 
of Juvenal, conspicuous as much for his great 
genius as his poverty. Juv. 7, v. 72. 

RuBiGO, a goddess. Vid. Robigo. 

RuBo, tlie Dwina, which falls into the Bal^ 
tic at Riga. 

Rubra saxa, a place of Etruria, near Veii, 
at the distance of about eight miles from Rome . 
Mar. 4, ep. 64, v. 15. — Liv. 3, c. 49. 

RuBRiA LEX was enacted after the taking of 
Carthage, to make an equal division of the 
lands in Africa. 

Rubrics, a Roman knight accused of trea- 
son under Tiberius, kc. Tacit. A man 

who lied to Parthia on suspicion that the Ro- 
man affairs were ruined.— —A ffiend of Vi- 



RU 

telilus. — —An obscure Gaul, in great favour 

witli Domitian. Juv. 4, v. 145. An officer 

in Csesar's army. 

RuBRUM marfm (Ihe Red Sea,) is situate be- 
tween Arabia, Egypt, and Ethiopia, and is of- 
ten called Ei-ythrseum mare, and confounded 
with the Arabicus sinus, and the Indian sea. 
Plin. 6, c. 23 and 24.—Lw. 36, c. 17, 1. 42, c. 
62, I. 45, c. 9. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 686. — Lucaa. 
8, V. 853. 

RuDi;^:, a town of Calabria, near Brundusi- 
um, built by a Greek colony, and famous for 
giving birth to the poet Ennius. Cic. pro Arch. 
10.— Hal. 13, V. 396.— JlfeZa, 2, c. 4 

RuffLnus, a {general of Gaul in the reign of 
Viteliius, he. Tacit. H. 2, c. 94. 

RuFFUs CnispiNus, an officer of the preto- 
rian guards under Claudius. He was banish- 
ed by Agrippina for his attachment to Britan- 
nicus and Octavius, the sons of JVlessalina.and 
put himself to death. His wife, Poppaea Sa- 
bina, by whom he had a son called Ruffinus 
Crispinus, afterwards married Nero. Tacit. 
12.— Hist. c. 42, 1. 16, c. 17. A soldier, pre- 
sented with a civic crown for preserving the 
life of a citizen, he. 

RuFiANA, a town of Gaul, now Rufash in 
Alsace. 

RuFiLLUs, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace. 
Sat. 2, V. 27, for^his effeminacy. 

Jul. RuFFiNiASfus, a rhetorician, he. 

RuFiNUS, a general of Theodosius, he. 

RuFRiE, a town of Campania, of which the 
inhabitants were called Rufreni. Cic. 10. Fam. 
•:i.—Sil. 8, V. 568.— r^ir^'-. JEn. 7, v. 739. 

RuFRiuM, a town of Samnium, now Ruro. 
Liv. 8, c. 25. 

RcFUS, a Latin historian. [Vid. Quintius.] 

A friend of Commodus, famous for his 

avarice and ambition. One of the ances- 
tors of Sylla, degraded from the rank of a 
senator, because ten pounds weight of gold 
was found in his house. A governor of Ju- 
daea. A man who conspired against Domi- 
tian, A poet of Ephesus, in the reign of 

Trajan. He wrote six books on simples, now 

lost. A Latin poet. Sempronius. Vid. 

PtECtorius. 

RuGiA, now Rugen, an island of the Baltic. 

RuGii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. 43. 

RupiLius, an officer surnamed Rex, for his 
authoritative manners. He was proscribed by 
Augustus, and (led to Brutus. Horat. 1, sat. 7, 

V. 1. A writer, whose treatises de Jiguris 

sentcntiarum, he were edited by Runken, 8vo. 
L. Bat. 1786. 

RusciNo, a town of Gaul, at the foot of the 
Pyrenees. Liv. 21, c. 24.-^»— A sea-port town 
of Africa. Id. 30, c. 10. 

Ruscius, a town of Gaul. 

RuscoNiA, a town of Mauritania. Liv. 21, 
C.24. 

Rusella:, an inland town of Etruria, de- 
ijtroyed by the Romans. Liv. 28, c, 45. 

RuspiNA, a town of Africa, near Adrume- 
tum. Sil. It. 3, V. 260.— Hir^ .'?/. 640. 

Rusxicus, L. JuN. Arui.enus, a man put 
to de-ath by Dom'ii'mn. He was the friend 
78 



RY 

and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who 
praises his abilities; and he is likewise com- 
mended by Tacitus, 16, fl. c. 26. — Plin. 1, ep. 
14. — Suel. 171 Dom. A friend of M. Aurelius. 

Rusucurrum, a town of Mauritania, believ- 
ed modern Algiers. 

RuTENt, a people of Gaul, now Ruvergnd 
in Guienna. Cc£$. B. G. 

RuTiLA, a deformed old woman, who lived 
near 100 years, he. Plin. 7, c. 48. — Juv. 10, 
V. 294. 

RuTiLus, a rich man reduced to beggary by 
his extravagance. Juv. 11, v. 2. 

P. RuTiLiusRuFUs, a Roman consul in the 
age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues and 
writings. He refused to comply with the re- 
quests of his friends because they were unjust. 
When Sylla had banished him from Rome 
he retired to Smyrna, amidst the acclama- 
tions and praises of the people ; and when 
some of his friends wished him to be recalled 
home by means of a civil war, he severely 
reprimanded them, and said that he wished 
rather to see his country blush at his exile, 
than to plunge it into distress by his return. 
He was the first who taught the Roman sol- 
diers the principles of fencing, and by thus 
mixing dexterity with valour, rendered t!i3ir 
attacks more certain, and more irresistible. 
During his banishment he employed his time 
in study, and wrote an history of Rome in 
Greek, and an account of his own life in 
Latin, besides many other works. Ovid. Fast. 
Q, v. 563. — Seneca de Benef. — Cic. in Brut, de 
Orat. 1, c. 53.— Fa/. Max. 2, c. 3, 1. 6, c. 

4. — Patera. 2, c. 9. A Roman proconsul, 

who is supposed to have encouraged Mithri- 
dates to murder all the Romans who were in 

his provinces. Lupus, a praetor who fled 

away with three cohorts from Tarracina.— — 

A rhetorician. Quintil. 3, c. 1. A man 

who went against Jugurtha. A friend of 

Nero. Claud. Numantianus, a poet of Gaul, 

in the reign of Honorius. According to some, 
he wrote a poem on mount ^tna. He wrote 
also an itinerary, published by Burman in the 
poetae Latini minores, L. Bat. 4to. 1731. 

RuTUBA, a river of Liguria, falling from 
the Apennines into the Mediterranean. Lu- 

can. 2, V. 422. Of Latium, falling into the 

Tiber. Lucan. 2, v. 422. 

RuTUBUs, a gladiator, he. Horat 2, Sat. 7, v. 
96. 

RiJTULi, a people of Latium, known as well 
as the Latins, by the name of Morigines. 
When it^neas came into Italy, Turnus was 
their king, and they supported him in the war 
which he waged against this foreign prince. 
The capital of their dominions was called Ar- 
dea. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 883. Met. 14, v. 455, 
he.— Virg. JEn. 7, he.— Plin. 3, c. 5. 

RutupjE, a sea port town on the southern 
coasts of Britain, abounding in excellent oys- 
ters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some 
suppose that it is the modern town of Dover, 
but others Richborough or Sandwich. Lucan. 6, 
V. 6T.—.ruv. 4, V. 141. 
RYrn.ffii MONTES. Vid. Rhipsei. 



« 



SA 

,ABA, a town of Arabia, famous for frank- 
incense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. Tiie 
inhabitanls were called Sabcei. Strab. 16. — 
jDiofi 3.— Virg. G.\,v. 57. ^n. 1. v. 420. 

Sabachus, or Sabacon, a king of iEthi- 
opia, who invaded Egypt and reigned there, 
after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a 
reign of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, 
and retired into his own kingdom. Herodot. 
a, c. 137, he. 

Sabi.'e, a people of Arabia. Vid. Saba. 

Sabata, a town of Lignria with a safe and 
beautiful harbour, supposed to be the modern 

Savo7ia. Sil. 8, v. 461.— Strab. 4. A town 

of Assyria. 



Sabatha, a town of Arabia, now Sanaa. 
Sabathra, a town of Syria. Sil. 3, v. 
256. 

Sabatint, a people of Samnium, livmg on 
thebanks ofthe Sabatus, a river which falls 
into the Vulturnus. Liv. 26. c. 33. 

Sabazius, a surname of Bacchus, as also 
of Jupiter Cic de jY. D. 3, c. 23.— ^mo6. 4. 
Sabbas, a king of India. 
Sabeli.a, the nurse ofthe poet Horace. 1 
Sal. 9 V. 29. 

Sabelm, a people of Italy, descended from 
the Sabines, or according to some from the 
Samnites. They inhabited that part of the 
country which lies between the Sabines and 
the Marsi. Hence the epithet of Sabellicus. 
Horat. 3, od. 6.— Virg. G. 3, v. 255. 

Sabellus, a Latin poet in the reign of Do- 
mitian and Nerva. 

Julia Sabina, a Roman matron, who mar- 
ried Adrian bv means of Plotina the wife of 
Trajan. She 'is celebrated for her private as 
well as public virtues. Adrian treated her 
with the greatest asperity, though he had 
received from her tJ)e imperial purple ; and 
the empress was so sensible of his unkindness, 
that s!ie boasted in his presence that she had 
disdained to make him a father, lest his chil- 
dren should become more odious or more ty- 
rannical than he himself was. The behaviour 
of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian that he 
poisoned her, or according to some, obliged 
her to destroy herself. The emperor at that 
time laboured under a mortal disease, and 
therefore he was the more encouraged to sa- 
critJce Sabina to his resentment, that she might 
not survive him. Divine honours were paid to 
her memory. She died after she had been 
married 38 years to Adrian, A. D. 138. 

Sabini, an ancient people of Italy, reckon- 
ed among the Aborigine;?, or those inhabit- 
ants whose origin was not known. Some sup- 
pose that they were originally a Lacedaemo- 
nian colony who settled in that i>art of the 
country. The possessions of the Sabines were 
situated in the neighbourhood of Rome, be- 
tween the river Nar and the Anio,and bounded 
on the north by the Apennines and Umbria, 
south by Latium, east by the iEqui, and Etrn- 
ria on the west. The greatest part of the con- 
tiguous nations were descended from them, 
such as the Umbrians, the Campanians, the 
Sal)elli, the Osci, Samnites, Hernici. ^qui, 
Marsi, Brutii, &.c. The Sabines are celebra-| 
led in ancient history as being the first who 
took up arms against the Romans, to avenge 
the rape of their females at a spectacle where 
rhey bad been invited. After some engage- 



SA 

ments the greatest part of the Sabines left 
their ancient possessions and migrated to 
Rome, where they settled with their new al- 
lies. They were at last totally subdued, about 
the year of Rome 373, and ranked as Roman 
citizens. Their chief cities were Cures, Fi- 
den»,Reate, Crustrumerium,Corniculum, No- 
mentum, Collatia, k,c. The character of the 
nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and 
for the knowledge of herbs and incantations, 
was very great. Horat. 17, ep. 28. — Cic. Vat. 
15 —Plin. 3, c. 12.— Liv 1, c. 9 and IS— Di- 
onys. 2, c b\.— Strab. b.—Flor. 1, c. 1,1. 3, 
c. is.— Hal. 8, V. 42.4.—Ovid.j\fet. 14, v. 775 and 
797. A7n. 1, V, 101, 13, 8, v. 61.— Jur. 10, v. 197. 

Sabinianus, a general who revolted in 
Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was de- 
feated soon after, A. D. 240. A general of 

the eastern empire, &c. 

Sabinus Aulus, a Latin poet intimate with 
Ovid. He wrote some epistles and elegies, 
in the number of which were mentioned, 
an epistle from ^neas to Dido, from Hip- 
polytus to Phaedra, and from Jason to Hip- 
sipyle, from Demophoon to Phyllis, from 
Paris to (Enone, from Ulysses to Penelope; 
the three last of which, though said to be his 
composition, are spurious. Ovid. Am. 2, el. 

IS. v. 27. -A man from whom the Sabines 

received their name. He received divine ho- 
nours after death, and was one of those deities 
whom Ji^neas invoked when he entered Italy. 
He was supposed to be of Lacedsemonian ori- 
gin. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 171. An officer of 

CjBsar's army defeated by the Gauls. Ju- 



lius, an officer, who proclaimed himself em- 
peror in the beginning of Vespasian's reign. He 
was soon after defeated in a battle ; and toes- 
cape from the conqueror he hid himself in a 
subterraneous cave, with two faithful domes- 
tics, where he continued unseen for nine suc- 
cessive years. His wife found out his retreat, 
and spent her time with him, till her frequent 
visits to the cave discovered the place of his 
concealment. He was dragged before Ves- 
pasian, and by his orders put to death, though 
his friends interested themselves in his causej 
and his wife endeavoured to raise the empe- 
ror's pity by showing him the twins whona 
she had brought forth in their subterraneous 

retreat. Corn a man who conspired against 

Caligula, and afterwards destroyed himself. 
Titius, a Roman senator shamefully accu 



sed and condemned by Sejanus. His body, af- 
ter execution, was dragged through the streets 
of Rome, and treated vvith the greatest indig- 
nities. His dog constantly followed the body, 
and when it was thrown into the Tiber, the 
faithful animal plunged in after it, and was 
drowned. Plin. 8, c. 40 PoppiEus, a Ro- 
man consul, who presided above 24 years over 
Mcesia, and obtained a triumph for his victo- 
ries over the barbarians. He was a great fa- 
vourite of Augustus and of Tiberius. Tacit. 

^^^ij, Flavins, a brother of Vespasian.killed 

by the populace. He was well known for his 
fidelity to Vitellius. He commanded in the Ro- 
man armies 35 years, and was governor of 

Rome for 12. A friend of Domitian. A 

Roman who attempted to plunder the temple 
of the Jews. A friend of the emperor Alex- 
ander. A lawyer. ^ „ , . ^ , 

Sabis. now Sambre, a river of Belgic Gafll, 



SA 

•ailing into the Maese at Numar. C(es 2, c. 
16 and 18. 

Sabota, the same as Sabatha. 

Sabrac.«, a powerful nation of India. Curt. 
9, c. 8. 

Sabrata, a maritime town of Africa, near 
the Syrtes. It was a Roman colony, about 
70 miles from the modern Tripoli. Jtal. 3, v. 
256.— P/m. 5, c. 4. 

Sabrkva, the 6'eremin England. 

Sabup^a, a general of Juba, king of Numi- 
dia, deieated and killed in a battle. Liican. 
4, V. 722. 

Saeuranus, an officer of the praetorian 
guards. When he was appointed to this office 
by the emperor Trajan, tbe prince presented 
him with a sword, saying. Use this weapen in 
my service as long as my commands are jusl ; 
but turn it against my own breast, whenever I 
become cruel or malevolent. 

Sabl's. one of tbe ancient kings of the Sa- 
bines; the same as Sabinus. Vid. Sabinus. 
A king of Arabia. 

Sacadas, a musician and poet of Argos, 
who obtained three several limes the prize at 
the Pythian games. Plut de mus. — Paus. 
6, c. 14. 

Sac.c, a people of Scythia, who inhabited 
tbe country that lies at tbe east of Bactriana 
and Sogdlana, and towards the north of 
mount Imaus. The name of Saca? was given 
in general to all the Scythians, by the Per- 
sians. They had no towns, according to 
some writers, but lived in tents. Ptol. 6, c. 
Vi.—Herodot. 3, c. 93, 1. 7, c. 63.— Plin. 6, c. 
17.— .So/»i. 62. 

Sacer mons, a mountain near Rome. Vid. 
Mons sacer. 

Sacer lucus, a wood of Campania, on the 
Liris. 

Sacer portus, or Sacri portus, a place of 
Italy, near Pra;neste, famous tor a battle that 
was fought there between Sylla and Marius, 
in which the former obtained the victory. 
Paterc. 2. c. 26.— Lucan 2, v. 134. 

Sackani. a people of Latium, who assisted 
Turnus against ^-Eneas. They were descend- 
ed from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of 
Cybele. Plrg. JEn. 7, v. 796. 

Sacrator, one of the friends of Turnus. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 747. 

SicRA VIA, a celebrated street of Rome, 
where a treaty of peace and alliance was 
made between Romulus and Tatius. It led 
from the amphitlieatre to the capitol, by the 
temple of tbe goddess of peace, and the tem- 
ple of Ca:sar. The triumphal processions 
passed through it to go to the capitol. Horal. 
4, od. 2, 1. 1, sat. 9.—Liv. 2, c. 13.— Cic. Plane. 
T.—.m. 4, ep. 3. 

Sacrata lkx, militaris, A. U. C. 411, by 
the dictator Valerius Corvus, as some sup- 
pose, enacted that the name of no soldier 
which had been entered in the muster roll 
should be struck out but by his consent; 
and that no pei-son who had been a mili- 
tary tribune should execute the office of due- 
tor ordlnum. 

M. Sacrativir. a friend of Caesar, killed at 
Dyrrachium. Cas. bet!. G. 

Sacri portus. Vid. Sacer portas. 

Sacrum bem-um, a name given to the 
wars carried on concerning the temple of 



SA 

Delphi. The first began B. C. 448, and in ii 
the Athenians and Lacedaemonians were aux- 
iliaries on opposite sides. The second war 
began 357 B. C. and finished nine years after 
by Philip of Macedonia, who destroyed all 
the cities of the Phocians. [Vid. Phocis.] 

Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, 

now Cape St. Vincent, called by Strabo the 
most westerly part of the earth. 

Sadales, a son of Cotys, king of Thrace- 
who assisted Pompey with a body of 500 
horsemen Coes. Bell. G. 3. — Cic. Ver. 1. 

Sadus, a river of India. 

Sadyates, one of the Mermnadaa, who 
reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father Gy- 
ges. He made war against the JVIilesians for 
six years. Herodot. 1, c. 16, itc, 

Sjetabis. a town of Spain near (he Lucro, 
on a rising hill, famous for its fine linen. Sil. 

3, V. 373. 

Sagalassus, a town of Pisidia on the bor« 
ders of Phrygia, now Sadjoklu. Liv. 38, c. 15. 

SagaKa. a wctman acquainted with magic 
and enchantments. Horat. epod. 5, v. 25. 

Sagaris. a river of Asia, rising from mount 
Dijidymus in Phrygia, and falling into the 
Euxine. [Vid. Sangaris.] Ovid, ex Pont. 

4. ep. 10, V. 47. One of the companions of 

^neas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 5, r. 
263, 1. 9, V. 575. 

C. Sagitta, an officer who encouraged 
Piso to rebel against the emperor Nero, itc. 
Tacit. Hist. 4, c 49. 

Sagra, a small river of Italy in the country 
of the Brutii, where 130,000 Crotoniatae'were 
routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians. Cic. 
Xat. D. 2, c. 2.—Strab. 6. 

Sagcntum, or Saguntcs, a town of Hispa- 
nia Tarraconensis at the west of the Iberus., 
about one mile from the sea shore, now cal- 
led Morcedro. It had been founded by a co- 
lony of Zacynthians, and by some of the Ru- 
tuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for 
the clay in its neighbourhood, with which 
cups, pocula Saguntina, were made, but more 
particularly it is famous as being the cause of 
tbe second Punic war, and for the attachment 
of its inhabitants to the interests of Rome. 
Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight 
months ; and the inhabitants, not to fall into 
the enemy's hands, burnt themselves with 
their houses, and with all their effects. The 
conqueror afterwards rebuilt it, and placed 
a garrison there, with all the noblemen 
whpm he detained as hostages from the se- 
veral neighbouring nations of Spain. Some 
suppose that be called it Spartagene. Flor. 2, 
c. 6.— Liv. 21, c. 2, 7, 9.— Sil. 1. v. 271.— Lu- 
can. 3, V. 2oO.—Slrab. S.—Meln, 2, c. 6. 

Sais, now Sa, a town in the Delta of Egypt, 
situate between the Canopic and Sebenny- 
tican mouths of ibe Nile, and anciently the 
capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a 
celebrated temple dedicated to Minerva, with 
a room cut out of one stone, which had been 
conveyed by water from Elephantis by the 
labouri of 2(KX) men in three years. The 
stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 
14 broad, and 8 liig i. Osiris was also buried 
near the town of ?ais The inhabitants were 
called Saito'.. One of the mouths of the Nile, 
[which is adjoining to the town, has received 
|the name of Smlicirm. Strah. 17 — Hnodttf. 
0, r 17, kr 



SA 

Sala, a town of Thrace, near tiie mouths 

of the Hebru3. A town of Mauritania 

of Phrygia. A river of Germany falling 

into the Elbe, near which are salt pits. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 13, c. 57. Another falling into 

the Rhine, now the Issel. 

SalAcon, a poor man who pretended to be 
uncommonly rich, &c. Cic ad. Div. 7, c. 24. 

Salaminia, a name given to a ship at 
Athens, which was employed by the republic 
in conveying the officers of state to their dif- 
ferent administrations abroad, he. A name 

given to the island of Cyprus, on account of 
Salamis, one of its capital cities. 

Salamis, a daughter of the river Asopus, 
by Methone. Neptune became enamoured 
of her, and carried her to an island of the 
./Egean, which afterwards bore her name, 
and where she gave birth to a son called 
Cenchreus. Diod. 4. 

Salamis, Salamins, or Salamina, now 
Colouri, an island in the Saronicus Sinus, 
on the southern coast of Attica, opposite 
Eleusis, at the distance of about a league, with 
a town and harbour of the same name. It is 
about 50 miles in circumference. It was ori- 
ginally peopled by a colony of lonians, and 
afterwards by some of the Greeks from the 
adjacent islands and countries. It is celebra- 
ted for a battle which was fought there be- 
tween the fleets of the Greeks and that of the 
Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The 
enemy's ships amounted to above 2000, and 
those pf the Peloponneslans, to about 380 sail. 
In this engaa;ement, which was fought on the 
20th of October, B. C. 490, the Greeks lost 40 
ships, and the Persians about 200, besides an 
immense number which were taken, with all 
the ammunition they contained. The island 
of Salamis was anciently called Sciras Cy- 
chria, or Cenchria, and its bay the gulf of En- 
gia. It is said that Xerxes attempted to join 
ft to the continent. Teucer and Ajax, who 
went to the Trojan war, were natives of Sala- 
mis. S/m6. 2. — Htrodot. S, c. 56, &c. — Pint. 
^' C. Ke]). in Tkem. hc—Digd. 4.— Val. Max. 
5. c. 3.— Pans. 1, c. 35, hc.—Mela,2, c. 7.— 
Lucnn. 5, v. 109.— Si/. 14, v. 283. 

Salamis, or Salamina, a town at the east 
of the island of Cyprus. It was built by 
Teucer, ^vho gave it the name of the island 
Salamis, fromi which he had been banished 
about 1270 years before the Christian era; 
and from this circumstance the epithets of 
ambigua and altera were applied to it, as 
the mother country was also called vera, for 
the sake of distinction. His descendants 
continued masters of the town for above 800 
years. It was destroyed by an earthquake, 
and rebuilt in the 4th century, and called Con- 
slantia. Strab. 9.— Htrodot. 8, c. 94, &.C.— 
Horat. 1, od. 7, v. 21.— Palerc. 1, c. l.—Lucan. 
3, v. 183. 

Salapia, or Salapi^, now Salpe, a town of 
Apulia, where Annibal retired after the bat- 
tle of Cannas, and where he devoted him- 
self to licentious pleasure, forgetful of his 
Came, and oftlie interests of his country. It 
was taken from the Carthaginian general by 
Marcellus. Some remains of this place may 
be traced near a lake called Salapina Palus, 
now used for making salt, which, from the 
situation near the sea, is easily conveyed by ■ 



SA 

small boats to ships of superior burden. Lu" 
can. 5, V. 377. — Val. Max. 3, c. 8 — Plin. S> 
c. 11. 

Salara, a town of Africa propria, taken by 
Scipio. Liv. 29, c. 34, &c. 

Salaria, a street and gate at Rome which 
led towards the country of the Sabines. It 
received the name of Salaria, because salty 
{sal,) was generally conveyed to Rome that 

way. Mart. 4. ep. 64. A bridge, called 

Salarius, was built four miles from Rome 
through the Salarian gate on the river jinio. 

Salassi, a people of Cisalpine Gaul, who 
were in continual war with the Romans. 
They cut oflf 10,000 Romans under Appius 
Claudius, A. U. C. 610, and were soon after 
defeated, and at last totally subdued and sold 
as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now- 
called Val D'Aoiista, after a colony settled 
there, and called Augusta Prmtoria, was situ- 
ate in a valley between the Alps G raise and 
Pennine, or Great and Little St. Bernard. Liv. 
21, c. 38.— P/in. 3, c. 17.— Strab. 4. 

Saleius, a poet of great merit in the 
age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty, 
though born of illustrious parents, and dis- 
tinguished by purity of manners and inte- 
grity of mind. Juv. 7, v. 80. — Qitint. 10, 
c. 1. 

Saleni, a people of Spain. Mela, 3, 
c. 1. 

Salentini, a people of Italy, near Apu- 
lia, on the southern coast of Calabria. Their 
chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, 
and Hydruntum. Hal. 8, v, 579. — Virg. JEn. 
3, V. 400 — Farro de R. R. 1, c. 24.— Strab. 6. 
— Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Salernum, now Salerno, a town of the 
Picentini, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea, 
south of Campania, and famous for a medical 
school in the lower ages. Plin. 13, c. 3. — 
Liv. 34, c. 45. — Lucan. 2, v. 425. — Paterc. 1, c. 
15. — Horat. \, ep. 15. 

Salganeus, or Salgasea, a town of Boeo- 
lia, on the Euripus. Liv. 35, c. 37, &c. 

Sali a, a town of Spain, w4iere Frudentius 
was born. Mela. 

Salica, a town of Spain. 

Salii, a college of priests at Rome insti- 
tuted in honour of Mars, and appointed by 
JN'uma, to take care of the sacred shields cal- 
led Ancylia, B. C. 709. {Vid. Ancyle.] They 
were twelve in number, the three elders 
among them had the superintendance of all 
the rest; the first was rolled prmsul, tlie se- 
cond vaies, and the third magisier. Their 
number was afterwards doubled by Tullus 
Hosliiius, after he had obtained a victory over 
the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow which 
he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of 
patrician families, and the office was very ho- 
nourable. The first of March was the day on 
which the Salii observed their festivals in ho- 
nour of Mars. They were generally dressed in 
a short scarlet tunic, of which only the edges 
were seen ; they wore a large purple coloured 
belt about the waist, which was fastened with 
brass buckles. They had on their heads round 
bonnets with two corners standing up, and 
they wore in their right hand a small rod, and 
in their left a small buckler. In the observa- 
tion of their solemnity they first offered sacri- 
fices; and afterwards went through the streets 



SA 

dancing in measured motions, sometimes all 
together, or at other times separately, while 
musical instruments \vere playing before them. 
They placed their body in different attitudes, 
and struck with their rods the shields which 
they held in their hands. They also sung 
hymns in honour of the gods, particularly of 
Mars. Juno, V>nus, and Minerva, and they 
were accompanied in the chorus by a certain 
number of virgins, habited like themselves, 
and called Salia;. The Salii instituted by 
Numa were called Palatini, in contradistinc- 
tion from the others, because they lived on 
mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices 
there. Those that were added by Tullus 
were called Collini, .^gonales, or Quirinalts, 
from a mountain of the same name, where 
they had fixed their residence. Their name 
seems to have been derived a salitndo- or sal- 
tando, because, during their festivals, it was 
particularly requisite that they should leap 
and dance. Their feasts and entertainments 
were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, 
whence dapes saliares is proverbially applied 
to such repasts as are most splendid and costly. 
It was usual among the Romans when they de- 
clared war, for the Salii to shake their shields 
with great violence, as if to call upon the god 
Mars to come to their assistance. Liv 1, c. 
20.— Farrode L. L. 4. c. m.—Ovid.F(Vit. 3, 
V. 387. — Dionys. 3. — Flor. 1, c. 2, kc. — Virg. 

sJEn. 8, v. 28-5. A nation of (rerraany who 

invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the em- 
peror Julian. Amvi. Mar. 17. 

Salinator, a surname common to the 
family of the Livii, and others. 

Salil's, an Acarnanian at the games ex- 
hibited by ^neas in Sicily, and killed in the 
wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he 
taught the Latins those ceremonies, accompa- 
jiied with dancing, which afterwards bore his 
name in the appellation of the Salii. Virg. 
^n. 5, v. 298, I. 10, v. 753. 

Crispus Sallustius, a Latin historian 
born at Amiternum, in the country of the 
Sabines. He received his education at Rome, 
and made himself known as a public magis- 
trate in the office of quaestor and consul. His 
licentiousness and the depravity of his man- 
ners, however, did not escape the censure of 
the age, and Sallust was degraded from the 
dignity of a senator, B. C. 50. His amour 
with Fausta, the daughter of Sylla, was a 
strong proof of his debauchery ; and Milo, 
the husband, who discovered the adulterer in 
his house, revenged the violence offered to his 
bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling 
him his liberty at a high price. A continuation 
of extravagance could not long be supported 
by the income of Sallust, but he extricated 
himself from all difficulties by embracing the 
cause of Cajsar. He was restored to the ratik 
of senator, and made governor of IS'umidia. 
In the administration of hb pj'ovince Sal- 
lust behaved with unusual tyranny ; he en- 
liched himself by [Wandering the Africans, 
and at his return to Piome he built himself 
a magnificent house; and bought gardens, 
v/hich from their delightful and pleasant situ- 
ation, still preserve the name of the gardens 
of ballust. He married Terentiu, the di- 
vorced wife of Cicero ; and from this cir- 
cumstance, according to some, arose an im- 



SA 

mortal hatred between the historian and the- 
orator. Sallust died in the 51st year of his 
age, 35 years before the Chi-jstian era. A» 
a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He 
had composed a history of Rome, but no- 
thing remains of it except a few fragments, 
and his only comfKJsitions extant are his 
history of Catiline's conspiracy, and of the 
wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these 
celebrated works the author is greatly com- 
njended for his elegance, the vigour and ani- 
mation of his sentences ; he every where dis- 
plays a wonderful knowledge of the human 
heart, and paints with a masterly hand the 
causes that gave rise to the great events which 
he relates. No one was better acquainted 
with the vices that prevailed in the capital of 
Italy, and no one segmsto have been more se- 
vere against the follies of the age, and the fail- 
ings of which he himself was guilty in the eyes 
of the world. His descriptions are elegantly 
correct, and his harangues are nervous and 
animated, and well suiting the character and 
the different pursuits of the great men in 
whose mouth they are placed- The historian, 
however, is blamed for tedious and insipid ex- 
ordiums, which often disgust (he reader with- 
out improving him ; his affectation of old and 
obsolete words and phi-ases is also censured, 
and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in 
some of his narrations. Though faithful in 
every other respect, he has not painted the 
character of Cicero witli all the fidelity and 
accuracy which the reader claims from the 
historian ; and m passing in silence over many 
actions which reflect the greatest honour on 
the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Ci- 
cero has disgraced himself, and rendered his 
compositions less authentic. There are tw^o 
omtions or epistles to Cajsar, concerning the 
regulations of the state, attributed to him, a? 
also an oration against Cicero, whose authenti- 
city some of the moderns have disputed. The 
best editions of Sallust, are those of Haver- 
kamp, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 17^12; andofEdin- 
burgii, 12mo. 1755. Quintil. 10, c. 1. — Suit.dr 

Gram, in Cais. — Marlial. 14, ep. 191. A 

nej)hew of the historian, by whom he was 
adopted. He imitated the moderation of Mae- 
cenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity 
of a Roman knight, when he could have made 
himself powerful by the favours of Augustus 
and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and 
luxurious. Horace dedicated 2, od. 2. to him. 

Tacit, jinn. 1. — Flin. 34, c. Secundus Pro- 

motus, a native of Gaul, very intimate with the 
emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his in- 
tegrity, and the soundness of his counsels. 
Julian made him prefect of Gaul. There is 
also another Sallust, called Secundus, whom 
some have improperly confounded with Pro- 
motus. Secundus was also one of Julian's fa- 
vourites, and was made by him jircfect of the 
eact. He conciliated the good graces of the 
Romans by tlie purity of his morale, his fond- 
ness for discipline, and his religious jtiinci- 
pies. .Miur the death of lie emi>eror .Tovian. 
he was universally named by the officei-s of 
the Roman cmpiieto succeed on tiu- imperial 
throne ; but hu refused this gr<^at fliough dan- 
gerous honour, and pleaded infirmi'iies of l-ody 
and old age. The Komaiii wished njion this 
to invest his son with the imperial ptncle, but 



SA 

Secun(5us opposed it, and observed that he was 
too young to support the dignity. A pre- 
fect of Rome in the reign of Valentinian. 

An oftioer in Britain. 

Salmacis, a fountain of Caria, near Hali- 
carnassus, which rendered effeminate all those 
who drank of its waters. It was there that Her- 
inaphroditus change(l his sex, though he still 
retained the characteristics of his own. Ovid. 
Met. 4; V. 285, 1. 15, v. 3l9.—lltjgin. fab. 271. 
— Festiis. de V. Jig. 

Salmantica, a town of Spain, now Sala- 
manca. 

Salmone, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, 
with a fountain, from which t!;e Enipeus 
takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, 
about 40 stadia from Olympia, which on ac- 
count of that is called Salmonis. Ovid. 3. 

./9mor. el. 6, v, 43. A "promontory at the 

east of Crete. Dionys. 5. 

Salmoneus, a king of Elis, son of jEoIus 
and Enarette, who married Alcidice, by whom 
he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, 
and to receive divine honours from his sub- 
jects; therefore, to imitate the thunder, he 
used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge, 
and darted burning torches on every side, as if 
to imitate the lightning. This impiety pro- 
voked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with a 
thunderbolt, and placed iTi the infernal re- 
gions near his brother Sisyphus. Homer. Od. 
11, V. 235.— ApoUod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 60. 
—Diod. 4.— Virg. Mn. 6, v. 585. 

Salmonis, a name given to Olympia. Vid. 
Salmone. The patronymic of Tyro, daugh- 
ter of Salmoneus. Ovid. Am. 3, el. 6, v. 43. 

Salmus, (untis,) a town of Asia near the 
Red Sea, where Alexander saw a theatrical 
representation. Diod. 17. 

Salmydessus, a bay on the Euxine sea. 

Salo, now Xalo7i, a river in Spain, falling 
into the Iberus. Mart. 10, ep. 20. 

Salodurum, now Soleure, o. town of the 
Helvetii. 

Salome, a queen of Judaea. This name 
was common to some of the princesses in the 
family of Herod, &:c. 

Salon, a country of Bithynia. 

Salona, or SalonjE; a town of Dalmatia, 
about 10 miles distant from the coast of the 
Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that ac- 
count called his son Saloninus, in honour of 
the victory. It was the native place of the 
emperor i3ioclesian, and he retired there to 
rnjoy peace and tranquillity, ailer he had ab- 
dicated the imperial purple, and built a state- 
ly palace, the ruins of which were still seen in 
the 16th century. A small village of the same 
name preserves the traces of its fallen gran- 
deur. Near is Spalatro. Lncan. 4, v, 404. — 
Os. Bell. Civ. 9.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Salonika, a celebrated matron who mar- 
ried the emperor Gallienus, and distinguished 
herself by her private as well as public virtues. 
She was a (latroness of all the line arts, and to 
her clemency, mildness, and benevolence, 
ilome was indebted some time for her peace 
and prosperity. She accompanied her hus- 
l)and in some of his expeditions, and often cal- 
led him away from the pursuits of pleasure to 
make war against the enemies of Rome. She 
\yas put to death by the hands of the conspi- 
rator?, who also ijssassiualed her husband and 



SA 

family about the year 268 of the Christian 
era. 

Saloninus, a son of Asinius Pollio. He re- 
ceived his name from the conquest of Salone 
by his father. Some suppose that he is the he- 
ro of Virgil's fourth eclogue, in which the 
return of the golden age is so w rraly and 
beautifully anticipated. P. Licinius Cor- 
nelius, a son of Gallienus, by Solonina, sent 
into Gaul, there to be taught the art of war. 
He remained there some time, till the usurper 
Posthumius arose, and proclaimed himself 
emperor. Saloninus was upon this delivered 
up to bis enemy, and put to death in the 10th 
year of his age. 

SoLONius, a friend of Cato the censor. 
The daughter of Censorius married Salonius 
in his old age. Plut. A tribune and centu- 
rion of the Roman army hated by the popu- 
lace for his strictness. 

Salpis, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabit- 
ants are called Salpinales. Liv. 5, c.31. 

Salsum, a river in Spain. Ccp^. 

Salvian, one of the fathers of the 5tb cen- 
tury, of whose works the best edition is the 
12mo. Paris 1684. 

Salvidienus, an officer of the army of 
Augustus. He was betiayed by Antony, and 

put to death. A Latin writer in the age of 

the emperor Probus. 

Salvius, a llute player saluted king by the 
rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age of Marius. 
He maintained for some time war against the 

Romans. A nephew of the emperor Otho. 

A friend of Pompey. -A man put to 

death by Domitian. A freed-man of Atti- 

cus. Cic. ad Div. c. 11. Another of the 

sons of Hortensius. Id. 

Salps, the goddess of health at Rome, wor- 
shipped by the Greeks under the name of Hy- 
gieia. Liv. 9 and 10. 

Salves, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. 
Liv. 5, c. 34 and 35, 1. 21, c. 26. 

Samara, a river of Gaul, now called th& 
Somme, which falls into the British channel 
near Abbeville. 

Sam.vria, a city and country of Palestine, 
famous in sacred history. The inhabitants, 
called Samaritans, were composed of Heathens 
and rebellious Jews, and on having a temple 
built there after the form of that of Jerusalem, 
a lasting enmity arose between the people of 
Judffia and of Samaria, so that no intercourse 
took place between the two countries, and the 
name of Samaritan became a word of i-e- 
proach, and as if it were a curse. 

SAaiAnoEuiVA, a town of Gaul, now 
Amiens, in Picardy. 

Sambulos, a mountain near Mesopotamia, 
where Hercules Vv^^as worshipped. Tacit. A 
12, c. 13. 

Sambos, an Indian king defeated by Alex- 
ander. Diod. 17. A river of India. 

Same, or Samos, a small island in tlie loni 
an sea near Ithaca, called also Cep/ialknift . 
Virg.JEn.3, v. 271. 

Samia, a daughter of the river Maiander. 

Pans. 7, c. 4. A surname of Juno, because 

she was worshipped at Samos. 

Samnita;, or Amnit.t, a people of Gaul. 

Samnites, a people of Italy, who inhabited 
the country situate between Picenum, Cam- 
pania, Apulia, and ancient KaMum. They dh- 



SA 

Ibiuguisbed themselves by their implacable 
hatred agaiust the Romans, in the first ages 
of that empire, till they were at last totally 
extirpated, B. C. 272, after a war of 71 years. 
Their chief town was called Samnium or Sam- 
nis. Liv. 7, ^c. — Flor. 1, c. 16, 6ic. 1.3, c. 18. 
—Strab. b.—Lucan. 2.—Eulrop 2. 

Samnidm, a town and jjart of Italy inhab- 
ited by the Samnites. Fid. Samnites. 

.Sa5iochonites, a small lake o( Palestine. 

SAMoNiUM,a promontory of Crete. 

Samos, an island in the ^^Egean sea, on the 
coast of Asia Minor, from wuich it is divided 
hy a uan'ow strait, with a capital of the same 
name, built B. C. 98(5. It is about 87 miles 
in circumference, and is famous for the birrh 
of Pythagoras. It has been anciently called 
Parlkenia- Anthemusa, Stephane, Melam- 
phyllus, Anihemus, Ci/parissia, and Dryusa. 
It was first in the possession of the Leleges- 
and afterwards of the lonians. The people of 
Samos were at first governed by kings, and 
afterwards the form of their government be- 
came democratical and oligarchical. Samos 
was in its most flourishing situation under Poly- 
crates, who had made himself absolute there. 
The Samians asssited the Greeks against the 
Persians when Xerxes invadeil Europe, and 
were reduced under the power of Athens 
after a revolt, by Pericles, B. C. 441. They 
were afterwards subdued by Eumenes, king 
of Pergamus, and were restored to their an- 
cient liberty by Augustus. Under Vespasian, 
Samos became a Roman province. Juno was 
held in the greatest veneration there ; her 
temple wels uncommonly magnificent, and it 
was even said that the goddess had been born 
there under a willow tree, on the banks of 
the Imbrasus. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Paus. 7, c. 2 
and 4. — Pint, in Per. — Plin. 5, c. 31. — Virg. 

JEn. 1, V. 20.— Thucy:l. The islands of Sa- 

mothrace and Cephallenia, were also known 
by the name of Samos. 

Samosata, a town of Syria, near the Eu- 
phrates, below mount Taurus, where Lucian 
was born. 

Samothrace, or Samothracia, an is- 
land in the .^gean sea, opposite the mouth 
of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from 
which it is distant about 32 miles. It was 
known by the ancient names of Leucosia, Me- 
ntis, Eledria, Leitcania, and Dardania. It 
was afterwards called Samos, and distinguished 
from the Samos which lies on the coast of 
Ionia, by the epithet of Tkracian, or by the 
name of Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in 
circumference, according to Pliny, or only 20 
according to modern travellers. The origin 
of the first inhabitants of Samothrace is un- 
known. Some, however, suppose that they 
were Thracians, and that the place was after- 
wards peopled by the colonies of the Pelas- 
gians, Samians, and Piioenicians. Samothrace 
U famous for a deluge which inundated the 
country, and reached the very top of the high- 
est mountains. This inundation, which happen- 
ed before the age of the Argonauts, was owing 
totlie sudden overflow of the waters of theEux- 
jne, which the ancients considered merely as 
a lake. The Samothracians were very reli- 
gious ; and as all mysteries were supposed to 
liave taken their oriijin there, the island re 



SA 

and iuviolable asylum to all fugitives and cri- 
minals. The island was originally governed 
by kings, but afterwards the government be- 
came democratical. It enjoyed all its rights 
and immunities under the Romans till the 
reign of Vespasian, who reduced it with the 
rest of the islands in the JE^ean into the form 
of a province. P/m. 4, c. 12. — Strab. 10.— 
Herod. 7, c. 108, i>ic.— Virg. ^n. 7, v. 208.— 
Mela, 2, c. 7. — Paus. 7, c. 4. — Flor. 2, c 12. 

Samus, a son of Anceeus and Samia, grand- 
son of JNeptune. Paus. 7, c. 4. 

Sana, a town of mount Athos, near which 
Xerxes began to mcdce a channel to convey 
the sea. 

S A-\Aos, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 

Sanchoniathon, a Pncenician historian 
born at Berytus, or, according to others, at 
Tyre. He flourished a tew years before the 
Trojan war, and wrote, in the language of his 
country, an history in nine books, in which 
he amply treated of the theology and antiqui- 
ties of Phoenicia, and the neighbouring places. 
It was compiled from the various records 
found in cities, and the annals which were 
usually kept in the temples of the gods among 
the ancients. This history was translated into 
Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived 
in the reign of the emperor Adrian. Some 
few fragments of this Greek translation are 
extant. Some, however, suppose them to be 
spurious, while others contend that they are 
true and authentic. 

Sancus, SaxNgus, or Sanctus, a deUy of 
the Sabines introduced among the gods of 
Rome under the name of Dius Fidius. Ac- 
cording to some, Sancus was father to Sabus, 
or Sabinus, the first king of the Sabines. Ital. 
8, V. 421.— Fono. de L. L. 4, c. 10.— Oind. 
Fast. 6, V. 213. 

Sand ACE, a sister of Xerxes. 

Sandaliotis, a name given to Sardinia 
from its resemblance to a sandal. Plin. 3, c, 7. 

Sandalium, a small island of the .^Egean, 
near Lesbos. A port of Pisidia. Strab. 

Sandanis, a Lydian who advised Croesus 
not to make war against the Persians. 

Sandanus, a river of Thrace near Pallene. 

Sandrocottds, an Indian of a mean ori- 
gin. His impertinence to Alexander was the 
beginning of his greatness ; the conqueror or- 
dered him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled 
away, and at last dropped down overwhelmed 
with fatigue. As he slept on the ground a lion 
came to him and gently licked the sweat from 
his face. This uncommon lameness of the 
animal appeared supernatural to Sandro«ot- 
tus, and raised his ambition. He aspired to 
the monarchy, and after the death of Alexan- 
der he made himself master of a part of the 
country which was in the hands of Seleucus, 
Justin. 15, c. 4. 

Sa.s£, a town of Macedonia. 

Sangala, a town of India destroyed bv 
Alexatider. Jlrrian.b. 

Sa.vgakils, or Sa.vgaris, a river of 
Phrygia, rising in mount Dindymus, and falling 
into the Euxine. The daughter of the Sanga- 
rius became jjregnant of Altes only from gath- 
ering the boughs of an almond tree on the 
banks of the river. Hecuba, according to 
some, was daughter of this river. Some ot the 



~ — o ' — ' • o — - - >,. . ~^^.i,^ ^ 

^f^ived the surname of iacrcrf, and was a safe j poets call it Sagaris. Ovid, t.t Pont. A^ e\. \0 

Clc(t(dian. in Eulrop. 2. — Paus 7, c. 17. 



SA 

Sawgdinius, a man condemned for ill lan- 
guage, i>Lc. Tacit. Ami. 6, c. 7. 

Sannyrion, a tragic poet of Athens. 
He composed many dramatical pieces, one 
of which was called lo, and another Danae. 
Mhen, 9. 

Santones, and Santon^:, now Sain- 
longe, a people with a town of the same 
name in Gaul. Lucan. 1, v. 423. — Martial. 
3, ep. 9Q. 

Saon, an historian. Dion. HeU. A man 

who first discovered the oracle of Trophonius. 
Paus. 9, c. 40. 

Sap^i, or Saph/Ei, a people of Thrace, 
called also Sintii. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 389. 

Sapirene, an island of the Arabic gulf. 
Flin. 6, c. 29. 

Sapis, now Savio, a river of Gaul Cis- 
padana, falling into the Adriatic. Lucan. 
2, V. 406. 

Sapor, a king of Persia, who succeeded 
his father Artaxerxes about the 238th year 
of the Christian era. Naturally fierce and 
ambitious, Sapor wished to increase his pa- 
ternal dominions by conquest ; and as the in- 
dolence of the emperors of Rome seemed 
favomable to his views, he laid waste the pro- 
vinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia; 
and he might have become master of all Asia, 
if Odenatus had not stopped his progress. 
If Gordian attempted to repel him, his ef- 
forts were weak, and Philip, who succeeded 
him on the imperial throne, bought the peace 
of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was af- 
terwards invested with the purple, marched 
against the Persain monarch, but he was de- 
feated and taken prisoner. Odenalus no soon- 
er heard that the Roman emperor was a cap- 
tive in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted 
to release him by force of arms. The forces 
of Persia were cut to pieces, the wives and the 
treasures o( the monarch fell into the hands of 
the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with 
little opposition, into the vei-y heart of the 
kingdom. Sapor, soon after this defeat, was 
assassinated by his subjects, A. D. 273, after a 
reign of 32 years. He was succeeded by his 

soij, called Mormisdas. MarccUin, ^c. 

Tlu; 2d of that name succeeded his father Hor- 
misdas on the fhrone of Persia. He was as 
great as his ancestor of the same name; and 
by undertaking a war against the Romans, he 
attempled to enlarge his dominions, and to add 
the provinces on the west of the Euphrates to 
his empire. His victories alarmed the Ro- 
man emperors, and Julian would have per- 
haps seized him in the capital of his dominions, 
if he had not received a mortal wound. Jo- 
vian, who succeeded Julian, made peace willi 
Sapor; but the monarch, always restless and 
indefatigable, renewed hostilities, invaded Ar- 
menia, and defeated theemperorValens. Sa- 
por died A. D. 308, after a reign of 70 years, 
in whic'i he had often been the sjjort of for- 
tune. He was succeeded by Artaxei'xes, and 
Artaxerxes by Sapor the third, a prince who 
died after a i"eign of five years, A. D. 389, in 
the age of Theodosius the Great. Marcellin. 

Sappho, or Sapho, celebrated for her 
beauty, her poetical talents, and her amorous 
disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, 
about 600 yearo before Christ. Her father's 



SA 

name, according to Herodotus, was Scaraan- 
dronymus, or, according to others, Symon, or 
Semus, or Etarchus, and her mother's name 
was Cleis. Her tender passions were so vio- 
lent, that some have represented her attach- 
ments with three of her female companions, 
Telesiphe, Atthis, and Megara, as criminal, 
and on that account, have given her the sur- 
name of Tribas. She conceived such a pas- 
sion for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon 
his refusal to gratify her desires, she threw 
herself into the sea from mount Leucas. She 
had composed nine books in lyric verses, 
besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these 
compositions, nothing now remains but two 
fragments, whose uncommon sweetness and 
elegance show how meritoriously the praises 
of the ancients have been bestowed upon a 
poetess who for the sublimity of her genius 
was called the tenth Muse. Her composi- 
tions were all extant in the age of Horace. 
The Lesbians were so sensible of the merits of 
Sappho, that after her death they paid her 
divine honours, and raised her temples and 
altars, and stamped their money with her 
image. The poetess has been censured for 
writing with that licentiousness and freedom 
which so much disgraced her character as a 
woman. The Sapphic verse has been called 
after her name. Ovid. Heroid. 15. Trist. 2, 
V. Sdo.—Horat. 2. Od. 13.— Herodot. 2, c. 135. 
—Stat. 5. Sylv. 3, v. 155.— iE/ian. V. H. 12, 
c. 18 and 29.— P/m. 22, c. 8. 

Saptine, a daughter of Darius, the last 
king of Persia, offered in marriage to Alex- 
ander. 

Saracene, part of Arabia Petrasa, the 
country of the Saracens who embraced the 
religion of Mahomet. 

Saracori, a people who go to war riding 
on asses. M,lian. l^. H. 12. 

SaranG;«:, a people near Caucasus. Plin. 
6, e. 16. 

Saranges, a river of India, falling into the 
Hydraotes, and thence into the Indus. 
Sarapani, a people of Colchis. Strab. 
Sarapus, a surname of Pittacus, one of the 
seven wise men of Greece. 

Sarasa, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, 
on the Tigris. Strab. 

Sara:?pades, a son of Phraates king of 
Parthia, sent as an hostage to Augu.stus, he. 
Strab. 

Saravus, now the Soar, a river of Belgium 
falling into the Moselle. 

Saudanapalus, the 40th and last king of 
Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and vo- 
luptuousness. The greatest part of his time 
was spent in the company of his eunuchs, 
and the monarch generally appeared in the 
midst of his corjcubines disguised in the habit 
of a female, and spinning wool for his amuse- 
ment. This effeminacy irritated his officers; 
Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him, 
,and collected a numerous force to dethrone 
him. Sardanapalus quitted his voluptuous- 
ness for a while, and appeared kt the head 
of his armies. The rebels were defeated in 
three successive battles, but at last Sardana- 
palus was beaten and besieged in the city of 
Ninus, for two years. When he despaired 
of success, he burned himself in his palace 
\vith his eunuchs, concobines, and all his 



SA 

treasures, and the empire of Assyria was 
divided among the conspirators. This famous 
event happened B. C. 820, according to Eu- 
sebius; tliough Justin and others, with less 
probability, place it 80 years earlier. Sarda- 
napalus was made a god after death. Hero- 
dot. 2, c. XbO.—Diod. 2.—Strab. 14.— Cic, 
Tiisc. 5, c. 35. 

S.\Kni, the inhabitants of Sardinia. Vid. 
Sardinia, 

S4.RDES. Vid. Sardis. 

Sardinia, the greatest island in the Me- 
diterranean after Sicily, is situate between 
Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It 
was originally called Sandaliotis or Ichnma, 
from its resembling the human foot, (»%'©=) 
and it received the name of Sardinia from 
Sardus, u son of Hercules, who settled there 
%vilh a colony which he had brought wMth him 
from Libya. Other colonies, under AristJeus,. 
JNorax, and Tolas, also settled there. The 
Carthaginians were long masters of it, and 
were dispossessed by the Romans in the Pimic 
wars, B. C. ^231. Some call it with Sicily, 
one of the granaries of Rom.e, The air was 
very unwholesome though the soil was fertile 
in corn, in wine, and oil. Neither wolves 
Bor serpents are found in Sardinia, nor any 
poisonous herb, except one, which, <*hen 
eaten, contracts the nerves, and is attended 
with a paroxysm of laughter, the forerunner 
of death, hence risus Sardonicus, or Sardous. 
Cic. Fam. 7, c. 25. — Servius ad Virg. 7, eel. 
4\.— Tacit. Ann. 2, c. So.—Mela, 3, c. 7.— 
Strab. 2 and 5. — Cic. pro M anil, ad Q.frat. 
■2, ep. 3.—Plin. 3, c. 7. — Pans. 10, c. 17. — 
Varro. de R. R.— Val. Max. 7, c. 6. 

Sardic.\, a town of Thrace, at the north of 
mount Ha?mus. 

Sardis, or Sardes, now Sart, a town of 
Asia Minor, the capital of the kingdom of 
Lydia, situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, 
on the banks of the Pactolus, It is celebrated 
for the mauy sieges it sustained against the 
Cimmerians, Persians, Medes, Macedonians, 
lonians, and Athenians, and for the battle in 
which, B, C. 262, Antiochus Soter was de- 
feated by Eumenes, king of Pergamus. It 
was destroyed by an earthquake in the reign 
of Tiberius, who ordered it to be rebuilt. It 
fell into the hands of Cyrus, B. C. 548, and 
Was burnt by the Athenians, B. C. 504, which 
became the cause of the invasion of Attica 
by Darius. Plat, in Mex. — Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
137, 152, k.c.— Strab. VS.—Herodot. 1, c. 7, 
&c. 

Sardones, the people of Roussilon in 
France at the foot of the Pyrenees. PUn. 
3, c. 4. 

Sardus, a son of Hercules, who led a colo- 
ny to Sardinia, and gave it his name. 

Sarkphta, a town of Phoenicia between 
Tyre and Sidon, now Sarfand. 

Sariaster, a son of Tigranes. king of Ar- 
menia, who conspired against his father, Lc. 
Val.Max.9,c. 11. 

Sariphi, mountains at the east of the Cas- 
pian. 

Sarmat/e, or Sauromat.*:, the inhabitants of 
Sarmatia. Vid. Sarmatia. 

SARRfATiA, an extensive coiTntry at (lie 
north of Europe and Asia, divided into Euro- 
pean and Asiatic. The European wasboHnUed 



SA 

by the ocean on the north, Germany and th* 
Vistula on the west, the Jazygae on the south> 
and Tanais on the east. The Asiatic was 
bounded by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the 
Eiixine sea. The former contained the mo- 
dern kingdom of Russia, Poland, Lithuania, 
and Little Tartary; and the latter. Great 
Tartary, Circassia, and the neighbouring 
country. The Sarmatians were a savage unci- 
vilized nation, often confounded with the Scy- 
thians, naturally warlike, and famous for paint- 
ing their bodies to appear more terrible in the 
field of battle. They were well known for 
their lewdness, and they passed among th» 
Greeks and Latins by the name of barbarians. 
In the time of the emperors they became 
very powerful, they disturbed the peace of 
Rome by their frequent incursions ; till at last, 
increased by the savage hordes of Scythian 
under the barbarous names of Huns, Vandals, 
Goths, Alans, he. they successfully invaded 
end ruined the empire in t);e 3d and 4th cen- 
turies of the Christian era. They generally 
lived on the mountains without any habitation, 
except their chariots, whence they have beea 
called Hamaxobii; they lived upon plunder, 
and fed upon milk mixed wi'h the blood of 
horses. Strab. 7, he. — Mtla, 2, c. 4. — Diod. 2. 
— Flor. 4, c. 12. — Lucf'.n. 1, he. — Juv. 2. — 
Ovid. Trist 3, &c. 

Sarmaticum Mare, a name given to the 
Euxine sea, because on the coast of Sarmatia, 
Ovid. 4, ex Pont, ep, 10, v. 38. 

Sarmentus, a scurrilous person, mentioned 
by Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 56. 

Sarnios, a river of Asia, near Hyrcania. 

Sarn'us, a river of Picenum, dividing it 
from Campania, and falling into the Tuscaa 
sea. Stat. 1, Sylv. 2, v. 265.— Firg. ^n. 7, \% 
738.— Strab. 5. 

Saron, a king of Trcezene, unusually fond 
of hunting. He was drowned in tl»e sea. 
where he had swam for some miles in pursuit 
of a stag. He was made a sea-god by Nep- 
tune, and divine honours were paid to him by 
the Trcezenians. It was customary for sailors 
to offer him sacrifices before they embarked. 
That part of the sea where he was drowned, 
was called Saronicus sinvs, on the coast of 
Achaia near the isthmus of Corinth. Saron 
built a temple to Diana at Trcezene, and in- 
stituted festivals to her honour, called from, 
himself Saronia. Paus. 2, o. 30. — Mda, 2, c,. 
3.— Strab. 8. 

Saronicus Sinus, now the gulf of Engia, 
a bay of the ^Egean sea, lying at the south 
of Attica, and on the north of the Peloponne- 
sus. The entrance into it is between the pro* 
montory of Sunium and (hat of Scylla^um. 
Some suppose that this part of the sea receiv- 
ed its name from Saron, who was drowned 
there, or from a small river which discharged 
itself on the coast, or from a small harbour ol 
the sanie name. Tlio Saronic bay is about 62 
miles in circumference, 23 miles in its broad- 
est, and 25 in its longest part, according u* 
modern calculation. 

Sarpedon, a son of Jupiter by Europa, 
the daughter of Agenor. He banished himself 
from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to 
make himself king in preference to his elder 
brother Minos, and he r^^tired to Carta, 
wheje he. built the town of Miletu5. He went 



SA 

to the Trojan war to assist Priam against the 
Greeks, where he was attended by his friend 
and companion Glaucus. He was at last killed 
by Patroclus, after he had made a great slaugh- 
ter of the enemy, and his body by order of Ju- 
piter was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where 
his friends and relations paid him funeral hon- 
ours, and raised a monument to perpetuate 
his valour. According to some mythologists, 
the brother of king Minos, and the prince who 
assisted Priam, were two different persons. 
This last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupi- 
ter, by Laodamia, the daughter of Bellero- 
pho/i; and lived about a hundred years after 
the age of the son of Europa. Jpollod. 3, c. 1. 
—Herodot. 1, c. m.—Strab. VJ..— Homer. II. 

16. A son of Neptune killed by Hercules, 

for his barbarous treatment of strangers. 

A learned preceptor of Calo of Utica. Plut. 

in Cat. A town of Cilicia, famous for a 

temple sacred to Apollo and Diana. Also a 

promontory of the same name in Cilicia, be 
yond which Antiochus was not permitted to 
sail by a treaty of peace which he had made 

%vith the Romans. Liv. 38, c. 38. Mela, 1, 

c. 13. A promontory of Thrace. A Sy- 



rian general who flourished B. C. 143, 

Sarra. a town of Phoenicia, the same as 
Tyre. It receives this name from a small 
shell-fish of the same name, w hich w^as found 
in the neighbourhood, and with whose blood 
garments were dyed. Hence came the epithet 
oisarranus, so often applied to Tyrian colours, 
as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of 
the Tyrians, particularly Carthage. Sil. 6, v 
662,1. 15, v. 20b.— Vwg. G. 2, v. 506.— Festus 
de V. sig. 

Sarrastes, a people of Campania on the 
Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against -(Eneas. 
TiVg.^n. 7, v.738. 

Sarron, a king of the Celtee, so famous for 
his learning, that from him philosophers were 
called SarronidcE. Diod. 6, c. 9. 

Sars, a town of Spain, near cape Finis- 
terre. 

Sarsina, an ancient town of Urabria, w^here 
the poet Plautus was born. The inhabitants 
are called Sarsinates. Martial. 9, ep. 59. — 
Flin. 3, c. U.—Ital. 8, v. 462. 

Sarus, a river of Cappadocia. Liv. 33, c. 
41. 

Sasanda, a town of Caria. Diod. 14. 

Sason, an island at the entrance of the 

Adriatic sea, lying between Brundusium and 

Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren 

and inhospitable. Strab. 6. — Lucan. 2, v. 627, 

and 5, v. 660.— Sil. It. 7, v. 480. A river 

falling into the Adriatic. 

SATARCHi?;, a people near the Palus Maeotis. 
Mela, 2, c. l.—Flncc. 6, v. 144. 

Sataspes, a Persian hung on a cross by or- 
der of Xerxes, for offering violence to the 
daughter of Megabyzus. His father's name 
Was Theaspes, Herodo!. 4. 

Satibarzanes, a Persian made satrap of the 
Arians by Alexander, from whom he after- 
wards revolted. Curt. 6 and 7. 

Saticula and Saticulus, a town near Ca- 
pua. Virg. Mil. 7, v. 729.— Liu. 9, c. 2 1, 1. 23, 
c. 39. 

Satis, a town of Macedonia. 
Satkje, a people of Thrace. Herodot. 7, c. 
111. 



SA 

Satrapkni, a people of Media, under T5' 
granes. Plut. 

Satricum, a town of Italy, taken by Ca- 
millus. Liv. 6, c. 8. 

Satropaces, an officer in the sirmy of Da- 
rius, &.C. Curt. 4, c. 9. 

Satura, a lake of Latium, forming part of 
the Pontine lakes. Sil. 8, v. S82,— Virg. JEn. 
7,v. 801. 

Satureium, or Saturkum, a town of Cala- 
bria, near Tarentum, with famous pastures, 
and horses, whence the epithet of satureianus 
in Horat. 1, Sat. 6. 

Satureius, one of Domitian's murderers. 

Saturnalia, festivals in honour of Sa- 
turn, celebrated the 16th or the 17th, or, ac- 
cording to others, the 18th of December. 
They were instituted long before the founda- 
tion of Rome, in commemoration of the free- 
dom and equality which prevailed on earth in 
the golden reign of Saturn. Some however 
suppose, that the Saturnalia were tirst observ- 
ed at Rome in the reign of TuUus Hosti- 
lius, after a victory obtained over the Sabines; 
W'hile others support, that Janus first instituted 
them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he 
had learnt agriculture. Others suppose, that 
they were first celebrated in the year of 
Rome 257, after a victory obtained over the 
Latins by the dictator Posthumius. The Sa- 
turnalia were originally celebrated only for one 
day, but afterwards the solemnity continued 
for 3, 4, 5, and at last for 7 days. The cele- 
bration was remarkable for the liberty which 
universally prevailed. The slaves were per- 
mitted to ridicule their masters, and to speak 
with freedom upon every subject. It was 
usual for friends to make presents one to ano- 
ther, all animosity ceased, no criminals were 
executed, schools were shut, war was never 
declared, but all was mirth, riot, and debauch- 
ery. In the sacrifices the priests made their 
offerings with their heads uncovered, a custom 
which was never observed at other festivals. 
Senec. ep. 18. — Cato de R. R.57. — Sueton. in 
Fe.sp. 19.— Cic. ad Attic. 5, ep. 20. 

Satijknia, a name given to Italy, because 
Saturn iiad reigned there during the golden 

age. Virg. G. 2, v. 173. A name given to 

Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn. Virg. 
G. 2, v. 173, jEn. 3, v. 380. An ancient 



town of Italy, supposed to be built by Saturn 
on the Tarpeian rock. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 358. 

A colony of Etruria. Liv. 39, c. 55. 

Saturninus, p. Sempronius, a general of 
\'a!cnan, proclaimed emperor in Egypt by 
his troops after he had rendered himself cele- 
brated by his victories over the barbarians. 
His integrit}', his complaisance and affability, 
had gained him the affection of the people, but 
his fondness of ancient discipline provoked his 
soldiers, who wantonly murdered him in the 
43d year of his age, A. D. 262.- Sextius Ju- 
nius, a Gaul, intimate with Anre4ian. The 
emperor esteemed him greatly, not only for 
his private virtues, but for his abilities as a ge- 
neral, and for the victories which he hat! ob- 
tained in different parts of the empire. He 
was saluted emperor at Alexandria, and com- 
pelled by the clamorous army to accent of the 
purple, which he rejected with disdain and 
horror. Probus, who was then emperor, 
marched his forces against him, and besieged 



SA 

him in Apamea, where he destroyed himself 
when unable to make head against his power- 
ful adversary. Appuleius, a tri[)une of the 

people, who raised a sedition at Rome, intimi- 
dated the senate, and tyrannized for three 
years. Meeting at last with opposition, he 
seized the capitol, but being induced by the 
hopes of a reconciliation to trust himself 
amidst the people, he was suddenly torn to 
pieces. His sedition has received the name of 
ApuUlaaa in the Roman annals. Flor 



Lucius, a seditious tribune, who supported the 
oppression of Mai-ius. He was at last put to 
death on account of his tumultuous disposition. 
Plut. in Mario.— Flor. 3, c. 16. An offi- 
cer in the court of Theodosius, murdered for 

obeying the emperor's orders, &,c. ^Poni- 

peius, a writer in the reign of Trajan. He 
was greatly esteemed by Pliny, who speaks of 
him with great warmth and approbation, as an 
historian- a poet, and an orator. Pliny always 
consulted the opinion of Saturninus before he 

published his compositions. Sentius, a 

friend of Augustus and Tiberius. He suc- 
ceeded Agrippa in the government of the pro- 
vinces of Syria and Phoenicia. Vltellius, 

an officer among the friends of the emperor 
Otho. 

Saturnius, a name given to Jupiter, 
Pluto, and Neptune, as being the sons of 
Saturn. 

Saturnus, a son of Ccelus, or Uranus, 
by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Titheia. 
He was naturally artful, and by means of his 
mother, he revenged himself on his father, 
whose cruelty to his children had provoked 
the anger of Thea. The mother armed her 
son with a scythe, which was fabricated with 
the metals drawn from her bowels, and as 
Coelus was going to unite himself to Thea, 
Saturn mutilated him, and for ever prevented 
him from increasing the number of his chil- 
dren, whom he treated with unkindness and 
confined in the infernal regions. After this 
the sons of Coelus were restored to liberty, 
and Saturn obtained his father's kingdom by 
the consent of his brother, provided he did 
not bring up any male children. Pursuant 
to this agreement, Saturn always devoured 
his sons as soon as born, because, as some 
observe, he dreaded from them a retaliation 
of his unkindness to his father, till his wife 
Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, 
concealed from her husband the birth of Jupi- 
ter, Neptune, and Pluto, and instead of the 
children, she gave him large stones, which he 
immediately swallowed without perceiving the 
deceit. Titan was some time after informed 
that Saturn had concealed his male children, 
therefore he made war against bim> dethroned 
and imprisoned him with Rhea ; and Jupiter, 
who was secretly educated in Crete, was no 
sooner grown up, than he flew to deliver his 
father, and to replace him on his throne. Sa- 
turn, unmindful of his son's kindness, conspir- 
ed against him, when he heard that he raised 
cabals against him, but Jupiter banished him 
from his throne, and the father fled for safety 
into Italy, where the country retained the 
name o( Latium, as being the place of his con- 
ctaltnent (lateo). Janus, who was then king 
of Italy, received Saturn with marks of atten- 
tion, be made him hi? partner on the tlironc ■ 



SA 

and the king of heaven employed himself in ci- 
vilizing the barbarous manners of the people 
of Italy, and in teaching them agriculture and 
the useful and liberal arts. His reign there 
was so mild and popular, so beneficent and 
virtuous, that mankind have called it the gold- 
en age, to intimate the happiness and tranquilli- 
ty which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was 
lather of Chiron the centaur by Philyra, whom 
he had changed into a mare, to avoid the im- 
portunities of Rhea. The worship of Saturn 
was not so solemn or so universal as that of 
Jupiter. It was usual to offer human victims 
on his altars, but this barbarous custom was 
abolished by Hercules, who substituted small 
images of clay. In the sacrifices of Saturn, the 
priest always performed the ceremony with his 
head uncovered, which was unusual at other 
solemnities. The god is generally reprej^nted 
as an old man bent through age and infirmity. 
He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a 
serpent which bites its own tail, which is an 
emblem of time and of the revolution of the 
year. In his left hand he holds a child, which 
he raises up as if instantly to devour it. Tatius, 
king of the Sabines, first built a temple to Sa- 
turn on the Capitoline h4]l, a second was af- 
terwards added by T'dlus Hostiiius, and a 
third by the first consuls. On his statues 
were generally hun?; fetters in commemora- 
tion of the chains he had worn when imprison- 
ed by Jupiter From this circumstance all 
slaves that obtained their liberty, generally 
dedicated their fetters to him. During the 
celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were ^ 
taken from the statues to intimate the free- ^ 
dom and the independence which mankind i|L 
enjoyed during the golden age. One of his ^pW*^ 
temples at Rome was appropriated for the ^ 
public treasury, and it was there also that the 
names of foreign ambassadors were enrolled. 
Hesiod. Theog. — Apollod. 1, c. 1. — Virg. Mn^ 
8, V. 219.— Pau5. 8, c. Q.—Tibidl. el. 3, v. 35.— 
Homer. II.— Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 197. Met. 1, v. 
123 

Satijrum, a town of Calabria, where stuffs 
of all kinds were dyed in diflFerent colours 
with great success. Virg. G. 2, v. 197, 1. 4, v. 
335. 

SAxyRi, a demi-gods of the country whose 
origin is unknown. They are represented 
like men, but with the feet and the legs of 
goats, short horns on the head, and the whole 
body covered with thick hair. They chiefly 
attended upon Bacchus, and rendered them- 
selves known in his orgies by their riot and 
lascivionsuess. The first fruits of every thing 
were generally offered to them. The Romans 
promiscuously called them Fauni Panes, and 
Sylvani. It is said that a Satyr was brought 
to Sylla, as that general returned from Thes- 
saly. The monster had been surprised asleep 
in a cave ; but his voice was inarticulate when 
brought into the presence of the Roman ge- 
neral, and Sylla was so disgusted with it, that 
he ordered it to be instantly removed. The 
monster answered in every degree the de- 
scription which the poets and painters have 
given of the Satyrs. — Fans. 1, c. 23. — Plut. 
in Syil.— Virg. Eel. 5, v. 13.— Ovid. Heroid. 4, 
V. 171. 

Satyrus, a king of Bosphorus, who reign- 
ed 11 years., ^c His father'.^ nam* was 



sc 



sc 



tipartacus. Diod. 20. An Athenian who j Houier, was called Xanihus by the gods? 

atieuii»ted to eject the garrison ot Demetrius | 
from tlie citadel, fcc. Potymi. A Greek i 



^, 



acior who ifistructed Demostuenes, and taught , 
him iiow to have a good and strong delivery. 

A man who assisted in murderiug Timo- 

phanes, by order ol his brother Tinjoleon. 

A Rhodian sent by his countrymen to 

Rome, when Eumenes had accused some ot 
the allies of intentions to lavourthe interest of 

Maceuonia against ttie republic. A Feri 

patetic j)bilosojjher and hisiuhan v\ho flour 

ished B. C. 148. A tyrant oi Heraclea, 34ti 

B C. An architect who, together with Fe- 
tus, is said to nave planned and built Ihe cele- 
brated tonib which Artemisia erected to the 
memory oi Mausolus, and which became one 
of the wonders ot the world. The honour oi 
erecting it is ascribed to others. 

Saveiia, a village of Lycaonia. 

Saufjeius Tkogcs^ one of Messalina's fa- 
vourites, punisbed by Claudius, inc. Tacit. 

Jinn, li, c. 'db, Appius, a Roman, v\ho 

died on his return from the bath upon taking 
mead, die. Piin. 7, c. 53. 

Savo, or Savona, a town with a small river 
ofiLie same name in Campania. Sial. 4. — 
PLin. 3, c. 5 -A town of Liguria. 

SauroiMat^, a people in the northern parts 
of Europe and Asia. They are called 8ar- 
matce by the Latins. Fid. Sarmatia. ■ 

Saurus, a famous robber ot £lis, killed by 

Hercules. Pans. 6, c. 21. A statuary. Plin. 

36, c. 5. 

Savus, a river of Fannonia, rising in No- 
ricum, at the north of Aqudeia, and falling 
into the Daiinbe, after flowing through Fan- 
nonia, in an eastern direction. Claudius dt 

Stil. 2. A small river of IVumidia, falling 

into the Mediterranean. 

Saxones, a people of Germany, near the 
Chersonesus Cimbrica. Plot. 3, 11. — Claud. 
1. Euir. v. 392. 

Saziches, an ancient legislator of Egypt. 

Sc^a, one of the gates of Troy, where the 
tomb of Laomedon was seen. The name is 
derived by some from a- -fOj, (sinister) because 
it was through this avenue that the latal horse 
was introduced. Hamtr. 11. — 6i/. 13, v. 73 

Cnft of the Danaides. Her husband's 

name was Dayphron. Apo.lod. 

bu.cvA, a soldier in Ccesar's army, who be- 
iiaved with great courage at Dyrrhacium. 

Lucan. 6, v. 144. Mernoi-, a Latin poet in 

the reign of Titus and Doinitian. A man 

who poisoned his own mother, iloral. 2, Sat. 

1, v. 53. A fiiend of Horace, to whom the 

poet addressed 1 ep. 17. He was a Roman 
knight. 

Sc^voLA. Vid. Mulius. 
^ ScALAJiis, now St. Irene, a town of ancient 
Spain. 

ScALDis, or ScALDiUM, a river of Belgium, 
now called 2'lit Hchcld, and dividing the mo- 
dern country of tiie JN'etijeriands from Hoi- 
land. Cas. G. 6, V. 33. Fons, a town on 

the same river, now called Condt. Cccs. 
^ ScAMANDtu, or Scamamjkos, a celebrated 
liver of Trous, rising at the east of mount 
Ida, and falling into the sea below Sigaum. 
It leceives the Simois in its course, and to- 
wards its mouth it is very muddy, and flows 
fbruugh matches. Thi.s river, according to 



and Scamander by men. The waters of the 
Scamander had the singular property of giv- 
ing a beautiful colour to the hair or the wool 
of such animals as bathed in them; and frona 
this circumstance the three goddesses, Miner- 
va, Juno, and Venus, bathed there before 
they appeared before Paris, to ubtain iho 
golden apple. It was usual among all the vir- 
gins of Troas'tobathe in the Scamander; when 
tiiey were arrived to nubile years, and to of- 
fer to the god their virginity in these words, 
,i»i= ficv, 2/(»-.Mv5f;, Ttjv 7r»j.d=n5«i.. The god of the 
rfcamander had a regular priest, and sacriflcea 
offered to him. Some suppose that the river 
received its name from Scamander, the son 
'fCorybas. JElian. ./-inm. 3, c 21 — Strab. 1 
and i'S.—Plin. 5, c. 30.— Mela, 1, c. IS.— Ho- 
mer. Jl. 6. — Plut. — ^schin. ep. JO. A son 

of Coiybas and Demodice, w^ho brought a 
colo:iy from Crete into Fhrygia, and settled 
rti the loot of mount Ida, where he introduced 
the festivals of Cybele, and the dances of the 
Corybantes. He some time after lost the use 
of his senses, and threw himself into the river 
Aanthus, which ever after bore his name, 
iiis son-in-law Teucer succeeded him in the 
government of the colony. He had two 
daughters, Thymo and Callirhoe. ^poUod. 3, 
c. 1-2.— Diod. 4. 

ScAMANORiA, a towH On the Scamander. 
Plm. 4, c. 30. 

ScAMANDRius, one of the generals of Priam, 
son ot Strophius. He was killed by Menelaus. 
tiomer. 11. b, v. 49. 

ScANDARiA, a promontory in the island of 
Cos. Sirab. 14. 

ScANDiNAVJA. a name given by the an^ 
cients to that tract of territory which contains 
the modern kingdoms of JNorway, Sweden, 
Denmark, Lapland, Finland, ^c. supposed 
by them to be an island. Plin. 4, c. 13. 

ScANTiA Sylva, a wood of Cati^pania, the 
property of the Roman people. Cic. 

ScAJSTiLLA, the wife ol Didius Julianus. 
It was by her advice that her husband bought 
the empire which was exposed to sale at the 
death of Fertinax. 

ScANTiNiA LEX. Vid. Scatinia. 

Sc.vTEsvLE, a town of Thrace, near Ab- 
uera, abounding in silver and gold mines, be- 
longing to Thucydides, who is su|>posed there 
to have written his history of the Peloponne- 
sian war. Lucret. 6, v. 810. — Plut. in. Cim. 

ScAPTiA, a town of Latium. Sit. 8, v. 396. 
— Plin. 3, c. 5. — Lit. 8, c. 17. 

ScAPTius, an intimate friend of Brutus. 
Cic. ep. ad. Jiltic 5, kc. His brother was a 
merchant of Cappadocia. 

ScApijLA, a native of Corduba, who de- 
fended that town against Caesar, after the bat' 
tie of Munda. When he saw that all his ef- 
forts were useless against the Roman general 

he destroyed himself. C(£s. Belt. H. 33. 

An usurper. Cic. ad. All. 12, ep. 37. 

ScAKUON, a town on the confines of Dal- 
matia. 

ScAEDii, a ridge of mountains of Mace- 
donia, which separate it from Illyricura. Liv. 
43, c. 20. 

ScARAPHiAjOr ScARPHE,atown near Ther- 
mopylae, on the confines of Fhthioti?. Setter- 
in Tr, 



sc 

ScATiNiA LEX de pudicitcL, hy C. Scatinius 
Aricinus, the tribune, was enacted against 
those who kept catamites; and such as prostitu- 
ted thennselves to any vile or unnatural ser- 
vice. The penalty was originally a fine, 
but it was afterwards made a capital crime 
under Augustus. It is sometimes called Scan- 
tinia, from a certain Scafitinius upon whom 
it was first executed. 

ScAURus, (M. iErailius) aRoman consul who 
distinguished himself by his eloquence at 
the bar, and by his successes in Spain, in the 
capacity of commander. He was sent against 
Jugartha, and some lime after accused of 
suffering himself to be bribed by the iSumidi- 
an prince Scaurus conquered the Ligurians, 
aud in his censorship he built the Milvian 
bridge at Rome, and began to pave the road, 
which from him was called the ^Emylian. He 
was originally very poor. He wrote some 
books, and among these an history of his own 
life, all now lost. His son, of the same name, 
made himself known by the large theatre 
he built during his edileship. This theatre, 
which could contain 30,000 spectators, was 
auppoi-ted by 360 columns of marble, 38 feet 
in height, and adorned with 3000 brazen 
statues. This celebrated edifice, according 
to Pliny, proved more fatal to the manners 
and the simplicity of the Romans, than the 
proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to 
the inhabitants of the city. Scaurus married 
Murcia. Cic. in Brut. — Val. Max. 4, c. 4. — 

Plin. 34, c. 7, 1. 36, c. 2 A Roman of 

consular dignity. When the Cimbri invaded 
Italy, the son of Scaurus behaved with great 
cowardice, upon which the father sternly 
ordered him never to appear again in the 
field of battle. The severity of this command 
rendered young Scaurus melancholy, and he 
plunged a sword into his own heart, to free 

himself from farther ignominy. Aurelius, 

a Roman consul, taken prisoner by the Gauls. 
He was put to a cruel death because he told 
the king of the enemy not to cross the Alps 
to invade Italy, which was universally deem- 
ed unconquerable. M. jEmilius, a man in 

the reign of Tiberius, accused of adultery 
with Li via, and put to death. He was au 
eloquent orator, but very lascivious and de- 
bauched in his morals. Mamercus, a man 

put to death by Tiberius. Maximus, a 

man who conspired against Nero. Teren- 

tius, a Latin grammarian. He had been pre- 
ceptor to the emperor Adrian, ji. Gellius. 
n, c. 15. 

ScEDAsus, a native of Leuctra in Boeotia. 
His two daughters, Meletia and Molpia, whom 
some call Theano or Hippo, were ravished 
by some Spartans, in the reign of Cleombro- 
tus, and after this they killed themselves, 
unable to survive the loss of their honour. 
The father became so disconsolate, that when 
he was unable to obtain relief from his coun- 
try, he killed himself on their tomb. Paus. 
*J, c. 13.— Plut. in Jiniat. 3. 

ScELERATus, B plain at Rome near the 
Colline gate, where the vestal iMinucia was 
buried alive, when convicted of adultery. 

Liv. 8, c. 15, One of the gates of Rome 

was called Sctltrala, because 300 Fabii, who 
were killed at the river Crimera, had passed 
through it when they went to attack the ene- 



sc 

my. It was before named Carmtnlalis.'^—^ 
There was also a street at Rome formerly 
called Cyprius, which received the name of 
the Scderatus vicus, because there TuUia or- 
dered her postilion to drive her chariot over 
the body of her father, king Servius. Liv. 1, 
c. 48.— Oi'trf. lb. 365. 

ScENA, a town on the confines of Babylon. 

Strab. 16. A river of Ireland, now the 

Shannon. Orosius. 1, c. 2. 

ScENiTiE, Arabians who live in tente. 
Plin. 5, c. U. 

Scepsis, a town of Troas where the works 
of Theophrastus and Aristotle were long con- 
cealed under ground, and damaged by the wet, 
kc. Strab. 10. 

ScHEDiA, a small village of Egypt, with a 
dock-yard, between the western mouths of the 
Nile and Alexandria. Strab. 

ScHEDios, one of Helen's suitors. Paw, 
10, c. 4, 1. 30. 

ScHERiA, an ancient name of Corcyra. 
Pam. 2, c. 6.— Plin. 4, c. 12. 

ScHffiNEus, a son of Athamas. The fa- 
ther of Atalanta. 

ScHCENus, or ScHENo, a port of Pelo- 
ponnesus on the Saronicus sinus. A village 

nearThebes, withariver ofthe same name. 

A river of Arcadia. Another near 

Athens. 

SciASTEs, a surname of Apollo at Lace- 
daemon, from the village Scias, where he was 
particularly worshipped. Lycoph. 562.-^Tzet- 
zts. loco. 

ScxATHis, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 
8, c. 14. 

SciATHos, an island in the ^Egean sea, op- 
posite mount Pelion, on the coast of Thessaly 
Val. Place. 2. ^ 

SciDRos, a town of Magna Graecia. 

SciLLus, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
Olympia, where Xenophon wrote his history. 

SciLURus, a king of Scythia, who had 80 
sons. Vid. Scylurus. 

SciNis, a cruel robber who tied men to the 
boughs of trees, which he had forcibly brought 
together, and which he afterwards unloosened 
so that their limbs were torn in an instant from 
their body. Ovid. Met. 7, v, 440. 

SciNTHi, a people of Germany. 

ScioNE, a town of Thrace, in the pos- 
session of the Athenians. It revolted and 
passed into the hands of the Lacedcemo- 
niaiis during the Peloponnesian war. It was 
built by a Grecian colony in their return 
from the Trojan war. Thucyd. 4.— Mela, 2, 
C.2.— Plin. 4, c. 10. 

SciPiAD^, a name applied to the two Sci- 
pios, who obtained the surname of Jifricanus, 
from the conquest of Carthage. Virg. JEn. 6, 
v. 843. 

Scipio, a celebrated family at Rome, who 
obtained the greatest honours in the republic. 
The name seems to be derived from Scipio^ 
which signifies a stick, because one of the 
family had conducted his blind father, and 
had been to him as a stick. The Scipios were 
a branch ofthe Cornelian family. The most 
illustrious were— P. Corn, a man made mas- 
ter of horse by Camillus, &ic. A Roman 

dictator. L. Cornel, a consul A. If. C. 454, 

who defeated the Etrurians near Volaterra. 
Another consul A. U. C. 493.— .C«. 



sc 

suenamed Asina, was consul A. U. C. 492 and 

468. He was conquered in his first consulship 
in a naval battle, and lost 17 ships. The fol- 
lowing year he took Aieria, in Corsica, and I 
defeated Hanno, the Caithaginian general, in 
Sardinia. He also took 200 of the enemy's 
ships, and the city of Panormum, in Sicily. 
He was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio. 
Publius, in the beginning of the second Pu- 
nic war, was sent with an army to Spain to 
opf>ose AnnlLal ; but when he heard that his 
enemy had passed over into Italy, he at- 
tempted by his quick marches and secret evo- 
lutions to stop his progress. He was conquer- 
ed by Annibal near the Ticirms, where he 
nearly lost his life, had not his son, who was 
afterwards suruamed Africanus, courageously 
defended him. He again passed into Spain, 
where he obtained some memorable victories 
over the Carthaginians, and the inhabitants 
of the country. His brother Cneus shared 
the supreme command with him; but their 
great confidence proved their ruin. They 
separated their armies, and soon after Publius 
was furiously attacked by the two Asdrubals 
and Mago, who commanded the Carthaginian 
armies. The forces of Publius were too few 
to resist with success the three Carthaginian 
generals. Tbe Romans were cut to pieces, 
and their commander was left on the field of 
battle. No sooner had the enemy obtained 
this victory than they immediately marched 
to meet Cneus Scipio, whom the revolt of 
30,000 Celtiberians had weakened and alarm- 
ed. The general, who was already apprized 
ef his brother's death,' secured an eminence, 
where he was soon surrounded on all sides. 
After desperate acts of valour he was left 
among the slain, or according to some, he 
fled into a tower, where he was burnt with 
some of his friends by the victorious enemy. 
Liv. 21, kc.—Polyb. 4.—Flor. 2, c. 6, &c.— 
Eutrop. 3, c. 8, he. Publius Cornelius, sur- 
named Africanus, vi'as son of Publius Scipio, 
who was killed in Spain. He firstdistinguish- 
ed himself at the battle of Ticinus, wiiere 
he saved his father's life by deeds of unex- 
ampled vaiour and boldness. The battle of 
Canna3, wliicli proved so fatal to the Roman 
arms, instead of his disheartening Scipio, raised 
his expectations, and he no sooner heard that 
some of his desperate countrymen wished to 
abandon Italy, and to fly from the insolence 
of the conqueror, than with his sword in his 
hand, and by his firmness and example, he 
obliged them to swear eternal fidelity to 
Rome, and to put to immediate death the 
first man who attempted to retire from his 
country. In his 21st year, Scipio was made 
an edile, an honourable office, which was 
never given but to such as had reached their 
27th year. Some lime after, the Romans 
were alarmed by the intelligence that the 
commanders of their forces in Spain, Publius 
and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, and 
immediately young Scipio was appointed to 
avenge the death of his father, and of his 
uncle, and to vindicate the military honour of 
the republic. It was soon known how able he 
was to be at the head of an army ; the various 
nations of Spain were conquered, and in 
four years the Carthaginians were banished 
from that part of the continent, the whole 



SC 

province became tributary to Rome ; new 
Carthage submitted in one day, and in a bat- 
tle 54,000 of the enemy were left dead on the 
field. After these signal victories, Scipio was 
recalled to Rome, which still trembled at the 
continual alarms of Annibal, who was at her 
gates. The conqueror of the Carthaginians 
in Spain was looked upon as a proper general 
to encounter Annibal in Italy ; but Scipio op- 
posed the measures which his countrymen 
wished to pursue, and he declared in the se- 
nate that if Annibal was to be conquered he 
must be conquered in Africa. These bold 
measures were immediately adopted, though 
opposed by the eloquence, age, and experi- 
ence of the great Fabius, and Scipio was em- 
powered to conduct the war on the coasts of 
Africa. With the dignity of consul he em- 
barked for Carthage. Success attended his 
arms, his conquests were here as rapid as ia 
Spain ; the Carthaginian armies were routed, 
the camp of the crafty Asdrubal was set on 
fire during the night, and his troops totally 
defeated in a drawn battle. These repeated 
losses alarmed Carthage ; Annibal, who was 
victorious at the gates of Rome, was instantly 
recalled to defend the walls of his countiy, 
and the two greatest generals of the age met 
each other in the field. Terms of accom- 
modation were proposed ; but in the parley 
which the two commanders had together, 
nothing satisfactory was offered, and while 
the one enlarged on the vicissitudes of human 
affairs, the other vvished to dictate like a con- 
queror, and recommended the decision of the 
controversy to the .sword. This celebrated 
battle was fought near Zama, and both gene- 
rals displayed their military knowledge in 
drawing up their armies and in choosing their 
ground. Their courage and intrepidity were 
not less conspicuous in charging the enemy ; 
a thousand acts of valour were performed on 
both sides, and though the Carthaginians 
fought in their own defence and i he Romans 
for fame and glory, yet the conqueror of Italy 
was vanquished. About 20,000 Carthaginians 
were slain, and the same number made pri- 
soners of war, B. C. 202. Only 200 of the 
Romans were killed. This buttle was decisive ; 
the Carthaginians sued for peace, which Sci- 
pio at last granted on the most severe and hu- 
miliating terms. The conqueror after this 
returned to Rome, where he was received 
with the most unbounded applause, honoured 
with a triumph, and dignified with the appel- 
lation of ^■Jfricanus. Here he enjoyed for 
some time the tranquillity and the honours 
which his exploits merited, but in him also, 
as in other great men, fortune showed herself 
inconstant. Scipio offended the populace in 
wishing to distinguish the senators from the 
rest of the people at the public exhibitions, 
and when he canvassed for the consulship for 
two of his friends, he had the mortification to 
see his application slighted, and the honours 
which he claimed, bestowed on a man of no 
character, and recommended by neither abili- 
ties nor meritorious actions. He retired from 
Rome no longer to be a spectator of the in- 
gratitude of his countrymen, and in the capa- 
city of lieutenant he accompanied his bro- 
ther against Antiochus, king of Syria. In this 
expedition his arms were attended with usiia? 



I 



sc 

success, and the Asiatic monarcli submitted 
to the conditions which the conquerors dic- 
tated. At his return to Rome, Africanus 
found tlie malevolence of his enemies still un- 
abated. Cato, his inveterate rival, raised se- 
ditions against him, and the Petilli, two tri- 
bunes of the people, accused the conqueror 
of Annibal of extortion in the provinces of 
Asia, and of living in an indolent and luxuri- 
ou.s manner. Scipio condescended to answer 
to the accusation of his calumniators; the 
tirst day was spent in hearing the different 
charges, but when he again appeared on the 
second day of his trial, the accusied inter- 
rupted his judges, and exclaimed, Tribunes 
nnd fellow cilizem, on this day-, this vtry 
day, did I conquer Jlnnibal and the Cartha- 
ginians : co7ne, therefore-, with me, Romans ; lei 
us go to the capital, and there return our 
thanks to the immortal gods for the victories 
which have attended our arms. These words 
had the desired effect, the tribes and all the 
assembly followed Scipio, the court was deser- 
ted, and the tribunes were left alone in the 
seat of judgment. Yet when this memorable 
day was past and forgotten, Africanus was a 
third time summoned to appear; but he had 
fled before tlie impending storm, and retired 
to his country house at Liternum. The accu- 
sation was therefore stopped, and the accusers 
silenced, when one of the tribunes, formerly 
distinguished for his malevolence against Sci- 
pio, rose to defend him, and declared in the 
assembly, that it reflected the highest disgrace 
on the Roman people, that the conqueror of 
Annibal should become the sport of the popu- 
lace, and be exposed to the malice and envy 
of disappointed ambition. Some time after 
Scipio died in the place of his letreat, about 
184 years before Christ, in the 48th year of his 
age ; and so great an aversion did he express, 
as he expired, for the depravity of the Romans, 
and the ingratitude of their senators, that he 
ordered his bones not to be conveyed to Rome. 
They were accordingly inhumated at Liter- 
num, where his wife JEmilia, the daughter 
of Paulus ^milius, who fell at the battle of 
Canna;, raised a mausoleum on his tomb, 
and placed upon it his statue, with that of the 
poet Ennius, who had been the companion of 
his peace and of his retirement. If Scipio 
was robbed during his life time of the hon- 
ours which belonged to him as a conqueror of 
Africa, he was not forgotten when dead. The 
Romans viewed his character with reverence ; 
with raptures, they read of his warlike actions, 
and Africanus was regarded in the following 
age as a pattern of virtue, of innocence, cour- 
ages, and liberality. As a general, the fame 
and the greatness of his concjuests explain 
his character, and indeed we hear that Anni- 
bal declared himself inferior to no general that 
ever lived exco|)t Alexander the CJreat, and 
Pyrrhus king of Kpirus ; and when Scipio ask- 
ed him what rank he would claim if he had 
conquered him, the Carthaginian general an- 
.<j\vered. If I had conquered you, Scipio, I would 
call myself greater than the conqueror of Dari- 
us and the ally of the Turenlints. As an instance 
of Scipio's continence, ancient authoi-s have 
faithfully recorded that the conipieror of Spain 
refused to see a beautiful princess that had fal- 
len into his hands after the taking of INew Car- 



SG 



thage, and that he not only restored her invi- 
olate to her parents, but also added immense 
presents for the person to whom she was be- 
trothed. It was to the artful complaisance 
of Africanus that the Romans owed their alli- 
ance with Masinissa, king of Numidia, and 
also that with king Syphax. The friendship 
of Scipio and Laelius is well knov/n. Polyb. 
Q.—Plut.—Flor. 2, c. 6.— C/c. in Brut. &c.~ 

Eulrop. Lucius Cornelius, suruamed ^sia- 

ticus, accompanied his brother Africanus io 
his expeditions in Spain and Africa. He was 
rewarded with the consulsiiip A. U. C. 562, 
for his services to the state, and he was em- 
powered to attack Anliochus king of Syria^ 
who had declared war against the Romans. 
Lucius was accompanied in this campaign by 
his brother Africanus; and by his own va- 
lour, and the advice of the conqueror of An- 
nibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in a 
battle near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 
foot and 4000 horse. Peace was soon after 
settled by the submission of Antiochus, and 
the conqueror, at his return home, obtained 
a triumph, and the surname of Asiaticus. He 
did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity; 
Cato, after the death of Africanus, turned his 
fury against Asiaticus, and the two Petilli, his 
devoted favourites, presented a petition to the 
people, in which they prayed that an inquiry 
might be made to know what money had been 
received from Antiochus and his allies. The 
petition was instantly received, and Asiaticus, 
charged to have suffered himself to be cor- 
rupted by Antiochus, was summoned to ap- 
pear before the tribunal of Terentius Culeo, 
who was on this occasion created praetor. 
The judge, who was an inveterate enemy to 
the family of the Scipios, soon found Asiati- 
cus, with his two lieutenants and his quaestor, 
guilty of having received, the first 6000 pounds 
weight of gold, and 480 pounds weight of sil- 
ver, and the others nearly an equal sum, from 
the monarch against whom, in the name of the 
Roman people, they were enjoined to make 
war. Immediately they were condemned to 
pay large fines ; but while the others gave se- 
curity, Scipio declared that he had accounted 
to the public for all the money which he had 
brought from Asia, and, therefore, that he was 
innocent. For this obstinacy Scipio was 
dragged to prison, but his cousin Nasica plead- 
ed his cause before the people, and the prae- 
tor instantly ordered the goods of the prisoner 
to be seized and confiscated. The sentence 
was executed, but the effects of Scipio were 
insufficjejjt to pay the fine, and it was tho 
greatest justification of his innocence, that 
whatever was found in his house, had never 
been in the possession of Antiochus or his sub- 
jects. This, however, did not totally libe- 
rate him, he was reduced to poverty, and re- 
fused to accept' the offers of his friends and 
of his clients. Sometime after he was ap 
pointed to settle the disputes between Ku- 
menes and Seleucus, and at hi? return the 
Romans, asiiam(!(l of their severity lowaixi.« 
him, rewarded his merit with such uncom- 
mon liheralily, that Asiaticus was enabled to 
celebrate games in honour of his victory over 
Antiochus, for ten successive days, at his <»wn 
expense. Liv. US, c. 55, kc.—i:utrop. 4. 
Nasica was son ot Cneus Scipio, ano 



sc 

•cousin to Scipio Africanus. He was refused 
ihe consulship, though supported by the inte- 
rest and the fame of the conqueror of Anni- 
bal ; but he afterwards obtained it, and in that 
honourable office conquered the Boii, and 
gained a triumph. He was also successful in 
an expedition which he undertook in Spain. 
"When the statue of Cybele was brought to 
'Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate dele- 
gated one of their body, who vva« the most 
remarkable for the purity of his manners and 
the innocence of his life, to go and meet the 
goddess in the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was 
the object of their choice, and as such he was 
«njoined to bring the statue of the goddess to 
.Rome with the greatest pomp and solemnity. 
JNasica also distinguished himself by the active 
part he took in confuting the accusations laid 
against the two Scipios, Africanus and Asia- 
ticus. There was also another of the same 
Jiame who distinguished himself by his en- 
mity against the Gracchi, to whom he was 
nearly related. Paterc. 2, c. 1, fee. — Flor. 

% c. \b.—Liv. 29, c. 14, he. Publ. .^ini- 

Jianus, son of Paulus, the conqueror of Per- 
' seus, was adopted by the son ot Scipio Afri- 
canus. He received the same surname as his 
grandfather, and was called .Africanus the 
^punger, on account of his victories over 
Carthage. jEmilianus first appeared in the 
Roman armies under his father, and after 
Avards distinguished himself as a legionary tri- 
bune in the Spanish provinces, where he killed 
a Spaniard of gigantic stature, and obtained a 
mural crown at the siege of Intercatia. He 
passed into Africa to demand a reinforcement 
from king Masinissa, the ally of Rome, and 
be was the spectator of a long and bloody bat- 
tle which was fought between that monarch 
and the Carthaginians, and which soon pro- 
duced the third Punic war. Some time after 
JEmilianus was made edile, and next ap- 
pointed consul, though under the age required 
for that important office. The surname which 
he had received from his grandfather, he was 
doomed lawfully to claim as his own. He was 
empowered to finish the war with Carthage, 
and as he was permitted by the senate to 
eboose his colleague, he took with him his 
friend Laeliu?, whose father of the same name 
had formerly enjoyed the confidence and shar- 
ed the victories of the first Africanus. The 
siege of Carthage was already begun, but the 
operations of the Romans were not continued 
with vigour. Scipio had no sooner appeared 
before the vvuils ot tiie enemy than every com- 
munication with the land was cut off, and that 
they might not have the command of the sea, 
a stupendous mole was thrown across the har- 
bour with immense labour and expense. 
This, which might have disheartened the 
mo«t active enemy, rendered the Carthagi- 
nians more eager in the cause of freedom and 
independence; all the inhabitants, without 
distinction of rank, age, or sex, employed 
tliemselves without cessation to dig another 
liarbour, and to build and equip another lleet. 
In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and 
activity of A'niilianud, the Romans were as- 
tonished to see another harbour formed; and 
50 galleys sudderdy issuing under sail, ready 
for the engagement. This unexpected fleet, 
by immediately attacking the Roman s!)jps, 



SC 

might have gained the victory, hut the dela^ 
of the Carthaginians proved fatal to their 
cause, and the enemy had sufficient time to 
prepare themselves. Scipio soon got the pos- 
session of a small eminence in the harbour, 
and, by the success of his subsequent opera- 
tions, he broke open one of the *^tes of the 
city, and entered the streets, where he made 
his way by fire and sword. The surrender 
of above 50,000 men was followed by the re- 
duction of the citadel, and the total submis- 
sion of Carthage,^B C. 147. The captive city 
was set on fire, and though Scipio was ob- 
liged to demolish its very wails to obey the 
orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly 
over the melancholy and tragical scene ; and 
in bewailing the miseries of Carthage, he ex- 
jtressed his fears lest Rome in her turn, iu 
some future ages, should exhibit such a dread- 
ful conflagration. The return of i^milianus 
to Rome was that of another conqueror of 
\nnihal, and like him he was honoured with 
a magnificent triumph, and received the sur- 
name of Africanus. He w-as not long left in 
the enjoyment of his glory, before he was 
called to obtain fresh honours. He was cho- 
sen consul a second time, and appointed to 
finish the war which the Romans had hitherto 
carried on without success or vigorous exer- 
tions against Numantia. The fall of iVuman- 
tia was more noble than that of the capital of 
Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage ob- 
tained the victory only when the enemies had 
been consumed by famine, or by self-destruc- 
tion, B C. 133. From his conquests in Spain* 
.Emilianus was honoured with a second tri- 
umf»h, and with the surname of jYumantinus. 
Yet his popularity was short, and, by tel- 
ling the people that the murder of therr 
favourite, his brother in-law Gracchus, was 
lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical 
to the peace of the republic, Scipio incur- 
red the displeasure of the tribunes, and was 
received with hisses. His authority for a mo- 
ment quelled their sedition, when he re- 
proached them for their cowardice, and ex- 
claimed, Factious wretches, do you think that 
your clamours can intimidate me ; me whom ihe 
fury of your enemies never daunted ? Is this 
the gratitude thai you owe to my father PaU' 
lus, who conquered Macedonia, and to me ? 
JVitJiout my family you were slaves. Is this 
the respect you owe to your deliverers ? Is 
this your ajfeclion ? This firmness silenced 
the murmurs of the assembly, and some time 
after Scipio retired from the clamours of 
Rome to Caieta, where, with his friend^Lae- 
lius, he passed the rest of bis time in in- 
nocent pleasures and amusement ; in diver- 
sions which had pleased them when children; 
and the two greatest men that ruled the "tate, 
wore often seen on the sea-shoro picking up 
light pebble?: and throwing them on the 
smooth surface of the waters. Though fond 
of retirement and literary ease, yet Scipio 
often interested himself in the aftairs of the 
state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to 
the dictatorship, and the clamours were most 
loud against him, when he had opposed the 
Sempronian law, and declared himself the 
patron of the inhabitants of the provinces tif 
Italy. This active part of Scipio was seen with 
pleasure by (h© frifnrfs of the republic, ant! 



sc 

not only the senate, but also the citizens, the | 
Latins, and neighbouring states, conducted I 
their illustrious friend and patron to his house. I 
It seemed also the universal wish that the I 
troubles naight be quieted by the election of 
Scipio to the dictatorship, and many presumed 
that that honour would be on the morrow 
conferred upon him. In this, however, the 
expectations of Rome were frustrated, Scipio 
was found dead in his bed to the astonishment 
of the world ; and those who inquired for the 
causes of this sudden death, perceived violent 
marks on his neck, and concluded that he had 
been strangled, B. C. 128. This assassination; 
as it was then generally believed, was com- 
mitted by the triumviri, Papirius Carbo, C. 
Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who support- 
ed the Sempronian law, and by his wife Sem- 
pronia, w'ho is charged with Iiaving introduced 
the murderers into his room. No inquiries 
were made after the authors of his death; 
Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and 
the only atonement which the populace made 
for the death of Scipio was to attend his fune- 
ral, and to show their concern by their cries 
and loud lamentations. The second Africa- 
nus hEis often been compared to the first of 
that name ; they seemed to be equally great 
and equally meritorious, and the Romans were 
unable to distinguish which of the two was 
entitled to a greater share of tlieir regard and 
admiration. iEmilianus, like his grandfather. 
was fond of literature, and he saved from the 
flames of Carthage many valuable composi- 
tions, written by Phoenician and Punic au- 
thors. In the midst of his greatness he died 
poor, and his nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, 
who inherited his estate, scarce found in his 
house thirty-two pounds weight of silver, and 
two and a half of gold. His liberality to his 
brother and to his sisters deserves the greatest 
commendations, and indeed no higher enco- 
mium can be passed upon his character, pri- 
vate as well as public, than the words of his 
rival Metellus, who told his sons, at the death 
of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the 
greatest man that ever lived or should live in 
Rome. Liv. 44, iic. — Cic de Senect. Oral, 
in Brut. &ic. — Polyh. Appian. — Paterc. 1, c. 

12, &ic Flor. A son of the first Africa- 

nus, taken captive by Anliochus king of Syria, 
and restored to his father without a ransom. 
He adopted as his son young vEmilianus, the 
son of Pauius /Emilius, who was afterwards 
surnamed Africanus. Like his father Scipio, 
he distinguished himself by his fondness for 
literature, and his valour in the Roman armies. 
——Metellus, the father- in-law of Pompey, 
appointed commander in Macedonia. He was 
present at the battle of Pharsalia, and after- 
wards retired to Africa with Cato. He was 

defeated by Cajsar at Thapsus. Plut. Sa- 

lutio, a mean person in Caisar's army in Afri 
ca. The general appointed him his chief 
commander, eitber to ridicule him, or because 
there was an ancient oracle that declared that 
the Scipios would ever be victorious in Africa. 

Pint. L. Cornelius, a consul who opposed 

Sylla. He was at last deserted by his army, 
and proscribed, The commander of a co- 
hort in the reign of Vitellius 

SciKA, an annual soleiimity observed at 
Athens in honotir oi Minerva, or areord- 
80 



SC 

ing to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It 
received its name either from Sciras, a small 
town of Attica, or from a native of Eleasis, 
called Scirus. 

SciRADiuM, a promontory of Attica on th6 
Saronicus sinus. 

SciRAS, a name of .i^gina. Minerva was 
also called Sciras. Strab. 9. 

SciRESSA, a mountain of Arcadia. Plin. 4, c. 5. 

SciRON, a celebrated thief in Attica, who 
plundered the inhabitants of the country, and 
threw them down from the highest rock 
into the sea, after he had obliged them to 
wait upon him and to wash his feet. Theseus 
attacked him, and treated him as he treated 
travellers. According to Ovid, the earth as 
well as the sea refused to receive the bones 
of Sciron, which remained for some time 
suspended in the air, till they were changed 
into large rocks called Scironia Saxa, situate 
between Megara and Corinth. There was a 
road near them which bore the name of Sci- 
ron, naturally small aud narrow, but after- 
wards enlarged by the emperor Adrian. 
Some suppose that Ino threw herself into 
the sea from one of these rocks. Sciron had 
married the daughter of Cychreus a king of 
Salamis. He was brother-in-law to Telamoa 
the son of vEacus. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 444. He- 
roid. 2, V. 69.— Strab. 9.— Mela, 2, c. 13.— 
Plin. 2, c. Al.—Diod. ^—Hygin, fab. 38.— 
Properl. 3, el. 14, v. 12.— Paus. 1, c. 44.— Sc- 
iieca. JV. Q. 5, c. 17. 

SciRus, a village of Arcadia, of which the 

inhabitants are called Sciritce. A plain and 

riverof Attica near Megara. Paus. 1, c. 36- 

Scissis, a town of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 60. 

ScoDRA, a town of Illyricum, where Gen- 
tius resided. Liv. 43, c. 20. 

ScoLus, a mountain of Boeotia. A towa 

of Macedonia near Olynthus. Strab. 

ScoMBRUs, a mountain of Thrace near 
Rhodope. 

ScoPAS, an architect and sculptor of Ephe- 
sus, for some time employed in making the 
mausoleum which Arteuiisia raised to her 
husband, and which was reckoned one of the 
seven wonders of the world. One of his sta- 
tues of Venus was among the antiquities with 
which Rome was adorned. Scopas lived about 
430 years before Christ. Pans. I, c. 43, 6i,c. — 
Horat. 4, Od. S.— Vitr. 9, c. 9.— Plin. 34, c.'S, 

1. 36, c. 5. An -(Etolian who raised some 

forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of 
Egypt, against bis enemies Antiochus and his 
allies- He afterwards conspired against the 
Egyptian monarch, and was put to death, B. C. 
196. An ambassador to the court of the em- 
peror Domitian. 

ScopiuM, a town of Thessaly. 

ScoRDisci and Scordisc^, a people of 
Pannonia and Thrace, well known during 
the reign of the Roman emperors for their 
barbarity and uncivilized manners. They 
were fond of drinking human blood, and they 
generally sacrificed their captive enemies to 
their gods. Liv. 4\,c. 19.— Strab.7 .—Flor. 3,c. 4. 

ScoTi, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland^ 
mentioned as difl'erent from the Picts. Claur 
dlaii. dt Hon. 3, cons. v. 64. 

ScoTiNus, a surname of Heraclitus. 
Slrab. ir>. 

ScoTijssA, a to\rn of Tbesealy, at the uorth 



sc 

of Larissa and of the Peneus, destroyed by Al- 
exander of Pherffi. Liv. 28, c. 5 and 7, 1. 36, 
c. M.—Strab. 7 and 9.—Paus. 6, c. 5. An- 
other in Macedonia. Plin. 4, c. 10. 

ScRiBONiA, a daughter of Scribonius, who 
married Augustus alter he had divorced Clau- 
dia, He had by her a daughter, the celebrated 
Julia. Scribonia was some time after repudia- 
ted, that Augustus might marry Livia. She 
had been married twice before she became the 

wife of the emperor. Suelon. in Aug. 62. 

A woman who married Crassus. 

ScRiBONiANus, 3 mau in the age of Nero. 
Some of his friends wished him to be compe- 
titor for the imperial purple against Vespa- 
sian, which he declined. Tacil. 11. 4, c. 39. 

There were also two brothers of that 

name, who did nothing without each other's 
consent. Id. 4, c. 41. 

Scribonius, a man who made himself 

master of the kingdom of Bosphorus. A 

physician in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. 

A man who wrote annals, A. D. 22. The 

best edition of Scribonius is that of Patav. 4to. 

1655. Afriend of Pompey, oic. 

ScuLTENNA, a Hver of Gaul Cispadana fai- 
ling into the Po, now called Panaro. Liv. 
41, c. 12 and IS.— Plin. 3, c. 16. 

ScYLACEUM, a town of the Brutii, built 
by Mnestheus at the head of an Athenian 
colony. As Virgil has applied the epithet J\'a- 
vifragum to Scylaceum, some suppose that 
either the poet was mistaken in his knowledge 
of the place, because there are no apparent 
dangers to navigation there, or that he con- 
founds this place with a promontory of the 
same name on the Tuscan sea. Servius ex- 
plains this passage by supposing that the houses 
of the place were originally built with the 
shipwrecked vessels of Ulysses' fleet, (a most 
puerile explanation !) F«g. ^^n. 3, v. 553. — 
Sirab. 6. 

ScYLAX, a geographer and mathematician 
of Caria, in the age of Darius, son of Hystas- 
pes, about 550 years before Christ. He was 
commissioned by Darius to make discove- 
ries in the east, and after a journey of 30 
months he visited Egypt. Some suppose th.it 
he was the first who invented geograj)hicai ta- 
bles. The latest edition of the Ptriplas of 
Scylax is that of Gronovius, 4to. L. Bat. 

1597. — Herodot. 5, c. 44. — Strab. A river 

of Cappadocia. 

ScYLLA, a daughter of Nisus, king of Me- 
gara, who became enamoured of Minos, as that 
monarch besieged her father's capital. To 
make him sensible of her passion, she inform- 
ed him that she would deliver Megara into his 
bands if he promised to many her. Minos 
consented, and as the prosperity of Megara 
depended on a golden hair, which was on the 
head of JNisus, Scylla cut it offas her father 
was asleep, and from that moment the sallies 
of the Megareans were unsuccessful, and the 
enemy easily became masters of the i)iace. 
Scylla was disappointed in her expectations, 
and Minos treated her with such contempt and 
ridicule, that she threw herself from a tower 
into the sea, or according to other accounts, 
she was changed into a lark by the gods, and 
her father ijito a hawk. Ovid. Trisl. 2, v. 
393.— /^ai«. 2, c. M.—Propert. 3, el. 19, v. 21. 
-^liygin. fab. 198.— ^7ri,^ G. 1, v. 405, &tc. 



SC 

A daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of 
Phorcys, who was greatly loved by Glaucus, 
oneof the deities of the sea. Scylla scorned 
the addresses of Glaucus, and the god, to ren- 
der her more propitious, applied to Circe, 
whose knowledge of herbs and incantations 
was universally admired. Circe no sooner 
saw him than she became enamoured of him, 
and instead of giving him the required assis- 
tance, she attempted to make him forget Scyl- 
la, but in vain. To punish her rival, Circe pour- 
ed the juice of some poisonous herbs into the 
waters of the fountain where Scylla bathed, 
and no sooner had the nymph touched the 
place, than she found every part of her body 
below the waist changed into frightful mon- 
sters like dogs, whicii never ceased barking. 
The rest of her body assumed an equally hi- 
deous form. She found herself supported by 
twelve feet, and she had six different heads, 
each with three rows of teeth. Thissudden me- 
tamorphosis so terrified her,that she threw her- 
self into that part of the sea which separates 
the coast of Italy and Sicily, where she was 
changed into rocks, which continued to bear 
her name, and which were universally deemed 
by the ancients as very dangerous to sailors, as 
well as the whirlpool of Charybdis on the 
coast of Sicily. During a tempest the waves 
are described by modern navigators as roaring 
dreadfully when driven into the rough and un- 
even cavities of the rock. Homer. Od. 12, v. 
85.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 66, kc.—Paus. 2, c. 34. 
— Hygin. fab. 199. Some authors, as Pro- 
pert. 4. el. 4, V.39, and Virg. Eel. 6, v. 74, 
with Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 500, have confounded the 
daughter of Typhon with the daughter of J\isus. 

Virg. JEn. 3, v. 424, he. A ship in the fleet 

of Ji)neas, commanded by Cloanthus, &,c. 
Virg. Mn. 5, v. 122. 

Scyllj^um, a promontory of Peloponnesus 

on the coast of Argolis. A promontory 

of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be the 
same as Scylaceum, near which was the fa- 
mous whirlpool Scylla, from which the 
name is derived. 

ScYLLiAS, a celebrated swimmer, who en- 
riched himself by diving after the goods which 
had been shipwrecked in the Persian ships 
near Pelium. It is said that he could dive 80 
stadia under water. Herodol. 8, c. 8. — Pau$. 
10, c. 19. 

ScYLLis and Dip(enus, statuaries of Crete 
before the age of Cyrus king of Persia. They 
were said to be sons and pupils of Daeda- 
lus, and they established a school at Sicyon, 
where they taught the principles of their pro- 
fession. Pans. — Plin. 36, c. 4. 

ScYLLUs, (untis,) a town of Achaia, given 
to Xenophon by the Lacedaemonians. IStrab. 

ScYLURUs, a monarch v, ho left 80 sons. 
He called them to his bed-side as he expired, 
ai)d by enjoining them to break a bundle of 
slicks tied together, and afterwards separately, 
he convinced them that when altogether firm- 
ly united, their power would be insuperable, 
but if ever disunited, they would fall an easy 
prey to (heir enemies. Plut. de garr. 

ScYPPiuM, a town in the neighbourhood of 
Colophon. Paus. 7, c. 3. 

ScYUAs, a river of Laconia. Paw^. 3, c. 25. 

ScYKiAs, a name applied to Deidamiaasa 
native of Scvros. Oiid. A. 1, v. GS2, 



sc 

: ScYROs, a rocky and barren island in the 
^^ilgean, at the distance of about 28 miles north- 
east from Euboea, sixty miles in circumference. 
It was originally in the possession of the Pelas- 
gians and Carians. Achilles retired there not 
to go to the Trojan war, and became father of 
JVeoptoleraus by Deidamia, the daughter of 
king Lycomedes. Scyros was conquered by 
the Athenians under Cimon. Homer. Od. 10, 
V. oQS.—Orid. Met. 7, v. 464, 1. 13, v. 156.— 
Pans. 1, c. l.—Strab. 9. 

ScYTHiE, the inhabitants of Scythia. Vid. 
Scythia. 

ScvTHES, or ScYTHA, a son of Jupiter 
by a daughter of Tellus. Half his body was 
that of a man, and 'ihe rest that of a serpent 
He became king of a country which he called 

Scj^hia. Diod. 2. A son of Hercules and 

Echidna. 

Scythia, a large country situate on the 
most northern parts of Europe and Asia, 
from which circumstance it is generally de- 
nominated European and Asiatic. The most 
northern parts of Scythia were uninhabited 
on account of the extreme coldness of the 
climate. The more southern in Asia that 
were inhabited were distinguished by the 
name of Scythia intra «^/- extra Imaum, kc. 
The boundaries of Scythia were unknown to 
the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated 
beyond the vast tracts of land which lay at 
the north, east, and west. Scythia compre- 
hended the modern kingdoms of Tartary, 
Russia in Asia, Siberia, Muscovy, the Cri- 
mea, Poland, part of Hungary, Lithuania, 
the northern parts of Germany, Sweden, 
Norway, &c. The Scythians were divided 
into several nations or tribes, they had no 
cities, but continually changed their habita- 
tions. They inured themselves to bear labour 
and fatigue ; they despised money, and lived 
upon milk, and covered themselves with the 
skins of their cattle. The virtues seemed to 
flourish among them, and that philosophy 
and moderation which other nations wished 
to acquire by study, seemed natural to them. 
Some authors however represent tliem as a 
savage and barbarous people, who fed upon 
human flesh, who drank the blood of their 
enemies, and used the skulls of Iravellers as 
vessels in their sacriiices to their gods. The 
Scythians made several irruptions upon the 
more southern provinces of Asia, especially 
B. C. 624, when they remained in possession 
of Asia Minor for 28 years, and we iind them 
at dififerent periods extending their conquests 
in Europe, and penetrating as far as Egypt. 
Their government was monarchical, and the 
deference which they paid to their sovereigns 
was unparalleled. When the king died, his 
body was carried through every province, 
where it was received in solemn procession, 
and afterwards buried. In the first centuries 
after Christ they invaded the Roman empire 
with the Sarmatians. Vid. Sarmatia. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. 4, &,c. — Slrab. 7.— Diod. 2.-—Val. 
Max. 5, c. 4. — Justin. 2, c. 1, ^c. — Ovid. Met. 
1, v. 64, 1. 2, v. 224. 

ScYTHiNus, a Greek poet of Teos in Io- 
nia, who wrote Iambics. JDiog. in Herac. — 
.'Ithen. 11. 

ScYTHos, a man changed into a woman. 
Odd. Met. 4, V. 280. 



SE 

ScYTHOpoLis, a town of Syria, said to have 
been built by Bacchus, Strab. Id.—Plin. 5. 
c. 18. 

ScYTHOTAURi, a pBopIe of Chersonesus Tau- 
rica. Pliji. 4, c. 12. 

Sebasta, a town of Judaea. Another 

m Cilicia. The name was common to 

several cities, as it was in honour of Augui- 
tus. "^ 

Sebastia, a city of Armenia. 

Sebennvtps, a town of the Delta in 
Egypt. That branch of the Nile which flows 
near it has been called the ^c/iennv^ic. Plin. 
5, c. 10. "^ 

Sf;BETCs, a small river of Campania, fall- 
in» into the bay of ^'aples, whence the 
epithet Sebel/ies, given to one of the nymphs 
who frequented its borders and became 
mother of (Ebalus by Telon. Virg. JEn. 7, 
V. 734, 

Sebusiani; or Segusiani, a people of Cel- 
tic Gaul. ^ 

Sectanl's, an infamous debauchee in the a<^e 
of Horace. 1, 5a/. 4, v. 112. 

Secundus Julius, a man who published 
some harangues and orations in the age of the 
emperor Titus. A favourite of Nero. 



One of the associates of Sejanus 

Seditani, or Sedentani, a people of Spain, 
Ital. 3, V. 372. 

Seduni, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. 
Cces. Belt. G. 3. 

Seddsii, a people of Germany near the 
Suevi. Cffs. 

Segesta, a town of Sicily founded by 
iEneas, or according to some by Crinisus. Vid. 
iEgesta. 

Segestes, a German, friendly to the Ro- 
man interest in the time of Germanicus. 
His daughter married Arminius. Tacit. A. 1, 
c. 55. 

Segetia, a divinity at Rome, invoked by 
the husbandmen that the harvest might be 
plentiful. Au^r. de Civ. D. 4, c. Q.—Macrob. 1, 
c. m.—Plin. 18, c. 2. 

Segni, a people with a town of the same 
name in Belgic Gaul. Cas. B. G. 6. 

Segobrica, a town of Spain near Saguu- 
tum. Plin. 3, c. 3. 

SegCnax, a prince in the southern parts of 
Britain, who opposed Casar by order of Cas- 
sivelaunus, kc. Cces. Bell. G. 5, c. 22. 

Segontia, or Seguntia, a town of Hispania 
Tarraconensis. Liv. 34, c. 10, 

Segontiaci, a people of Belgic Gaul, who 
submitted to J. Cssar. 

Segovia, a town of Spain, of great power 

in the age of the Caesars. There was also 

another of the same name in Lusitania. Both 
had been founded by the Celtiberi. 

Seguntium, a town of Britain, supposed to 
be Carnarvon in Wales. Cas. G. 5, c. 21, 

SeouskIni, a people of Gaul on the Loire 
Cas. G.],c. 10.— Plin. 4, c. 18. 

Segusio, atowu of Piedmont on the Durias 
Plin. 3, c. 17. 

tElius Sejanus, a native of Vulsinum 
in Tuscany, who distinguished himself in 
the court of Tiberius. His father's name 
was Seius Sirabo, a Roman knight, coili- 
mander of the prajtorian guards.' His mo- 
ther was descended from the Junian family! 
Sejanus first gained the favours of Cuius 



SB 

Caesar, the grandson of Augustus, but after- 
wards be attached himself to the interest 
and the views of Tiberius, who then sat 
on the imperial throve. The emperor, who 
was naturally of a suspicious temper, was 
free and open with Sejanus. and while he dis- 
trusted others, he communicated his greatest 
secrets to this fawning favourite. Sejanus im- 
proved this confidence, and when he bad found 
that he possessed the esteem of Tiberius, he 
next endeavoured to become the favourite of 
the soldiers and the darling of the senate As 
commander of the prietorian guards he was 
tlie second man in Rome, and in that important 
office he made use of insinuations and every 
mean artifice to make himself beloved and 
revered. His affability and condescension gain- 
ed him the hearts of the common soldiers, and 
by appointing his own favourites and adherents 
to places of trust and honour, all the officers 
and centurions of the army became devoted 
to his interest. The views of L-?ejanus in this 
were well known ; yet to advance with more 
success, he attempted to gain the affection of 
the senators. In tiiis he met with no opposi- 
tion. A man who has the disposal of places of 
honour and dignity, and who has the command 
of the public money, cannot but be a favourite 
of those who are in need of his assistance. It 
is even said, that Sejanus gained to his views 
all the wives of the senators, by a private and 
most secret promise of marriage to each of 
them, whenever he had made himself inde- 
pendent and sovereign of Rome. Yet however 
successful with the best and noblest families 
in the empire, Sejanus had to combat num- 
bers in the house of the emperor ; but these 
seeming obstacles were soon removed. All the 
children and grand-children of Tiberius were 
sacrificed to the ambition of the favourite un- 
der various pretences; and Drusus the son of 
the emperor, by striking Sejanus, made his 
destruction sure and inevitable. Livia, the 
wife of Drusus. was gained by Sejanus, and 
though the mother of many children, she was 
prevaikd upon to assist her adulterer in the 
murder of her husband, and she consented 
to marry him when Drusus was dead. IS'o 
sooner was Drusus poisoned than Sejanus 
openly declared his wish to marry Livia. 
This was strongly opposed by Tiberius; and 
the emperor, by recommending Gerraanicus 
to the senators for his successor, rendered Se- 
janus bold and determined. He was more ur 
gent in his demands; and when he could not 
gain the consent of the emperor, he persuad- 
ed him to retire to solitude from the noise of 
Rome, and the troubles of the government 
Tiberius, naturally fond of ease and lu.\ury. 
yielded to his representations, and retired 
to Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head of 
the empire, This was highly gratifying to 
the favourite, and he was now without a mas- 
ter. I'rudence and moderation might have 
made him what he wished to be, but Sejanus 
otfended tha whole empire when he declar- 
ed that he was emperor of Rome, and Tibe- 
rius only the dependent prince of the island of 
Caprew, where he had retired. Tiberius was 
upon tiiis fully convinced of the designs of Se- 
janus, ar)(l when he had been informed that 
his favourite had had the meanness and auda- 
.iJity to ridicule him by introducing him on the 



SE 

stage, the emperor ordered him to be accused 
before the senate. Sejanus was deserted by all 
(his pretended friends, as soon as by fortune; 
and the man who aspired to the empire, and 
who called himself the favourite of the people, 
(he darling of the prajtorian guards, and the 
companion of Tiberius, was seized without re- 
sistance, and the same day strangled in prison* 
A. D. 31. His remains were exposed to the fury 
and insolence of the populace, and afterwards 
thrown into the Tiber. His children and all his 
relations were involved in his ruin, and Tibe- 
rius sacrificed to his resentment and suspicions 
all those who were even connected with Seja- 
nus, or had shared his favours and enjoyed his 
confidence. Tacit. 3, ^nn. kc. — Dio. 58.— 
Suet, in Tib. 

Cn, Seius, a Roman who had a famous 
horse, of large size and uncommon beauty. 
He was put to death by Antony, and it was ob- 
served, that whoever obtained possession of 
his horse, which was supposed to be of the 
same race as the horses of Dismedes destroy- 
ed by Hercules, and which w-is called Sejanus 
equus, became unfortunate, and lost all his 
property, with every member of his family. 
Hence arose the proverb, ille homo habet Seja- 
num equum, applied to such as were oppress- 
ed with misfortunes. Au. Gellius, 3, c. 9. 

Seius Strabo, the father of Sejanus, was a 
Roman knight, and commander of the prseto- 
rian guards. 

Selasia. Vid. Sellasia. 

Selemnds, a river of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 
23. Vid. Selimnus. 

Selene, the wife of Antiochus king of Sy- 
ria, put to death by Tigranes, king of Arme- 
nia. She was daughter of Pbyscon, king of 
Egypt, and had first married her brother La- 
thurus, according to the custom of her coun* 
try, and afterwards by desire of her mother, 
her other brother Gryphus. At the death of 
Gryphus,shehad married Antiochus surnaraed 
Eusebes, the son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, by 
whom she had two sons. According to Ap- 
pian, she first married the father, and after hfe 
death, his son Eusebes. .^ppian. Syr. he 

Seleucena, or Seleucis, a country of Sy- 
ria, in Asia. Vid. Seleucis. 

Seleucia, a town of Syria, on the sea 
shore, generally called Pieria, to distinguish 
it from others of the same name. There 
were no less than eight other cities which 
were called Seleucia, and which had all re- 
ceived their name from Seleucus Nicator. 
They were all situate in the kingdom of Syria, 
in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates. Flor. 3, c. 
ll.—Plul. in Dem.—Mela, 1, c. \2.~Strab. 11 

and 15. — Plin. 6, c. 26. Also the residence 

of the Parthian kings. Cic. 8, fam. 14. 

SELEUcinyE, a surname given to those 
monarchs who sat on the throne of Syria, 
which was founded by Seleucus the son of 
Antiochus, from whom the word is derived. 
The era of the Seleucidae begins with the tak- 
ing of Babylon by Seleucus, B. C. 312, and 
ends at the conquest of Syria by Pompey, B. 
C. 65. The order in which these monarchs 
reigned, is shown in the account of Syria. Vid 
Syria. 

Seleucis, a division of Syria, which re- 
ceived its name from Seleucus, the founder of 
the Syrian empire after the death of Alexan- 



SE 

^er the Great. It was also called Teirapolis 
from the four cities it contained, called also 
sister cities; SeleuciacalledafterSeleucus, An 
tioch called after bis father, Laodicea after his 
mother, and Apamea after his wife. Strab. 16. 
Seledccs, 1st, one of the captains of Alex 
ander the Great, SMrnamed JVicator. or FzV- 
torious, was son of Antiochas. After the 
kind's death, he received Babylon as his pro- 
vince ; but his ambitious views, and his at- 
tempt to destroy Eumenesas he passed through 
his territories rendered him so unpopular that 
he fled for safety to the court of bis friend 
Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was soon after 
enabled to recover Babylon, which Antigonus 
had seized in his absence, and he increased 
his dominions by the immediate conquest of 
Media, and some of the neighbouring pro 
vinces. When he had strenfrthened himself 
ia his empire. Seleucus imitated the example 
of the rest of the generals of Alexander, and 
assumed the title of independent monarch. 
He afterwards made war against Anti<ionus- 
with the united forces of Ptolemy, Cassander, 
and Lysimachus ; and after this monarch had 
been conquered and slain, his territories were 
divided among his victorious enemies. When 
Seleucus became master of Syria; he built a 
city there, which he called Antioch, in honour 
of his father, and made it the capital of his 
dominions. He also made war against Deme- 
trius and Lysimachus, though he had originally 
married Stratonice, the daughter of the for- 
mer, and had lived in the closest friendship 
with the latter. Seleucus was at last mur- 
dered by one of his servants called Ptolemy 
Ceraunus, a man on whom he bestowed the 
greatest favours, and whom he had distin- 
guished by acts of the most unbounded confi- 
dence. According to Arrian, Seleucus was 
the greatest and most powerful of the princes 
who inherited the Macedonian empire after 
the death of Alexander. His benevolence has 
been commended ; and it has been observed, 
that he conquered not to enslave nations- but 
to make them more happy. He founded no 
less than 34 cities in different parts of his em- 
pire, which he peopled with Greek colonies, 
whose national industry, learning, religion, 
and spirit, were communicated to the indolent 
and luxurious inhabitants of Asia. Seleucus 
was a great benefactor to the Greeks, he re- 
stored to the Athenians the library and statues 
which Xerxes had carried away from their 
city when he invaded Greece, and among 
them were those of Harmodius and Aristogi- 
ton. Seleucus was murdered 280 years before 
the Christian era, in the 32d year of his reign, 
and the 78lh, or, according to others, the 73d 
year of his age, as he was going to conquer 
Macedonia, where he intended to finish his 
days in peace and tranquillity in that province 
where he was born. He was succeeded by 
Antiochus Soter. Justin 13; c. 4, I. 13, c. 
4, I. 16, c. 3, kc.—Plut. in Dem.—Plin. 6, c. 

\7.—Paus.S, c. f>\.— Joseph. Anl. 12. The 

2d, surnamed CaUiiiicus, succeeded his father 
Antiochus Tbeus on the throne of Syria. He 
attempted to make war against Ptolemy, king 
of Egypt, but his fleet was shipwrecked in a 
violent storm, and his armies soon after con- 
quered by his enemy. He was at last taken 
prisoner by Arsaccs, an ofl&ccr who made 



SE 

himijjf powerful by the dissentlons which 
reigned in the house of the Seleucidai, be- 
tween the two brothers, Seleucus and Antio- 
chus ; and after he had been a prisoner for 
some time in Parthia, he died of a fall from 
his horse, B C. 226, after a reign of 20 years. 
Seleucus had received the surname of PogoUf 
from his long beard, and that of Callinicus, 
ironically to express his very unfortunate 
reign. He had married Laodice, the sister of 
one of his generals, by whom be had two sons, 
Seleucus and Antiochus, and a daughter whom 
he gave in marriage to Alithridates king of 
Pontus. Slrah. 16. — Justin. 211. — Jippian. dt 
Syr. The 3d, succeeded his father Seleu- 
cus 2d, on the throne of Syria, and received 
the surname of Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as 
he was a very weak, timid, and irresolute 
monarch. He was murdered by two of his 
otficers after a reign of three years, B. C. 223, 
and his brother Antiochus, though only 15 
years old, ascended the throne, and rendered 
himself so celebrated that he acquired the 
name of the Great. Jippian. The 4th, suc- 
ceeded his father Antiochus the Great, oq 
the throne of Syria. He was surnamed Phi' 
lopaior, or according to Joseph us, Huter. His 
empire had been weakened by the Romans 
when he became monarch, and the yearly tri- 
bute of a thousand talents to these victorious 
enemies concurred in lessening his power and 
consequence among nations. Seleucus was 
poisoned after a reign of 12 years, B. C. 175. 
His son Demetrius had been sent to Rome, 
there to receive his education, and he became 
a prince of great abilities. Strab. 16. — Justin. 
32. — Appian. The 5th, succeeded his fa- 
ther Demetrius INicator on the throne of Sy- 
ria, in the 20th year of his age. He w as put 
to death in the first year of his reign by Cleo- 
patra his mother, who had also sacrificed her 
husband to her ambition. He is not reckoned 
by many historians in the number of the Sy- 
rian monarchs. The 6th, one of the Se- 

leucida>, son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed his 
uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to 
obtain the crown of Syria. He was some time 
after banished from his kingdom by Antio- 
chus Pius, son of Cyzicenus, and fled to Cili-' 
cia, where he was burnt in a palace by the 

inhabitants, B. C 93. Appian. — Joseph A 

prince of Syria, to whom the Egyptians of- 
fered the crown of which they had robbed 
Auletes. Seleucus accepted it, but he sooq 
disgusted his subjects, and received the sur- 
name of Cybiosactts, or Scullion, for his mean- 
ness and avarice. He was at last murdered by- 
Berenice, whom he had married. A servant 

of Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt, w ho 
accused his mistress before Octavianus, of ha- 
ving secreted part of her jewels and treasures. 

A mathematician intimate with Vespasian 

the Roman emperor. A part of the Alps. 

A Roman consul. A celebrated singer. 

Juv. 10, v. 211. rA king of the Bosphorus, 

who died B. C. 429. 

Sklce, a town of Pamphylia, made a colo- 
ny by the Lacedaemonians. Liv. 35, c. 13. — 
Strabo. 

Selimnus, a shepherd of Achaia, who for 
some time enjoyed the favours of the nymph 
Argyra, without interruption. Argyra was at 
last difgusled with her lover, and the ghep- 



SE 

fcerd died through melancholy, and wa^dian- 
ged into a river of the same name. Srgyra 
\^as also changed into a fountain, and was 
fond of mingling her waters Avith those of the 
Selimnus. Pans. 7, c. 23. 

Selinuns, or Selinus, (untis,) a town on 
the southern parts of Sicily, founded A. U. C. 
127, by a colony from Megara. It received 
its name from o-j^iv v, parsley, which grew 
there in abundance. The marks of its an- 
cient consequence are visible in the vene- 
rable ruins now found in its neighbourhood. 

Virg. JEn. 3, v. 705.— Pans. 6, c. 19. 

A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, which 
watered the town of Scillus. Pans. 5, c. 6. 

Another in Achaia. Another in Sicily. 

A river and town of Ciiicia, where Tra- 
jan died. Liv. 33, c. 20.— Strab. 14. Two 

small rivers near Diana's temple at Ephesus. 

Plin. 5, c. 29. A lake at the entrance of 

the Cayster. Strab. 14. 

Sellasia, a town of Laconia where Cleo- 
menes was defeated by the Achaians, B. C. 
222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Lacedae- 
monians survived the battle. Plut. 

Selleis, a river of Peloponnesus falling into 
the Ionian sea. Horner. II. 

SELLETiE, a people of Thrace near mount 
Haemus. Liv. 38, c. 40. 

Selli, an ancient nation of Epirus near 
Dodona Lucun, 3, v. 180. — Strab. 7. 

Selymbria, a town of Thrace, on the Pro- 
pontis. Liv. 39, c. 39. 

SjEmele, a daughter of Cadmus by Her- 
mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus. She 
was tenderly beloved by .lupiter; but .Juno, 
whowasalwaysjealous of her husband's amours 
and who hated tiie house of Cadmus because 
they were related to the goddess of beauty, 
determined to punish this successful rival. She 
borrowed the girdle of Ate, which contained 
every wickedness, deceit, and perfidy, and in 
the form of Beroe, Semele's nurse, she visited 
the house of Jupiter's mistress. Semele lis- 
tened with attention to the artful admonitions 
of the false Beroe, and Avas at last persuaded 
to entreat her lover to come to her arms witli 
the same majesty as he approached .Juno. 
This rash request was heard with horror by 
Jupiter; but as he had sworn by the Stys to 
grant Semele whatever she requiied, he came 
to her bed, attended by the clouds, the light- 
ning, and thunderbolts. The mortal nature of 
Semele could not endure so much majesty, 
and she was instantly consumed with lire. 
The child, however, of which she was preg- 
nant, was saved from the flames by xMercury, 
or according to others, by Dirce, one of the 
nymphs of the Achclous, and Jupiter placed 
liim in his thigh the rest of the time which he 
ought to have been in his mother's womb. 
This child was called Bacchus, or Dionysius. 
Semele immediately after death was honoured 
with immortality under tiie name ofThyone. 
Some, however, suppose that she remained in 
the infernal regions till Bacchus her son was 
permitted to bring her back. There were in 
the temple of Diana, at Trcezene, two altars 
raised to the infernal gods, one of which was 
over an aperture, through which, as Pausanias 
reports, Bacchus returned from hell with his 
mother. Semele was particularly worshipped 
at Biasiaj in Laconia, where, according to a 



SE 

I certain tradition, she had been driven by the 

J winds with her son, after Cadmus had exposed 

I her on the sea, on account of her incontinent 

! amour with Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, 

though she received divine honours, had no 

temples ; she had a statue in a temple of Ceres, 

at Thebes, in Bceotia. Paus. 3, c. 24, 1. 9, c. 

5. — Hesiod. Theog. — Homer. II. 14, v. 323. — 

Orpheus. Hymn. — Eurip. in Bacch. — Jipollod. 

3, c. A.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 2o4. Fast. 3, v. 715. 

—Diod. 3 and 4. 

Semigermani, a name given to the Hel- 
vetii, a people of Germany. Liv. 21, c. 38. 

Semiguntus, a general of the Cherusci, 
taken prisoner by Germanicus, he. Strab. 7. 

Semiramis, a celebrated queen of Assyria, 
daughter of the goddess Derceto, by a young 
Assyrian. She was exposed in a desert, but 
her life was preserved by doves for one whole 
year, till Sim mas, one of the shepherds of 
JNiims, found her and brought her up as his 
own child. Semiramis, when grown up, mar- 
ried Menones, the governor of Nineveh, and 
accompanied him to the siege of Bactra, where, 
by her advice and prudent directions, she has- 
tened the king's operations and took the city. 
These eminent services, but chiefly her un- 
common beauty, endeared her to Nious. The 
monarch asked her of her husband, and of- 
fered him instead, his daughter Sosana; but 
Menones, who tenderly loved Semiramis, re- 
fused, and when Ninus had added threats to 
entreaties, he hung himself. No sooner was 
Menones dead than Semiramis, who was of 
an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by whom she 
had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so fond 
of Semiramis, that at her request he resigned 
the crown to her and commanded her to be 
proclaimed queen and sole empress of Assyria. 
Of this, however, he had cause to repent: 
Semiramis put him to death, the better to 
establish herself on the throne, and when she 
had no enemies to fear at home, she began to 
repair the capital of her empire, and by her 
means Babylon became the most superb and 
magnificent city in the world. She visited 
every part of her dominions, and left every 
where immortal monuments of her greatness 
and benevolence. To render the roads passa- 
ble, and communication easy, she hollowed 
mountains and filled up vallies, and water was 
conveyed at a great expense by large and con- 
venient aqueducts, to barren deserts and un- 
fruitful plains. She was not less distinguished 
as a warrior, many of the neighbouring nations 
were conquered ; and when Semiramis was 
once told, as she was dressing her hair, that 
Babylon had revolted, she left her toilette 
with precipitation, and though only half dres- 
sed, she refused to have the rest of her head 
adorned befoi-e the sedition was quelled, and 
tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has 
been accused of licentiousness, and some au- 
thors have observed, (hat she regularly called 
the strongest and stoutest men in her army to 
her arms, and afterwards put them to death 
that they might not be living witnesses of her 
incontinence. Her passion for her son was 
also unnatural, and it was this criminal pro- 
pensity which induced Ninyas to destroy his 
mother with his own hands. Some say that 
Semiramis was changed into a dove after 
death, and received immortal honours in As- 



SE 

Syria. It is supposed that she lived about lf)<15 
years before the Christian era, and that she 
died in the 62d year of her age, and the 25th 
of her reign. iMany fabulous reports have 
been propagated about Semiratnis, and some 
have declared that for some time she disguised 
herself and passed for her son Ninyas. Val. 
Max. 9, c. 3.—Herodot. 1, c. 184.— Diod. 2.— 
Mela, 1, c. 3. — Strab. 5. — Paterc. 1, c. 6. — 
Justin. 1, c. 1, hc.—Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 21.— 
Plut. de Fort. kc.—Ovid. Mior. 1, el. 5, v. 11. 
Met. 4, V. 5S. — Marcell. 14, c. 6. 

Semnones, a people of Italy on the borders 

of Umbria. Of Germany, on the Elbe and 

Oder. _ 

Semones, inferior deities of Rome, that 
were not in the number of the 12 great gods. 
Among tliese were Faunus, the Satyrs, Pri- 
apus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus, and all 
such illustrious heroes as had received divine 
honours after death. The word seems to be 
the same as semi homines, because they were 
inferior to the supreme godg, and superior to 
men. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 213. 

Semosancius, one of the gods of the Ro- 
mans among the Indigetes, or such as were 
born and educated in their country. 

Sempkonia, a Roman matron, mother of 
the two Gracchi, celebrated for her learning, 

and her private as well as public virtues. 

Also a sister of the Gracchi, who is accused 
of having assisted the triumvirs Carbo, Grac- 
chus, and Flaccus, to murder her husband, 
Scipio Africanus the younger. The name of 
Sempronia Avas common to the female de- 
scendants of the family of the Sempronii, 
Gracchi, and Scipios. 

Semproma lex de magistratibus, by C. 
Sempronius Gracchus, the tribune, A. U. C. 
630, ordained that no person who had been 
legally deprived of a magistracy for misde- 
meanors, should be capable of bearing an of- 
fice again. This law was afterwards repealed 

by the author. Another, de ceiitale, by the 

same, A. U. C. 630. It ordained that no capi- 
tal judgment should be passed over a Roman 
citizen, without the concurrence and authority 
of the senate. There were also some other 

regulations included in this law. Another, 

de comiliis, by the same, A. U. C. 635. It or- 
dained that in giving their votes, the centuries 
should be ciiosen by lot, and not give it ac- 
cording to the order of their classes. .Ano- 
ther, de comitiis, by the same, the same year, 
which granted to the Latin allies of Rome, 
the privilege of giving their votes at elections, 

as if they were Roman citizens. Another, 

de provinciis, by the same, A. U. C. 630. It 
enacted that the senators should be permitted 
before the assembly of the consular comitia, 
to determine as they pleased the particular 
provinces which should be proposed to the 
consuls, to be divided by lot, and that the tri- 
bunes should be deprived of the power of in- 
terposing against a decree of the senate. 



Another, called Jlgruria prima, by T. Sem- 
I)ronius Gracchus the tribune, A. U. C. 620. 
It confirmed the lex agraria Licinia, and 
enacted that all such as were in possession of 
more lands than that law allowed, should im- 
mediately resign them, ta be divided among 
the poorer citizens. Three commissioners 
were appointed to put this Jaw into execution, 



SE 

and i(."5 consequencfis were so violent, as it war 
directly made against the nobles and senators, 

that it cost the author his life. Another, 

called Jigraria altera, by the same. It re- 
quired that all the ready money which was 
found in the treasury of Attalus king of Per- 
gamus, who had left the Romans his heirs, 
should be divided among the poorer citizens 
of Rome, to supply them with all the variou3 
instruments requisite in husbandry, and that 
the lands of that monarch should be farmed 
by the Roman censors, and the money drawn 
from thence should be divided among the peo- 
ple. kx\o\.\iev , frumentaria, by C. Sempro- 
nius Gracchus. It required that a certain 
quantity of corn should be distributed among 
the people, so much to every individual, for 
which it was required that they should only 
pay the trifling sum of a semisais and a triens. 

Another, de nsurd, by M. Sempronius 

the tribune, A. U. C. 560. It ordained that 
in lending money to the Latins and the allies 
of Rome, the Roman laws should be observed 

as well as among the citizens. Another, de 

judicibus, by the tribune C. Sempronius, A. 
U. C. 630. It required that the right of judg- 
ing, which had been assigned to the Senatorial! 
order by Romulus, should be transferred from 

them to the Roman knights. Another, mi- 

litaris, by the same, A. U. C. 630. It enacted 
that the soldiers should be clothed at the pub- 
lic expense, without any diminution of their 
usual pay. It also ordered that no person 
should be obliged to serve in the army before 
the age of 17. 

Sempronius (A. Atratinus,) a senator 
who opposed the Agrarian law, which 
was proposed by the consul Cassius, sooa 

after the election of the tribunes. L. 

Atratinus, a consul, A. U. C. 311. He 
was one of the first censors with his col- 
league in the consulship, Fapirius. Cains, 

a consul summoned before an assembly of 
the people, because he had fought with ill 

success against the* Volsri. Blaesus, a 

consul who obtained a triumph for some 

victories gained in Sicily. Sophus, a 

consul against tlie j^qui. He also fought 
against the Picentes, and during the en- 
gagement there was a dreadful earthquake. 
The soldiers were terrified, but Sophus en- 
couraged them, and observed that the earth 
trembled only for fear of changing its old 

masters. A man who proposed a law that 

no person should dedicate a temple or altar, 
without the previous approbation of the ma- 
gistiates, A. U. C. 449. He repudiated his 
wife because she had gone to see a spectacle 

without his permission or knowledge. Ru- 

fus, a senator, banished from the senate be- 
cause he had killed a crane to serve him a.s 
food. Tuditanus, a man sent against Sar- 
dinia by the Romans. A legionary tribune, 

who led away from Cannietlie remaining part 
of the soldiers who had not been killed by thp 
Carthaginians. He was afterwards consul, and 
fought in the field against Annibal with great 

success. He was killed in Spain. Tiberius 

Longus, a Roman consul dttvated by the Car- 
thaginians in an engagement which he hud 
begun against the approbation of his colleague 
C. Scipio. Ho afiersvaids obtained victories 
over Hanno and the Gau!a. Tiberius Grac- 



SE 

^Iius, a consul wbo defeated the Carthaginians 
and the Campanians. He was afterwards be 
trayed by Fulvius, a Lucanian, into the haiuh j 
of the Carthaginians, and was killed, after he I. 
had made a long and bloody resistance against 
the enemy. Hannibal showed great honour 
to his remains ; a funeral pile was raised at the 
head of the camp, and the enemy's cavalry 
walked round it in solemn procession. 



Gracchus, a man vvho had debauched Julia. 
[Fid. Gracchus.] An eunuch, made go- 
vernor of Rome by Caracalla. Densus, a 

centurion of a pretorian cohort who defended 
the person of Galba against the assassins. He 

was killed in the attempt. The father of 

the Gracchi. [Vid. Gracchus.] A censor, 

who was also sent as ambassador to the court 

of Egypt. A tribune of the people, he. 

Tacit. — Flor. — Liv. — Pint. — Cces. — Jlppian. 
An emperor. IVid. Saturninus.] 

Semurium, a place near Rome, where 
Apollo had a temple. Cic. Phil. 6, 6. 

Sf.na, or Senogallia, a town of Umbria 
in Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the Se- 
nones, after they had made an irruption into 
Italy, A. U< C. 396; and on that account 
called Gallica, There was also a small river 
in the neighbourhood which bore the name 
of Sena. It was near it that Asdrubal 
was defeated by CI. Nero. C. JN'ep. in Ca- 
ione.—Sil. 8, v. 454.— Lu'. 27, c. AQ.—Cic. 
Brut. 18. 

Senatds, the chief council of the state 
among the Romans. The members of this 
body, called senatores on account of their 
age, axid palres, on account of their authorifi/, 
were of the greatest consequence in the re- 
public. The senate was first instituted by 
Romulus, to govern the city, and to preside 
over the affairs of the state during his absence. 
This was continued by his successors; but 
Tarquin the Second disdained to consult 
them, and by having his own council cho- 
sen from his favourites, and men who were 
totally devoted to his interest, he diminished 
the authority and the consequence of the 
senators, and slighted the concurrence of the 
people. The senators whom Romulus cre- 
ated were an hundred, to whom he after- 
wards added the same number when the Sa- 
bines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin the 
ancient made the senate consist of 300, and 
this number remained fixed for a long time. 
After the expulsion of the last Tarquin, whose 
tyranny had thinned the patricians as well 
as the plebeians, 164 new senators were cho- 
sen to complete the 300 ; and as they were 
called comcripts, the senate ever afterwards 
consisted of members who were denominat- 
ed patrcs, and conscripti. The number con- 
tinued to fluctuate during the times of the 
republic, but gradually increased to 700, and 
afterwards to 900 under Julius Caisar, who 
filled the senate with men of every rank 
and order. Under Augustus the senators 
amounted to 1000, but this number was re- 
duced to 300, which being the cause of 
complaints, induced the emperor to limit thr 
"number to 600. . The place of a senator was 
always bestowed upon merit ; the monarchs 
bad the privilege of choosing the members.- 
and after the expulsion of the Tarqnlus it 
^as one of the rijjhta of tlie consuh, till the 



SE 

election of the censors, who from their offic* 
^eemed most capable of making choice of inea 
vlu)3e character was irreproachable, wnose 
morals were pure, and relations honourable. 
Sometimes the assembly oi the peoi)le elected 
senators, but it was only upon some extraordi- 
nary occasions; there was also a dictator 
chosen to fill up the number of the senate after 
the battle of Cannae. Only particular families 
were admitted into the senate; and wiien the 
plebeians were permitted to share the honours 
of the state, it was then required that they 
should be I)orn of free citizens. It was also 
required that the candidates should be knights 
before their admission into the senate. They 
were to be above the age of 25, and to have 
previously passed through the inferior otficesof 
quaestor, tribune of the people, edile, pretor, 
and consul. Some, however, suppose that the 
senators whom Romulus chose were all old 
men ; yet his successors neglected this, and 
often men who were below the age of 25 were 
admitted by courtesy into the senate. The 
dignity of a senator could not be supported 
without the possession of 80.000 sesterces, or 
about 7000/. English money, and therefore such 
as squandered away their money, and whose 
fortune was reduced below this sum, were ge- 
nerally struck out of the list of senators. Tbi» 
regulation was not made in the first ages of the 
republic, when the Romans boasted of their 
poverty. The senators were not permitted to 
be of any trade or profession. They were 
distinguished from the rest of the people by 
their dress ; they wore the laticlave, half boots 
of a black colour, with a crescent or silver 
buckle in the form of a C ; but this last honour 
was confined only to the descendants of those 
hundred senators who had been elected by 
Romulus, as the letter C seems to imply. 
They had the sole right of feasting publicly 
in the capitol in ceremonial habits ; they sat 
in curule chairs, and at the representation 
of plays and public spectacles, they were ho- 
noured with particular seats. Whenever they 
travelled abroad, even on their own busi- 
ness, they were maintained at the public ex- 
pense, and always found provisions for them- 
selves and their attendants ready prepared 
on the road ; a privih^ge that was generally 
termed /ree legation. On public festivals they 
wore the prcetexta, or long white robe with 
purple borders. The right of convocating 
the senate belonged only to the monarchs ; 
and after the expulsion of the Tarq^uins, 
to the consuls, the dictator, master ot the 
horse, governor of Rome, and tribunes of 
the people ; but no magistrate could exercise 
this privilege except in the absence of a su- 
perior officer, the tribunes excepted The 
time of meeting was generally three times a 
month, on the calends, nones, and ides. Un- 
der Augustus they were not assembled on 
(he nones. It was requisite that the place 
where they assembled should have been 
previously consecrated by the augur?. This 
was generally in the temple of Concord, ol 
Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo, Castor and Pol- 
lux, &c. or in the Curiaj called Hostilia, 
Julia Pompeia, Lc. When audience was 
given to foreign* ambassadors, the senators 
assembled without the walls of the city, either 
id the temples of Bellona ®r of Apollo : 



SE 



SE 



<. 



Hnd the same ceremony as to tbeir meeting I bales, «nd the decrees of the assembled se- 
was also obsei-ved when they transacted ' nate, as also any one ^vho was of equal au- 
business with their generals, as the ambas- thority with him who had proposed the 



sadors of foreign nations ; and the comman- 
ders of armies, while in commission, were 
fiot permitted to appear within the walls of 
the city. To render their decrees valid and 
authentic, a certain num!)erof members was 
requisite, and such as '.vere absent without 
fome proper cause, were ahvays fined. In the 
reign of Augustus, 400 senators were requisite 
to make a senate. Nothing was transacted be- 
fore sun-rise, or after sun-set. In their office 
the senators were the guardians of religion 
they disposed of the provinces as iiiey pleas- 
tid, they prorogued the assemblies of the i)eo- 
jile, they appunted thanksgivings, nominated 
iheir ambassadors, distributed the public mo 
tjey, and in short, had tiie raanagoment o; 
every thing i>oIitical or civil in the republic, ex- 
cept the creating of magistrates the enact- 
ing of laws and the declarations of war oi 
peace, which were confined to the assemblies 
of the people. Rank was always rejt^arded in 
their meetings; the chief magistrates of the 
slate, such as the consuls, the pretors, and cen- 
sors, sat first, after these the inferior magis- 
trates, such as the ediles and questors, and 
iastofall, those that then exercised no office 
iii the stale. TJieir opinions were originally 
collected, each according to his^ge; but when 
the oftice of censor was instituted, the opin- 
ion o( [he prlnceps senatus, or the person whose 
name stood first on the censor's list, was first 
consulted, and afterwards those who were of 
consular dignity, each in their respective or- 
der. In the age of Cicei'o the consuls elect 
were lirst consulted ; and in the age of Caesar, 
be was |)ermitted to speak first till the end of 
the year, on whom the consul had originally 
conferred that honour. Under the em{)erors 
the same rules were observed, but the consuls 
were generally consulted before all others. 
When any public matter was introduced into 
the senate, which was always called reftrre ad 
senalum, any senator whose opinion was asked, 
was permitted to speak upon it as long as he 
pleased, and on that account it was often usual 
for the senators to protract tiieir speeches till 
it was too late to determine. When the ques- 
tion was put, they passed to the side of that 
speaker, whose opinion they approved, and a 
majority of votes was easily collected, without 
the trouble of counting the numbers. This 
mode of proceeding was called /;e<iiY;i« in alt- 
€ujus sentenliam ire, and therefore on that 
account, the senators who had not the privi- 
lege of speaking, but only the right of giving a 
silent vote, such as bore some curule honours, 
and on that account were permitted to sit in 
the senate, but not to deliberate, were deno- 
minated pedarii scnatorcs. After the majority 
had been known, the matter was determined, 
and a sencdus consiiUwn was immediately 
wiitten by the clerks of the house, at the feet 
of the chief magistrates, and it was signed by 
all the principal members of the house. When 
there was not a sufficient number of members 
to make a senate, the decision waa called 
senatus auforilus, but it was of no conse- 
quence if it did not afterwards pass into a 
serialus coiisullum. The tribunes of ll)€ peo- 
ple, by the word xdo, could stop the de- 
^1 



propos 
matter. The senatus consulta were left in 
the custody of the consuls, who could sup- 
press or preserve th«m ; but about the year 
uf Rome 304, they were always deposited 
in the temple of Ceres, and a'fterwards in 
the treasury, by the ediles of the people. 
The degradation of the senators was made 
by the censor, by omitting their names when 
he called over the list o[ the senate. This was 
called pnTlerirc. A senator could be again 
iiitroduced into the senate if he could re[)aif 
his character, or fortune, which had been the 
causes why the censor had lawfully called him 
iniqualifieu; Hnd had challenged his opposition 
The .neeting of the senate was often sudden, 
except the j)articular times already mention- 
ed. uj)on any emergency. After the death of 
J. Caesar, they were not permitted to meet on 
tiif ides of March, which were called parri- 
cidium, because on that day the dictator had 
been assassinated. The sons of senators, after 
they had put on the toga viriiis, were permit- 
ted to come into the senate, but this was after- 
Vv-ards limited. [Tid. Fapirius.] The rank 
and authority of the senators, which were so 
conspicuous in the first ages of the republic, 
and which caused the minister of Pyrrhus to 
declare, that the Roman senate was a venera- 
ble assembly of kings, dwindled into nothing 
under the emperors. Men of the lowest cha- 
racter were admitted into the senate ; ihe em- 
peror? took pleasure in robbing this illustriou* 
body of iheir privileges and authority, and the 
senators themselves by their meanness and 
servility, contributed as much as the tyranny 
of the sovereign to diminish their own conse- 
quence ; and by apj)lauding the follies of a 
JN'ero, and the cruelties of a Domitian, they 
convinced the world that they no Ioniser pos- 
sessed sutScient prudence or authority to be 
consulted on matters of weight and iinpor- 
tance. In the election of successors to the im- 
pejial purple after Augustus, the approbation 
of the senate was consulted, but it was only 
a matter (d' courtesy, and the concurrence of 
a body of men u'as little regarded who were 
without power, and under the control of a 
mercenary army. The title of Clarissimus 
v\as given to the senators under the enif)erorS; 
ami indeed this was the only distinc-tion they 
had in compensation for the loss of their in- 
dependence. The senate was abolished by 
Justinian, 13 centuries after its first institution 
by Romuhis. 

Senfxa, M. Ann.*"i;s, a native of Corduba 
in Spain, who married Heh ia, a woman of 
Spain, by whom he had three sons, Sencc;i 
the philosopher, Annar-us Novatus, and Anna'- 
us Mela, the father oft he poet Lucan. Scnecii 
made himself known by some declamations of 
which he made a collection from the most cele- 
brated oiators of the age, and from that cir- 
cumstance, and for distinction, he olitaincd the 
appellation of dcclamator. He left Corduba 
and went to Rome, where he became a Ro- 
man knight. His son J... Anniens Seneca, who 
was born about six years before Christ, was 
early distinguished by his extraordinary tal- 
ents. He was taught eloquence by his father 
and received lessons in philoiophy <'-'i"i il'o 



SE 

best and most celebrated stoics of the age. As 
one of the followers of the Pythagorean doc- 
trinesj Seneca observ^ed the most reserved 
abstinence, and in his meals never eat the 
flesh of animals; but this he abandoned at the 
representation of his father, when Tiberius 
threatened to punish some Jews and Egyp- 
tians, who abstained from certain meats, in 
the character of a pleader, Seneca appeared 
with great advantage, but the fear of Caligula, 
who aspired to the name of an eloquent 
speaker, and who consequently was jealous 
of his fame, deterred him from pursuing his 
favourite study, and he sought a safer employ- 
ment in canvassing for the honours and offices 
of the state. He was made qurestor, but the 
aspersions which were thrown upon him on 
account of a shameful amour vvitli Julia Li- 
villa, removed him from Rome, and the em- 
peror banished him for some time into Cor- 
sica. During his banisliment the philosopher 
wrote some spirited epistles to his mother, 
remarkable for elegance of language and sub- 
limity ; but he soon forgot his philosophy, and 
disgraced himself by his flatteries to the em- 
peror, and in wishing to be recalled, even at 
the expense of his innocence and character. 
The disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and the 
marriage of Agrippina with Claudius, proved 
favourable to Senecn, and after he had re- 
mained five years in Corsica, he was recalled 
by the empress to take care of the education 
of her son Nero, who was destined to succeed 
to the empire. In the honourable duty of 
preceptor, Seneca gained applause, and as 
long as Nero followed his advice, Rome en- 
joyed tranquillity, and believed herself safe 
and happy under the administration of the 
son of Agrippina. Some, however, are cla- 
morous against the philosopher, and observe 
that Seneca initiated his pufii! in those un- 
natural vices, and abominable indulgences, 
whicii disgraced him as a monarch and as a 
man. This may be the language of malevo- 
lence, or the insinuation of jealousy. In the 
corrupted age of Nero, the preceptor had to 
withstand the clamours of many wicked and 
profligate ministers, and if he had been the 
favourite of the emperor, and shared his 
pleasi;rcs. his debauchery and extravagance, 
jN'ero would not perhaps have been so anxious 
of destroying a man whose example, from 
vicious inclinations, he could not follow, and 
whose salutary precepts his licentious associ- 
ates forbac him to obey. Seneca was too 
well acquainted with the natural disposition 
of Nero to think himself secure; he had 
been accused of having amassed the most 
pmple riches, and of having built sumptuous 
houses, and adorned beautiful gardens, dur- 
ing the four years in which he had attended 
IVero as a preceptor, and therefore he desir- 
ed his imperial pupil to accept of the riches, 
and the possessions which his attendance on 
his person had procured, and to permit him 
to retire to solitude and study. Nero refus- 
cd with artful du[)licity, and Seneca, to avoid 
further suspicions, kept himself at home for 
some tin»e as if labouring under a disease. In 
the conspiracy of Piso, which happened some 
time after and in which some of the most 
noble of the Roman senators were concerned, 
Seneca s name was mentioned by Natcili?, and 



SE 

Nero, who was glad of an opportunity of 
sacrificing him to his secret jealousy, ordered 
him to destroy himself. Seneca very proba- 
bly was not accessary to the conspiracy, and 
the only thing which could be produced 
against him as a crimination, was trivial and 
luisatisfactory. Piso, as Natalis declared, 
liad complained that he never saw Seneca, 
and the philosopher had observed in answer, 
that it was not proper or conducive to their 
common interest, to see one another often. 
He further pleaded indisposition, and said that 
his own life depended upon the safety of 
Piso's person. Seneca was at table with his 
wife Paulina and two of his friends, when the 
messenger from Nero arrived He heard the 
words which commanded him to destroy him- 
self, with philosophical firmness, and even 
with joy, and observed, that such a mandate 
might have long been expected from a man 
who had murdered his own mother, and 
assassinated all his friends. He wished to 
dispose of his possessions as he pleased, but 
this was refused, and when he heard this, be 
turned to his friends who were weeping at bis 
melancholy fate, and told them, that since be 
could not leave them what he believed hi.? 
own, he would leave them at least his own 
life for an example, an innocent conduct which 
they might imitate, and by which they might 
acquire immortal fame. Against their tears 
and wailings he exclaimed with firmness, and 
asked them whether they had not learnt bet- 
ter to withstand the attacks of fortune, and the 
violence of tyranny ? As for his wife, he 
attempted to calm her emotions, and when 
she seemed resolved to die with him, he said 
he was glad to find his example followed 
with so much constancy. Their veins were 
opened at the same moment, but the life of 
Paulina was preserved, and Nero, who wa» 
partial to her, ordered the blood to be stopped, 
and from that moment, according to some 
authors, the philosopher's wife seemed to re- 
joice that she could still enjoy the comforts 
of life. Seneca's veins bled but slowly, and 
it has been observed, that the sensible and 
animated conversation of his dying moments 
was collected by his friends, and that it has 
been preserved among his works. To hasten 
his death he drank a dose of poison, but it 
had no effect, and therefore he ordered him- 
self to be carried into a hot bath, to accelerate 
the operation of the diaught, and to make 
the blood flow more freely. This was at- 
tended with no better success, and as the sol- 
diers were clamorous, he was carried into a 
stove, and suffocated by the steam, on the 12th 
of April, in the 65th year of the Christian era, 
in his 53d year. His body was burnt without 
pomp or funeral ceremony, according to his 
will, which he had made when he enjoyed the 
most unbounded favours of Nero. The com- 
positions of Senega are numerous, and chiefly 
on moral subjects. He is so much admired 
for his refined sentiments and virtuous pre- 
cepts, for his morality, his constancy, and his 
innocence of manners, that St. Jerome has 
not hesitated to rank him among Christiaa 
writers. His style is nervous, it abounds with 
ornaments, and seems well suited to the taste 
of the age in which he lived. The desire of 
recommending himself and his writings to the 



SE 

world, obliged him too often to depreciate 
the merit of the ancients, and to sink into ob- 
scurity. His treatises are de ird, de consola- 
iione, de provideniid, de tranquillitate anitni, 
de dementia, de saplentis constantid, de olio sa- 
pienlis, de brevitate titce, de beneficiis, de vild 
beatd, besides his naturales quitliones, Indus 
in Claudium, vioral letters, kc. There are 
also some tragedies ascribed to Seneca. 
Quintilian supposes that the Medea is his 
composition, and according to others, the 
Troas and the Hippolytus were also written 
by him, and the Agamemnon, Hercules fu- 
rens. Thytstes ^ Hercules in Oeta by his fa- 
ther Seneca the declaimer. The best editions 
of Seneca are those of Antwerp, fol. 1615, and 
of Gronovius, 3 vols. Amst. 1672; and those 
of his tragedies, are that of Schroder's, 4to. 
Delph. 1728. and the 8vo. of Gronovius, L. 
Bat. 1682. TacU. An. 12, Lc.—Dio.—Sueton. 
in JS'er. he. — Quintil. 

Claddius Sesecio, one of Nero's fa- 
vourites, and the associate of his pleasure 
and debauchery. Tullius, a man who con- 
spired against Nero, and was put to death 
though he turned informer against the rest of 

the conspirators. A man put to death by 

Domitian, for writing an account of the life 
of Helvidius, one of the emperor's enemies. 

One of Constantine's enemies. A man 

who from a restless and aspiring disposition 
acquired the surname of Grandio. Seneca, 
suas. 1. 

Senia, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. 
P/in.3, c. 21. 

Senna, or Sena, a river of Umbria. Vid. 
Sena. Lucan. 2, v. 407. 

Senones, an uncivilized nation of Gal- 
lia Transalpina, who left their native pos- 
sessions, and under the conduct of Brennus 
invaded Italy, and pillaged Rome. They 
afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins, 
and Etrurians, to make war against the Ro- 
mans, till they were totally destroyed by 
Dolabella. The chief of their towns in that 
part of Italy where they settled near Umbria, 
and which from them was called Senogallia, 
were Fanum Fortunse, Sena, Pisaurum, and 
Ariminum. [Fit/. Cimbri.J Lucan. 1, v. 254. 

— Sit. 8, V. 454. — Liv. 5, c. 35, Lc. — Flor. 

A people of Germany near the Suevas. 

Se.ntia lex de senatu, by C. Sentius the 
consul, A. U. C. 734, enacted the choosing of 
proper persons to fill up the number of sena- 
tors. 

Sentinum, a town of Umbria. Liv. 10, c. 
27 and 30. 

Sentics Cn. a governor of Syria, under 

the emperors. .A governor of Macedonia. 

Septinaius, one of the soldiers of Pompey , 

who assisted the Egyptians in murdering him. 
■A Roman em|)eror. [Vid. Severus.] 



A writer in the reign of the emperor Alexan- 
der, of whose life he wrote an account in Latin, 
or, according to others, in Greek. 

Sepias, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, at 
the north of Eubosa, now St. George. 

Seplasia, a place of Capua, where oint- 
ments were sold. Cic. Pis. 7 and 11. 

Septem aqu.e, a portion of the lake near 

Reate. Cic. 4, Alt. 15. Fratres, a moun 

tain of Mauritania, now Gebel-Mousu. Strab. 

17. Marin, the entrauce of the.'^eveu mouths 

of the Po. 



SE 

Septempeda, a town of Picenum. 

SzpTERioN, a festival observed once in 
nine years at Delphi, in honour of Apollo. It 
was a representation of the pursuit of Python 
by Apollo, and of the victory obtained by the 
god. 

Tit. Septimius, a Roman knight distin- 
guished by his poetical compositions both lyric 
and tragic. He was intimate with Augustus 
as well as Horace, who has addressed the 6 

of his 2 lib. of Odes to him. A centurion. 

put to death, &c. Tacit. A. 1, c. 32. A 

native of Africa, who distinguished himself 
at Rome as a poet. He wrote among other 
things an hymn in praise of Janus. Only 11 
of his verses are preserved. M. Tereni. — Cri- 
nitus in vild. 

L. Septimuleius, a friend of C. Gracchus. 
He suffered himself to be bribed by Opi- 
mius, and had the meanness to carry his 
friend's head fixed to a pole through the streets 
of Rome. 

Septra, a town of Cilicia taken by Cicero 
when he presided over that province. Cic. ad 
Die. 15, c. 4. 

SEQ,rANA, a river of Gaul, which separates 
the territories of the Belgie and the Celtae, and 
is now called la Seine. Strab. 4. — Mela, 3, c. 
2. — Lucan. 1, v. 425. 

Sequani, a people of Gaul near the territo- 
ries of the iCdui, between the Soane and 
mount Jura, famous for their wars against 
Rome, k.c. [Vid. jJ^dui.] The country which 
they inhabited is now called Franche Compttt 
or Upper Burgundy. Cces. Bell. G. 

Se^uinics, a native of Alba, who mar- 
ried one of his daughters to Curiatius of 
Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of 
Rome. The two daughters were brought to 
bed on the same day, each of three male chil- 
dren. 

Serapio, a surname given to one of the 
Scipios, because he resembled a swine herd of 

that name. A Greek poet who flourished 

in the age of Trajan. He was intimate with 

Plutarch. An Egyptian put to death by 

Achillas, when he came at the head of an 
embassy from Ptolemy, who was a prisoner in 

the hands of J. Caesar. A painter. Plin. 

35, c. 10. 

Serapis, one of the Egyptian deities, sup- 
posed to be the same as Osiris. He had a 
magnificent temple at Memphis, another very 
rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopuj. 
The worship of Serapis was introduced at 
Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A. D. 
146, and the mysteries celebrated on the 6th 
of May, but with so much licentiousness that 
the senate were soon after obliged to abolisb 
it. Herodotus, who speaks in a very circum- 
stantial manner of the deities, and of the reli- 
gion of the Egyptians, makes no mention of 
the god Serapis. ApoUodorus says it is the 
same :as the bull Apis. Pans. 1, c. 18, 1. 2, c. 
34.— Tacit. Hi$t. 4, c. S'3.— Strab. 11. ^Martial. 
9, ep. 30. 

Sehbunis, a lake between Egypt and Pa- 
lestine. 

Serena, a dauchter of Theodosius who 
married Siilicho. She was put to death, kc. 
Claudian. 

Sereni vNus, a favourite of Gallus, the bro- 
ther of Julian. He vn» put to death. 



SE 

Serextjs Samonicus, a physician in iFie 
age of the emperor Severus and Caracalla. 
There remains a poem of his composition on 
medicine, the fast edition of which is that of 

1706, in 8vo. Amst. Vibius, a governor of 

Spain accused of cruelty in the government 
of his province, and put to death by order of 
Tiberius. 

Seres, a nation of Asia, according to Pto- 
lemy, between the -Ganges and the eastern 
ocean in the modern Thibet. They were na- 
turally of a meek disposrfion. Silk, of which 
the fabrication was unki)Qvvn to the ancients, 
who imagined that the materials were collect- 
ed from the leaves of trees, was brought to 
Rome from their country, and on that account 
it received the name of Sericum, and thence a 
garment or dress of silk is called sericn testis. 
lii iiogabalus, the Roman emperor, was the 
i\v6\ who wore a silk dress, which at that time 
was sold for its weight in gold. It afterwards 
became very cheap, and consequently was the 
common dress among the Romans. Some sup- 
pose that the Seres are the same as the Chi- 
nese. Ptol. 6, c. 16.—Horat. 1, od. 29, v. 9.— 
Lucan. 1, v. 19, 1. 10, v. 142 and 292.— Ovid. 
Am. 1, el. 14, v. Q.— Virg. G. 2, v. 121. 

Sergestus, a sailor in the fleet of iCneas, 
fiiom whom the family of the Sergiiat Rome 
•were descended. Virg.JEii:. o, v. 121. 

Sergia, a Roman matron She conspired 
with others to poison their hu-sbands. The 
plot was discovered, and Sergia, with some of 
her accomplices, drank poison and died. 

Sergius, one of the names of Catiline. 
——A military tribune at the siege of Veii. 
The family of the Sergii was patrician, and 
branched out into the several families of the 
Fidtiiales, Sili, Catilina, JVatlce, Ocella, atid 
Planci. 

Sergius and Sergiolus, a deformed youth, 
greatly admired by the Roman ladies in Juve- 
nal's age. Jur. 6, v. 105 and seq. 

Serxphus, an island in the jEgean sea, 
about 36 miles in circumference, according to 
Fliny only 12; very barren and uncultivated. 
The Romans generally sent their criminals 
there in banishment,' and it was there that 
CasHius Severus tiie orator was exiled, and 
there he died. "According to ^lian the frogs 
of this island never croaked, but when they 
were removed from the island to another 
place, they were more noisy and ciamorosis 
than others, hence the proverb of aeriphia ra 
Jia, applied to a man who neither speaks nor 
sings. This however is found to be a mistake 
by modern travellers. It was on the coast of 
Seriphos that the chest was discovered in 
which Acrisius had exposed his daughter Du- 
nne, and her son Perseus. Strah. 10 — Jllliaii. 
Anim. 3, c. 37. — Mtla, 2, c. T.—Jlfollod. 1, c. 
H.— TaciL Aim. 4, c. 2l.—0nd. Met. 5, v. 242, 
J. 7, V. 65. 

Sermyla, a town of Macedonia. Ihrodot. 
7, c. 122. • 

Seron, a general of Antiochus Epiphanes. 
Serranus, a surname given to Cincinna- 
tus, because he was found solving his fields 
when told that he had been elected dictator. 
Some however suppose that Serranus was a 
diJferent person from Cincinnatus. Plin. 18. 

c. 3.— /it'. 3, c. 2G.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 844. 

One of the auxiliaries of Turnus> killed in 



SE 

the night by IS'isus. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 335. 

A poet of some merit in Domitian's reign. 
Juv. 7, V. 80. 

Serrheum, a fortified place of Thrace. 
Liv. 31, c. 16. 

QuiNTus Sertorius, a Roman general, 
son of Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia. 
His first campaign was under the great Ma- 
rius, against the Teutones and Cimbri. He 
visited the enemy's camp as a spy, and had 
the misfortune to lose one eye in the first 
battle he fought. When Marius and Cinna 
entered Rome and slaughtered all their ene- 
mies, Sertorius accompanied them, but he ex- 
pressed his sorrow and concern at the melan 
choly death of so many of his countrymen. He 
afterwards fled for safety into Spain, when 
Sylla bad proscribed him, and in this distant 
province he behaved himself with so much 
address and valour that he was looked upon as 
the prince of the country. The Lusitanians 
universally revered and loved him, and the 
Roman general did not show himself less at- 
tentive to their interest, by establishing public 
schools, and educatingthe children of the coun- 
try in the polite arts, and the literature of 
Greece and Rome. He had established a senate, 
over which he presided with consular authori- 
ty, and the Romans, who followed his standard, 
paid equal reverence to his person. They 
were experimentally convinced of his valour 
and magnanimity as a general, and the artful 
manner in which he imposed upon the cre- 
dulity of his adherents in the garb of religion, 
did not diminish his reputation. He pretend- 
ed to hold commerce with heaven by means 
of a white bind which he had tamed with great 
success, and which followed him every where, 
even in the field of battle. The success of 
Sertorius in Spain, and his j)opularity among 
the natives, alarmed the Romans. They sent 
some troops to oppose him, but with little 
success. Four armies were found insufficient 
to crush or even hin-t Sertorius ;- and Porapey 
and Metellus, who never engaged an enemy 
without obtaining the victory, were driven 
with dishonour from the field. But the favour- 
ite of the Lusitanians was exposed to the dan- 
gers which usually attend greatness. Per- 
penna, one of his officers who was jealous of' 
his fame, and tired of a superior, conspired 
against him. At a banquet the conspirators 
began to open their intentions by speaking with 
freedom and licentiousness in the presence of 
Sertorius, whose age and character had hither- 
to claimed deference from others. Perpenna 
overturned a glass of wine, as a signal to the 
rest of the conspirators, and immediately An- 
tonius, one of his officers, stabbed Sertorius, 
and the example was followed by all the rest, 
73 years before Christ. Sertorius has been 
commended for his love of justice and mode- 
ration. Tlie ilattering description he heard of 
the Fortunate Islands when he passed into the 
west of Africa, almost tempted him to bid 
adieu to the world, and perhaps he would 
have retired from the noise of war, and the, 
clamours of envy, to end his days in the bosom 
of a peaceful and solitary island, had not the 
stronger calls of ambition and the love of fame 
prevailed over the intruding reflections of a 
moment. It has been observed, that in his 
latter days Sertorius became indolent and fond 



SE 

af luxury and wanton cruelty; yet we must' 
confess, that in affability, clemency, complai- 1 
aance, geneiosit)', and military valour, he not I 
only surpassed his contemporaries, but the rest ! 
of the Romans. Plvt. in ritd.—Paterc. 2, c 
30, 6ic.~Flor. 3, c. 21, &ic.—J]ppian. de Civ. 
■^I'al. ^fax 1, ft. 2, 1. 7, c. '3.—Eutrop.—Aul. 
Getl. 15, c. 22. 

Sarvjeus, a man accused by Tiberius of 
beiii^ privy to the conspiracy of Sejarms. 
Tacit. Ji. 6, c. 7. 

Servian -js, a consul in the reign of Adrian. 
He was a great favourite of the emperor 
Trajan. 

Si:nviLiA, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly 
enamoured of J. Casar, though her brother 
was one of the most inveterate enemies 
of her lover. To convince Casar of her 
affection, she sent him a letter filled with the 
most tender expressions of regard for his per- 
son. The lett-r was delivered to Caesar in the 
senate house, while they were debating about 
punishini^^ the associates of Catiline's conspi- 
racy ; and when Cato saw it, he exclaimed 
that it was a letter from the conspirators, and 
insisted immediately Oii its being made public. 
Upon this Caesar gave it to Cato, and the stern 
senator had no sooner read its contents, than 
he threv/ it back with the words of iakt it, 
drunkard. From the intimacy which existed 
between Servilia and Caesar, some have sup- 
posed that the dictator was the father of M. 
Brutus. Pluf. in C(bs.~C. Nep. in Mtic. 
-- — Another sister of Cato, who married 

Silanus. Jd. A daughter of Thrasea, put 

to death by order of Nero, with her fa- 
ther. Her crime was the consulting of ma- 
gicians, only to know what would happen 
in her family. 

Servilia lex de pecufiiis repetundis, by C. 
Servilins the prae-tor, A. U. C. 653. ft punish- 
ed severely such as were guilty of pecula- 
tion and extortion in the provinces. Its 
particulars are not precisely known. Ano 



pospd the people, because they had ifllberally 

treated him.- A proconsul killed at the 

battle of Cannae by Annibal. Ahala, a 

master of horse to the dictator Cincinnatus. 
When JM^ius refused to appear before the 
dictator, to answer the accusations which 
were brought against him on suspicion of hi» 
aspiring to tyranny, Ahala slev/ him in the 
midst of the, people, whose protection he 
claimed. Ahala was accused for this murder, 
and banished, but his sentence was after- 
wards repealed. He was raised to the dic- 
tatorship. Marcus, a man who pleaded 

infavour of Paulus jEmiiius, &c. An au- 



ther, de judicibus^ by Q. Servilius Cajpio, the 
con-sul, A. U. C. 648. It divided the right of 
judging between the senators and the equites, 
a privilege which, though originally belong- 
ing to the senators, had been taken from 

fclhem and given to the equites. Another, 

de civitate, by C. Servilius, ordained that if 
a Latin accused a Roman senator, so that he 
was condemned, tlie accuser should be iio- 
noined wiih the name and the privileges of 

a Roman citizen. Another, .Sgraria, by P. 

Servilius Rullus, the tribune, A. U. C. 690. 
Jt required the impiediate sale of certain 
bouses and laiids which belonged to the peo- 
ple, for the purchase of others in a different 
part of Italy. It required that ten commis- 
sioners .should be appointed to see it carried 
into execution, but Cicero prevented its pass- 
ing into a law by the three orations which he 
pronounced against it. 

Sr.iivii lANus, a Roman consul defeated by 
Viriatlnis, in Spain, &:c. 

Serviiius Quintus, a Roman who in his 

<lictatorship defeated the iEqui. Publius, 

a consul who suf)ported the cause of the 
people against the nobles, and obtained a tii- 
umph in spite of tlii; opposition of the senate, 
after defeating the Volsci. lie afterwards 
diange.i bis opinions, and very violently o[»- 



gur prosecuted by Luculius for his inattention 
in his office. He was acquitted. A prae- 
tor ordered by the senate to forbid Sylla to ap- 
proach Rome. He was ridiculed and insulted 
by the conqueror's soldiers. A man ap- 
pointed to guard the sea- coast of Pontus, by 

Pompey. Publius, a proconsul of Asia 

during the age of Mithridates. He conquered 
IsaurJa, for which service he was surnamed 

Isauricus, andj-ewarded with a triumph. 

A Roman gene.-al who defeated an army of 

Etrurians. -An informer in the court of 

Tiberius. A favourite of Augustus. Ge- 

minus, a Roman consul who opposed Annibal 

with success. ^Nonianus, a Latin historian 

who wrote an history of Rome in the reign of 
Nero. There were more than one writer of 
this name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius re- 
markable for his eloquence and learning; 
and Quintilian mentions another also illus- 
trious for his genius and literary merit. 

Casca, one of Caesar's murderers, -The 

family of the Servilii was of patrician rank, 
and came to settle at Rome after the de- 
struction of Alba, where they were promoted 
to the highest offices of the state. To the 
several branches of this family were attached 
the different surnames of Mala, Axilla, 
Priscus, Ccppio, Structus, Geminus, Pulex^ 
Vatia, Casca, Fidenas, Longus, and Tiicca^ 

Lacus, a lake near Rome. Cic. S^ 

Ros. 32. 

Servius Tullius, the sixth king of 
Rome, v.-as son of Ocrisia, a slave of Cornicu- 
lura, l>y Tullius, a man slain in the defence of 
his country against the Romans. Ocrisia 
was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his wife, 
and she brought up her son in the king's fa- 
mily, and added the name of Servius to that 
wliich he had inherited from his father, to 
denote his slater!/. Young Servius was edur- 
cnted in the palace of the monarch with 
great care, and though originally a slave, h« 
raised himself so much to conse(]uence, that 
Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. 
His own private merit arid virtues recom- 
mended him to notice not less than the royal 
favoin-s, and Servius, become the favourite of 
ihc people and the darling of the soldiers, by 
his liberality and complaisance, was easily 
raised to the throne on the death of his fa- 
iher-in-law. Rume had no reason to repent 
of her ciioice. Servius endeared himself still 
more as a warrior and as u legislator. He de- 
feated the V'eientes and (he Tuscans, and by 
a proper act of policy he established the cen- 
sus, uhich told him that Rome contained 
abo'Jt84 thousand inhabita'ils. He increased 
the number of the tribes, ho bcautifi«d and 



SE 

adorned the city, and enlarged its boundaries 
by taking within its walls tiie hills Quiriualis, 
Viminalis, and Esquilinus. He also divided 
the Roman people into tribes, and that he 
might not seem to neglect the worship of the 
gods, he built several temples to the goddess of 
fortune, to whom he deemed himself particu- 
larly indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He 
also built a temple to Diana on mount Aven- 
tine, and raised himself a palace on the hill 
Esquilinus. Servins married his two daughters 
to the grandsons of his father in-law, the el- 
der to Tarquin, and the younger to Aruns. 
This union, as might be supposed, tended to 
ensure the peace of his family ; but if such 
were his expectations, he was unhappily de- 
ceived. The wife of Arunx, naturally tierce 
and impetuous, murdered her own husband to 
unite herself to Tarquin, who had likewise 
assassinated his wife. These bloody measures 
were no sooner pursued, than Servius was 
murdered by his own son-in-law, and his 
daughter Tullia showed herself so inimical to 
filial gratitude and piety, that she ordered her 
chariot to be driven over the mangled body 
of her father, B. C. 534. His death was 
universally lamented, and the slaves annually 
celebrated a festival in his honour, in the tem- 
ple of Diana, on mount Aventine, the day 
that he was murdered. Tarquinia his wife 
buried his remains privately, and died the 
following day. Liv. 1, c. 41. — Dionys. Hal. 
4.—Flor. 1, c. Q.— Cic.de Div. 1, c. 53.— 
Val. Max. 1, c. &.—Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 601. 

Galba, a seditious person, who wished 

to refuse a triumph to Paulus ^mylius after 

the conquest of Macedonia. Claudius, a 

grammarian. Suet, de cl. Gr. A friend 

of Sylla, who applied for the consulship to no 

purpose. Cornelius, a consul in the first 

ages of the republic, &,c. Sulpitius, an 

orator in the age of Cicero and Hortentius. 
He was sent as ambassador to M. Antony, 
and died before his return. Cicero obtained 
a statue for him from the senate and the Ro- 
man people, which was raised in the Campus 
Martins. Besides orations he wrote verses, 
which were highly censured for their indeli- 
cacy. His works are lost. Cic. in Brut. Phil, 
he. — Plin. 5, ep. 3. A despicable in- 
former in the Augustan age. Horat. 2, sat.* 

1, v. 47. Hoiioratus Maurus, a learned 

grammarian in the age of young Theodosius. 
He wrote Latin commentaries upon Virgil, 
still extant. 

Sesaka, a daughter of Celeus, king of 
Eleusis, sister of Triptolemus. Paus. I, c. 38. 
SiiSOSTUis, a celebrated king of Egypt 
some ages before the Trojan war. His father 
ordered all the children in his dominions who 
were born on the same day with him to be 
publicly educated, and to pass their youth in 
the company of his son. This succeeded in the 
highest degree, and Sesostris had the pleasure 
to fuid himself surrounded by a number of 
faithful ministers and active warriors, whose 
education and intimacy with their prince ren- 
dered them inseparably devoted to his inte- 
rest. When Sesostris had succeeded on his 
father's throne, he became ambitious of mili- 
tary fame, and alter he had divided his king- 
dom into otj different districts, he marched at 
the head of a numerous army to make the 



SE 

conquest of the world. Libya, .Ethiopia, 
\rabia, with all the islands v)f the Red Sea, 
were conquered, and the victorious monarch 
marched through Asia, and penetrated farther 
into the east than the conqueror oi' Darius. 
He also invaded Europe, and subdued the 
Thracians ; and that the fame of his conquests 
might long survive him, he placed columns iu 
the several provinces he had subdued ; and 
many ages after, this pompous inscription was 
read in many parts of Asia, Sesostris, the 
Icing of kings, has eonquered this territory by 
his arms. At his return home the monarch 
employed his time in encouraging the fine 
arts, and in improving the revenue of his 
kingdom. He erected 100 temples to the gods 
for the victories he had obtained, and mounds 
of earth were heaped up in several parts of 
Egypt, where cities were built for the recep- 
tion of the inhabitants during the inundations 
of the Nile. Some canals were also dug near 
Memphis, to facilitate navigation, and the 
communication of one province with an- 
other. In his old age Sesostris, grown in- 
firm and blind, destroyed himself, after a 
reign of 44 years according to some. His 
mildness towards the -conquered has been 
admired, while some have upbraided him 
for his cruelty and insolence in causing his 
chariot to be drawn by some of the monarchs 
whom he had conquered. The age of Se- 
sostris is so I'emote from every authentic re- 
cord, that many have supported that the 
actions and conquests ascribed to this mo- 
narch are uncertain and totally fabulous. 
Herodot. 2, c. 102, kc.—Diod. l.— Val. Flacc. 
5, V. 419.— Plin. 33, c. S.—Lucan. 10, v. 276, 
—Strab. 16. 

Sesites, now Sessia, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, falling into the- Po. Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Sestias, a name applied to Hero, as bora at 
Sestos. Stat 6, Theb. 547. 

Sestius, a friend of Brutus, with whom he 
fought at the battle of Philippi. Augustus 
resigned the consulship in his favour, though 
he still continued to reverence the memory of 

Brutus. A governor of Syria. 

Sestos, or Sestus, a town of Thrace on the 
shores of the Hellespont, exactly opposite 
Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is celebrated 
for the bridge which Xerxes built there across 
the Hellespont, as also for being the seat of 
the amours of Hero and Leander. Mela, 2, 
c. 2.— Strab. 13. — Musceus de L. if H. — Virg. 
G. 3, v. 2oS.—0vid. Heroid. 18, v. 2. 

Sesuvii, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cess, 
bell. G. 

Setabis, a town of Spain between Xeyv 
Carthage and Saguntum, famous for the ma- 
nufacture of linen. There was also a small 
river of the same name in the neighbourhood. 
Sil. 16, v. 474.— 67m6. 2.--Mdvh 2, c. 6.—- 
Plin. 3, c. 3, 1. 19, c. 1. 

SethoiV, a priest of Vulcan, who made 
himself king of Egypt after the death of Any- 
sis. He was attacked by the Assyrians and 
delivered from this powerful enemy by an im- 
mense number of rats, which in one night 
gnawed their bow strings and thongs, so that 
on the morrow their arms were found to be 
useless. From this wonderful circumstance 
Sethon had a statue which represented hiui 
with a rat iu his hand? witli the inscription ef 



t 



SE 

Wiotver fixes his eyes upon mtf let him he pious. 
Herodot. 2, c 141. 

Setia, a town of Latium above the Pon- 
tine marshes celebrated for its wines, which 
Augustuii is said to have preferred to all others. 
Flin. 14, c. 6.—Juv. 5, v. 34. Sat. 10, v. 27.— 
Martial 13, ep. 112. 

Severa, Julia Aquilia, a Roman lady, 
whom (he emperor Heliogabalus married. 
She was soon after repudiated, though pos- 
sessed of all the charms of mind and body 

which could captivate the most virtuous. 

Valeria, the wife of Valentian, and (he mo- 
ther of Gratian, was well known for her ava- 
rice and ambition. The emperor, her hus- 
band, repudiated her, and afterwards took her 
again . Her prudent advice at last ensured her 

son Gratian on the imperial throne. The 

wife of Philip the Roman emperor. 

Severianus, a governor of Macedonia. 

father-in-law to the emperor Philip. A 

general of theJloman armies in the reign of 

Valentinian, defeated by the Germans. A 

son of the emperor Severus. 

Severus, Lucius Septimius, a Roman 
emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble 
family. He gradually exercised all the of- 
fices of the state, and recommended him- 
self to the notice of (he world by an ambi- 
tious mind, and a restless activity, that could, 
for the gratification of avarice, endure the 
most complicated hardships. After the mur- 
der of Pertinax, Severus resolved to remove 
Didius Julianus, who had bought the impe- 
rial purple when exposed to sale by the licen- 
tiousness of the pretorians, and therefore he 
proclaimed himself emperor on the borders 
oflllyricum, where he was stationed against 
the barbarians. To support himself in this 
bold measure, he took as his partner in the 
empire Albinus, who was at the head of the 
Roman forces in Britain, and immediately 
marched towards Rome, to crush Didius and 
all his partisans. He was received as he ad- 
vanced through the country with universal 
acclamations, and Julianus himself w^as soon 
deserted by his favourites, and assassinated by 
his own soldiers. The reception of Severus 
at Rome was sufficient to gratify his pride; 
the streets were strewed with flowers, and 
the submissive senate were ever ready to 
grant whatever honours or titles the conquer- 
or claimed. In professing that he had assu- 
med the purple only to revenge the death of 
the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many 
adherents, and was enabled not only to dis- 
arm, but to banish the pretorians, whose in- 
solence and avarice were become alarming 
not only to the citizens, but (o the emperor. 
But while he was victorious at Rome, Severus 
did not forget that there was another com- 
petitor for the imperial purple. Pescennius 
IViger was in the east at the head of a power- 
ful army, and with the name and ensigns of 
Augustus. Many obstinate battles werefoughl 
between the troops and officers of the imperial 
rivals, till on the plains of Issus, which had 
been above five centuries before covered with 
the blood of the Persian soldiers of Darius, 
JNiger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 
men. The head of IViger was cut oft' and sent 
to the conqueror, who punished in a most cruel 
manner ulJ the partisans of his nnfortunate i 



SE 

rival. Severus afterwards pillaged Byzant»' 
um, which had shut her gates against him J 
and after he had conquered several nations in 
the east, he returned to Rome, resolved to 
destroy Albinus. with whom he had hitherto 
reluctantly shared the imperial power. He 
attempted to assassinate him by his emissa- 
ries; but when this had failed of success, 
beverus had recourse to arms, and the fate of 
the empn-e was again decided on the plains of 
Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and the con- 
queror was so elated with the recollection that 
he had now no longer a competitor for the 
purple, that he insulted the dead body of his 
rival, and ordered it to be thrown into the 
Rhone, after he had suffered it to putrify be- 
fore the door of his tent, and to be torn to 
pieces by his dogs. The familv and the ad- 
herentsof Albinus, shared his' fate; and (he 
return of Severus to the capital exhibited the 
bloody triumphs of Marius and Sylla. The 
richest of the citizens were sacrificed, and 
their money became the property of the em- 
peror. The wicked Commodus received di- 
vine honours, and his murderers were punish- 
ed in the most wanton manner. Tired of the 
inactive life he led in Rome, Severus march- 
ed into the east, with his two sons, Caracalla 
and Geta, and with uncommon success made 
himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and 
Ctesiphon ; and advanced without opposition 
far into the Parthian territories From Par- 
thia the emperor marched towards the more 
southern provinces of Asia ; after he had visit- 
ed the tomb of Pompey the Great, he enter- 
ed Alexandria; and after he had granted a 
senate to that celebrated city, he viewed with 
the most criticising and inquisitive curiosity 
the several monuments and ruins which that 
ancient kingdom contains. The revolt of 
Britain recalled him from the east. After he 
had reduced it under his power, he built a 
Wall across the northern parts of the island, 
to defend it against the frequent invasions of 
the Caledonians. Hitherto successful against 
his enemies, Severus now found the peace of 
his family dis(uibed. Caracalla attempted to 
murder his father as he was concluding a 
treaty of peace with the Britons ; and the 
emperor was so shocked at the undutifulness 
of his son, (hat on his return home he called 
him into his presence, and after he had up- 
braided him for his ingratitude and perfidy, 
he oftered him a drawn sword, adding, If 
you are so ambitious of reigning alone, noit 
imbrue your hands in the blood of your father, 
and Id not the eyes of the world be witnesse* 
of your want of filial tetuterness. If these 
words checked Caracalla, yet he did not 
show himself concerned, and Severus, worn 
out with infirmities which the gout and (he 
uneasiness of his mind increased, soon after 
died, exclaiming he had been every thing 
man could wish, but that he was then no- 
thing. Some say that he wished to poison 
himself, but that when this was denied, he 
eat to great excess, and soon after expired at 
York on (he fourth of February, in (he 211th 
year of the Christian era, in the 66(h year 
of his age, after a reign of 17 years 8 months 
and 3 days. Severus has been so much ad- 
mired for his military talents, that some have 
called him the most warlike of the Roman 



SE 

emperors. As a monarch he was cruel, and 
it has been observed that he never did an 
act of humanity, or forgave a fault. In his 
diet he was temperate, and he always show- 
ed himself an open enemy to pomp and 
splendour. He loved the appellation of a man 
of letters, and he even composed an history 
of his own reign, which some have praised 
for its correctness and veracity. However 
cruel Sevcrus may appear in his punishments 
and in his revenge, many have endeavoured 
to exculpate him, and observed that there was 
need of severity in an empire whose morals 
were so corrupted, and where no less than 
3000 {>ersons were accused of adultery during 
the space of 17 years. Of him, as of Au- 
gustus, some were fond to say, that it would 
have be^n better for the world if be had never 
'been born, or had never died. Dio. — Hero- 
dian.— Victor, &lc. Alexander, (Marcus Au 



reiius) a native of Phoenicia, adopted by He- 
iiogabalus. His father's name was Genesius 
Mal'cianus, and his mother's Julia Mamracea, 
and he received the surname of Alexander 
because he was born in a temple sacred to 
Alexander the Great. He was carefully edu- 
cated, and his mother, by paying particular 
attention to his morals, and the character of 
bis preceptors, preserved hira from those in- 
firmities, and that licentiousness which old age 
too often attributes to the depravity oi youth. 
At the death of Heliogabalus, who had been 
jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though only 
m the 14th year of his age, was proclaimed 
emperor, and his nomination was approved 
by the universal shouts of the army, and tlie 
congratulations of the senate. He had not 
been long on the throne before the peace of 
the empire was disturbed by the incursions 
of the Persians. Alexander marched into the 
east without delay, and soon oltained a de- 
cisive victory over the barbarians. At his re- 
turn to Rome he was honoured with a triumph, 
but the revolt of the Germans soon after called 
him away from the indolence of the capital. 
His expedition in Germany was attended \Hiih 
some success, but the virtues and the amiable 
qualities of Alexander were fo?go^T«ji \nihe 
stern and sullen strictness of the discipiina- 
rian. His soldiers, fond of repose, murmur- 
ed against his severity ; their clamours were 
fomented by the artif.ce of Maximinus, and 
Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the 
midst of his camp, after a reign of 13 years 
\and 9 days, on the ISth of March, A. D. 
235. His mother Mammoea shared his fate 
with all his friends; but this was no sooner 
known than the soldiers punished vviih im- 
mediate death all such as had been concerned 
in the murder, except Maximinus. Ale.^s- 
ander has been admired for his many virtues, 
and every historian except Herodian, is bold 



SE 

had before his reign been exposed to sale, 
and occupied by favourites, were now bestow- 
ed upon merit, and Alexander could boast that 
all his ofi&cers were men of trust and abil- 
ities. He was a patron of literature, and 
he dedicated the hours of relaxation to the 
study of the best Greeic and Latin historians, 
orators, and poets ; and in the public schools 
which ids Hberality and the desire of encour- 
aging learning had founded, he often beard 
with pleasure and satisfaction the eloquent 
speeches and declamations of his subjects. 
The provinces were well supplied with provi- 
sions, and Rome was embellished with many- 
stately buildings ard magnificent porticos. 

jilex. tit. — Htrodian — Zosim. — Victor. 

Flavius Valerius, a native of Illyricura, nomi- 
nated Ca»sar by Galeriui. He was put to death 
by Maximianus, A. D. 307. Julius, a go- 
vernor of Britain, under Adrian. — —A gene- 
ral of Valens. Libius, a man proclaimed 

emperor of the west, at Ravenna, after the 
death of Majorianus. He was soon after poi- 
soned. Lucius Cornelius, a Latin poet in 



the age of Augustus, for some time employed 

in the judicial proceedings of the forum. 

Cassius, an orator banished into the island 
of Crete by Augustus, for his illiberal language. 
Ke was banished 17 years, and died in Seri- 
phos. He is commended as an able orator, 
yet declaiming with rooie warmth than pru- 
dence. His writings were destroyed by order 
of the senate. Sad. in Oct.— Quint. — — Sul- 
pitius, an ecclesiastical historian, who died A. 
D. 420. The best of his works is his llisloria 
Sacra, from the creation of the world to the 
consulship of Stilicho, of which the style is 
elegant, and superior to that of the age in 
which he lived. The best edition is in 2 vols. 

4to. Palavii. 1741. An o'dicer under the 

eniperoi' Julian. Aq-.idins, a native of 

Spain, who wrote an account of his own life 

in the reign of the emperor Valens. An 

o&cer of Valentinian, kc. A prefect of 

Rome, &c. A celebrated architect em- 
ployed in building Nero's golden palace at 

Rome, after the burning of that city. A 

mounlaia of Italy, near the Fabaris. Virg. 
..3.^/1.7, V. 713. 

Sevo, a ridge of mountains between Nor- 
way and Sweden, now called Fiell, or Dojre. 
Plin 4, c, 15. 

SriTiHEs, a man who dethroned bis mo- 
narch, fcc. A friend of Perdiccas, one of 

Alexander's generals. A Thracian king, 

who encouraged his countrymen to revolt, &ic. 
This name is common to several of the Thra- 
cian princes. 

Sextia, a woman celebrated for her virtue 
and her constancy, put to death by Nero. 
Tadt. Ann. 16, c. 10. 
ana every uiMonHu c.oc,.. ............. ^..- ^^^"^V^ L»<:^nia Lbx, de ^f agist raUbiis, by 

to assert, that if he had lived, the Roman C. L.cm.us and L. Seo^tms the tnbunes, A. 
Impire ndght soon have been freed from those U C. 386^ It ordamed that one ot the con- 
Tumults and abuses which continually dis-puls should be elected ^''V™ '"^^ "§ *Je p^e- 

turbedher peace, and kept the lives of her beians. Another, c/e re/ig^o^u;, by the same, 

emperors and senators in perpetual alarms.' A. U. C. 385 It enacted that a decemv.- 



His severity in punishing offences was great, 
and such as had robbed the public, were they 
even the most intimate friends oi the em- 
peror, were indiscriminately sacrificed to the 
tranquillity of the state which ihey had vio- 
lated. Tho gr«at offices of the state, which 



rate should be chosen from the patricians 
and plebeians instead of the decemviri sacris 
faciundis. 

Sextije Aqu^e, now Aix, a place of Cisal- 
pine Gaul, where the Cimbri were defeat- 
ed by Marias. It was built by C. Sextius, and 



SI 

is famous for its cold and hot springs. Liv. 61 
^Vell. Paterc. \, c. 16. 

Sextilia, the wife of Viteliius. She be- 
came mother of two children. Suet, in vit. 

Another in the same family. Tacit. H 

Hf c. 64. 

Sextilius, a governor of Africa, who 
ordered Marius when he landed there to 
depart immediately from his province. Ma- 
rius heard this with some concern, and said 
to the messenger, Go and tell your master 
that you have seen the exiled Marius sitting 

on the ruins of Carthage. Plut. in Mar. 

A Roman preceptor, who was seized and car- 
ried away by pirates, H^c. One of the offi- 

eers of Lucullus. Hasna, a poet. [Vid. 

Haena.J An officer sent to Germany, kc. 

Tacit. H. 3, c. 7. 

SfiXTius, a lieutenant of Cagsar in Gaul 
■A seditious tribune in the first ages of the 

republic. Lucius was remarkable for his 

friendship with Brutus; he gained the conft 
dence of Augustus, and was consul. Horace, 
who was in the number of his friends, dedica- 
ted 1 od. 4, to him The first plebeian con- 
sul. A dictator. One of the sons of Tar- 

quin. Vid. Tarquinius. 

Sextus, a praenomen given to the sixth 

son of a family. A son of Pompey the 

Great. Vid. Pompeius. A stoic philoso- 
pher, born at Cheronae in Boeotia. Some 
suppose that he was Plutarch's nephew. He 
was preceptor to M. Aurelius, and L. Verus. 

— — ^A governor of Syria. A philosopher 

in the age of Antoninus. He was one of the 
followers of the doctrines of Pyrrho. Some 
of his works are still extant. The best edi- 
tion ofthe treatise of Sextus Pompeius Fes- 
tus de verborum signijicatione, is that of Amst. 
4to. 1699. 

SiB^, a people of India. Stfabo. 

SiBARis. Vid. Sybaris. 

SiBiNi, a people near the Suevi. 

SiBURTius, a satrap of Arachosia, in the 
age of Alexander, &ic. 

SiBYLLJE, certain women inspired by hea- 
ven, who flourished in different parts of 
the world. Their number is unknown. Pla- 
to speaks of one, others of two, Pliny of 
three, ^lian of four, and Varro of ten, 
an opinion which is universally adopted by 
the learned. These ten Sibyls generally re- 
sided in the following places, Persia, Libya, 
Delphi, Cumae in Italy, Erythrsea, Samos, 
Cumae in JEoVidi, Marpessa on the Hel- 
lespont, Ancyra in Phrygia, and Tibur- 
tis. The most celebrated of the Sibyls 
is that of Cumae in Italy, whom some have 
called by the different names of Amal- 
ihaea, Demophile, Herophile, Daphne, Man- 
to, PhemoBoe, and Deiphobe. It is said 
that Apollo became enamoured of her, and 
that, to make her sensible of his passion, he 
ofl^'ered to give her whatever she should ask. 
The Sibyl demanded to live as many years 
as she had grains of sand in her hand, but 
unfortunately forgot to ask for the enjoy- 
ment of the health, vigour, and bloom, of 
which she was then in possession. The god 
granted her her request, but she refused to 
gratify the passion of her lover, though he 
offered her perpetual youth and beauty. 
Some time after she became old and de- 
82 



SI 

crepit, her form decayed, melancholy pale, 
ness and haggard looks succeeded to bloom 
and cheerfulness. She had already lived 
about 700 years, when JEneaiS came to Ita- 
ly, and, as some have imagined, she had 
three centuries more to live before her 
years were as numerous as the grains of 
sand which she had in her hand. She gave 
iEneas instructions how to find his father 
in the infernal regions, and even conduc- 
ted him to the entrance of hell. It was 
usual in the Sibyl to write her prophecies 
on leaves which she placed at the entrance 
of her cave, and it required particular care 
in such as consulted her to take up these 
leaves before they were dispersed by the 
wind, as their meaning then became in- 
comprehensible. According to the most au- 
thentic historians of the Roman republic, 
one of the Sibyls came to the palace of 
Tarquin the Second, with nine volumes, 
which she offered to sell for a very high 
price. The monarch disregarded her, and 
she immediately disappeared, and soon af- 
ter returned, when she had burned three 
ofthe volumes. She asked the same price 
for the remaining six books; and when Tar- 
quin refused to buy them, she burned three 
more, and still persisted in demanding the 
same sum of money for the three that were 
left. This extraordinary behaviour aston- 
isfied Tarquin ; he bought the books, and the 
Sibyl instantly vanished, and never after ap- 
peared to the world. These books were 
preserved with great care by the monarch, 
and called the Sibylline verses. A college 
of priests Avas appointed to have the care 
of them ; and such reverence did the Ro- 
mans entertain for these prophetic books, 
that they were consulted with the greatest 
solemnity, and only when the state seemed 
to be in danger. When the capitol was 
burnt in the troubles of Sylla, the Sibyl- 
line verses, which were deposited there, pe- 
rished in the conflagration ; and to repair 
the loss which the republic seemed to have 
sustained, commissioners were immediately 
sent to different parts of Greece, to collect 
whatever verses could be found of the in- 
spired writings of the Sibyls. The fate of 
these Sibylline verses, which were collected 
after the conflagration of the capitol, is un- 
known. There are now eight books of Sibylline 
verses extant, but they are universally reck- 
oned spurious. They speak so plainly of our 
Saviour, of his suflferings, and of his death, 
as even to surpass far the sublime predic- 
tion of Isaiah in description, and therefore 
from this very circumstance it is evident that 
they were composed in the second century, 
by some of the followers of Christianity, who 
wished to convince the heathens of their error, 
by assisting the cause of truth, with the arms 
of pious artifice. The word Sibyl seems to be 
derived from (r«ou iEolice. for ^«9; Jovis, and 
;i "?^M consilium. Pint, in PImd.—JElian. V: 
H. 12, c. 35.— Paus. 10, c. 12, kc.—Diod. 4. 
—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 109 and 140.— Virg. JFm. 
3, V. 445, 1.6, V. 3Q.—Lucan. h v. 664.— /»/m. 
13, c. \3.—Flor. 4, c. l.—Sallust.—Cic. CatiL 
S.— Val. Max. 1, c. 1, I. 8, c. 15, &.c. 

SicA, a man who showed much attention to 
Cicero in his banishment. >'?ome suppose that 



SI 

lie is the same as the Vibius Siculus mentioned 
by Plutarch iu Cic. Cic. ad Atlic. 8, ep. 12, 
addiv. 14, c. 4, 15. 

SicAMBRi, or Sygabibri, a people of Ger- 
many, conquered by the Romans. They re- 
volted against Augustus, who marched against 
them, but did not totally reduce them. Dru- 
sus conquered them, and they were carried 
away from their native country to inhabit 
some of the more westerly provinces of Gaul. 
jyio. 54.— Strab. A.—Horat A.—Od. 2, v. 36. 
Od. 14, v. bl.— Tacit. 2, An. 26. 

SiCAMBRJA, the country of the Sicambri, 
formed the modern province of Guelderland. 
Claud in Eulrop. I, v. 383. 

SiCANi, a people of Spain, who left their 
native co jntry and passed into Italy^ and after- 
wards into Sicily, which they called Sicania. 
They inhabited the neighbourhood of mount 
iEtna, where they built some cities and vil 
lages Some reckoned them the next inhabit- 
ants of the island after the Cyclops. They 
were afterwards driven from their ancient 
possessions by the Siculi, and retired into the 
western parts of the island. Dionys. Hal. 1. — 
Ovid.Met.6a.ud 13.— Virg. Ed. 10. ^n. 7, 
V. 19b.—Diod. 6.—fIorat. ep. 17, v. 32. 

Sicania and Sicania, an ancient name 
of Italy, which it received from the Sicani 
or from Sicanus, their king, or from Sicanus, 
a small river in Spain, in the territory where 
they lived, as some suppose. The name was 
more generally given to Sicily. Vid. Sicani. 

Sicca, a town ofNumidia, at the west of 
Carthage. Sal. in Jug. 56. 

SicELis, (SicELiDEs, plur.^ an epithet 
applied to the inhabitants of Sicily. The 
Muses are called sic tides by Virgil, because 
Theocrif'swas a n t ve of Sicily, whom the 
Latin poet, as a wriier of Bucolic poetry, pro- 
fessed to imitate. Firg. Ec. 4. 

SicHi5E0s, called also Sicharbas and A- 
herbas, was a priest of the temple of Her- 
cules in Phoniicia. His father's name was 
Plisthenes. He married Elisa the daughter 
of Belus, and sister of king Pygmelion, bet- 
ter known by the name of Dido. He was so 
extremely rich, that his brother-in-law mur- 
dered him to obtain his possessions. This 
murder Pygmalion concealed from his sister 
Dido ; and he amused her by telling her that 
Ler husband was gone upon an affair of im- 
portance, and that he w^ould soon return 
This would have perhaps succeeded had not 
the shades of Sicha^us appeared to Dido, .and 
related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, and 
advised her to fly from Tyre, after she had 
previously secured some tieasures, which, as 
he mentioned, were concealed in an obscure 
and unknown place. According to Justin. 
Acerbas was the uncle of Dido. Vh'g. JEn. 
1, V. 347, kc.—Faterc. 1, c. 6. — Justin. 18,. 
c. 4. 

SiciLiA, the largest and most celebrated 
island in the iMediterranean sea, at the bot- 
tom of Italy. It was anciently called S/cflma, 
Trinacria, and Triquetra. It is of a trian- 
gular form, and has three celebrated promon- 
tories, one looking towards Africa, called 
Lilybaeum ; Pachynura, lo -king towards 
Greece ; and Pelorum towards Italy. Sicily 
is about 6(X) miles in circumference, cele- 
*iriued for its fertility, so much that it was 



SI 

called one of the granaries of Rome, and Pli- 
ny says that it rewards the husbandman an 
hundred fold. Its most famous cities were 
Syracuse, Messana, Leontini, Lilybaeum, A- 
grigentum,Gela, -Drepanura, Eryx, &.c. The 
hiahest and most famous mountain in the is- 
land is ii^tna, whose frequent eruptions are dan- 
ge rous, and often fatal to the country and its 
inhabitants, from which circumstance the an- 
cients supposed that the forges of Vulcan 
and the Cyclops were placed there. The poets 
feign that the Cyclops were the original inhabi- 
tants of this island, and that after them it came 
into the possession of the Sicani, a people of 
Spain, and at last of tne Siculi, a nation of 
Italy. [Vid. Siculi.] The plains of Enna 
are well known for their excellent honey> 
and, according to Diodorus, the hounds lost 
their scent in hunting, on account of the many 
odoriferous plants that profusely perfumed 
the air. Ceres and Proserpine were the 
chief deities of the place, and it was there» 
according to poetical tradition, that the latter 
was carried away by Pluto. The Phoenicians 
and Greeks settled some colonies there, and 
at last the Carthaginians became masters of 
the whole island, till they were dispossessed 
of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some 
authors suppose that Sicily was originally 
joined to the continent, and that it was sepa- 
rated from Italy by an earthquake, and that 
the straits of the Charybdis were formed. 
The inhabitants of Sicily were so fond of 
luxury, that Siculoe mensce. became proverbial. 
The rights of citizens of Rome were ex- 
tended to them by M. Antony. Cic. 14. 
Mt. 12. Verr. 2, c. 13.— Homer. Od. 9, 
iic. — Justin. 4, o. 1, &.C. — Virg. ^n. 3, v. 
414, k.G.—ItaL 14, V. 11, kc.—Plin. 3, c. 

8, isic. The island of JNaxos, in the vEgean, 

was called Little Sicily, on account of its 
fruitfulness. 

L. SiciNius Dentatus, a tribune of 
Rome, celebrated for his valour and the hon- 
ours he obtained in the field of battle during 
the period of 40 years, in which he was en- 
gaged in the Roman armies. He was present 
in 121 battles; he obtained 14 civic crowns; 
3 mural crowns ; 8 crowns of gold ; 83 golden 
collars; 60 bracelets; 18 lances; 23 horses 
with all their ornaments, and all as the reward 
of his uncommon services. He could show 
the scars of 45 wounds, which he had received 
all in his breast, particularly in opposing the 
Sabines when they tooL the capitol. The 
popularity of Sicinius became odious to Ap- 
pius Claudius, who wished to make himself 
absolute at Rome, and therefore to remove 
him from the capital, he sent him to the ar- 
my, by which, soon after his arrival, he was 
attacked and murdered. Of 100 men who 
were ordered to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 
15 and wounded 30 ; and according to Diony- 
sius, the surviving number had recourse to 
aitifice to overpower him, by killing him with 
a shower of stones and darts thrown at a dis- 
tance, about 405 years before the Christian 
era. For this uncommon courage Sicinius has 
been called the Roman Achilles. Val. .Max. 

3, c. 2. — Dionys. 8. Vellutus, one of the 

first tribunes in Rome. He raised cabals 
against Coriolanus, and was one of his ac- 
cusers. Flut. in Cor. Sabinus, a Roman 

general who defeated the Volsci. 



SI 

SiciNUS, a man pm'ately sent by Themis- 
tocles to deceive Xerxes, and to advise him to 
attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He 
had been prece[)tor to Themistocles. Plui. 
An island, kc. 

SicoRus, now Segre, a river of Hispania 
Tarraconensis, rising in the Pyrenaean moun- 
tains, and falling into the Iberus, a little above 
its mouth. It was near this river that J. Caesar 
conquered Afranius and Petreius, the parti- 
sans of Pompey. Lucan. 4, v. 14, 130, kc. — 
Plin. 3, c. 3. 

SicuLi, a people of Italy, driven from 
their possessions by the Opici. They fled into 
Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled in the 
territories which the Sicani inhabited. They 
soou extended their borders, and after they 
had conquered their neighbours, the Sicani, 
they gave their name to the island. This, as 
some suppose, happened about 300 years be- 
fore Greek colonies settled in the island, or 
about 1059 years before the Christian era. 
Diod. 5. — Dionys. Hal. — Strab. 

SicuLUM FRF,TOM< the sca which separates 
Sicily from Italy, is 15 miles long, but in 
some places so narrow, that the barking of 
dogs can be heard from shore to shore. This 
strait is supposed to have been formed by 
an earthquake, which separated the island 
from the continent. Plin.3, c. 8. 

SicYON, now Basiiico, a town of Pelopon- 
nesus, the capital of Sicyonia. It is celebra- 
ted as being the most ancient kingdom of 
Greece, which began B. C. 2089, and ended 
B. C. 1088- under a succession of monarchs of 
whom little is known, except the names, 
^gialeus was the first king. Some ages after, 
Agamemnon made himself meister of the 
place, and afterwards it fell into the hands of 
the Heraclidae. It became very powerful in the 
time of the Achaean league, which it joined 
B. C. 251, at the persuasion of Aratus. The 
inhabitants of Sicyon are mentioned by some 
authors as dissolute, and fond of luxury, hence 
the Sicyonian shoes, which were once very 
celebrated, were deemed marks of effemina- 
cy. Jpollod. 3, c. 5 — Lucret. 1, v, 1118. — 
Liv. 32, c. 19, 1. 33, c. 15.—Slrab. 8.— Mela, 
2, c. 3.— Pint, in Dem — Pans. 2, c. 1, kc. — 
Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 54.— Virg. G. 2, v. 519. 

SicvoNiA, a province of Peloponnesus, on 
tiie bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was the 
capital. It is the most eminent kingdom of 
Greece, and in its flourishing situation not on- 
ly its dependent states, but also the whole 
Peloponnesus were called Sicyonia. The ter- 
ritory is said to abound with corn, wine, and 
olives, and also with, iron mines. It produ- 
ced many celebrated men, particularly artists. 
Vid. Sicyon. 

Side, the wife of Orion, thrown into hell 
by Juno for boasting herself fairer than the 

goddess. Apollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter 

of Belus. A daughter of Danaus. .\ 

town of Paraphylia. Liv. 37, c. 23. — Cic. 3. 
fum. 6. 

SiDERO, the stepmother of Tyro, killed by 
Pelias. 

SiDiciNUM, a town of Campania, called 
also Teaman. [Fid. Teanum.] Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 727. 

SiDON, an ancient city of Phoenicia, the 
<yRnitnl of the country, with a famous har- 



SI 

hour, now called Said. It is situate on the 
shores of the Mediterranean, at the distance 
of about 50 miles from Damascus, and 24 from 
Tyre. The people of Sidon are well known 
for their industry, their skill in arithmetic, 
in astronomy, and commercial affairs, and in 
sea voyages. They however have the cha- 
racter of being very dishonest. Their women 
were peculiarly happy in working embroide- 
ry. The invention of glass, of linen, and of 
a beautiful purple dye, is attributed to them. 
The city of Sidon was taken by Ochus, king 
of Persia, after ihe inhabitants had burnt 
themselves and the city, B. C 351; but it was 
afterwards rebuilt bv its inhabitants. Lucan^ 
3, V. 217, 1. 10, v. 141.— Djorf. \Q.— Justin. 11^ 
c. \0.—Plin. 36, c. IQ.— Homer. Od. 15, v. 
4U.— Mela, 1, c. 12. 

SiDONioRuai INSULA, Islaods In the Persian 
gulf. Strab. 16. 

SiDoNis, is the country of which Sidon was 
the capital, situate at the west of Syria, on 
the coast of the Mediterranean. Ovid. Met. 
2, fab. 19. — Dido, as a native of the country, is 
often called Sidonis. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 80. 

SiDONlUS CaIUS SOLLIUS APOLLINARIS, E 

Christian writer, born A. D. 430. He died 
in the 52d year of his age. There are re- 
maining of his compositions some letters, 
and different poems consisting chiefly of 
panegyrics on the great men of his time, 
written in heroic verse, and occasionally 
in other metre, of wiiich the best edition is 
that of Labbaeus, Paris, 4to. 1652. — The epi- 
thet of Sidonius is applied not only to the 
natives of Sidon, but it is used to express 
the excellence of any thing, especially em- 
broidery or dyed garments. Carthage is cal- 
led Sidonia urbs, because built by Sidoniani-. 
Virg. ^n. 1, V. 682. 

Siena Julia, a town of Etruria. Cic. Brut. 
IS.— Tacit. 4. Hist. 45. 

SiGA, now Ked-Roma, a town of Numidia, 
famous as the palace of Syphax. Plin. 5, c, 11< 

SiG^uM, or SiGEUM, now cape Ineihisari, 
a town of Troas, on a promontory of the 
same name, where the Scamander falls into 
the sea, extending six miles along the shore. 
It was near Sigaeum that the greatest part of 
the battles between the Greeks and Trojans 
were fought, as Homer mentions, and there 
Achilles was buried. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 312, 1. 
7, V. 294.— Orirf. Met. 12, v. 71.— Lucan. 9, v. 
9Q2.—Melaf 1, c. 18.— Strab. 13.— Dictys. Cret. 
5, c. 12. 

SiGNiA, an ancient town of Latium, whos» 
inhabitants were called Signini. The wine of 
Signia was used by the anciants for medici- 
nal pur[)oses. Martial. 13, ep. 116. A 

mountain of Phrygia. Pliii. 5, c. 29. 

SiGovEssus, a prince among the Celtae, in 
the rei::ri of Tarquin. Liv. 5, c. 34. 

SiGVNi, SiGUN-c, or SiGVNN.«, 8 nation of 
Enri)pean Scylhia, beyond the Danube. Ht- 
rodot. 5, c. 9. 

Sii.A, or Syla, a large wood in the coun- 
try of the Brutii near the Apennines, abound- 
ing with much pitch. Strab. 6. — Virg. JEn. 
12. V. 715. 

SiLANA JuT.iA, a woman at the court of 
Nero, remarkable for hor licentiousness and 
impurities. She had married C. JnUujij by 
whom she was divorceW 



SI 

D. SiLANUs, a son of T. Manlius Torquatus, 
accused of extortion in the management of 
the province of Macedonia, The father him- 
self desired to hear tlie complaints laid 
against his son, and after he had spent two 
days in examining the charges of the Mace- 
donians, he pronounced, on the third day, 
his son guilty of extortion, and unworthy 
to be called a citizen of Rome. He also ba- 
nished him from his presence, and so struck 
was the son at the severity of his father, that 
he hanged himself on the following night. 
Liv. 54. — Cic. de Finib. — Val. Max. o, c. 8. 
C. Junius, a consul under Tiberius, ac- 
cused of extortion, and banished to the island 

of Citheraea. Tacit. Marcus, a lieutenant 

of Caesar's armies in Gaul. The father-in- 
law of Caligula. Suet. Cat. 22.— — A proprae- 
tor in Spain, who routed the Carthaginian 
forces there while Annibal was in Italy. 

• Turpilius, a lieutenant of Metellus against 

Jugurtha. He was accused by Marius, though 
totally innocent, and condemned by the 

malice of his judges. ^Torquatus, a man 

put to death by Nero. Lucius, a man be- 
trothed to Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. 
Nero took Octavia away from him, and on the 

day of her nuptials Silanus killed himself.^ 

An augur in the army of the 10,000 Greeks, 
at their return from Cunaxa. 

SiLARUs, a river of Picenum, rising in the 
Apennine mountains, and falling into the 
Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is reported, 
petrified all leaves that fell into it. Strah. 5. 
—Mela, 2, c. 4.— Virg. G. 3, v. 146.— P/in. 2, 
e. lOS.-^Silv. 2, V. 582. 

SiLENi, a people on the banks of the Indus. 
Plin. 6, c. 20. 

SiLENUs, a dismi-god, who became the 
nupsc) the preceptor, and attendant of the 
god' Bacchus. He was, as some suppose, 
son of Pan, or according to others, of Mer- 
cury, or of Terra. Malea in Lesbos was 
the plfeice of his birth. After death he re- 
ceived divine honours, and had a temple in 
Elis. Silenus is generally represented as a 
fat and jolly old man, riding on an ass. 
crowned with flowers, and always intoxica- 
ted. He was once found by some peasants 
in Phrygia, after he had lost his way, and 
could not follow Bacchus, and he was carried 
to king Midas, who received him with great 
attention. He detained him for ten days, 
and afterwards restored him to Bacchus, for 
which he was rewarded with the power of 
turning into gold whatever he touched. 
Some authors assert, that Silenus was a 

Ehilosopher, who accompanied Bacchus in 
is Indian expedition, and assisted him by 
the soundness of his counsels. From this cir- 
cumstance, therefore, he is often introduced 
speaking with all the gravity of a philoso- 
pher concerning the formation of the world, 
and the nature of things. The Fauns in 
general, and the Satyrs, are often called Si- 
leni. Pans. 3, c. 25, 1. 9, c. 24.— Philost. 
23.— Ovid. Met. 4.—Uygin. fab. \9\.—Diod. 
8, he— Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 4S.—JElian. V. H. 
3, c. IQ.— Virg. Eel. 6, v. 13. A Cartha- 
ginian historian who wrote an account of 
the affairs of his country in the Greek lan- 
guage. An historian who wrote an account 

of Sicily. 



SI 

SiLitENSE, a river of Spain. 

SiLicis MONs, a town near Padua. 

Si LIS, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling intftr 
the Adriatic. Plin. 3, c. 18. 

C. SiLius Italicus, a Latin poet, who 
was originally at the bar, where he for some 
time distinguished himself, till he retired from 
Rome more particularly to consecrate his time 
to study. He was consul the year that- 
iVero was murdered. Pliny has observedi 
that when Trajan was invested with the impe- 
rial purple, Silius refused to come to Rome, 
and congratulate him like the rest of his fel- 
low citizens, a neglect which was never re- 
sented by the emperor, or insolently men- 
tioned by the poet. Silius was in possession.. 
of a house where Cicero had lived, and ano- 
ther in which was the tomb of Virgil, and it 
has been justly remarked, that he looked 
upon no temple with greater reverence than 
upon the sepulchre of the immortal poeti " 
whose steps he followed, but whose fame he 
could not equal. The birth day of Virgil 
was yearly celebrated with unusual pomp 
and solemnity by Silius ; and for his par- 
tiality, not only to the memory, but to the 
compositions of the Mantuan poet, he has 
been called the ape of Virgil, Silius starved 
himself when labouring under an impost- 
hume, which his physicians were unable to 
removcj in the beginning of Trajan's reign, 
about the 75th year of his age. There re- 
mains a poem of Italicus, on the second 
Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly 
commended by Martial. The moderns have 
not been so favourable in their opinion? con- 
cerning its merit. The poetry is weak and 
inelegant, yet the author deserves to be com- 
mended for his purity, the authenticity of his 
narrations, and his interesting descriptions. 
He has every where imitated Virgil, but with 
little success. Silius was a "great collector of 
antiquities. His son was honoured with the 
consulship during his life-time. The best edi- 
tions of Italicus will be found to be Draken- 
borch's in 4to, Utr. 1717, and that of Cellarius, 

8vo. Lips. l&9b.—MarL 11, ep., 49, &.c. « 

Caius, a man of consular dignity, greatly loved 
by Messalina for his comely appearance and 
elegant address. Messalina obliged him to di- 
vorce his wife that she might enjoy his com^ 
pany without intermission. Silius was forced 
to comply though with great reluctance, and 
he was at last put to death for the adulteries- 
which the empress obliged him to commit. 

Tacit. Suet. — Dio. A tribune in Caesar's 

legions in Gaul. A commander in Ger- 
many, put to death by Sejanu&, Tacit. A. 3 
and 4. 

Sii.PHiDM^ a part of Libya. 

SiLPiA, a town of Spain. Lvo. 28, c. 12, 

SiLVANus, a rural deity, son of an Italiaa 
shepherd by a goat. From this circumstance 
he is generally represented as half a man and 
half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son 
of Picus, or, as others report, of Mars, or 
according to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculana- 
ria, a young woman, who introduced herself 
into her father's bed, and became pregnant by 
him. The worship of* Silvanus was estab- 
lished only in Italy, where, as some authors 
have imagined, he reigned in the age of 
Evander. This deity was sometiiaes repre- 



SI 

9£nted holding a^ cypress in his hand, because 
lie became enamoured of a beautiful youth 
called Cyparissus, who was changed into a tree 
©f the same name. Siivanus presided over 
gardens and limits, and he is often confounded 
with the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus. Plui. 
inparall.— Virg. Ed. 10. G. 1, v. 20, 1. 2, v. 
^■3.—JElian. Anim. 6, c. 42.— Ovid. Met. 10.— 

Hoi-at. ep. 2, — Dionys. Hal. A man who 

murdered his wife Apronia, by throwing her 
down from one of the windows of his cham- 
bers. One of those who conspired against 

PJero. An otficer of Constantius, who re- 

vohed and made himself emperor. He was 
assassinated by his soldiers. 

SiLviuM, a town of Apulia, now Gorgo- 
Uorte. Plin. 3^ c. 11. A town of Istria. 

SiLUREs, the people of South Wales in 
Britain. 

SiMBRinrs, or Simbruvics, a lake of 
Latium, formed by the Anio. Tacit. 14, An. 
22. 

SiMENA, a town of Lycia near Chimaera. 
Plin. 5, c. 27. 

SiMETHus, or Symethus, a town and river 
at the east of Sicily, which served as a bound- 
ary between (he territories of the people of 
Catana and the Leontini. In its neighbour- 
hood the gods Palici were born. Virg. JEn. 9, 
V. 584. 

SiMiLJE, a grove at Rome where the orgies 
of Bacchus were celebrated. Lir. 39, c. 12. 

SiMiLis, one of the courtiers of Trajan, 
who retired from Rome into the country to 
enjoy peace and solitary retirement. 

SiMMiAS, a philosopher of Thebes who 

wrote dialogues. A grammarian of Rhodes. 

A Macedonian suspected of conspiracy 

against Alexander, on account of his intimacy 
with Philotas. Curt. 7, c. 1. 

SiMo, a comic character in Terence. 

SiMois, (entis,) a river of Troas which 
wses in mount Ida, and falls into the Xanthus. 
It is celebrated by Homer, and most of the 
ancient poets, as in its neighbourhood were 
fought many battles during the Trojan war. 
It is found to be but a small rivulet by modern 
trav^ellers, and even some have disputed its ex- 
istence. Homer. II. — Virg. JE.n. 1, v. 104, 1. 
3, v. 302, &:c.— Onrf. Met. 13, v. 324.— Jfe/a, 
1, c. 18. 

SiMOisius, a Trojan prince, son of Anthe- 
mion, killed by Ajax. Homer. II. 4, v. 473. 

Simon, a currier of Athens, whom So- 
erates often visited on account of his great 
sagacity and genius. He collected all the in- 
formation he could receive from the conver- 
sation of the philosopher, and afterwards 
published it with his own observations in 33 
dialogues. He was the fii-st of the disciples 
©f Socrates who attempted to give an account 
of the opinions of his master concerning 
virtue, justice, poetry, music, honour, kjc. 
These dialor;iies were extant in the age of 
the biographer Diogenes, w ho has preserved 

their title. Diog. 2, c. 14. Another who 

wrote on rhetoric. Id. A sculptor. Id. 

The name of Simon was common among 

tlic Jews. 

SiMoMDES, a celebmted poet of Cos, who 
flourished 538 years B. C. His father's 
name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He 
";vr«}e elegies, epigram?, and dramaticil 



SI 

pieces, esteemed for their elegance and sweet- 
ness, and composed also epic poems, one on 
Cambyses, king of Persia, k.c. Simonides 
was universally courted by the princes of 
Greece and Sicily, and according to one of 
the fables of Phaedrus, he was such a favourite 
of the gods, that his life was miraculously pre- 
served in an entertainment when the roof of 
the house fell upon all those who were feast- 
ing. He obtained a poetical prize in the 
80th year of his age, and he lived to his 90tii 
year. The pecf.ie of Syracuse, who had hos- 
pitably honoured him when alive, erected 
a magnificent monument to his memory. 
Simonides, according to some, added the 
four letters y„ », ?, 4, to the alphabet of the 
Greeks. Some fragments of his poetry are 
extant. According to some, the grandson of 
the elegiac poet of Cos was also called Simo- 
nides. He flourished a lev/ years before the 
Peloponnesian war, and was the author of 
some books of invention, genealogies, &c. 
Quintil. 10, c. 1. — Pkadr. 4, fab. 21 and 24. 
—Horat. 2, Od. I, v. 3S.—Her6dot. 5, c. 102. 
— Cic. de Oratf kx^. — Arist. — Pindar. Isth. 2. 
— Caiull. 1, ep. 39. — Lucan. de Macrob. — - 
JElian. V. H. 8, c. 2. 

SiMPLicius, a Greek commentator on Aris- 
totle, whose works were all edited in the 16tli 
century, and the latter part of the loth, but 
without a Latin version. 

SiMULus, an ancient poet who wrote 
some verses on the Tarpeian , rock. Pint, in 
Rom. 

SiMUS, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. 
Paui. 8, c. 5. 

SiMYRA, a town of Phoenicia. Mela^ 1, 
c. 12. 

SiN.ff;, a people of India called by Ptolemy 
the most eastern nation of the world. 

SinDjE, islands in the Indian ocean, sup- 
posed to be the JVicabar islands. 

SiNDi, a people of European Scythia, oa 
the Palus Ma;otis. Flacc. 6, v. 86. 

SiNGTSi, a people on the confines of Mace- 
donia and Thrace. 

SiNGARA, a city at the north of Mesopota- 
mia, now Siyijar. 

Singulis, a river of Spain falling into the 
Guadalquiver. 

SiNGus, a town of Macedonia. 

SiNis, a famous robber. [Vid.Sc'inia.J 

SiNNACES, a Parthian of an illustrious family^ 
who conspired against his prince, Uc. Tacit, 
6, Ann. c. 31. 

SiNNACHA, a town of Mesopotamia, where 
Crassus was put to death by Surena. 

SiNOE, a nymph of Arcadia who brought 
up Pan. 

SiNON, a son of Sisyphus who accompanied 
the Greeks to the Trojan war, and there dis- 
tinguished himself by his cunning and fraud, 
and his intimacy with Ulysses. When the 
Greeks had fabricated the famous wooden 
horse, Sinon went to Troy with his hands 
bound behind his back, and by the most so- 
lemn protestations, assured Priam, that the 
Greeks were gone from Asia, and that (hey 
had been ordered to sacrifice one of their 
soldiers, to render the wind favourable to their 
return, and that because the lot had fallen 
upon him, at the instigation of L'lysses, he 
ha«i fled away from their cmip, not f« be 



SI 

citielly immolated. These false assertions 
were imiuediately credited by the Trojans, 
and Sinon advised Priam to bring into his 
city the wooden horse which the Greeks had 
left behind them, and to consecrate it to 
Minerva. His advice was followed, and Si- 
non in the night, to complete his perfidy, 
opened the side of the horse, from which 
issued a number of armed Greeks, wlio sur- 
prised the Trojans, and pillaged their city. 
Dares Phryg. — Homer. Od. 8, v, 492, 1. 11, v. 
&2\.— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 79, kc.—Paus. 10, c. 
27. — Q. Smyrn. 12, he. 

SiNoPE, a daughter of the Asopus by Me- 
tlione. She was beloved by Apollo, who 
•arried her away to the borders of the Eux- 
ine sea, in Asia iMinor, where she 



to a son called Syrus. Diod 

port town of Asia Minor, in Pontus, 



gave birth 

A sea- 

now 



Po- 



inha- 
from 



Sinah, founded or re-built by a colony of Mi- 
ksians. It was long an independent state, till 
Pharnaces, king of Pontus, seized it. It 
xvas the capital of Pontus, under JVIithridates, 
and Avas the birth place of Diogenes, the 
eynic philosopher. It received its name from 
Sinope, whom Apollo married there. Odd. 
Font. 1, el. 3, v. 67.—Strab. 2, Lc. \2.—Diod. 

4. — Mela^ 1, c. 19. The original name of 

Sinuessa. 

SiNORix, a governor of Gaul, &.c. 
lyaen. 8. 

SiNTicE, a district of Macedonia. 

SiNTii, a nation of Thracians, who 
bited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there 
heaven. Homer. II. 1, v. 594. 

Sinuessa, a maritime town of Campania, 
©riginally called Sinope. It was celebrated 
for its hot-baths and mineral waters, which 
cured people of insanity, and rendered women 
prolific. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 715. — Mela, 2, c. 
4.—Strab. 6.~Liv. 22, c. 13.— Jlfar^ 6, ep. 42, 
I. 11, ep. 8.— -Tacit. Mn. 12. 

Sign, one of the hills on which Jerusalem 
was built. 

SiPHNos, now Sifano, one of the Cyclades, 
situate at the west of Paros, twenty miles in 
circumference, according to Pliny, or, accord- 
ing to modern travellers, forty. Siphnos had 
many excellent harbours, and produced great 
plenty of delicious fruit. The inhabitants were 
so depraved, that their licentiousness became 
proverbial. They, however, behaved with 
spirit in the Persian wars, and refused to give 
earth and water to the emissaries of Xerxes in 
token of submission. There were some gold 
mines in Siphnos, of which Apollo demanded 
the tenth part. When the inhabitants refused 
to continue to offer part of their gold to the 
god of Delphi, the island was inundated, and 
the mines disappeared. The air is so whole- 
some that many of the natives live to their 
120th year. Paus. 10, c. U.—Herodot. 8, c. 
4G.—Mel(t, 1, c. l.—Strah. 10. 

SiPoNTUM, Sipus, or Sepus, a maritime 
town in Apulia in Italy, founded by Diomedes, 
after his return from the Trojan war. Slrab. 
Q.—Lucan. 5, v. 377. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 

SipvLUM and Sjpvlus, a town of Lydia 
■with a mountain of the same name near the 
Meander, formerly called Ceraunius. The 
town was destroyed by an earthquake with 
12 otliers in the neighbourbood, in the reign 
of Tiberius. Slrctb.^l and n.-^Paus. I, c. 20. 



SI 

[ — Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Homer. II. 24. — Hygin. 

fab. 9.— Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 47. One of Ni- 

' obe'g children, killed by Apollo. Odd. Met. 
6, fab. 6. 

SiRBo, a lake between Egypt and Pales- 
tine, now Sebacket Bardoil. Plin. 4, c. 13.i 

SiRE.VES, sea nymphs who charmed so 
much with their melodious voice, that all 
forgot their employments to listen with more 
attention, and at last died for want of food. 
They were daughters of the Achelous, by 
the muse Calliope, or according to others, 
by Melpomene or Terpsichore. They were 
three in number, called Parthenope, Ligeia, 
and Leucosia, or, according to others, Moipe, 
Aglaophonos, and Thelxiope, or Thelxione, 
and they usually lived in a small island near 
cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some autiiors suppose 
that they were monsters, who had the form of 
a woman above the waist, and the rest of the 
body like that of a bird ; or rather that the 
whole body was covered with feathers, and 
had the shape of a bird, except the head, which 
was that of a beautiful female. This mon- 
strous form they had received from Ceres, 
who wished to punish them, because they had 
not assisted her daughter when carried away 
by Pluto. But according to Ovid, they were 
so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that 
they prayed the gods to give them wings that 
they might seek her in the sea as well as by 
land. The Sirens were informed by the ora- 
cle, that as soon as any persons [lassed by 
them withoutsufieringtheraseh esto be charm- 
ed by their songs they should perish ; and 
their melody had prevailed in calling the 
attention of all passengers, till Ulysses, in- 
formed of the power of their voice by Circe, 
stopped the ears of his companions with vvax, 
and ordered himself to be tied to the mast of 
his ship, and no attention to be paid to his 
commands should he wish to stay and listen to 
the song. This was a salutary precaution- 
Ulysses made signs for his companions to stop, 
but they were disregarded, and the fatal coast 
was passed with safety. Upon this artifice of 
Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappointed that 
they threw themselves into the sea and perish- 
ed. Some authors say, that the Sirens chal- 
lenged the Muses to a trial of skill in singing, 
and that the latter proved victorious, and 
plucked the feathers from the wings of their 
adversaries, with which they made themselves 
crowns. The place where the Sirens de- 
stroyed themselves, was afterwards called Si- 
renis, on the coast of Sicily. Virgil, however, 
..En. 5, V. 864, places the Sircnum Scopuii on 
the coast of Italy, near the island of Cafirea. 
Some suppose that the Sirens were a number 
of lascivious women in Sicily, who prostituted 
themselves to strangers, and made them forget 
their pursuits while drowned in unlawful plea- 
sures. The Sirens are often represented hold- 
ing, one a lyre, a second a flute, and the third 
singing. Paus. 10, c. 6. — Homer. Od. 12, v. 
167. — Slrab. 6. — Ammian. 29, c. 2. — Hygin. 
fab. U\.—ApoUod. 2, c. 4.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
555, de Art. Am. 3, v. ZU.—Ital. 12, v. 33. 

SiRENuSiB, three small rocky islands near 
the coast of Campania, where the Sirens were 
supposed to reside. 

Smis, a town of Magna Grecia, founded 
by SI Grcciaa colony aft«r the Trojan ww, at ■ 



SI 

■die mouth of a rirer of the same name. There 
was a battle fought near it between Pyrrhus 

and the Romans. Dionys. Perieg v. 221. 

The .Ethiopians gave that name to the Nile 
tefore its divided streams united into one 

current. Plin. 5, c. 9 A town of Paeonia 

in Thrace. 

SiRics, or Cahicuf.a, the dog star, whose 
appearance a? the ancients supposed, always 
caused great heal on the earth. Virg. JEn. '6, 
V. 141. 

SiRMio, now Sermione-, a peninsula in the 
lake Benacus, where Catullus had a villa. 
Carm. 29. 

SiRMiuM, the capital of Pannonia at the 
confluence of the Savus and Bacuntius; verj- 
celebrated during the reign of the Roman em- 
perors. 

SiSAM.NES, a judge flayed alive for his par- 
tiality, by order of Cambyses. His skin was 
nailed on the bench of the other judges to in- 
cite them to act with candour and impartiality. 
Herodot. 5, c. 25 

SisAPHo. a Corinthian who had murdered 
hi'' brother because he had put his children to 
deatli. Ovid, in lb. 

SiSAPo a town of Spain, famous for its ver- 
milion mines, whose situation is not well as- 
certained. Plin 33 c. 1. — Cic. Phil. 2, c.\9. 

SisciA, a town of Pannonia. now .Sisseg. 

SisF.NES, a Persian deserter who conspired 
against Alexander, k.c. Curt. 3. c. 7. 

L. SisE>NA, an ajicient historian among 
the Romans, 91 B. C. He wrote an account 
of the repuJilic, of which Cicero speaks with 
great warmth: and also translated from the 
Greek the Milesian fables of Aristides. 
Some frascments of his compositions are quo- 
ted by different authors. Odd Trisl. 2, v. 
443.— ^CVc. in Brut. 64 and 67.—Paterc. 2, c. 
9. Corn, a Roman, who on being repri- 
manded in the senate for the ill conduct and 
depraved manners of his wife, accused public- 
ly Augustus of unlawful commerce with her. 

Dio. 54. The family of the Cornelii and 

Apronii received the surname of Sisenna. 
They are accused of intemperate loqua- 
citv in the Augustan age, by Horat. 1, 6a/, 7, 
V. 8. 

SisiGAMBis, or SisycAMBis, the mother 
of Darius the last king of Persia. She was 
taken prisoner by Alexander the Great, at 
the battle of Issus, with the rest of the 
royal family. The conqueror treated her 
with uncommon tenderness and attention ; 
he saluted her as his own mother, and 
what he had sternly denied to the petitions 
of his favourites and ministers, he often gran- 
ted to the intercession of Sisygambis. The 
regard of the queen for Alexander was un- 
common, and, indeed, she no sooner heard 
that he was dead, than she killed herself, 
unwilling to survive the loss of so generous 
an enemy; though she had seen with less 
concern, the fall of her son's kingdom, the 
ruin of his subjects, and himself murdered 
by his servants. She had also lost in one 
day, her husband and 80 of her brothers, 
whom Ochus had assassinated to make himselt 
master of the kingdom of Persia. Curt. 4, c. 
9, I. 10, c. 5. 

SisiMiTHR.*:, a fortified place of Bactria- 
2ia; 16 stadia high, 8P in circumference,, and 



91 

plain at the top. Aleiander married Roxana 

there. Strab. 11. 

SisocosTcs, one of the friends of Alexan- 
der, intrusted with the care of the rock Aor- 
nus. Curt 8, c. 11. 

Sisyphus, a brother of Athamas and Salmo- 
neus, son of iEolus and Enaretta- the most 
crafty prince of the heroic ages. He married 
Merope the daughter of Atlas, or according to 
others, of Pandareus, by whom he had several 
children. He built Ephyre, called afterwards 
Corinth, and he debauched Tyro the daughter 
of Saimoneus, because he had been told by aa 
oracle that his children by his brother's daugh- 
ter would avenge the injuries which he had 
suffered from the malevolence of Saimoneus. 
Tyro, however, as Hyginus says, destroyed the 
two sons whom she had had by her uncle. It 
is reported that Sisyphus, mistrusting Autoly- 
cus, who stole the neighbouring flocks, marked 
his bulls under the feet, and when they had 
been carried away by the dishonesty of his 
friend, he confounded and astonished the thief 
by selecting from his numerous flocks those 
bulls, which by the mark he knew to be his 
own. The artifice of Sisyphus was so pleas- 
ing to Autoly cus, who had now found one more 
cunning than himself, that he permitted him 
to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, 
whom a few da3's after he gave in marriage to 
Laertes of Ithaca. After his death. Sisyphus 
was condemned in hell, to roll to the top of a 
hill a large stone, which had no sooner reached 
the summit than it fell back into the plain wiik 
impetuosity, and rendered his punishment 
eternal. The causes of this rigorous sentence 
are variously reported. Some attribute it to 
his continual depredations in the neighbouring 
country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of 
stones on those whom he had plundered, and 
suflering them to expire in the most agoniz- 
ing torments. Others, to the insult offered to 
Pluto, in chaining death in his palace, and 
detaining her till Mars, at the request of the 
king of bell, went to deliver her from con- 
finement Others suppose that Jupiter in- 
flicted this puiii>hment because he told Aso-. 
pus where his daughter ^gina had been car- 
ried away by her ravislieV. The more fol- 
lowed opinion however is, that Sisyphus, on 
his death-bed, entreated his wife to leave 
his body unburied, and when he came into 
Pluto's kingdom, he received the permission 
of returning upon earth to punish this seem- 
ing negligence of his wife, but, however, on 
promise of immediately returning. But he 
was no sooner out of the infernal regions, than 
he violated his engagements, and when he 
was at last brought back to hell by Mars, 
Pluto, to punish his want of fidelity and hon- 
our, condemned him to roll a hu^e stone to 
the top of a mountain. The institution of 
the Pythian games is attributed by some to 
Sisyphus. To be of the blood of Sisyphuf 
was deemed disgraceful among the ancients. 
Homer. Od. 11, v. 592 —Virg. ^n. 6, v. 616. 
— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 459, I. 13, v. 32. Fast. 
4, V. 175, in Ibid. 191.— Pans. 2, hui.—Hygin. 
fab. aK—IIorat 2, od. 14, v. 20.— Apollod. 3, 

c. 4. A son of M. Antony, who was bom 

deformed, and received the name of Sisyphus, 
because he was endowed with genius and an 
excellent iHiderstsnding. Horat. 1, sat. 3, v. 47. 



SM 

SiTALCES, one of Alexander's generals, im- 
prisoned for his ciaielty and avarice in the go- 
vernment of his province. Curt. 10, c. 1. — — 
A king of Thraoe, B. C. 436. 

SiTHNiDEs, certain nymphs of a fountain in 
.Megara. Pans. 1, c. 40. 

SiTHON, a king of Thrace. -An island in 

the .^gean. 

SiTHONiA, a country of Thrace between 
mount Heemus and the Danube. Sithonia is 
often applied to all Thrace, and thence the 
€pitliet Sithonisy so often used by the poets. 
It received its name from king Sithon. Horat. 
1, od. 18, V. 9.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 588, 1. 7, v. 
4Q&, 1. 13, V. 571.—Herodot. 7, c. 122. 

SiTius, a Roman who assisted Caesar in 
Africa with great success. He was rewarded 
with a province of Numidia. Salhist. Jug. 21. 

SiTONES, a nation of Germany, or modern 
jforway, according to some. Tacit, de Germ. 
45. 

SiTTACE, a town of Assyria. Plin. 6, c. 
27. 

Smaragdus, a town of Egypt on the Ara- 
hian gulf, where emeralds (smaragdi) were 
dug. Strab. 16. 

Smenus; a river of Laconia rising in mount 
Taygetes, and falling into the sea nearHypsos. 
Pam. 3, c. 24. 

Smerdis, a son of Cyrus, put to death 
by order of his brother Cambyses. As his 
execution was not public, and as it was only 
fenown to one of the officers of the monarch, 
one of the Magi of Persia, who was him- 
self called Smerdis, and Vv^ho greatly resem- 
bled the deceased prince, declared himself 
king at the death of Canibyses. This usur- 
pation would not perhaps have been known, 
bad not he taken too many precautions to 
conceal it. After he had reigned for six 
months with universal approbation, seven no- 
blemen of Persia conspired to dethione him, 
and when this had been executed with success, 
they chose one of their number to reign in tbe 
usurper's place, B. C. 521. This was Darius 
the son of Hystaspes. Herodoi. 3, c. 30. — 
Justin. 1, c. 9. 

Smilax, a beautiful shepherdess who be- 
came enamoured of Crocus. She was changed 
into a flower, as also her lover. Ovid. Met. 4, 
V. 283. 

Smilis, a statuary of ^glna in the age of 
Daedalus. Paus. 7. 

Smindyrides, a native of Sybaris, famous 
for his luxury. Mlian. V. H. 9, c. 24 and 12, 
c. 24. 

Smiwtheus, one of the surnames of Apollo 
in Phrygia, wherc the inhabitants raised him a 
temple, because he had destroyed a number of 
rats that infested the country. These rats 
were called <r,"'i^::i(, in the language of Phrygia, 
whence the surname. There is another story 
similar to this related by the Greek scholiast 
of Homer. II. 1, v. 39.—8lrab. 13.— Ovid. Mel. 
12, V. 585. 

Smyrna, a celebrated sea-port town of 
Ionia in Asia Minor, built, as some suppose, 
by Tantalus, or, according to others, by 
the j^iolians. It has been subject to many 
revolutions, and been severally in the posses- 
sion of the .^olians, lonians, Lydians, and 
Macedonians. Alexander, or according to 
Strabo, Lysimachus, rebuilt it 400 years af- 



ler it had been destroyed by the Lydians. h 
was one of the richest and most powerful 
cities of Asia, and became one of the twelve 
cities of the Ionian confederacy. The inha« 
bitants were given much to luxury and in- 
dolence, but they were universally esteemed 
for their valour and intrepidity when called 
to action. Marcus Aurelius repaired it after 
it had been destroyed by an earthquake, about 
the 180th year of the Christian era. Smyrna 
still continues to be a very commercial town. 
The river Meles flows near its walls. The in- 
habitants of Smyrna believe that Homer was 
born among them, and to confirm this opin- 
ion, they not only paid him divine honours, 
but showed a place which bore the poet's 
name, and also had a brass coin in circula- 
tion which was called Homerium. Some sup- 
pose that it was called Smyrna from an Ama- 
zon of the same name who took possession of 
it. Herodot. 1, c. 16, kc.—Strab. 12 and 14.— 
Ital. 8, v. 505.— Paus. 5, c. 8.— Mela, 1, c. 17. 

A daughter of Thias, mother of Adonis. 

An Amazon. The name of a poem 

which Cinna, a Latin poet, composed in nine 
years, and which was worthy of admiratioOf 
according to Catullus, 94. 

Smyrn^us/ a Greek poet of the third centu- 
ry, called also Calaber. [Vid. Calaber.] 

SoAifA, a river of Albania. Piol. 

SoASDA, a town of Armenia. 

Soanes, a people of Colchis, near Caa- 
casus, in whose territories the rivers abound 
with golden sands, which the inhabitants ga- 
ther in wool skins, whence, perhaps, arose 
the fable of the golden fleece. Strab. 11. — 
Plin. 33, c. 3. 

Socrates, the most celebrated philoso- 
pher of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. 
His father Sophroniscus was a statuary, and 
his mother Phenarete was by profession a 
midwife. For some time he followed the 
occupation of his father, and some have men- 
tioned the statues of the Graces, admired 
for their simplicity and elegance, as the work 
of his own hands. He was called away from 
this meaner employment, of which, however^ 
he never blushed, by Crito, who admired his 
genius and courted his friendship. Philosophy 
soon became the study of Socrates, and un- 
der Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid the 
foundation of that exemplary virtue v;hich 
succeeding ages have ever loved and venerated. 
He appeared like the rest of his countrymen 
in the field of battle ; he fought with boldness 
and intrepidity, and to his courage two of his 
friends and disciples, Xenophon and Aicibiades, 
owed the preservation of their life. But the 
character of Socrates appears more conspicu- 
ous 33 a philosopher and moralist than as that 
of a warrior. He was fond of labour, he in- 
ured himselfto suffer hardships, and he acquired 
that serenity of mind and firmness of counte- 
nance which the most alarming dangers could 
never destroy, or the most sudden calamities 
alter, if he was poor, it was from choice, and 
not the effects of vanity, or the wish of appear- 
ing singular. He bore injuries with patience, 
and the insults of malice or resentment, he not 
only treated with contempt, but even received 
with a mind that expressed some concern, and 
felt compassion for the depravity of human na- 
ture. So single and so venerable a character 



so 

was admired by the most enlightened of the 
Athenians Socrates was attended by a num- 
ber of illustrious pupils, whom he instructed 
by his exemplary life, as well as by his doc- 
trines. He had no particular place where to 
deliver his lectures, but as the good of his 
countrymen, and the reformation of their cor- 
rupted morals, and not the aggregation of 
riches, was tiie object of his study, he was 
present every where, and drew the attention 
of his auditoi-s either in the groves of Acade- 
mus, the Lyceum, or on the banks of the 
liyssus. Be spoke with freedom on every 
subject, religious as well as civil, and had the 
ijourage to condemn the violence of his coun- 
trymen, and to withstand the torrent of re- 
sentment by which the Athenian generals 
were capitally punished for not burying the 
dead at the battle of Arginusae. This indepen- 
dence of spirit, and that visible superiority of 
mind and genius over the rest of his country- 
men, created many enemies to Socrates; but 
as his character was irreproachable, and his 
doctrines pure, and void of all obscurity, the 
Yoice of malevolence was silent. Yet Aris- 
tophanes soon undertook, at the instigation 
of Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds, to 
ridicule the venerable character of Socrates 
on the stage ; and when once the way was 
open to calumny and defamation, the fickle 
and licentious populace paid no reverence to 
the philosopher whom they had before regard- 
ed as a bHng of a superior order. When this 
had succeeded, Melitus stood forth to crimi- 
nate him, together with Anitus and Lycon, 
and the philosopher was summoned before 
the tribunal of the five hundred. He was 
accused of corrupting the Athenian youth, of 
making innovations in the religion of the 
Greeks, and of ridiculing the many gods 
which the Athenians worshipped; yet false 
as this might appear, the accusers relied for 
the success of their cause upon the perjury of 
false witnesses, and the envy of the judges- 
whose ignorance would readily yield to mis- 
representation, and be influenced and guided 
by eloquence and artifice. In this their ex 
pectations were not fisnstrated, and while the 
judges expected submission from Socrates, and 
that meatmess of behaviour and servility of 
defence which distinguished criminals, the phi- 
losopher perhaps accelerated his own fall by 
the firmness of his mind, and his uncomplying 
kitegrity. Lysias, one of the most celebrated 
orators of the age, composed an oration in a 
laf)Oured and pathetic style, which he offered 
to his friend to be pronounced as his defence 
ill the presence of his j;id;^es. Socrates read 
it, but after he had praised theelo(juence and 
the animation of the wliole, he rejected it: 
as neither manly nor expre.ssive of fortitude, 
and com[»aring it to Sicyonian shoes, which 
though fitting, were proofs of etfeminacy, he 
observed, that a philosopher ought t<> be con- 
spicuous f«ii' magnanimity and for firmness of 
soul. In hi-i apology he spoke with great ani- 
mation, and confessed that while others boast- 
ed that they were acquainted with every 
thing, he himself knew nothing. The whole 
discourse was full of simplicity and noble gran- 
deur, the ei:ergeti('- language of otFended in- 
nocence. Ue mf)dcstly said, that what he 
possessed was applied for the service ol the 
83 



SO 

Athenians; it was his wish to make his fellow 
citizens happy, and it was a duty he perform- 
ed by the special command of the gods, whose 
authority, said he emphatically to his judges, 
/ regard more than yours. Such language 
from a man who was accused of a capital 
crime, astonished and irritated the judges. 
Socrates was condemned, but only by a ma- 
jority of three voices ; and when he was de- 
manded, according to the spirit of the Athe- 
nian laws, to pass sentence on himself and 
to mention the death he preferred, the philo- 
sopher said. For my attempts to teach the Mht' 
-/dan youth jvMice and moderafion- and to ren- 
der the rest of my countrymen more happy-, let 
me be maintained at the public expense iht 
remaining years of my life in the Prytaneum, 
an honour. Athenians, which I deserve mort 
than the victors of the Olympic games. They 
make their couidrymen more happy in appear- 
ance, but I hare made you so in reality. This 
exasperated the judges in the highest degree, 
and lie was condemned to drink hemlock. Up- 
on this he addressed the court, and more i)ar- 
ticularly the judges who had decided in his fa- 
vour in a pathetic speech. He told them that 
to die was a pleasure, since he w^as going to 
hold converse with the greatest heroes of an- 
tiquity; he recommended to their paternal 
care his defenceless children, and as he re* 
turned to the prison, he exclaimed : I go t0 
die, you to live; but which is the best the Di- 
vinity alone can know. The solemn celebra- 
tion of the Delian festivals [FiV/. Delia,] pre- 
vented his execution for thirty days, and du- 
ring that time he was confined in the pri- 
son and loaded with irons. His friends, and 
particularly his disciples, were his constant at- 
tendants ; he discoursed with them upon dif- 
ferent subjects with all his usual cheerfulness 
and serenity. He reproved tliem for their 
sorrow, and when one of them was uncom- 
monly grieved, because he was to suffer thougk 
innocent, the philosopher replied, would you 
then have me die guilty? With this compo- 
sure he spent his last days ; he continued to be 
a preceptor till the moment of his death, and 
instructed his pupils on questions of the great- 
est importance ; he told them his opinions in 
support of the immortality of the soul, and 
refn'obated with acrimony the prevalent cus- 
tom of suicide. He disregarded the interces- 
sion of his friends, and when it was in his 
power to make his escape out of prison, he re- 
fused it, and asked with his usual pleasantry, 
where he could escape death ; where, says \ie 
to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler, and made 
his escape certain, w/iere shidl I fly to avoid 
this irrevocable doom passed on all mankind ? 
When the hour to drink the poison was come, 
the executioner pr(!sented him the cup with 
tears in his eyes. Scnrates received it with 
composure, and after he had made a libalioa 
to the gods, he drank it with an unaltered 
countenance, and a few moments after he ex- 
pired. Such wasthecnd of a man whom theun« 
induenced answer of the oracle of Delphi liad 
pronounced tlie wisest of mankind. Socrates 
died 400 years before Clirist, in the 70th year of 
his age. He was n(j sooner buried than the 
Athenians repented of their cruelty, hi.^ accu- 
ers were univer.'sally despised and shunned, 
one suffered death, some were banished, and 



so 

otbers, witb their own hands, put an end to 
the life, which their severity to the best of 
the Athenians had rendered insupportable. 
The actions, sayings, and opinions of So- 
crates have been faithfully recorded by two 
of the most celebrated of his pupils, Xeno- 
phon and Plato, and every thing which re- 
lates to the life and circumstances of this 
great philosopher is now minutely known. 
To his poverty, his innocence, and his exam- 
ple, the Greeks were particularly indebted 
tor their greatness and splendour; and the 
learning which was universally disseminated 
by his pupils, gave the whole nation a con- 
sciousness of their superiority over the rest of 
the world, not only in the polite arts, but in 
the more laborious exercises, which their wri- 
tings celebrated. The philosophy of Socrates 
forms an interesting epoch in the history of 
the human mind. The son of Sophroniscus de- 
rided the more abstruse inquiries and meta- 
physical researches of his predecessors, and by 
first introducing moral philosophy; he induced 
mankind to consider themselves,their passions, 
their opinions, their duties, actions, and facul- 
ties. From this it was said, that the foun- 
der of the Socratic school drew philosophy 
down from heaven upon the earth. In his 
attendance upon religious worship, Socrates 
was himself an example, he believed the di- 
vine origin of dreams and omens, and pub- 
licly declared that he was accompanied by a 
daemon or invisible conductor [Pld. Daemon] 
whose frequent interposition slopped him from 
the commission of evil, and the guilt of mis- 
conduct. This familiar spirit, however, accord- 
ing to some, was nothing more than a sound 
judgment assisted by prudence and long ex- 
perience, which warned him at the approach 
of danger, and from a general speculation of 
mankind could foresee what success would 
attend an enterprise, or what calamities 
\yould follow an ill-managed administration. 
As a supporter of the immortality of the soul, 
he allowed the })erfection of a supreme 
knowledge, from which he deduced the go- 
vernment of the universe. From the re- 
sources of experience as well as nature and 
observation, he perceived the indiscriminate 
dispensation of good and evil to mankind by 
the hand of heaven, and he was convinced 
that nothing but the most inconsiderate would 
incur the displeasure of their creator to avoid 
poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensual ap- 
petite, which must at the end harass their 
soul with remorse and tiie consciousness of 
guilt. From this natural view of things, he 
perceived the relation of one nation with ano- 
ther, and how much the tranquillity of civil 
society depended upon the proper discharge 
of these respective duties. The actions of 
men furnished materials also for his di.*course ; 
to instruct them was his aim, and to render 
them hai)py was the ultimate object of his 
daily lessons. From principles like these, 
which were enforced by the unparalleled ex- 
ample of an aft'ectionate husband, a tender 
parent, a warlike soldier, and a patriotic citi- 
zen in Socrates, soon after the celebrated 
sects of the P'atonists, the Peripatetics, the 
Academics. Cyrenaics, Stoics, he. arose. 
Socrates i:ever wrote for the public eye, yet 
many support that the tragedies of his pupil 



SO 

Euripides were partly composed by hitn- 
He was naturally of a licentious disposition? 
and a physiognomist observed, in looking in 
the face of the philosopher, that his heart was 
the most depraved, immodest, and corrupted 
that ever was in the human breast. This 
nearly cost the satirist his life, but Socrates 
upbraided his disciples, who wished to punish 
the physiognomist, and declared that his as- 
sertions were true, but that all his vicious 
propensities had been duly corrected and 
curbed by means of reason. Socrates made 
a poetical version of ^sop's fables, while in 
prison. Laert. — Xenopk. — Plato. — Paus. 1, c. 
22.—Plut. de op. Phil. kc.—Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 
54.— Tmsc. 1, c. 41, hc.— Val. Max. 3, c. 4» 

A leader of the Acha^ans, at the battle 

of Cunaxa. He was seized and put to death 

by order of Artaxerxes. A governor of 

Cilicia under Alexander the Great. — — A 
painter. A Rhodian in the age of Augus- 
tus. He wrote an account of the civil wars. 
A scholiast born A. D. 380, at Constan- 
tinople. He wrote an ecclesiastical history 
from the year 309, where Eusebius ended, 
down to 440, with great exactness and judg- 
ment, of which the best edition is that of Read- 
ing, fol. Cantab. 1720. An island on the 

coast of Arabia. 

ScEMiAS, (Julia) mother of the emperor 
Heliogabalus, was made president of a senate 
of women, which she had elected to decide 
the quarrels and the affairs of the Roman 
matrons. She at last provoked the people by 
her debaucheries, extravagance, and cruelties, 
and was murdered with her son and family. 
She was a native of Ajjamea ; her father's 
name was Julius Avitus, and her mother's 
Masa. Her sister Julia Mamroaea married the 
emperor Septimius Severus. 

SoGDiANA, a country of Asia, bounded on 
the north by Scythia, east by the Sacae, south 
by Bactriana, and west by Margiana, and 
now known by the name ol Zagatay, or Us- 
bec. The people are called Sogdiani. The 
capital was called Marcanda. Herodot. 3, c. 
93.— Curt. 7, c. 10. 

SoGDiANus, a son of Artaxerxes Longi- 
manus, who murdered his elder brother, king 
Xerxes, to make himself master of the Per- 
sian throne. He was but seven months in pos- 
session of the crown. His brother Ochus, 
who reigned under the name of DariusNothus, 
conspired against him, and suffocated him in 
a tower full of warm ashes. 

Sol, (the sun) was an object of veneration 
among the ancients. It was particularly wor- 
shipped by the Persians, under the name of 
Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the 
Chaldeans, the Belphegor of the Moabites, 
the Moloch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of 
the Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. 
The Massageta3 sacrificed horses to the sun on 
account of their swiftness. According to 
some of the ancient i)oets, Sol and Apollo were 
two different persons. Apollo, however, and 
Phoebus and Sol, are universally supposed to 
be the same deity. 

Soi.iciNiuM, a town of Germany, nov^ 
Sultz, on the Neckjir. 

SoLiNus, (C. Julius^ a grammarian at the 
end of the first century, who wrote a book 
called Polyhisior, which is a collection of his-. 



so 



so 



lorical remarks and geographical annotations I factious spirit of bis coHntrymcn, and the usuiv 
on the most celebrated places of every coun-'pation of Fisistratus. JNot to be longer a 
try. He has been called Pliny's ape, because i spectator of the divisions that reigned in his 



he imitated that well known naturalist. The 
last edition of the Poly histor is that of Norimb. 
ex editione Saimasii. 1777. 

SoLis FoNs, a celebrated fountain in Libya. 
IVid. Ammon.j 

SoLOE or Soli, a town of Cyprus, built on 
the borders of the Clarius by an Athenian 
colony. It was originally called ^peia, till 
Solon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocy- 
prus, one of the princes of the island, to 
change the situation of his capital. His ad- 
vice was followed, a new town was raised in 
a beautiful plain, and called after the name 
of the Athenian philosopher. Strah. 14. — 

Plut. in Sol. A t6vvn of Cilicia on the sea 

coast, built by the Greeks and Rhodians. It 
was afterwards called Pompeiopolis, from 
Fompey, who settled a colony of pirates 
there. Plin. 5, c. 27. — Dionys. Some sup- 
pose that the Greeks, who settled in either of 
these two towns, forgot the purity of their 
native language, and thence arose the term 
Solecismus, applied to an inelegant or impro- 
per expression. 

SoLCEis or SoLOENTiA, a promontory of 
Libya at the extremity of mount Atlas, now 

cape Cantin. A town of Sicily, between 

Panormus and Himera, now Solanio. Cic. 
Fer. 3, c. 43.— Thucyd. 6. 

Solon, one of the seven wise men of 
Greece, was born at Salamis and educated at 
Athens. His father's name was Euphorion, or 
Exechestides, one of the descendants of king 
Codrus, and by his mother's side he reckoned 
among his relations the celebrated Fisistratus. 
After he had devoted part of his time to phi- 
losophical and political studies, Solon travel- 
led over the greatest pari of Greece : but at his 
return home he was distressed with the dis- 
sentions which were kindled among his coun- 
trymen. All fixed their eyes upon Solon as a 
deliverer, and he was unanimously elected ar- 
chon and sovereign legislator. He might have 
become absolute, but he refused the danger- 
ous office of king of Athens, and in the capa- 
city of lawgiver he began to make a reform in 
every department. The complaints of the 
poorer citizens found redress, all debts were 
remitted, and no one was permitted to seize 
the person of his debtor if unable to make a 
restoration of his money. After he had made 
the most salutary regulations in the state, and 
bound the Athenians by a solemn oath, that 
they would faithfully observe his laws for the 
space of 100 years, Solon resigned the office of 
legislator, and removed himself from Athens. 
He visited Egypt, and in the couit of Croesus 
king of Lydia, he convinced the monarch 
of the instability of fortune, and told him, 
when he wished to know whether he was 
not the happiest of mortals, that Tellus, an 
Athenian, who had always seen his country 
in a flourishing state, who had seen his chil- 
dren lead a virtuous life, and who had himself 
fallen in defence of his country, was more 
entitled to happiness tlian the possessor of 
riches, and the master of empires. After ten 
years absence Solon returned to Athens, but 
he had the mortification to find the greatest 
Ijmrt of his regulation's disregarded by the 



country, he retired to Cyprus, where he died 
at the court of king Fhilocyprus, in ihe 80th 
year of his age, 558 years before the Christian 
era. The salutary consequences of the laws of 
Solon can be discovered in the length of time 
they were in force in the republic of Athens. 
Forabove 400 years they ftourished in full vi- 
gour, and Cicero, who was himself a witness 
of their benign influence, passes the highest 
encomiutas upon the legislator, whose supe- 
rior wisdom framed such a code of regulations. 
It was the intention of Solon to protect the 
poorer citizens, and by dividing the whole bo- 
dy of the Athenians into four classes, three of 
which were permitted lo discharge the most 
important offices and magistracies of the state, 
and the last to give their opinion in the assem- 
blies, but not have a share in the distinctions 
and honours of their superiors, the legislator 
gave the populace a privilege which, though 
at first small and inconsiderable, soon render- 
ed them masters of the republic, and of all the 
affairs of government. He made a reforma- 
tion in the Areopagus, he increased the au- 
thority of the members, arfd permitted thena 
yearly to inquire how every citizen main- 
tained himself, and to punish such as lived ia 
idleness, and were not employed in some ho- 
nourable and lucrative profession. He also re- 
gulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the number 
of its judges to ^0. The sanguinary laws of 
Draco w^ere all cancelled, except that against 
murder, and the punishment denounced against 
every offender was proportioned to his crime ; 
but Solon made no law against parricide or sa- 
crilege. The former of these crimes, he said, 
was too horrible to human nature for a man to 
be guilty of it, and the latter could never be 
committed, because the history of Athens had 
never furnished a single instance. Such as had 
died in the service of their country, were bu- 
ried with great pomp, and their family was 
maintained at the public expense ; but such as 
had squandered away their estates, such as re- 
fused to bear arms in defence of their country, 
or paid no attention to the infirmities and dis- 
tress of their parents, were branded wfth in- 
famy. The laws of marriage were newly re- 
gulated, it became an union of affection and 
tenderness, and no longer a mercenary con- 
tract. To speak with ill language against the 
dead as well as the living, was made a crime, 
and the legislator wished that the character of 
his fellow citizens should be freed from the 
aspersions^ of malevolence and envy. A per- 
son that liad no children was permitted to 
dispose of his estates as he pleased, and the 
females were not allowed to be extravagant in 
their dress or expenses. To be guilty of adul« 
tery was a capital crime, and the friend and 
associate of lewdness and debauchery was 
never permitted to speak in public, for, as the 
philosopher observed, a man who has no 
shame, is not capable of being intrusted with 
the people. These celebrated laws were en- 
graved on several tables, and that they might 
be better known and more familiar to the 
Athenians, they were written in verse. The 
indignation which Solon expressed on .seeing 
the tragical representatiom? of Thejpif, is wel 



so 

known, and he sternly observed, that if false- 
hood and fiction were tolerated on the stage, 
they would soon find their way among the 
common occupations of men. According to 
Plutarch, Solon was reconciled to Pisistratus, 
but this seems to be false, as the legislator re- 
fused to live in a country where the privileges 
of his fellow citizens were trampled upon by 
the usurpation of a tyrant. [Vid. Lycurgus.J 
Plut. in Sol.—Herodot. 1, c. 29.— Diog. 1.— 
Pans. 1. c. 40. — Cic. 

SoLONA, a town of Gaul Cispadana on the 
Utens. 

SoLONiuM, a town of Latium on the bor- 
ders of Etruria. Plut. in Mar. — Cic. de 
Div. 1. 

SoLVA, a town of Noricum. 

Solus, (untis) a maritime town of Sicily. 
{Vid. Solocis,] Strab. 14. 

SoLYMA, and SoLVM«, a town of Lycia, 
The inhabitants, called Solymi, were anciently 
called Milyades, and ftftei-wards Termili and 
Lycians. Sarpedon settled amons^ them. Strab. 

J4.— Homer. II. Q.—PLin. 5, c. 27 and 29. 

An ancient name of Jerusalem. [Vid. Hiero- 
solyma.] Juv. 6, v. 543. 

SoMNUs, son of Erebus and Nos, was one 
of the infernal deities, and presided oversleep. 
His palace, according to some mythologists, is 
a dark cave, where the sun never penetrates. 
At the entrance are a number of (toppies and 
somniferous herbs. The god himself is re- 
presented as asleep on a bed of feathers with 
black curtains. The dreams stand by him, 
and Morpheus as hi? principal minister watches 
to prevent the noise from awaking him. The 
Lacedaemonians always placed the image of 
Somnus near that of death. Hesiod. Theog. — 
Homer. II. 14.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. mi.— Ovid. 
Met: 11. 

SoKCHis- an Egyptian priest in the age of 
Solon. It was he who told that celebrated 
philosopher a number of traditions, particular- 
ly about the Atlatitic isles, which he refjresent- 
ed as more extensive than the continent of 
Africa and Asia united. This island disap- 
peared, as it is said, in one day and one night. 
Plut. in hid. he. 

SoNTiATEs, a people in Gaul. 

SopATER, a philosopher of Apamea, in the 
age of the em[)ejor Constantine. He was 
one of the disciples oflamblicus, and after his 
death he was at the head of the Platonic phi- 
losopliers. 

SophaX, a son of Hercules and Tiriga, the 
widow of Antaeus, who founded the kingdom 
of Tii.gis, in Mauritania, and from whom 
were descended Diodorus, and Juba king of 
Mauritania. Strab. S. 

SoPHJCNE, a country of Armenia, on the 
borders of Mesopotamia. Lucan. 2, v. 693. 

SoPHOCLKS, a celebrated tragic poet of 
Athens, educated in the school of iEschylus. 
He (iistinguished himself not only as a poet, 
but also as a statesman. He commanded the 
Athenian armies, and in several battles he 
shared the supreme command with Pericles, 
and exercised the oliice of archon with credit 
and honour. The first appearance of Sopho- 
cles as a poet rellects great honour on his abi- 
lities. The Athenians had taken the island 
of Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable 
event, a yearly contest for tragedy was in- 



SO 

stituted. Sophocles on this occasion obtained 
the prize over many competitors; in the num- 
ber of whom was ^schylus, his friend and 
his master. This success contributed to en- 
courage the poet, he wrote for the stage with 
applause, and obtained the poetical prize 20 
different times. Sophocles was the rival of 
Euripides for public praise, they divided the 
applause of the populace, and while the former 
surpassed in the sublime and majestic, the 
other was not inferior in the tender and pa- 
thetic. The Athenians were pleased with 
their contention, and as the theatre was at that 
time an object of importance and magnitude, 
and deemed an essential and most magnificent 
part of the religious worship, each had his ad- 
mirers and adherents ; but the two poets, cap- 
tivated at last by popular applause, gave way 
to jealousy and rivalship. Of 120 tragedies 
which Sophocles composed, only seven are ex- 
tant ; Ajax, Eiectra, (Edipus the tyrant, Anti- 
gone, the Trachinia?, Philoctetes, and (Edipus 
at Colonos The ingratitude of the children of 
So hocles is well known. They wished to be- 
come immediate masters of their father's pos- 
sessions, and therefore tired of his long life, they 
accused him before the Areopagus of insanity. 
The only defence the poet made was to read 
his tragedy of (Edipus at Colonos, which he 
had lately finished, and then he asked his 
judges, whether the author of such a per- 
formance could be taxed with insanity.'' The 
father upon this was acquitted, and the chil- 
dren returned home covered with shame and 
confusion. Sophocles died in the ylstyear of 
his age, 406 years before Christ, through 
excess of joy, as some authors report, of 
having obtained a poetical prize at the Olj'^m- 
pic games. Athenaius has accused Sophocles 
of licentiousness and debauchery, particularly 
when he commanded the armies of Athens. 
The best editions of Sophocles are those of 
Capperonier, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1780; of Glas- 
gow, 2 vols. 12mo. 1745; of Geneva, 4to. 
1603; and that by Brunck, 4 vols. 8vo. 1786. 
Cic. in Cat. de Div. 1, c. 25. — Plut. in Cim. 
hc.—Q,uintil. 1, c. 10, 1. 10, c. l.— Vat. MaXr. 
8, c. 7, 1. 9, c. 12.— Pliu 7, c. 53.—j3then. 
10, &c. 

SopHosiSBA, a daughter of Asdrubal the 
Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. She 
married Scyphax, a prince of Numidia, and 
when her husband was conquered by the Ro- 
mans and Masinissa, she fell a captive into 
the hands of the enemy. Masinissa became 
enamoured of her, and married her. This 
behaviour displeased the Romans ; and Scipio, 
who at that time had the command of the ar- 
mies of the republic in Africa, rebuked the 
monarch severely, and desired him to part 
with Sophonisba. This was an arduous task 
for Masinissa, yet he dreaded the Romans. 
He entered Sophonisba's tent with tears in his 
eyes, and told her that as he could not deliver 
her from captivity and the jealousy of the Ro- 
mans, he recommended her as the strongest 
pledge of his love and aftection for her person, ^ 
to die like the daughter of Asdrubal. Sopho- 
nisba obeyed, and drank with unusual compo- 
sure and serenity, the cup of poison which 
Masinissa sent to her, about 203 years before 
Christ. Liv, 30, o. 12, &.c. — Sallust. deJug. — 
Justin. 



so 

SoPHRoN, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of 
Agatiiocies and Damasyllis. His compositions 
were so universally esteemed, that Plato is 
said to have read them with rapture. Vol. 
Max. 8, c. 7. — Quintil. 1, c. 10. 

SoPURONiscus, the fa! her of Socrates. 

SoPHRONiA, a Roman lady whom Max- 
entiiis took by force from her husband's 
house an<i married. Sophronia killed herself 
when she saw her affections were abused by 
the tyrant. 

SoPHROsyNE, a daughter of Dionysius, by 
Dio.i's Sister. 

SopoLis, the father of Hermolaus. Curl 

8, c. 7. A painter in Cicero's age. Cic. 

Alt. 4, ep. 16. 

SoRA, a town of the Volsci, of which the 
inhabitants were called Sorani. Hal. 8, v. 
895— '^Vc pro. PI. 

SoRACTES and Soracte, a mountain of 
Etrina, near the Tiber, seen from Rome, at 
tlie distance of 26 miles It was sacred to 
ApoiiO; who ,is from thence surnamed Sorac- 
Im; and it is said that the priests of the god 
could walk over burning coals without hurting 
themselves. There was, as some report, a 
fountain on mount Soracte, whose waters boil- 
ed at sun-rise, asid instantly killed all such 
birds as diank of them. Slrab. 5. — Flin. 2. c. 
93, I. 7, c.l.—Horat. 1, Od. 9.—Virg. JEn. 11, 
V. ': So. —Hal. 5. 

SoRANus, a man put to death by Nero. 

[Vid. Valerius.] The father of Atilia, the 

first wife of Cato. 

SoHEX, a favourite of Sylla, and the com- 
panion of his debaucheries. Plui. 

SoRGE, a dauguter of (Eneus king of Caly- 
don, by iEthea, daughter of Thestius. She 
married Audremon, and was mother ofOxi- 
lus. .ipollod. 1 and 2. 

SoRiTiA: a town of Spain. 

SosiA GvLLA, a woman at the court of 
Tiberius, banished, k.c. Tacit. £nn. 4, c. 19. 

SosiBius, a grammarian of Laconia, B. C. 
255. He was a great favourite of Ptolemy 
Philopator, and advised him to murder his 
brother, and the queen his wife, calU^d .\rsi- 
noe. He lived to a great age, and was on that 
account calleti Polyckronos. He was after 
wards permitted to retire from the court, and 
spend the rest of his days in peace and tran- 
quillity, after he had disgraced the name of 
minister by tl}e most abominable crimes, and 
the murder of many of the royal family. His 
son of the same name, was preceptor to king 

Ptolemy Epiphanes. The preceptor of 

Britann'icus, the son of Claudius. Tacit. Jl. 
11, c. 1. 

SosicLES, a Greek, who behaved with great 
valour when Xerxes invaded Greece. 

SosiCRATES, a noble senator among the 
Aehaeans, put to death because he wished 
his countrymen to make peace with the Ro- 
mans. 

SosiGENEs, an Egyptian mathematician, 
who assisted J. Caesar in regulating the Ro- 
man calendar. Suet. — Diod. — Plin. 18, Cv 25. 

A commander of the fleet of Eumenes. 

Polyctn.4. .A friend of Demetrius Polior- 

cetes. 

Sosii, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in 
the age of Horace, 1, ep. 20, v. 2. 
SosiLus, a Lacedcemonian in the age of An- 



SO 

nibal. He lived in great intimacy with the 
Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and wrote 
the history of his life. C. jXep. in Annib. 

SosiPATER, a grammarian in the reign 
of Honorius. He published five books of ob- 
servations on grammar. A Syracusan ma- 
gistrate. A general of Philip king of Ma- 
cedonia. 

Sosis, a seditious Syracusan, who raised tu- 
mults against Dion. When accused before the 
people, he saved himself by flight, and thus es- 
caped a capital punishment. 

SosisTRATus, a tyrant of Syracuse, in the 
age of Agathocles. He invited Pyrrhus into 
Sicily, and afterwards revolted from him. 
He was at last removed by Hermocrates. Po- 
lymi. 1. Another tyrant Id. 

Sosics, a consul who followed the interest 

of Mark Antony. A governor of Syria. 

A Roman of consular dignity, to whom 

Plutarch dedicated his lives. 

SospiTA, a surname of Juno in Latium. 
Her most famous temple was at Lanuvium. 
She had also two at Rome, and her statue was 
covered with a goat-skin, with a buckle, &.c. 
Liv. 3, 6, 8, ^c. Feslas. de V. sig. 

SosTHENES, a general of Macedonia, who 
flourished B. C. 281. He defeated the Gauls 
under Brennus, and was killed in the battle. 

Justin. 24, c. 5. A native of Cnidos, who 

wrote an history of Iberia. Plut. 

SosTRATUs, a friend of Hermolaus, put 
to death for conspiring against Alexander. 



Curt. 8, c. 6 
of Augustus. 
Slrab. 14. — 



A grammarian in the age 
He was Strabo's preceptor. 

A statuary. An architect 

of Cnidos, B. C. 284, who built the white 
tower of Pharos, in the bay of Alexan- 
dria. He inscribed his name upon it. IVid. 
Pharos.] Slrab. 11.— Plin. 30, c. 12. — — 
A priest of Venus at Paphos, among the 
favourites of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 

7. A favourite of Hercules. A Greek 

historian who wrote an account of Etruria. 

A poet, who wrote a poem on the 

expedition of Xerxes into Greece. Juv. 10, 
V. 178. 

SoTADES, an 
of Thrace. He 



athlete. A Greek poet 

wrote verses against Phila- 



delphus Ptolemy, for which be was thrown 
into the sea in a cage of lead. He was called 
Cinoedus, not only because he was addicted 
to the abominable crime which the surname 
indicates, but because he wrote a poem in 
commendation of it. Some suppose that in- 
stead of the word Socraticos in the 2d satire, 
verse the lOth of Juvenal, the word Sotadi- 
cos shoqld be inserted, as the poet Sotades, 
and nol the philosopher Socrates, deserved 
the appellation of Cinsdus. Obscene verses 
were generally called Sotadea carmina from 
him. They could be turned and read dif- 
ferent ways without losing their measure or 
sense, such as the following, which can be 
read backwards : 

Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor. 

Si bene te lua laus tnxat, sua laute tenelm. 

Sole nudertpede, ede,perede tnelos. 
quintil. 1, c. 8, I. 9, c. 4.— Plin. 5, ep. 3.— 
.^)ison. ep. 17, v. 29. 

SoTER, a surname of the first Ptolemy. 
It was also common to other raonarchs. 

SoTKKiA, days appointed for thanksgivings 



SP 

and the offerings of sacrifices for deliverance 
from danger. One of these was observed at 
Sicyon, to commemorate the deliverance of 
that city from the hands of the Macedonians, 
by Aratus. 

SoTERicus, a poet and historian in the age 
of Dioclesian. He wrote a peuegyric on that 
emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyanje- 
us. His works, greatly esteemed, are now 
lost, except some few fragments preserved by 
the scholiast of Lycophron. 

SoTHis, an Egyptian name of the constel- 
lation called Sinus, which received divine 
lionours in that country. 

SoTiATES, a people of Gaul, conquered by 
Caesar. Cess. Bell. G. 3, c. 20 and 21. 

SoTiojf, a grammarian of Alexandria, pre- 
ceptor to Seneca, B. C. 204. Senec. ep. 49 
and 58. 

Sonus, a philosopher in the reign of Ti- 
berius. 

Sous, a king of Sparta, who made himself 
known by his valour, &c. 

SozoMEN, an ecclesiastical historian who 
died 450 A. D. His history extends from the 
year 324 to 439, and is dedicated to Theodo- 
sius the younger, being written in a style of 
inelegance and mediocrity. The best edition 
is that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720. 

Spaco, the nurse of Cyrus. Justin. 1, c. 
4. — Herodot. 

Sparta, a celebrated city of Peloponne- 
sus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the Eu- 
rotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from 
its mouth. It received its name from Sparta, 
the daughter of Eurotas, who married Lace- 
deemoii. It was also called Lacedaemon. [Vid. 
Lacedasmon.] 

Spartacus, a king of Pontus. Ano- 
ther, king of Bosphorus, who died B. C 433. 
His son and successor of the same name died 

B. C. 407. Another, who died 284 B. C. 

A Thracian shepherd, celebrated for his 

abilities and the victories he obtained over the 
Romans. Being one of the g-ladialurs who 
were kept at Capua in the house of Lentulus 
he escaped from the place of his confinement 
with 30 of his companions, and took up anus 
against tlie Romans. He soon found himself 
with 10,000 men equally resolute with him- 
self, and t' ough at first obliged to hid? him 
self in the woods and solitary retreats of Cam- 
pania, he soon laid waste thecouii<ry; and 
vvhen his followers were increased by addi- 
tional numbers, and better disciplined, and 
more completely armed, he attacked the 
Roman generals in the field of battle. Two 
consuls and other officers were defeated wilh 
much loss ; and Spartacus, superior in coun- 
sel and abilities, appeared more terrible, 
though often deserted by his fickle attendants. 
Crassus was sent against him, but this cele- 
brated general at first despaired of success. 
A bloody battle was fought, in w hich, at last, 
the gladiators were defeated. Spartacus be- 
haved wilh great valour ; when wounded in 
the leg, he fought on his knees, covering 
himself with his buckler in one hand, and 
Using his sword wilh the other ; and when 
at last he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, 
whom he had sacrificed to his fury, B. C. 71. 
In this battle no less than 40,000 of the rebels 
were sldin, and the war totally finished. Flor. 



SP 

3, e. 28.— Liv. 9o.—Eutrop. 6, c. 2.— P/uf. in 
Crass. — Paterc. 2, c. 30. — Appian. 

Spart.«, or Sparti, a name given to those 
men who sprang from the dragon's teeth which 
Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one 
another except five, who survived, and assis- 
ted Cadmus in building Thebes. 

SpARTANi, or Spartiat^, the inhabitants of 
Sparta. \^Vid. Sparta, Lacedajmon.] 

Spartianus .Slius, a Latin historian, who 
wrote the lives of all the Roman emperors, 
from J. Caesar to Dioclesian. He dedicated 
them to Dioclesian, to whom, according to 
some, he was related. Of these compositions, 
only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus, 
Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are 
extant, published among the Scriptores His- 
toriae Augustas. Spartianus is notesteemed as 
an historian or biographer. 

Spec hia, an ancient name of the island of 
Cyprus. 

SpBNDius, a Campanian deserter, who re- 
belled against the Romans, and raised tumults, 
and made war against Amilcar the Cartha- 
ginian general. 

SpkndoxV, a poet of Lacedaemon. 

SpERCHiA, a town of Thessaly on the banks 
of the Sperchius. Ptol. 

Sperchius, a river of Thessaly, rising on 
mount CEta, and falling into the sea in the 
bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is 
supposed to be derived from its rapidity C^'T»f%«'v, 
feslinare.) Peleus vowed, to the god of this 
river, the hair of his son Achilles, if ever he 
returned safe from the Trojan war. Herodot. 
7, c. ]9S. —Strab. 9.— Homer. II. 23, v. 144.— 
Jipollod. 3, c. 13.— Jt/e/a, 2, c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 
1, v. 557, 1. 2, v. 250, 1. 7, v. 230. 

Spermatophagi, a people who lived in the 
extremest parts of Egypt. They fed upon the 
fruits that fell from the trees. 

Speusippus, an Athenian philosopher, ne- 
phew , as also successor of Plato. His father's 
name was Euiymedon, and his mother's Po- 
tone. He presided in Plato's school for eight 
years, and disgraced himself by his extrava- 
gance and debauchery. Plato attempted to 
check hinj, but io no purpose. He died of 
the4ousy sickness or killed himself according 
to some accounts, B. C. 339. Plut.in Lys. — 
Diog. 4. — VaJ. Max. 4, c. 1. 

Sphacteki.s:; three small islands opposite 
Pylos, on the coast of Messenia. They ai'C 
also called Sphagice. 

Spherus, an arm bearer of Pelops, son 
of Titntahis. He was buried in a small 
island near the isthmus of Corinth, which 
irom him was called Spheria. Paus. 6, c. 

10. A Greek philosopher, disciple to 

Zeno ot Cyprus, 243 B. C. He came to 
Sparta in liie age of Agis and Cleomeues, 
and opened a school there. Pint, in Ag. — 
Diog. 

Sphinx, a monster which had the head 
and breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, 
the tail of a sejpent, the wings ol a bird, the 
paws ot a lion, and a human voice. It 
sprang from the union of Orthos with the 
Chimwra, or of Typhon with Echidna. The 
Sphinx had been sent into the neighbourhood 
of Thebeb by Juno, who w ished to punish the 
family of Cadmus, which she persecuted with 
immortal hatred,, and it laid this part of 



w<fli^V 



SP 

Boeotia under continual alarms by proposing 
enigmas, and devouring the inhabitants if un- 
able to explain them. In the midst of their 
consternation the Thebans were told by the 
oracle, tliat the Sphinx would destroy herself 
as soon as one of the enigmas she proposed 
was explained. In this enigma she wished to 
know what animal walked'on four legs in the 
morning, two at noon, and three in the even- 
ing. Upon this Creon king of Thebes pro- 
mised his crown, and his sister Jocasta in mar- 
mage, to him who could deliver his country 
from the monster, by a successful explana- 
tion of the enigma. It was at last happily ex- 
plained by (Edipus, who observed that man 
walked on his hands and feet when young or 
in the morning of life, at the noon of life he 
walked erect, and in the evening of his days 
he supported his infirmities upon a stick. 
[Vid. (Edipus.] The Sphinx no sooner heard 
this explanation than she dashed her head 
against a rock, and immediately expired. 
Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabu- 
lous traditions about the Sphinx, by the sup- 
position that one of the daughters of Cadmus, 
or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by 
her continual depredations, because she had 
heea refused a part of her father's possessions. 
The lion's paw expressed, as they observed, 
her cruelty, the body of the dog her lascivi- 
ousness, her enigmas the snares she laid for 
strangers and travellers, and her wings the 
despatch she used in her expeditions. Pint. 
—Hcsiod. Theog. v. 326.— i/yg-m. fab. 68.— 
ApoUod. 3, c. b.—Diod. 4.— Ovid, in lb. 378.— 
Slrab. 9. — Sophocl. in CEdip. tyr. 

SpHODRiAS, a Spartan, who, at the instiga- 
tion of Cleombrotus, attempted to seize the 
Pirajus. Diod. 15. 

SpHRAGiDiuM, a retired cave on mount 
Cithajron in Boeotia. The nymphs of the 
place, called Sphragilides, were early hon- 
oured with a sacrifice by the Athenians, by 
order of the oracle of Delphi, because they 
had lost few men at the battle of Plataea. 
Plin. 35, c. 6. — Paus. 9, c. 3. — Plut. in Arist. 

Spicillus, a favourite of Nero. He refused 
to assassinate his master, for which he was 
put to death in a cruel manner. 

Spina, now Primaro-. a town on the most 
southern mouth of the Po. Plin. 3, c. 16. 

SpiNTHARUs, a Corinthian architect, who 
built Apollo's temple at Delphi. Paus. 10, 

c. 5. A freed-man of Cicero. Ad. Ail. 13, 

cp. 25. 

Spinther, a Roman consul. He was one 
efPompey's, friends, and accompanied him 
at the battle of Pharsaiia, where he betray- 
ed his meanness by being too confident of 
victory, and contending for the possession 
ef Caisar's offices and gardens before the ac- 
tion. Plut. 

Spio, one of the Nereides. Virg. ^n. 5, 
V. 826. 

Spitamenes, one of the officers of king 
Darius, who conspired against the mur- 
derer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexan- 
der. Curt. 7, c. 5. 

Spjthorates, a satrap of Ionia, son-in- 
law of Darius. He was killed at the battle 
of the Granicus. Diod. 17. 

Spitiiridatks, a Persian killed by Cli- 
*'3c, as he was going to strike Alexander 



ST 

dead. A Persian satrap in the age of Ly- 

Sander. 

SpoLETiuM, now Spoleto, a town of Um- 
bria, v.'hich bravely withstood Annibal while 
he was in Italy. The people were called 
Spoletani. Water is conveyed to the town 
from a neighbouring fountain by an aque- 
duct of such a great height, that in one 
place the top is raised above the foundation 
230 yards. An inscription over the gates 
still commemorates the defeat of Annibal. 
Mart. 13, ep. 120. 

Sporades, a number of islands in the M- 
gean sea. They recei«-ed their name a 
TTTSi^, spargo, because they are scattered ia 
the sea, at some distance from Delos, and 
in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those islands 
that are contiguous to Delos, and that encir- 
cle it, are called Cyclades. Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
Strab 2. 

Spurina, a mathematician and astrologer, 
who told J. Caesar to beware of the ides of 
?*larch. As he went to the senate-house oa 
the morning of the ides, Caesar said to Spuri- 
na, the ides are at last come. Yes, replied 
Spurina, but not yet past. Caesar was mur- 
dered a few moments after. Suet, in Cos, 
81.— Pa/. Max. 1 and 8. 

Spurius, a prajnomen common to many of 

the Romans. One of Cesar's murderers. 

Lartius, a Roman who defended the 



bridge over the Tiber against Porsenna's 
army. A friend of Otho, he. 

L. Staberius, a friend of Pompey, set over 
Apollonia, which he was obliged to yield to 
Cassar, because the inhabitants favoured his 

cause. Ccesar. B. G. An avaricious fellow, 

who wished it to be known that he was un- 
commonly rich. Herat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 89. 

Stasia, a maritime town of Campania on 
the bay of Puteoli, destroyed by Sylla, and 
converted into a villa, whither Pliny endea- 
voured to escape from the eruption of Ve- 
suvius, in w hich he perished. Plin. 3, c. 5, 
ep. 6, c. 16. 

Stabulum, a place in the Pyrenees, where 
a communication w^as open from Gaul into 
Spain. 

Stagira, a town on the borders of Macedo- 
nia, near the bay into which the Strymon 
discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis; 
founded 665 years before Christ. Aristotle 
was born there, from which circumstance he 
is called Stagirites. Thucyd. 4. — Paus. 6, c. 4. 
— Laert. in Sol. — JEiian. V. H. 3, c. 46. 

Staids, an unprincipled Wretch in Nero's 
age, who murdered all his relations. Pcrs. 
2, V. 19. 

Stalenus, a senator who sat as judge in the 
trial of CluentiuS; ^c. Cic.pro. Clucnt. 

STAPHirLus, one of the Argonauts, son of 
Theseus, or according to others, of Bacchus 
and Ariadne. .Qpollod. 1, c. 9. 

SxASArioER, an otficer of Alexander, who 
had Aria at the general division of the pro- 
vinces. Curt. 8, c. S. 

Staseas, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged 
to instruct yotuig M. Piso in philosophy. Cic. 
in Oral. 1. c. 22. 

Stasjcr,\tes, a statuary and architect in 
the wars of Alexander, who ottered to ninke 
a statue of mount Athos, which was rejected 
by the conqueror, kc. 



^vv^ 



ST 



ST 



Stasileus, an Athenian killed at the battle j except Virgil's. The style of Statius is bom- 
of Marathon. He was one of the 10 praetors, i bastic and affected ; he often forgets the |ioet 

Statjelli, a people of Liguria, between to become the declaimer and the historian, 
the Taenarus and the Apennines. Lu'. 42, c. I In his SylvcB, which were written generally 



'7.— Cic. Ih f am. 11 

Statilia, a woman who lived to a great 
age, as mentioned by Seneca, ep. 77. An- 
other, [l^id. Messalina.] 

Statilius, a young Roman celebrated for 
his courage and constancy. He was an in 
valerate enemy to Casar, and when Cato 
murdered himself, be attempted to follow his 
example, but was prevented by his friends. 
The conspirators against Caesar wished him to 
be in the number, but the answer which he 
gave displeased Brutus. He was at last killed 
by the array of the triumvirs. Pint. Lu- 
cius, one of the friends of Catiline. He joined 
in his conspiracy, and was put to death, Cic. 

Cat. 2. A young general in the war which 

Ihe Latins undertook against the Romans. He 

was killed, with 25,000 of his troops. A 

general who fought against Antony. Tau- 
rus, a pro-consul of Africa. He was accused 
of consulting magicians, upon which he put 
himself to death. Tacit. A. 12, c. 69. 

StatinjE, islands on the coast of Campania, 
raised from the sea by an earthquake. Plin. 
2, c. 88. 

Statira, a daughter of Darius, who mar- 
ried Alexander. The conqueror had formerly 
refused her, but when she had fallen into his 
hands at Issus, the nuptials were celebrated 
with uncommon splendour. No less than 9000 
persons attended, to each of whom Alexan- 
der gave a golden cup, to be offered to the 
gods. Statira had no children by Alexander. 
She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, 
after the conqueror's death. Justin. 12, c. 12. 

A sister of Darius, the last king of Persia. 

She also became his wife, according to the 
manners of the Persians. She died after an 
abortion, in Alexander's camp, where she 
was detained as a prisoner. She was buried 
with great pomp by the conqueror. Flut. in 
Alex. A wife of Artaxerxes Memnon, poi- 
soned by her mother-in-law, queen Parysatis. 

Pint, in Art. A sister of Mithridates the 

Great. Plut. 

Statius, (Caecilius,) a comic poet in the 
age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, 
and originally a slave. His latinily was bad, 
yet he acquired great reputation by his come- 
dies. He died a little after Ennius. Cic. de 

sen. Annaius, a physician, the friend of 

the philosopher Seneca. Tacit. A. 15, c. 64 

P. Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in 

the reign of the emperor Domitian. His fa- 
ther's name was Statius of Epirus, and his 
mother's Agelina. Statius has. made himself 
known by two epic poems, the Thebais in 12 
books, and the Achilleis in two books, which 
remained unfinished on account of his prema- 
ture death. There are besides other pieces 
composed on several subjects, which are ex- 
tant, and well known under the name of 
SylvcE, divided into four books The two 
epic poems of Statius are dedicatee to Domi- 
tian, whom the poet ranks among the gods. 
They were universally admired in his age at 
Rome, but the taste of the times was cor- 
rupted, though some of the moderns have 
called them inferior to no Latin compositions 



extempore, are many beautiful expressions 
and strokes of genius. Statius, as some sup- 
pose, was poor, and he was obliged to main- 
tain himself by writing for the stage. None; 
of his dramatic pieces are extant. Martial 
has satirised him; and what Juvenal has 
writ'en in his praise, some have interpreted 
as an illiberal rfflection upon him. Statius 
died about the lOOlh year of the Christian 
era. The best editions of his works are that 
of Barthius, 2 vols. 4to. Cyg. 1664, and that of 
the Variorum. 8vo. L. Bat. 1671; and of the 
Thebais, separate, that of Warrington, 2 vols. 

]2mo. 1778. Domitius, a tribune in the age 

of Nero, deprived of his office when Piso's 
conspiracy was discovered. Tacit. Ann. 15, 

c. 17 A general of the Samnites. An 

officer of the pretoriau guards, who conspired 
against Nero, 

StatoR; a surname of .Tupiter, given him by 
Romulus, because he slopped (sto) the flight of 
the Romans in a battle against the Sabines. 
The conqueror erected him a temple under 
that name. Liv. 1, c. 12. 

Stellatis, a field remarkable for its fertili- 
ty, in Campania. Cic. Ag. 1, c. 70. — Suet. 
CcES. 20. 

Stellio, a youth turned into an elf by Ce- 
res, because he derided the goddess, who drank 
with avidity when tired and afflicted in her 
vain pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 445. 

Stena, a narrow passage on the moun- 
tains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. Liv. 32, 
c. 5. 

Stenobcea. Fid. Sthenobcea. 

Stenocrates, an Athenian, who conspired 
to murder the commander of the garrison 
which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &lc. 
Polycen. 5. 

Stentor, one of the Greeks who went to 
the Trojan war. His voice alone was louder 
than that of 50 men together. Homer. II. 5, 
V. 784.— Juv. 13, V, 112. 

Stentoris lacus, a lake near Enos, in 
Thrace, Herodot. 7, c. 58. 

Stephanus, a musician of Media, upon 
whose body A^xander made an experiment 
in burning a certain sort of bitumen called 

napththe. Slrab. 16. — Plut. in Alex.- A 

Greek writer of Byzantium, known for his 



dictionary, givijig an account of the towns and 
places of'the ancient v\orld, of which the best 
edition is that of Gronovius, 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 
1694. 

Sterope, one of the Pleiades, daughters 
of Atlas. She married (Enomaus, king of 
Pisaj, by whom sb.e had Hippodamia, &,c. 

A daughter of Parthaon, supposed by 

some to be the mother of the Sirens. 

A daughter of Cepheus. A daughter of 

Pleuron, of Acastus, of Danaus, of 

Cebrion. 

Steropes, one of the Cyclops. Virg. ASn. 
8, v. 425. 

Stersichorus, a lyric Greek poet of Hi- 
mera, in Sicily. He was originally called 
Tisias, and obtained the name of Stersicho- 
rus from the alterations he made in ran?ic 



ST 

and dancing. His compositions were writ- 
ten in the Doric dialect, and comprised in 
26 books, all now lost except a few frag- 
ments. Some say he lost his eye-sight for 
writing invectives against Helen, and that 
he received it only upon making a recanta- 
tion of what he had said. He was the first 
inventor of that fable of the horse and the 
stag, which Horace and some other poeJs 
have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent 
his countrymen from making an alliance with 
Phalaris. According to some, he was the first 
who wrote an epithalamium. He flourished 
656 B C. and died at Catana, in the 85th year 
of his age. Isocrat. in Hd.—Aristot. rhet.— 
Strab. 3. — Lucian. in Macr. — Cic.in Verr. 2, c. 
3o.— Plut. de Mus.— quintil. 10, c. l.~Paus. 
3, c. 19, 1. 10, c. 26. 

Stertinius, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed 
by Horace, 2 Sat. 3. He wrote in Latin 
verse 220 books on the philosophy of the 
stoics. 

Stks.\goras, a brother of Miltiades. Vid. 
Miltiades. 

Stesilea, a beautiful woman of Athens, 
&c. 

SxEsiLEtrs, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved 
by Themistocles and Aristides, and the cause 
of jealousy and dissenlion between these cele- 
brated men. Plut. in Cim. 

Stesimbrotus, an historian very incon- 
sistent in his narrations. He wrote an ac- 
count of Cimon's exploits. Pint, in Cim. 
-- — A son of Epaminondas put lo death by 
his father, because he had fought the enemy 

without his orders, &c. Plut. A musician 

of Thasos. 

Sthenele, a daughter of Acastus, wife of 

Mencetius. JipoUod. 3, c. 13. A daughter 

of Danaus, by Memphis. Id. 2, c. 1,. 

Sthenelus, a king of Mycenae, son of 
Perseus and Andromeda. He married Ni- 
cippe the daughter of Felops, by whom he 
had two daughters, and a son called Eurys- 
Iheus, who was born, by Juno's influence, 
two months before the natural time, that 
he might obtain a superiority over Hercules, 
as being older. Sthenelus made war against 
Amphitryon, who had killed Electryon and 
seized his kingdom. He fought with suc- 
cess, and took his enemy prisoner, whom 
he transmitted to Eurystheus. Homer. 11. 

J9, v. 9\.~Apollod. 2, c. 4. One of the 

sons of ^gyptus by Tyria. A son of 

Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, 
and of the suitors of Helen. He went to 
the Trojan war, and was one of those who 
were shut up in the wooden horse, accord- 
ing to Virgil. Pans. 2, c. 18. Virg. JEn. 

2 and 10. A son of Androgeus the son of 

Minos. Hercules made him king of Thrace. 

Jpollod. 2, c. 5. A king of Argos, who 

succeeded his father Crotopus, Paus. 2, c. 

^6. A son of Actor, who accom{)anied 

Hercules in his expedition against the Ama- 
zons. He was killed by one of these females. 

A son of Melas, killed by Tydeus. .^uol- 

tod. 1, c. 8. ^ 

Sthenis, a statuary of Olynthus. Anora- 



ST 



tor of Himera, in Sicily, during the civil wars 
of Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. 

Stueno, one of the three Gorgons. 

Sthekobcea, a daughter of Jobates king 
84 



of Lycia, who married Proetus, king of Argos. 
She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who 
had taken refuge at her husband's court, after 
the murder of his brother, and when he re- 
fused to gratify her criminal passion, she ac- 
cused him before Proetus of attempts upon 
her virtue. According to some she killed her- 
self after his departure. Homer. 11. 6, v 162 

— Hpgin. fab. 57. Many mythologists call 

her Antasa. 

Stilbe, or Stilbia, a daughter of Penneus 
by Creusa, who became mother of Centaurus 
and Lapithus, by Apollo. Died 4. 

Stilbo, a name given to the planet Mercury 
by the ancients, for its shining appearance 
Cic. de jY jD. 2, c. 20. 

Stiucho, a general of the emperor Theo- 
dosius the Great. He behaved with much 
courage, but under the emperor Honorius he 
showed him.self turbulent and disaffected. As 
bemg of barbarian extraction, he wished to 
see the Roman provinces laid desolate by his 
countrymen, but in this he was disappointed 
Honorius discovered his intrigues, and order- 
ed him to be beheaded, about the year of 
Christ 408. His family were involved in hi.s 
ruin. Claudian has been loud in his praises, 
and Zosimus Hist. 5, denies the truth of the 
charges laid against him. 

Stilpo, a celebrated philosopher of Me- 
gara, who flourished 336 years before Christ, 
and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter! 
He was naturally addicted to riot and debauch- 
ery, but he reformed his manners when he 
opened a school at Megara. He was univer- 
sally respected, his school was frequented, and 
Demetrius, when he plundered Megara, or- 
dered the house of the philosopher to be left 
safe and unmolested. It is said that he intoxi- 
cated himself when ready to die, to alleviate 
the terrors of death. He was one of the 
chiefs of the Stoics. Plut. in Dem. — Diog. 2. 
— Seneca de Const. 

Stimicon, a shepherd's name in Virgil's 5th 
eclogue. 

Stiphilus, one of the Lapithas, killed in the 
house of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12. 

Stob^us, a Greek writer who flourished 
A. D. 405. His work is valuable for the pre- 
cious relics of ancient literature he has pre- 
served. The best edition is that of Aurel 
Allob. fol. 1609. 

Stobi, a town of Poeonia in Macedonia. 
Liv.33, c. 19, 1.40, c. 21. 

Stcechade.s, five small islands in the Medi- 
terranean, on the coast of Gaul, now the 
Hieres, near Marseilles. They were called 
Ligustides by some, but Pliny speaks of them 
as only three in number. Steph. Byzant.'-^ 
Lacan. 3, v. 516. — Sfrnb. 4. 

St(Eni, a people living among the Alps. 
Liv. ep. 62. 

Srojci, a celebrated sect of philosophers 
founded by Zeno of Citium. They received 
the name from the portico, io*, whcTre the 
|)hilosopher delivered his lectures. They pre- 
ferred virtue to every thing else, and wnat- 
ever was opposite to it, they looked upon as 
the greatest of evils. They required, as well 
as the disciples of Epicurus, an absolute com- 
mand over the passions, and they supported 
that man alone, in the present state of biK 
existence, could allufn i^erfection and fttligifv. 



ST 

They encouraged suicide, and believed that 
the doctrine of future punishments and re- 
wards was unnecessary to excite or intimidate 
their followers, fid. Zeno. 

Sthabo; a name among the Romans, given 
to those whose eyes were naturally deformed 
or distorted. Pompey's father was distin- 

guish<-'d by that name. A native of Amasia, 

on the borders of Cappadocia, who flourished 
in the a^e of Augustus and Tiberius. He 
first studied under Xenarchus, the peripa- 
tetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the 
tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions 
nothing remains but his geography, divided 
into 17 books, a work justly celebrated for 
its elegance, purity, the erudition and univer- 
sal knowledge of the author It contains an 
account, in Greek, of the most celebrated 
places of the world, the origin, the manners, 
religion, prejndhces, and government of na- 
tions ; the foundation of cities, and the accu- 
rate history of each separate province. Stra- 
bo travelled over great part of the world in 
quest of information, and to examine with the 
most criticb.1 inquiry, not only the situation of 
the places, but also the manners of the 
inhabitants, whose history he meant to 
write. In the two first books the author 
wishes to show the necessity of geography ; 
in the 3d he gives a description of Spain; 
in the 4th of Gaul and the British isles. 
The 6th and 6th contain an account of Italy 
and the neighbouring islands; the 7th, which 
is mutilated at the end, gives a full descrip- 
tion of Germany, and the country of the 
Getae, Illyricum, Taurica Chersonesus, and 
Epirui^. The affairs of Greece and the ad- 
jacent islands are separately treated in the 
8th, 9th, and 10th: and in the four next, 
Asia within mount Taurus; and in the 15th 
and 16th, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, 
Syria, and Arabia; the last book gives an 
account of Egypt, .Ethiopia, Carthage, and 
other places of Africa. Among the books 
of Strabo which have been lost, were histo- 
rical commentaries. This celebrated geo- 
grapher died A. D. 25. The best editions 
of bis geography are those of Casaubon, fol. 
Paris, 16l>0; o'f Arast. 2 vols. fol. 1707. 
——A Sicilian, so clear-sighted that he could 
distinguish objects at the distance of 130 
miles, with the same ease as if they had been 
near. 

Stratarchas, the grandfather of the geo- 
^rajiher Strabo. His father's name was Dory- 
Taus. Strab. 10. 

Strato, or Straton, a king of the island 
Aradus, received into alliance by Alexan- 
der C'urt.4, c. 1. A king of Sidon, de- 

Eendant upon Darius. Alexander deposed 
im, because he refused to surrender. Curt. 

ib. A philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple 

and successoi- in the school ol Theophrastus, 
about 289 years before the Christian era. 
He applied himself with uncommon industry 
to the study of nature, and was surnamed 
Phisicus, and after the most mature investi- 
gations,, he supported that nature was inani- 
mate, and tliat there was no god but nature. 
He was appointed preceptor to Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, who not only revered his abi- 
lities and learning, but also rewarded his 
labours with unbounded liberality. He wrote 



ST 

different treatises, all now lost. Diog. 5.-=- 
Cic. Jicad. 1, c. 9, 1. 4, c 38, &,c. A phy- 
sician. A peripatetic philosopher.— —A 

native of Epirus, very intimate with Brutus, 
the murderer of Caesar. He killed his friend 

at his own request. A rich Orchomenian 

who destroyed himself because he could not 
obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliar- 

tus. Plut. A Greek historian, who wrote 

the life of some of the Macedonian kings.—— 
An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the 
Olympic games. Paus. 7, c. 23. 

Stratocles, an Athenian general at the bat- 
tle of Cheronsea, he. Poly<m. A stage 

player in Domitian's reign. Jut. 3, v. 99. 

Straton Vid. Strato. 

Stratvnice, a daughter of Thespius. j9pol' 

lod A daughter of Pleuron, Id. 

A daughter of Ariarathes, king of Cappa- 
docia, who manied Eumenes, king of Per- 
gamus, and became mother of Attalus. 

Strab. 13. A daughter of Demetrius Po- 

liorcetes, who married Seleucus, king of 
Syria. Antiochus, her husband's son by a 
former wife, became enamoured of her, and 
married her with his father's consent, whea 
the physicians had told him that if he did not 
comply his son's health would be impaired. 

Plut. in Dem. — Val. Max. 5, c. 7. A 

concubine of Mithridates, king of Pontus. 

Pint, in Pomp The wife of Antigonus, 

mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes. A town 

of Caria, made a Macedonian colony. Utrab. 

14. — Liv. 33, c. 18 and 33. Another in 

.Mesopotamia. And a third near mount 

Taurus. 

Stratonicds, an opulent person in the reign 
of Philip, and of his son Alexander, whose 
riches became proverbial. Plut. A musi- 
cian of Athens in the age of Demosthenes. 
.athen. 6, c. 6, 1. 8, c. 12. 

Stratonis turris, a city of Judea, after- 
wards called Caesarea by Herod in honour of 
Augustus. 

Stratos, a city of iEolia. Liv. 36, c. 11, 1. 
38, c. 4. Of Acarnania. 

Strenua, a goddess at Rome who gave 
vigour and energy to the weak and indolent. 
Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11 and 16. 

Strongyle, now Sirombolo, one of the 
islands called .Slolides in the Tyrrhene sea, 
near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 
10 miles in circumference, which throws up 
flames continually, anifof which the crater is 
on the side of the mountain. Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
Strab. 6.— Paus. 10, c. U 

Strophades, two islands in the Ionian 
sea, on the western coasts of the Pelopon- 
nesus. They were anciently called PtotcB, 
and received the name of Strophades from 
iii^m, verlo, because Zethes and Calais the 
sons of Boreas, returned from thence by 
order of .Tupiter, after they had driven 
the Harpyies there from the tables of Phi- 
neus. The fleet of .^neas slopped near the 
Strophades. The largest of these two isl- 
ands is not above five miles in circumfe- 
rence. Hygin. fab. 19.— Mela, 2, c. I.—Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 109.— Virg. JEn.3, v. 210.— Strab 
8. 

Strophius, a son of Crisus, king of Pho- 
cis. He married a sister of Agamemnon, call- 
ed Anaxabia, or Aslyochia, or, according to 



ST 

•thers, Cyndragora, by whom he had Py- 
lades, celebrated for his friendship with Ores- 
tes. After the murder of Agamemnon by 
Clytemnestraand iEgysthus, the king of Pho- 
cis educated at bis own house, witli the great- 
est care, his nephew whom Electra had se- 
cretly removed from the dagger of his mo- 
ther, and her adulterer. Orestes was enabled 
by means of Strophius, to revenge the death 
of his father. Paas. 2, c. 29. — Hygin. fab. 1, 

17. A son of Py lades by Electra the sister 

of Orestes. 

Strut HOPHAGi, a people of ^Ethiopia, who 
feed on sparrows, as their name signifies. 

Strutuus, a general of Artaxerxes against 
the Lacedceraonians. B. C. 393. 

Stryma, a town of Thrace, founded by a 
Thasian colony. Hcrodot. 7, c. 109. 

STRYENO^ a daughter of the Scamander, 
who married Laomedon. Apollod. 3, c. 12. 

Strymon, a river which separates Thrace 
from Macedonia, and falls into a part of the 
iEgean sea, which has been called Strynw 
nicus sinus. A number of cranes, as the 
poets say, resorted on its banks in the summer 
time. Its eels were excellent. Mela, 2, c 
Q.—jipollod. 2, c. 5.— Virg. G 1, v. 120, 1. 
4, V. 508. ^n. 10, v. 265.— Ovid. Met. 2, 
V. 251. 

Stubera, a town of Macedonia, between 
the Axius and Erigon. Liv. 31, c. 39. 

Stura, a river of Cisalpine Gaul falling into 
the Po. 

Sturni, a town of Calabria. 

Stymphai.ia, Stymphalis, a part of Ma- 
cedonia. Liv. 45, c. 30. A surname of 

Diana. 

Stymphalus, a king of Arcadia, son of 
Elatus and Laodice. He made war against 
Pelops, and was killed in a truce. MpoUod. 

3, c. 9. — Paus. 8, c. 4. A town, river, lake, 

and fountain of Arcadia, which receives its 
name from king Stymphalus. The neigh- 
bourhood of the lake Stymphalus was infest- 
ed with a number of voracious birds, like 
cranes or storks, which fed upon human flesh, 
and which were called Stymphalides. They 
were at last destroyed by Hercules, with the 
assistance of Minerva. Some have confound- 
ed them with the Harpyies, while others pre- 
tend that they never existed but in the imagi 
nation of the poets. Pausanias, however, sup- 
ports, that there were carnivorous birds like 
the Stymphalides, in Arabia. Paus. 8, c. 4. — 

Stat. Theb. 4, v. 298. A lofty mountain of 

Peloponnesus in Arcadia. 

Stykge, a daughter of Danaus. Stat. Syl. 

4, 6. ApoUod. 

Styra, a town of Euboea. 

Styrus, a king of Albania, to whom ./Eletes 
promised his daughter Medea in marriage, 
to obtain his assistance against the Argonauts. 
Flacc. 3, V. 497, 1. 8, v. 358. 

Styh, a daughter of Oceanus and Te- 
thys. She married Pallas, by whom she had 
three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Va- 
lour. Hesiod. Tkeog. 363 and 3S4.—Apollod. 

1, c. 2. A celebrated river of hell, round 

which it flows nine times. According to some 
writers the Styx was a small river of Non- 
acris in Arcadia, whose waters were so 
cold and venomous, that they proved fatal 
?• Buch as tTOted them. Amon^ other?, 



su 

Alexander th& Great is mermoned as a vie* 
tim to their fatal poison, in consequence of 
drinking ihem. They even consumed iron, 
and broke all vessels. The wonderful pro- 
perties of this water suggested the idea, that 
it was a river of hell, especially, when it 
disappeared in the earth a little below its foun- 
tain head. The gods held the waters of the 
Styx in such veneration, that they always 
swore by them ; an oath which was inviolable. 
If any of the gods had perjured themselves, 
Jupiter obliged them to drink the waters 
of the Styx, which lulled them for one whole 
year into a senseless stupidity ; for the Jiine 
following years they were deprived of the 
ambrosia and the nectar of the gods, and after 
the expiration of the years of their punish- 
ment, they were restored to the assembly of 
the deities, and to all their original privi- 
leges. It is said that this veneration was 
shown to the Styx, because it received it* 
name from the nymph Styx, who with her 
three daughters assisted Jupiter in his war 
against the Titans. Hesiod. Theog. v. 384, 
lib.— Homer. Od.l<d,v. 5\3.—Herodot. 6, c. 
74.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 323, 439, hc.—Apollod. 
L c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 3, v. 29, &.c. — Lucan. 
6, V. 378; &ic.— Paus. 8, c. 17 and IS.— Curt. 
10, c. 10. 

St;.vDA, the goddess of persuasion, called 
Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of 
worship established to her honour first by The- 
seus. She had a statue in the temple of Vx- 
nus Praxis at iVIegara. Cic. de el. Oral. 15. — 
Paws. 1. c. 22 and 43. 1. 9, c. 35. 

SuANA, a town of Etruria. 

SuARDONESj a- people of Germany. Tacit. 
G. 40. 

SuASA, a town ofUmbria. 

SuBATRii, a people of Germany over whom. 
Drusus triumphed. Strab. 7. 

SuBi, a small river of Catalonia. 

Su BLicius, the first bridge erectec at Rome 
over the Tiber. Via. Pons. 

SiiBMONTORiuM, a towu of Vindclicia, now 
Augsburg. 

SuBOTA, small islands at the east of Atho3. 
Liv. 44, c. 28 

SuBUR, a river of Mauritania A town 

of Spain. 

SuBURRA, a street in Rome where all the 
licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Romans 
and courtezans resorted. It was situate be- 
tween mount Vimiualis and Quirinalis, and 
was remarkable as having been the residence 
of the obscurer years of J. Caesar. Suet, in 
CcEs. — Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 8. — Martial. 6, ep. 
66.—JUV. 3, V. 5. 

SucRO, now Xucar, a river of Hispania 
Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle fought 
there between Sertoriusand Pompey, in wliicli 

the former obtained the victory. Plut. 

A Rutulian killed by iEueas. Firg. JEn. 12, 
V. 605. 

SuuERTUM, a town of Etruria. Liv. 26, c.23. 

SuESSA, a town of Campania, called also 
Aurunca, to distinguish it fronj Suessa Po- 
metia, the capital of the Volsci. Strab. 5. 
— P/in. 3, c. Q.— Dionys. Hal. 4. — Lit'. 1 and 
2.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 775.— C/c. Pliil. 3, c. 4, 1. 
4, c. 2. 

SoEssiTANf, a people of Spain. Liv. 2-h 
C.34. 



su 

SuEssoNES, aipowerful nation of Belgic 
Gaul, reduced by J.Caesar. C<bs. Bell. G.2. 

SuEssuLA, a town of Campania. Liv. 7, c. 
37, 1. 28, c. 14. 

Suetonius, C. Paulinus, the first Roman 
general wlio crossed mount Atlas with an 
army, of which expedition be wrote an ac- 
count. He presided over Britain as governor 
for about 20 years, and was afterwards made 
consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and 

attached himself to Vitellius. C. Tranquil- 

lus, a Latin historian, son of a Roman knight 
of the same name. He was favoured by Adri- 
an, and became his secretaiy, but he was af- 
terwards banislied from the court for want of 
attention and respect to the empress Sabina. 
In his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the 
friendship and correspondence of Pliny the 
younger, and dedicated his time to study. He 
wrote an history of the Roman kings, divided 
into three books; a catalogue of all the illus- 
trious men of Rome, a book on the games 
and spectacles of the Greeks, Sic. which are 
all now lost. The only one of his composi- 
tions extant is the lives of the twelve first 
Caesars, and some fragments of his catalogue 
of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius, in his 
lives, is praised for his impartiality and cor 
rectness. His expressions, however, are of- 
ten too indelicate, and it has been justly ob- 
served, that while he exposed the deformi- 
ties of the Csesars, he wrote with all the 
licentiousness and extravagance with which 
they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are 
that of Pitiscus, 4to. 2 vols. Leovard 1714; 
that of Oudendorp, 2 vols, 8vo. L. Bat. 1751 ; 
and that of Ernesti, 8vo. Lips. 1775. FUji. 1, 
cp. 18, 1. 5, ep^ll, &c. 

SuETRi, a people of Gaul near the Alps. 

SujEvi, a people of Germany, between the 
Elbe and the Vistula, who made frequent ex- 
cursions upon the territories of Rome under 
the emperors. Lucan. 2, v. 51. 

SuEVius, a Latin poet in the age of En 
nius. 

SuFETALA, an inland town of Mauritania. 

SuFFENus, a Latin poet in the age of Ca- 
tullus. He was but of moderate abilities, 
but puflTed up with a high idea of his own ex- 
cellence, and therefore deservedly exposed 
to the ridicule of his contemporaries. Ca- 
tuU. 22. 

SuFFETius, or SuFETius. Vid. Metius. 

SuiDAS, a Greek writer who flourished A. 
D. IIGO. The best edition of his excellent 
Lexicon, is that of Kuster, 3 vols.fol. Cantab. 
1705. 

Pub. Suilius, an informer in the court of 
Claudius, banished under Nero, by means of 
Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. Tacit. A. 

14, c. 42, &ic. Csesorinus, a guilty favourite 

of Messalina. Id. ib. 11, c. 36. 

SuioNEs, a nation of Germany, sup- 
posed the modern Swedes. Tacit, dt Germ. c. 
44. 

SuiCHi, a town at the south of Sardinia. 
Mela, 2, c. 7. — Claudian, de Gild. 518. — Strab. 
6. 

Surxius, an informer whom Horace de- 
scribes as hoarse with the number of defama- 
tions he daily gave. Horat. 1, Stat. 4, v. 65. 

Sui.GA, now Sorgue, a small river of Gaul, 
falling into the Rhone. Strab. 4. 



SU 

SuLtA, Vid. Sylla. 

SuLMO, now Sulmona, an ancient town of 
the Peligni, at the distance of about 90 miles 
from Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the 
followers of JEneas. Ovid was born there. 

Ovid passim. — Ital. 8, v. 511. — Strab. 5. A 

Latin chief killed in the night by Nisus, as he 
was going with his companions to destroy Eu- 
ryalus. Virg. ^n. 9, v. 412. 

SuLPiTiA, a daughter of Paterculus, who 
married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so famou.s 
roi* her chastity^ that she consecrated a temple 
to Venus Verticordin, a goddess who was im- 
plored to turn the hearts of the Roman wo- 
men to virtue. Plin. 7, c 35. A poetess 

in the age of Domitian, against whom she 
wrote a poem, because he had banished the 
philosophers from Rome. This composition 
is still extant. She had also written a poem 
on conjugal affection, commended by Martial, 

ep 35, now lost. A daughter of Serv. Sul- 

pitius, mentioned in (he 4th book of elegies, 
falsely attributed to Tibullus. 

SuLPiTiA Lex, militarise by C. Sulpicius 
the tribune, A. U. C. 665, invested Marius 
with the full power of the war against Mithri- 

dates. of which Sylla was to be deprived. 

An-Jlher, de Senatu, by Servius Sulpicius the 
tribune, "A. U. C. 665. It reqiiired that no 
senators should owe more than 2000 drachmae. 

Another, de civitate, by P. Sulpicius the 

tribune, A. U. C. 665. Il ordered that the 
new citizens who composed the eight tribes 
lately created, should be divided among the 

35 old tribes, as a greater honour. Another 

called also Sempronia de religione, by P.. 
Sulpicius Saverrio, and P. SeraproniusSophuSj 
consuls, A. U. C. 449. It forbad any person 
to consecrate a temple or altar without the 
permission of the senate and the majority of 

the tribunes. Another to empower the 

Romans to make war against Philip of Mace- 
donia. 

SuLPiTius, or Sulpicius, an illustrious 
family at Rome, of whom the most cele- 
brated are Peticus, a man chosen dic- 
tator against the Gauls. His troops muti- 
nied when first he took the field, but soon 
after he engaged the enemy and totally de- 
feated them. Liv. 7. Severrio, a con- 
sul who gained a victory over the Mqm. 

Id. 9, c. 45. C. Paterculus, a consul 

sent against the Carthaginians. He conquer- 
ed Sardinia and Corsica, and obtained a 
complete victory over the enemy's fleet. 
He was honoured with a triumph at his re- 
turn to Rome. Id. 17. Spurius, one of 

the thi-ee commissioners whom the Romans 
sent to collect the best laws which could be 
found in the ditferent cities and republics of 

Greece. Id. 3, c. 10. One of the first 

consuls who received intelligence that a con- 
spiracy was formed in Rome to restore the 

Tarquins to power, &-c. A priest who 

died of the plague in the first ages of the re- 
public at Rome. P. Galba, a Roman con- 
sul who signalized himself greatly during the 
war which his countrymen waged against 

the Achaeans and the Macedonians. Se- 

verus, a writer. Vid. Severus. Publius, 

one of the associates of Marius, well known 
for his intrigues and cruelty. He made some 
laws in favour of the allies of Rome, and li» 



su 

kept about 3000 young men in continual pay, 
whom he called his anti-senatorial band, and 
with these he had often the impertinence 
to attack the consul in the popular assem- 
blies. He became at last so seditious, that he 
was proscribed by Sylla's adherents, and im- 
mediately murdered. His head was fixed 
on a pole in the rostrum, where he had of- 
ten made many seditious speeches in the 

capacity of tribune. Liv 77. A Roman 

consul who fought against Pyrrhus, and 
defeated him. C. Longus, a Roman con- 
sul, who defeated the Samnites, and killed 
30,000 of their men. He obtained a tri- 
umph for this celebrated victory. He was 
afterwards made dictator to conduct a war 
against the Etrurians. Rufus, a lieute- 
nant of Cassar in Gaul. One of Messa- 

lina's favourites, put to death by Claudius. 
P. Quirinus, a consul in the age of Au- 
gustus. Camerinus, a pro-consul of Afri- 
ca, under Nero, accused of cruelty, he. Ta- 
cit. 13, An. 52. Gallus, a celebrated as- 
trologer in the age of Paulus. He accom- 
panied the consul in his expedition against 
Perseus, and told the Roman army that the 
night before the day on which they were to 
give the enemy battle, there would be an 
eclipse of the moon. This explanation en- 
couraged the soldiers, which on the contrary 
would have intimidated them, if not pre- 
viously acquainted with the causes of it. 
Sulpitius was universally regarded, and he 
was honoured a few years after with the 
consulship. Liv. 44, c. 37. — Plin. 2, c. 12. 

Apollfnaris, a grammarian in the age of 

the emperor M. Aurelius. He left some 
letters and a few grammatical observations 
now lost. Cic. — Liv. — Plut. — Polyb. — Flor. 
— Eufrop. 

SuMMANUs, a surname of Pluto, as prince 
of the dead, summus manium. He had a 
temple at Rome erected during the wars 
with Pyrrhus, and the Romans believed that 
the thunderbolts of Jupiter were in his power 
during the night. Cic. de div. — Ovid. Fast. 6, 
v. 731. 

SuNici, a people of Germany on the shores 
of the Rhine. Tacit. H. 4, c, 66. 

SuNiDES, a soothsayer in the army of Eu- 
menes. Polyoen. 4. 

SuNiUM, a promontory of Attica about 45 
miles distant from the Pirasus. There was 
there a small harbour, as also a town. Mi- 
nerva had there a beautiful temple, whence 
she was called Sunias There are still extant 
some ruins of this temple. Plin. 4, c. 7. — 
Strab. 9. — Paus. 1, c. 1. — Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 
3,1. 13, ep. 10. 

SuovETAUiuLiA, a sacrificc among the 
Romans, which consisted of the immolation of 
a sow (sKs), a sheep (ovis), and a bull (taurus), 
whence the name. Il was generally observed 
every fifth year. 

SuPERUM MARE, a name of the Adriatic 
sea, because it was situate above Italy. The 
name of Mare Inferum was applied for the 
opposite reasons to the sea below Italy. Cic. 
]>ro Cluent. he. 

Sura, A'mymus, a Latin writer, &c. V. 

Pat. 1, c. G L. Licinius, a favourite of 

Trajan, honoured with the consulship. A 

^vriter in the age of the emperor Gallicmis. 



SU 

He wrote an history of the reign of the em- 
peror. A city on the Euphrates. An- 
other in Iberia. A river of Germany, whose 

waters fall into the Moselle. Aus. in Mos. 

SuRENA, a powerful oflScer in the armies 
of Orodes king of Partbia. His family had the 
privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. 
He was appointed to conduct the war against 
the Romans, and to protect the kingdom of 
Parthia against Crassus, who wished to con- 
quer it.. He defeated the Roman triumvir, 
and after he had drawn him perfidiously to 
a conference, he ordered his head to be cut 
off. He afterwards returned to Parthia, mi- 
micking the triumphs of the Romans. Orodes 
ordered him to be put to death, B. C. 52. Su- 
rena has been admired for his valour, his sa- 
gacity as a general, and his prudence and 
firmness in the execution of his plans; but his 
perfidy, his effeminate manners, and his las- 
civiousness have been deservedly censured. 
Polyan, 7. — Plut. in Crass. 

Sdrium, a town at the south of Colchis. 

SuRRENTUM, a towu of Campania., on the 
bay of Naples, famous for the wine which was 
made in the neighbourhood. .¥eZa, 3, c. 4. — 
Strah. 5.—Horat. 1, ep. 17, v. 5Z—0vid. Met. 
15, V. 1 10.— Mart. 13, ep. 110. 

SuRus, one of the JEdui, who made wai* 
against Caesar. Cces. G. 8, c. 45. 
^ SusA {orum), now Suster, a celebrated 
city of Asia, the chief town of Susiana, and 
the capital of the Persian empire, built by 
Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus 
took it. The walls of Susa were above 120 
stadia in circumference. The treasures of 
the kings of Persia were generally kept there, 
and the royal palace was built with white 
marble, and its pillars were covered with 
gold and precious stones. It was usual with 
the kings of Persia to spend the summer at 
Ecbatana, and the winter at Susa, because the 
climate was more warm there than at any 
other royal residence. It had been called 
Memnonia, or the palace of Memnon, because 
that prince reigned there. Plin. 6, c. 26, &,c. 
— Liican. 2, v. 49. — Strah. 15. — Xenoph. Cyr. 
— Propert. 2, el. 13. — Claudian. 

SusANA, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. 
SU. 3, V. 384. 

SusARioN, a Greek poet of Magara, who 
is supposed with Dolon to be the inventor of 
comedy, and to have first introduced it at 
Athens on a moveable stage, B. C. 562. 

SusiANi, or Susis, a country of Asia, of 
which the capital was called Susa, situate at 
the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great 
abundance in Susiana, and it is from that 
plant that the province received its name, 
according to some, as Susan is the name of a 
lily in Hebrew. 

SusiD.« PYLiB, narrow passes over moun- 
tains, from Susiana into Persia. Curl. 5, c. 3. 

SuTHUL, a town of Numidia, where the 
king's treasures were kept. Sail. Jug. 37. 

SuTRiuM,a town of Etruria, about twenty- 
four miles north-west of Rome. Some sup- 
pose that the phrase Ire Suriuin, to act with 
despatch, arises from the celerity with which 
Camillus recovered the place, but Festus ex- 
plains it differently. Plant. Cos. 3, 1, v. 10. 
—La-. 26, c. 34.--Pfttcrc. 1, c. 14.— Lir. 9, 
C.33. 



SY 

SvAGRUS, an ancient poet, the first who 
wrote on the Trojan war. He is called Saga- 
ris, by Diogenes Laertius, who adds that he 
lived in Homer's age, of whom he was the ri- 
val, ^lian. V. H. 14, c. 21. 

Sybaris. a river of Lucania in Italy, whose 
waters were said to render men more strong 
and robust. Strah. Q.—Plin. 3, c. 11, 1. 31, c. 
2. — There was a town of the same name on 
its banks on the bay of Tareutum, which had 
been founded by a colony of Achaeans. Sy- 
baris became very powerful, and in its most 
flourishing situation it had the command of 
four neighbouring nations, of 26 towns, and 
could send an army of 300000 men into the 
field. The walls of the city were said to ex- 
tend six miles aud a half in circumference, and 
the suburbs covered the banks of the Crathis 
for the space of seven miles. It made a long 
and vigorous resistance against thp nei,<5hbour- 
ing town of Crotona, till it was at last totally 
reduced by the disciples of Pythagoras, B. C. 
508. Sybaris was destroyed no less than five 
times, and always repaired. In a more recent 
age tiie iohabitai:ts became so eftVminate. that 
the word Sybarite became proverbial to inti- 
mate a man devoted to pleasure. There was 
a small town built in the neiebbourhocxd about 
444 years before the Christian era, an.d called 
Thuriura, from a small fountain called Thu- 
ria, where it was built. Diod. 12. — Slrnh. 6. 
—JElian. V. H. 9 c. 24.— Martial 12, ep. 96. 
—Plul. in Pdep. hc.— Plin 3, c. 10, &.c. 



r 



A friend of yEneas killed by Tumus.-^^^«Vg 

Mn. 12. V. 363 A youth enamoured of 

Lydia, hc.—Horat. 1, od. 8, v. 2. 

Sybarita, an inhabitant of Sybaris. [Vid 
Sybaris.] 

Steota, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. 5, ^tt. 
P.—Sirab. 7. 

SvBt'TAS, a king of the Messenians in the 
age of Lycurgus- the Spartan legislator. Paus 
4, c 4. 

Sycinnus, a slave of Themistocles, sent by 
his master to engage Xerxes to fight against 
the fleet of the Peloponnesians. 

Sycurium, a town of Thessaly at the foot 
«fOs.sa. Liv 42, c.54. 

Syedra, a town of Cilicia. 

Sy£NE, now Jjssvan, a town of Thebais, 
on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal the 
poet was banished there on pretence of com- 
manding a praetoiian cohort stationed in the 
neighbourhood. It was famous for its quar- 
ries of marble. Strab. 1 and 2. — Mela, 1, c. 9. 
— PZm.36, c. 8.-~0vid. ex Pont. L el. 5, v 79. 
—Met. 5, v. 14.—Lucan. 2, v. 587, 1. 8, v. 851, 
r. 10, v. 234. 

Synesius, a Cilician, who, with Labinetus 
of Babylon, concluded a peace between Aly- 
attes. king of Lydia, and Cyaxares, king of 
Media, while both armies were terrified by a 
sudden eclipse of the sun, B. C. 585. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. 74. 

Syeknesis, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cyrus 
made war against his brother Artaxerxes. He 
wished to favour both the brothers by sending 
•ne of his sons in the army of Cyrus, and an- 
other to Artaxerxes. 

Sylea, a daughter of Corinthus. 

Syi.kum, a town of Pamphylia. 

Syleus, a king of Aulis. 

SvLLA, (L. Cornelius) a celebrated Ro- 



SY 

man of a noble family. The poverty of hfs 
early years was relieved by the liberality of 
the courtezan Nicopolis, who left him heir 
to a large fortune ; and with the addition of 
the immense wealth of his mother-in-law, 
he soon appeared one of the most opulent 
of the Romans. He first entered the army 
under the great Marius, whom he accom- 
panied in Numidia, in the capacity of quaestor;* 
He rendered himself conspicuous in military 
ciffairs ; and Bocchus, one of the princes of 
Numidia, delivered Jugurtha into his hands 
for the Roman consul. The rising fame of 
Sylla gave nmbraee to Marius, who was al- 
ways jealous of an equal, as well as of a su- 
perior; but the ill language which he might 
use, rather inflamed than extinguished the 
ambition of Sylla. He left the conqueror of 
Jugurtha, and carried arms under Catullus. 
Some time after he obtained the praetorship, 
and was appointed by the Roman senate to 
place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappa- 
docia, aqairst the views and interest of Mi- 
thridates king of Pontus. This he easily ef- 
fected, one battle left him victorious ; and be- 
fore he quitted the plains of Asia, the Roman 
praetor ha.d the satisfaction to receive in his 
camp the ambassadors of the king of Parthia, 
who wished to make a treaty of alliance with 
the Romans. Sylla received them with haugh- 
tiness, and behaved with .such arrogance that 
one of them exclaimed, Surely this man is 
master of the world, or doomed to be such t 
At his return to Rome, he was commissioned 
to finish the war with the Marsi, and when 
this was successfully ended, he was rewarded 
with the consulship in the 50th year of his 
age. In this capacity he wished to have the 
administration of the Mithridatic war ; but he 
found an obstinate adversary in Marius, and 
he attained the summit of his wishes only 
when he had entered Rome sword in har x 
After he had slaughtered all his enemies, s"' » 
price upon the head of Marius, atid pi:t 
death the tribune Sulpitius, who had continu- 
ally opposed his views, he marched towards 
Asia, and disregarded the flames of discord 
which he left behind him unextinguished. Mi- 
thridates Avas already master of the greatest 
part of Greece; and Sylla, when he reached 
the coast of Peloponnesus, was delayed by the 
siege of Athens, and of the Piraeus. His ope- 
rations were cairied on with vigour, and when 
he found his money fail; he made no scruple 
to take the riches of the temples of the gods, 
to bribe his soldiers and render them devoted 
to his service. His boldness succeeded, the 
Piraeus surrendered ; and the conqueror as if 
struck with reverence at the beautiful porticos 
where the philosophic followers of Socrates 
and Plato has often disputed, spared the city 
of Athens, which he had devoted to destruc- 
tion, dnd forgave the living for the sake of the 
dead. Two celebrated battles at Cherona?a and 
Orchamenos, rendered him master of Greece. 
He crossed the Hellespont, and attacked Mith- 
ridates in the very heart of his kingdom. 
The artful monarch,who well knew the valour 
and perseverance of his adversary, made pro- 
posals of peace ; and Sylla, whose interest at 
i)ome was then decreasing, did not hesitate to 
put an end to a war which had rendered 
him master of so ranch territory, and which 



SY 



SY 



enabled him to return to Rome like a conquer- lintosicatton. His funeral was very magoiii' 
or, and to dispute with his rival the so ve- 1 cent; his body was attended by the senate 
reignty of the republic with a victorious army, and the vestal virgins, and hymns were sung 



Muraena was left at the head of the Roman 
forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened to Italy. In 
the plains of Campania he was met by a few 
of his adherents, whom the success of his 
rivals had banished from the capital, and he 
was soon informed, that if he wished to con- 
tend «'ith Marius he must encounter fifteen 
generals, followed by 25 well disciplined le- 
gions. In these critical circumstances he had 
recourse to artifice, and while he proposed 
terms of accommodation to his adversai'ies, 
he secretly strengthened himself, and saw with 
pleasure hi« armies daily increase by the revolt 
of soldiers whom his bribes or promises had 
corrupted. Pompey, who afterwards merited 
the surj'.ame of Great, embraced his cause, 
and marched to his camp with three legions. 
Soon after he appeared in tbe field with advan- 
tage ; the confidence of Marius decayed with 
his power, at.d Syila entered Rome like a ty- 
rant and a conqueror. The streets were daily 
filled with dead bodies, and 7000 citizens, to 
whom the conqueror had promised pardon, 
"were suddenly massacred in the circus. The 
senate, at that time assembled in the temple 
of Bellona, heard the shrieks of their dying 
countrynieri ; and wheu they inquired into the 
-cause of it, SjH la coolly replied, They are on- 
ly a few rebels whom I have ordered to be 
chastised. If this had been the last and most 
dismal scene, Rome mignt have been called 
"happy ; but it was only the beginning of her 
misfortunes, each succeeding day exhibited a 
greater number of slaughtered bodies, and 
when one of the senators had the boldness to 
ask the tyrant when he meant lo stop his cru- 
elties, Sylia, wjth an air of unconcern, answer- 
ed, that he had not yet determined, but that he 
would lake it into his consideration. The 
slaughter was continued, a list of such as were 
proscribed was daily stuck in the public streets. 
The slave was rewarded to bring his master's 
head; and the son was not ashamed to imbrue 
Iiis hands in the blood of his father for money. 
!No less than 4700 of the most powerful and 
opulent were slain, and Syila wished the Ro- 
mans to forget his cruelties in as|>iring to the 
title of per|)etual dictator. In this capacity he 
made new laws, abrogated uuch as were inimi- 
cal to his views, and changed every regulation 
where his amf)ition was obstructed. After he 
had finished whatever the most absolute sove- 
reign may do, from his own will and authority, 
Sylla al>dicated the dictatorial power and re- 
tired to a .•solitary retreat at Puieo!», wiiere he 



to celebrate his exploits and to honour his me 
mory. A monument was erected in the field 
of Mars, on which appeared an inscriplioa 
written by himself, in which he said, the good 
services he had received from his friends, and 
the injuries of his enemies, had been returned 
with unexampled U8ur3\ The character of 
Sylla is that of an ambitious, dissimulating^, 
credulous, tyrannical, debauched, and reso- 
lute commander. He was revengeful in the 
highest degree, and the sui'name of Felix., or 
the fortunate, which he assumed, showed that 
he was more indebted to fortune than to valour 
for the great fame he had acquired. But in 
the midst of all this, who cannot admire the 
moderation and philosophy of a man, who 
when absolute master of a republic, which he 
has procured by his cruelty and avarice, silent- 
ly abdicates the sovereign power, challenges a 
critical examination of his administration, and 
retires lo live securely in the midst of thou- 
sands, whom he has injured and oflfended ? 
The Romans were pleased and astonished at 
his abdication ; and when the insolence of a 
young man had been vented against the dicta- 
tor, he calmly answered, This usage may per- 
haps deter another to resign his power to fol- 
low my example, if ever he becomes absolute. 
Sylla has been commended for the patronage 
he gave to the arts and sciences. He brought 
from Asia the extensive library of Apellicon, 
the Peripatetic philosopher, in which were 
the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and 
he himself composed 22 books of memoirs 
concerning himself. Cic. in Verr. he. — C. 
Mp. in Attic. — Faterc. 2, c. 17, kc. — Ldt, 
76, kc.—Paus. 1, c. 20.— F/or. 3, c. 5, &c. L 
4,c.2,Lc.— Fal.Max. 12, hc.—Polyb. 5.— 
Justin. 37 and 38.— Eutrop. 5, c. 2. — Plut. in 
vita. A nephew of the dictator, who con- 
spired against his country, because he had 
been deprived of his consulship for bribery. 

Another relation who also joined in the 

same conspiracy. A man put to death by 

iNero at Marseilles, where he had been banish- 
ed. A friend of Calo, defeated and killed 

by one of Ctesar's lieutenants. A senator 

banished from the senate for his prodigality by- 
Tiberius. 

SvLLis, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippu9 
by A|)ollo. Fans. 2, c. 6 

Syloes, a promontory of Africa. 

Syloson, a man who gave a splendid gar» 
meat to Darius, son of Mvstaspes, when a 

the 



private man. Darius, when laised lo 
spent the rest of his clays, if not i-j hierary ease! ihrone of Persia, remembered the gift of Sy 



and tranquillity, yet tar trom the iioJsi.' <_•[ -iims, 
in the midst of riot and debauchery, i he com- 
panions of his retirement were the most base 
and licentious of the populace, and S^jla took 
pleasure still to wallow in voluptuousness, 
though on the verge of life, and coveied with in- 
firmities. His intemperance ha.siened his end, 
his biood was corrnpted, and an imposlhunie 
was bred in his bowels. He at last died in the 
greatest torments of tiie lousy disease, aboi.i 
78 year!< before Christ, in the GOtii year of bis 
ftge ; and it has been observed, that like Mai c 
us, on his death-bed, he wished to dri)wn ii« 
stings of cgoscience and remorse by continual 



loson with gratitude. Strab. 14. 

SvLVANus, a god of the woods. [VtS, 
Silvauas.] 

Sylvia, or Ilia, the mother of Romulus. 

[Jld. Kliea.] A dau^'hter of Tyrrhenus, 

whose favourite stag wa:> wounded by Asca- 
uius, Virg. J£n. 7, v. 503. 

Sylvjds, a son of .i^neas by Lavinia, fropi 
<vhi»m afterwards all the kings ot Alba were 
called •'iylvii. Virg. JEn. G, v. 763. 

Syma, or SvMK, a town of Asia. A 

. yn^.ph, mother of Chlhonius by Neptune. 
L'lod. 5, 

I Symwolum, a place of Macedonia, near 
Philippi, on the confines of Tharce. 



SY 

Symmachus, an officer in the army of 

Agesilaus. A celebrated orator in the age 

of Theodosius the Great. His father was pre- 
fect of Rome. He wrote against the Ghris- 
tians, and ten books of his letters are extant, 
■which have been refuted by Ambrose and 
IPrudentius. The best editions of Symmachus 
are that of Genev. 8vo. 1598. and that of Paris, 

4to. 1604. A writer in the second century. 

He translated the bible into Greek, of which 
few fragments remain. 

Symplegades, or CyAN^, two islands 
or rocks at the entrance of the Euxine sea. 
[Vid. Cyaneifi.] 

Symus, a mountain of Armenia, from which 
the Araxes flows. 

Syncellus, one of the Byzantine his- 
torians, whose works were edited in fol. Paris, 
i652. 

Synesius, a bishop of Cyrene in the age 
of Theodosius the younger, as conspicuous 
for his learning as his piety. He wrote 153 
epistles besides other treatises in Greek, in a 
style pure and elegant, and bordering much 
upon the poetic. The last edition is in 8vo. 
Paris, 1605; inferior, however, to ihe editio 
princeps by Petavius fol. Paris, 1612. The 
best edition of Synesius de febribus is that of 
Bernard, Amst. 1749. 

Synnas, (adis,) or Synnada, (plur.) a town 
of Phrygia, famous for its marble quarries. 
Strab. 12. — Claudian. in Eutr. 2. — Marital. 9, 
cp. 11. —Stat. 1, Sylv. 5, v. 41. 

Synnalaxis, a nymph of Ionia, who 
had a temple at Heraclea, in Elis. Paus. 6, 
C.22. 

Synnis, a famous robber of Attica. [Vid, 
Scinis.] 

Synope, a town on the borders of the Eux- 
ine. [Vid. Sinope.] 

Syph^eum, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
itv.30,c. 19. 

Syphax, a king of the Masaesyllii in Li- 
bya, who married Sophonisba, the daughter 
of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the 
Romans to join himself to the interest of his 
father-in-law, and of Carthage. He was 
conquered in a battle by Masinissa, the ally 
©f Rome, and given to Scipio the Roman 
general. The conqueror carried him to Rome, 
where he adorned his triumph. Syphax died 
in prison 201 years before Christ, and his 
possessions were given to Masinissa. Accord- 
ing to some, the descendants of Syphax reign- 
ed for some time over a part of INumidia, and 
>:ontinued to make opposition to the Romans. 
Liv. 24, kc.—Plut. in Scip.—Flor. 2, c. 6.— 
Polyb.—Iial. 16, V. 171 and \\^.— Ovid Fust. 
6, v. 769. 

Syraces, one of the Sacae, who mutilated 
himself, and by pretending to be a deserter, 
-'Ji'ought Darius, who made war against his 
country, into many difficulties. Polyoen. 7. 

Syracosia, festivals at Syracuse, celebra- 
ted during ten days, in which women were bu- 
sily employed in offering sacrifices. Ano- 
ther, yearly observed near the lake of Syra- 
cuse, where as they supposed Pluto had disap- 
peared with Proserpine. 

SyracCs.e, a celebrated city of Sicily, foun- 
ded about 732 years before the Christian era, 
by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of the Hera- 
clidte. In its llonrishiDg state it ext«nd«d 22 1-2 



SY 

English miles in circumference, and was divi- 
ded into 4 districts, Ortygia, Acradma, Tycha, 
and Neapolis, to which some add a fifth divi- 
sion Epipolae, a district little inhabited. These 
were of themselves separate cities, and were 
fortified with three citadels, and three-folded 
walls. Syracuse had two capacious harbours 
separated from one another by the island of 
Ortygia. The greatest harbour was above 
5000 paces in circumference, and its entrance 
500 paces wide. The people of Syracuse were 
very opulent and powerful, and though subject 
to tyrants, they were masters of vast posses- 
sions and dependant states. The city of Sy- 
racuse was well built, its houses were stately 
and magnificent; and it has been said, that it 
produced the best and most excellent of men 
when they were virtuous, but the most wicked 
and depraved when addicted to vicious pursuits. 
The women of Syracuse were not permitted 
to adorn themselves with gold, or wear costly 
garments, except such as prostituted them- 
selves. Syracuse gave birth to Theocritus and 
Archimedes. It was under different govern- 
ments ; and after being freed from the tyran- 
ny of Thrasybulus, B. C. 446, it enjoyed secu- 
rity for 61 years, till the usurpation of the Di- 
onysii, who were expelled by Timoleon, B. C. 
343. In the age of the elder Dionysius, an 
army of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and 
400 ships were kept in constant pay. It fell 
into the hands of the Romans, under the con- 
sul Marcellus, after a siege of three years, B. 
C. 212. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 52 and S3.— Strab. 
1 and 8.— C. JVep.—Mela, 2, c. T.-Liv. 23, &;c. 
— Plut. in Marcdl. he. — Flor. 2, c. 6. — Ital. 
14, V. 278. 

Syria, a large country of Asia, whose boun- 
daries are not accurately ascertained by the 
ancients. Syria, generally speaking, was 
bounded on the east by the Euphrates, north 
by mount Taurus, west by the Mediterra- 
nean, and south by Arabia. It was divided into 
ses'^eral districts and provinces, among which 
were Phoenicia, Seleucis, Judea or Palestine, 
Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Assyria, It was also 
called Assyria; and the words Syria and Assy- 
ria, though distinguished and defined by some 
authors, were often used indifferently. Syria 
was subjected to the monarchs of Persia ; bat 
after the death of Alexander the Great, Se- 
leucus, surnamed iS'icator, who had received 
this province as his lot in the division of the 
Macedonian dominions, raised it into an em- 
pire, known in history by the name of the king- 
dom of Syria or Babylon, B. C. 312. Seleucus 
died after a reign of 32 years, and his succes- 
sors, surnamed the Sdeucida, ascended Ihe 
tin-one in the following order : Antlochus, sur- 
named Soter,280 B. C. Antiochus Theos, 261; 
Seleucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus, 
226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Seleucus Phi- 
lopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175; An- 
tiochus Eupator, 164 ; Demetrius Soter, 162 ; 
Alex. Balas, 150; Demetrius Nicator, 146; 
Antiochus the Sixth, 144; Diodotus Tryphon, 
143 ; Antiochus Sidetes, 139 ; Demetrius Ni- 
cator restored, 130 ; Alexander Zebina, 127, 
who was dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 123; 
Antiochus Cyzicenus, 112, who takes part of 
Syria, which he calls Coelesyria; Philip and 
Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in Coelesyria, An- 
tiochus Pius; Aretas was king of Ccelesyria; 



SY 

85; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 83; and An- 
tiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was dethroned by 
Pompey, B. C. 65 ; in consequence of which 
Syria became a Roman province, llerodot. 

2, 3, and l.—Apollod. 1, Arg.—Slrah. 12 and 
16._C. Xep. in Dat.—Mela, 1, c. 2.—PtoL 5; 
c. 6. — Curt. 6. — Dionys. Perieg. 

SvRiAcuM MARE, that part of the Mediter- 
ranean sea which is on tlie coast of Phoenicia 
and Syria. 

SvRiiVX, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of 
the river Ladon. Pan became enamoured of 
her, and attempted to offer her violence ; 
but Syrinx escaped, and at her own request 
was changed by the gods into a reed called 
Syrinx by the Greeks. The god made him- 
self a pipe with the reeds, into which his fa- 
vourite nymph had been changed. Ovid. Met. 
I, V. 691. Martial. 9, ep. 63. 

Syroph(Enix, the name of an inhabitant of 
the maritime coast of Syria. Juv. 8. 

SvROs, one of the Cyclades in the -^ge- 
an sea, at the east of Delos, about 20 miles 
in circumference, very fruitful in wine and 
corn of all sorts. The inhabitants lived to a 
great old age, because the air was whole- 
some. Homer. Od. 15, v. 504.— Strab. 10. 
— Mtla, 2, c. 7. A town of Caria. Paus. 

3, c. 26. 

Syrt£s, two large sand banks in the Me- 



SY 

diterranean, on the coast of Africa, one of 
which was near Leptis, and the other near 
Carthage. As they often changed places, and 
were sometimes very high or very low under 
the water, they were deemed most dangerous 
in navigation, and proved fatal to whatever 
ships touched upon them. From this circum- 
stance, therefore, the word has been used to 
denote any part of the sea of which the navi- 
gation was attended with danger either from 
whirlpools or hidden rocks. Mela, 1, c. 7, 1. 
2, c. l.—Virg. JEn. 4, v. 41.— Lucan. 9, 303.— 
Sallust.in J. 

Syrus, an island. [Fid. Syros.] A son 

of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of the 
Asopus, who gave his name to Syria. Plut. 
in Luc. A writer. [Fid. Publius.] 

Sysigambis, the mother of Darius. [Vid. 
Sisygambis.] 

Sysimethres, a Persian satrap, who had 
two children by his mother, an incestuous 
commerce tolerated by the laws of Persia. 
He opposed Alexander with 2000 men, but 
soon surrendered. He was greatly honoured 
by the conqueror. Curt. 8, c. 4. 

Sysinas, the elder son of Datames, who 
revolted from his father to Artaserxes. 

Sythas, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing 
through Sicyonia into the bay of Corinth. 
Paus. 2, c. 7. 



TA 

TAAUTES, a Phoenician deity, the same 
as the Saturn of the Latins, and probably 
the Thoth or Thaut, the Mercury of the Egyp- 
tians. Cic. de jY. D. 3, c. 22.— Varro. 

Tab^:, a town of Pisidia. Liv. 38, c. 13. 

TabellarijE leges, laws made by suffrages 
delivered upon tables (tabellce) and not 
viva voce. There were four of these laws, 
the Gabinia lex, A. U. C. 614, by Gabinius ; 
tlie Cassia, by Cassius, A. U. C. 616; the Pa- 
piria. bv Carbo, A. U. C. 022, and the Coelia, 
by Ctel'ius, A. U. C. 646. Cic. de Leg. 3, 
c. 16. 

Tabern^ nov^s, a street in Rome where 

shops were built. Liv. 3, c. 48. Rhenanae, 

a town of Germany on the confluence of the 
Felbach and the Rhine, now Rliin-Zabtm. 

Rigute. now Btrn-Caslel, on the Moselle. 

Tiboccorum, a town of Alsace in France, 

now Saverne. 

Tabor, a mountain of Palestine. 

Tabraca, a maritime town of Africa, near 
Hippo, made a Roman colony. The neigh- 
bouring forests abounded with monkeys. Juv. 
40, V. 194.— P/in. 5, c i.—Mela, 1, c. l.—llal. 
3, V. 256. 

Tabuda, a river of Germany, now the 
Scheldt. Ptol. 

Taburnus. a mountain of Campania, which 
abounded with olives. Virg. G. 2, v. 33. .Ea. 
12, v. 715. 

Tacape, a town of Africa. 

Tacatua, a maritime town of Numidia. 

Tackari.nas, a IN'umidian who command- 
ed an army against the Romans in the reiga 
•f Tiberius. He had formerly served in the 
85 



TA 

Roman legions, but in the character of ao 
enemy, he displayed the most inveterate 
hatred against his benefactor. After he had 
severally defeated the officers of Tiberius, he 
was at last routed and killed in the field of 
battle, fighting with uncommon fury, by Do- 
labella. ^ Tacit, jlmi. 2, kc. 

Tachampso, an island in the Nile, near 
Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of this 
island, and the rest was in the hands of the 
^^thiopians. Herodot. 2. 

Tachos, or Tachus, a king of Egypt, 
in the reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, against 
whom he sustained a long war. He was 
assisted by the Greeks, but his confidence in 
Agesilaus, king of Lacedeemon, proved fatal 
to him. Chabrias, the Athenian, had been 
inti-usted with the fleet of the Egyptian mo- 
narch, and Agesilaus was left with the com- 
mand of the mercenary army. The Lace- 
dajmonian disregarded his engagements, and 
by joining with IS'ectanebus, who had re- 
volted from Tachus, he ruined the affairs of 
the monarch, and obliged him to save his 
life by flight. Some observe that Agesilau* 
acted with that duplicity to avenge himself 
upon Tachua, who had insolently ridiculed 
his short and deformed stature. The expec- 
tatiojis of Tachus had been raised by the fame 
of Agesilaus ; but when he saw the lame mo- 
narch, he repealed on the occasion tne fable 
of the mouiiiain wi.ich brought forth a mouse, 
ufjon which Agesilaus replied with asperity, 
though he called him a mouse, yet he 
soon fchould fiud him to be o lion. C. .Xrp. in 



TA • 

Tacina, a river of the Brutii. j 

Tacita, a goddess wh(» presided over si- 1 
Icnce. Nunia, as some say, paid particular j 
veneration to this divinity. i 

Tacitus, (C. Cornelius) a celebrated La- 
tin historian, born in the reign of Nero. 
His lather was a Roman knight, who had 
been appointed governor of Belgic Gaul. 
The native jgjenius, and the rising talents of 
Tacitiis, were beheld with rapture by the 
emperor Vespasian, and as he wished to pro- 
tect and patronise merit, he raised the young 
historian to places of trust and honour. The 
succeeding emperors were not less partial to 
Tacitus, and Domitian seemed to forget his 
cruellies, when virtue and innocence claimed 
his patronage. Tacitus was honoured witlHiie 
consulship, and he gave proofs of his eloquence 
at the bar, by supporting. the cause of the in- 
jured African& against the proconsul Marius 
Priscus, and in causing him to be condemned 
for his avarice and extortion. The friendly 
intercourse of Pliny and Tacitus has often been 
admired, and many have observed, that the fa- 
miliarity of these two great men, arose from 
similar principles, and a perfect conformity 
of manners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was 
as much the friend of a republican govern- 
ment as Pliny was an admirer of the imperial 
power, and of the short-lived virtues of his 
patron Trajan. Pliny gained the heart of his 
adherents by affability, and all the elegant gra- 
ces which became the courtier and the favour- 
ite, while Tacitus conciliated the esteem of 
the world by his virtuous conduct, which pru- 
dence and love of honour ever guided. The 
friendship of Tacitus and of Pliny almost be- 
came proverbial, and one was scarce mention- 
ed without the other, as the following instance 
may indicate. At the exhibition of the specta- 
cles in the circus, Tacitus held a long conver- 
sation on different subjects with a Roman 
knight, with whom he was unacquainted ; and 
when the knight asked him Whether he was a 
native of ftaly, the historian told him that he 
was not unknown to him, and that for their 
dista,"^tt acquaintance, he was indebted to lite- 
ratiir*^. Tken you are, replied the knight, either 
Tacilus or Pliny. The time of J'acilus was 
not employed in trivial pursuits, the orator 
might have been now fori;otten if the historian 
had not tlourlshed. Tacitus wrote a treatise 
on the manners of the Germans, a composition 
admiret' for the fidelity and exactness with 
which it is executed, though some have declar- 
ed that the historian delineated manners and 
cusSorns with which he was not acquainted, 
and whi';h never existed. His life of Cn. Ju- 
lius Agricola. whose daughter he had married, 
is celebrated for its purity, elegance, and the 
many excellent instructions and important 
truths v;hich it relates. His history of the Ro- 
man em))erors is imperfect ; of the 28 years of 
which it treated, that is from the 69th to the 
96{!i year of the Christian era, nothing re- 
mains hut the year 69 and part of the 70lh.. 
His annals were the most extensive and com 
plelc of his works. The history of the reign 
of Tii)erius, Caius, Claudius, and IVero, was 
treated with accuracy and attention, yet we 
are to lauient the loss of the history of the 
reign of Caius, and the beginning of that of 
Claudius. Tacilus had reser\'ed for his old 



TA 

age, the history of the reign 'of Nerva anil- 
Trajan, and he also proposed to give to the 
world an account of the interesting adminis- 
tration of Augustus ; but these important 
subjecis never employed the pen of the his- 
torian, and as some of the ancients observe, the 
only compositions of Tacilus were contained 
in 30 books, of which we have now left only 
16 of his annals, and five of his history. The 
style of Lacitus has always been admired for 
peculiar beauties ; the thoughts are great, there 
is subJimity, force, weight and energy, every 
thing is treated with precision and dignity, yet 
luany have called him obscure, because he was 
fond of expressing his ideas in i'ew words. This 
was the fruit of experience and judgmeul, the 
history appears copious and diffuse, while the 
annals, wUich were written in his old age, are 
less flowing as to style, more concise, and more 
heavily laboured. His Latin is remarkable for 
being.pure and classical; and though a writer in 
the decline of the Roman empire, he has not 
used obsolete words, antiquated phrases, or 
barbarous expressions, but with him every 
thing is^ sanctioned by the authority of the 
writers of the Augustan age. In his biographi- 
cal sketches he displays an uncommon know- 
ledge of human nature, he paints every scene 
with a masterly hand, and gives each object its 
proper size and becoming colours. Affairs of 
importance are treated with dignity, the secret 
ctuses of events and revolutions are investigar 
ted from their primeval source, and the histo» 
rian every where shows his reader that he 
was a friend of public liberty and national in- 
dependence, a lover of truth, and of the gene- 
ral good and welfare of mankind, and an inve- 
terate enemy to oppres.sion, and to a tyrarmi- 
cal government. The history of the reign of Ti- 
berms is his master-piece : the deep policy, the- 
dissimulation and vairious intrigues of this ce- 
lebrated prince, are painted with all the fidelity 
of the historian; and Tacittisl>oasted in saying 
that he neither would flatter the follieg^ or 
maliciously or partially represent the extrava- 
gance of the several characters he deiineated^ 
Candour and impartiality were his standard,, 
aud his claim to these essential qualiiications- 
of an historian have never been disputed. It 
is said that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted 
in beingoneofthedescendants of the historian, 
ordered the works of his ancestor to be placed 
in ail public libraries, and directed that ten co- 
pies well ascertained for accuracy and exact- 
ness, should be yearly written, that so great 
and so valuable a work might not be lost. 
Some ecclesiastical writers have exclaimed 
against Tacitus fur tho partial manner in which 
bespeaks of the Jews and Christians; but it 
should be remembered, that he spoke the lan- 
guage of the Romans, and that the peculiari- 
ties of the Christians could not but draw upon 
them the odium and the ridicule of the Pagans, 
and the imputation of superstition. Among 
the many excellent edilions^of Tacitus, these 
may pass for the best ; that of Rome, fol. 
1515; that in 8vo. 2 vols. L. Bat. 1673; thatin 
usum Dclphini, 4 vols. 4to. Paris, 1682 ; that of 
Lips, 2 vols. 8vo. 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols. 
4to. 1721 ; that of Brotier,7 vols. 12mo. Pari.s, 
1776 ; that of Ernesti, 2 vols.Svo. Lips. 1777 ; 

and Barbou's, 3 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1760. 

M. Claudius, a Roman, chosen emperor by the 



-SBBftte, after the death of Aurelian. He would 
sJiave refused this iraportantaid dangerous of- 
'fice, but the pressingsolicitatioiis of the senate 
prevailed, and in the 7(Jth year of his age, he 
complied with the wishes of his countjymeri, 
and accepted the purple. The tiuie of his ad- 
rcinistraliori was very ^mpular, the good of 
the people was his care, and as a pattern of 
moiieratioii, economy, temperance, regularity, 
and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. He 
abolished the several brothels which under the 
preceeding reigns had filled Rome with licen- 
tiousness and obscenity; and by ordering all 
the public baths to be shut at sun-set he pre- 
vented the commission of many irregula-rrties, 
which the darkness of the night had hitherto 
sanctioned. The senators under Tacitus 
seemed to have recovered their ancient digni- 
ty, and long lost privileges. They were liot 
only the counsellers of the emperor, but they 
even seemed to be his masters; and when Flo- 
rianus, the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was re- 
fused the consulship, the emperor said, that 
the senate, no doubt, could fix upon a more de- 
serving object. As a warrior, Tacitus is infe- 
■rior to few of the RomatHS. and during a short 
reign of about six months, he not oidy repelled 
the barbarians who had invaded the territories 
of Rome in Asia, but he prepared to make 
"war against the Pei-sians and Scythians. He 
died iu Cilicia as he was on his espedition, of a 
violent distemper, or, according to sonae, he 
was destroyed by the secret dagger of an as 
sassin, or. the 13th of April, in the 276th year 
of the Christian era Tacitus has been com 
mended for his love of learning, and it has been 
observed, that he never passed a day without 
consecrating some pari of his time to reading 
or writing. He has been accused of supersti- 
tion, and authors have recorded, that he never 
studied on the second day of each month, a day 
which he deemed inauspicious and ujilucky 
Taci7. vita. — Zozim. 

T.vDKR, & river of Spain, near New Car- 
thage. 

TiEDiA, a prostitute at Rome, Sec. Jui\ 
2, V. 49. 

TiENARus, now Matapan, a promontory of 
Laconia, the most southern point of Europe, 
where Neptune had a temple. There was 
there a large and deep cavern, whence issued 
a black andunwholesome vapour,from which 
circumstance the poets have imagined that it 
was one of the entrances of hell, through which 
Hercules dragged Cerberus from the infernal 
regions. This fabulous tradition arises, accor- 
ding to Pausanias, from the continual resort of 
a large serpent near the cavern of Tajnarus, 
whose bite was mortal. This serpent, as the 
geographer observes, was at last killed by Her- 
cules, and carried to Eurystheus. The town 
ofTaenarus was at the distance of about 40 
stadia from t'.ie promontory, and was famous 
for marble of a beautiful green colour. The 
town, as well as the promontory, received its 
name from Taenarus, a son of Neptune. 
There were some festivals celebrated there- 
called Tcenaria, in honour of Neptune, sur- 
iiamed Tctnarius. Homer. Hymn, in Apoll 
413— Paus. 3, c. 14.— Lucan. 6, v. 648. — 
Ovid. Met. 2. v. 247, 1. 10, v. 13 and 83.— 
Paus. 3, c. 25.— .pellod. 2, f . H.—Mcla, 2, c. 
3.-^Slreib. S. 



TA 

T^NiAS, a part of the lake Masotis. Sirab, 
Tagaste, a town of Numidia. Plin. 5, 
c. 4. 

Tages, a son of Genius, grandson of Ju- 
piter, was tlie first who taught the 12 nalions 
of the Etrurians the science of augury and 
divination. It is said that he was found by a 
Tuscan ploughman in the form of a clod, and 
that he assumed an human shape to instruct 
this natiou, which became so cplebrated for 
their knowledge of omens and incantations. 
Cic. de Div. 2, c. 23.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 55S. 
— Lucan. 1, v. 673. 

Tagonius, a river of Hispania Tarraco- 
oensis. 

Tagus, a river of Spain, which falls into the 
Atlantic after it has crossed Lusitania or 
Portugal, and now bears the name of Tajo. 
The sands of the Tagus, according to the 
poets, were covered with gold. Mela, 3, c. 1. 
—Ovid. Md. 2, v. 2b\.—Sil. 4, v. 234.— Lu- 
can. 7, v. 755. — Martial. 4, ep. 55, he. A 

Latin chief, killed bv Nisis. Virg. JEn. 9, 

V. 418. A Trojan killed by TuVnus. U, 

12, v. 513. 
Talasius. [rirf. Thalasius.] 
Talaus, a son of Bias and Pero, father of 
Adrastus by Lysimaclie. He was one of the 
Argonauts. Apollod. 1, c. 9. I. 3. c. 6. 

Talayra, the sister of Phoebe. She is also 
called Hilaira. [Vid. Phcebe.] 

Taletom, a temple sacred to the sun on 
mount TayiTCtus iu Laconia. Horses wer* 
generally offered there for sacrifice. Paus. 

Talthybius, a herald in the Grecian 
camp during the Trojnn war, the- particular 
minister and friend of Agamemnon. H« 
brought away Briseis from the tent ot Achil- 
les by order of his master. Talthybius uied 
at 7Ei:ium in Achaia. Homer. 11. 1, v. 320, isic. 
— Paiu. 7, c. 23. 

Talus, a youth, son of the gister of Daeda- 
lus, who invented the saw, compasses, and 
other mechanical instruments. His uncle 
became jealous of his growing fame, and 
murdered him privately; or, according to 
others, he threw him down from the citadel 
ot Athens. Taulas was changed into a partridge 
by the gods. He is also called Cains, .icnlus^ 
Perdix, and Talirls. .Bpollod. 3, c. 1. — Paus. 

1, c. 21. — Ovid. Met. 8. A son of CDnopion. 

Pans. 7, c. 4. A son of Cres, the founder 

of the Cretan nation. Pans. 8, c. 53. A 

friend of ^Eneas killed by Turuus. Virg. 
JEn. 12, v. 513. 

Tamaris. a river of Spain. 
Tamarus, a mountain of Epirus, called also 
Tmarus and Tomarns. Slrab. 

Tamasea, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sa- 
cred to the goddess of beauty. It was in this 
place that Venus gathered the golden apples 
with which Hippomanes was enabled to over- 
take Atalanta*. Ovid. Met 10, v. 644.— Fiin. 
b.—Strab. 14. 

Tamesis, a river of Britain, now the 
Thames. Cats. G. 5, c. 11. 

Tamos, a native of iVIemphis, made gover- 
nor of Ionia, by young Cyrus. Alter the 
death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where 
he was murdered on account of his immense 
treasures. Diod. 14. A promontory of In- 
dia near the Ganges. 
Ta.mpids; a Roman historian 



TA 



TA 



Tamyras, a river of Phcenicia, between I laus, as grandsons of Tantalus, are called 
Tyre and Sidon. \ Tantalidce f rates. Ovid. Heroid. 8, v. 46 

Tamyris, a queen. [Vid. Thomyris.] jand 122. 



Tanagra, a town of Bceotia, near the Euri- 
pus between the Asopus and Therraodon, 
famous for lighting cocks. It was founded by 
Pcemandros, a son of Cha?resilaus, the son of 
Jasius, who married Tanagra, the daughter of 
^^olus; or, according to some, of the Asopus. 
Corinnawas a native of Tanagra. Strab.9. 
—Paus. 9, c. 20 and 2S.—JElian. V. H. 13. 
V. 25. 

Tanagrus, or Tanager, now Kegro, a 
liver of Lucania in Jlaly, remarkable for its 
cascades, and the beautiful meanders of its 
streams, through a fine picturesque country. 
Virg. G. 3, V. 151. 

Tanais, an eunuch, freed-man to Maece- 
nas. Horat. 1, sat. 1, v. 105. A river of 

Scythia, now the Don, which divides Europe 
from Asia, and falls into the Pains Maeotis, 
after a rapid course, and after it has received 
the additional streams of many small rivu- 
lets. A 'town at its mouth bore the same 
name. Mela, 1, c. 19. — SIrab. 11 and 16 — 

Curl. 6, c. 2. — Lvcan. 3, 8, fcc A deity 

among the Persians and Armenians, who pa- 
tronised slaves ; supposed to he the same as 
Venus, The daughters of the noblest of the 
Persians and Armenians prostituted them 
selves in honour of this deity, and were re- 
ceived with greater regard and affection by 
their suitors. Artaxer.xes, the son of Darius, 
who was the first who raised statues to Ta- 
nais in the different provinces of his empire, 
and taught his subjects to pay her divine ho- 
nours. Curl. 5, c. 1. — Strab. 11. 

Tanaqcil, called also Caia Ccecilia, was 
the wife of Tarquin the 5th king of Rome. 
She was a native of Tarquinia, where she 
married Lucumon, better known by the name 
of Tarquin, which he assumed after he had 
come to Rome at the representation of his 
wife, whose knowledge of augury promised 
him something uncommon. Her expectations 
were not frustrated ; her husband was raised 
to the throne, and she shared with him the 
honours or royalty. After the murder of 
Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in-law Ser- 
vius Tullus to the throne, and ensured him 
the succession. She distinguished herself by 
her liberality; and the Romans in succeeding 
ages had such a veneration for her character, 
that the embroidery she had made, her gir- 
dle, as also the robe of her son-in-law, which 
she had worked with her own hands, were 
preserved with the greatest sanctity, Juvenal 
bestows the appellation of Tanaquil on all 
such women as were imperious, and had the 
command of their husbands. Liv. 1, c. 34, 
&.C. — Dionys. Hal. 3, c. 59. — Flor. 1, c. 5 and 
S.—Ital. 13, V. 818. 

Tanas, a river of Numidia. ^allusf. J. 90. 

Tanetu.m, a town of Italy, now Tenedo, in 
the dutchy of Modena. 

TANFANit i.uciis, a sacred grove in Ger- 
many, in the country of the Marsi, between 
the. Eras and Lippe. Tacit. A. I, c. 51. 

Tanis, a city of Egypt, on one of the east- 
ern mouths of (he I^ile. 

Tantamoks. a patronymic applied to the 
Cescendants of Taiualus, such as Niobe, 
Herraione, kc. Agamemnon and Mene- 



Tantalus, a king of Lydia, son of Ju- 
piter, by a nymph called Pluto. He was 
fatiier of JNiobe, Pelops, ^c. by Dione, one 
of the Atlantides, called by some Euryanassa. 
Tantalus is represented by the poets as pun- 
ished in hell, with an insatiable thirst, and 
placed up to the chin in the midst of a pool 
of water, which however flows away as soon 
as he attempts to taste it. There bangs 
also above his head, a bough, richly loaded 
with delicious fruits; which, as soon as he 
attempts to seize, is carried away from his 
reach by a sudden blast of wind. According 
to some mythologists, his punishment is to sit 
under a huge stone hung at some distance 
over his head, and as it seems every moment 
ready to fall, he is kept under continual alarms 
and never ceasing fears. The causes of this 
eternal punishment are variously explained. 
Some declare that it was inflicted upon him 
because he stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter 
had intrusted to his care to keep his temple 
in Crete. Others say that he stole away the 
nectar and ambrosia from 'he tables of the 
gods.when he was admitted into the assemblies 
of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals ou 
earth. Others supj)ort that this proceeds 
from his cruelty and impiety in killing his son* 
Pelops, and in serving his limbs as food before 
the gods, whose divinity and power he wished 
to try, when they had stoj)ped at his house 
as they passed over Phrygia. There were 
also others who impute it to his lasciviousness 
in carrying away Ganymedes to gratify the 
most unnatural of pasaions. Pindar. Olymp. 
I.— Homer Od. 11, v. 5Sh—Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 
5, I. 4, c. 16. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Propert. 2, 

el. 1, v. 66. — Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 68. A son 

of Thyestes; tfie fi-f-st husband of Clytemnes- 
tra. Paus. 2. — —One of JNiobe's children. 
Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Tanusius Germinits, a Latin historian 
intimate with Cicero. Seneca. 93, — Sud. 
Cops. 9. 

Taphi^, islands in the Ionian sea, between 
Achaia and Leucadia. They were also called 
Ttlehoidts. They received these names from 
Taphiusand Telebous, the sons of JN'eptunc, 
who reigned there. The Taphians made war 
against Electryon king of Mycenae, and killed 
all his sons; upon which the monarch pro- 
mised his kingdom and his daughter in mar- 
riage to whoever could avenge the death of 
his children upon the Taphians. Ampbic- 
tryon did it with success, arid obtained the pro- 
mised reward. The Taphians were expert 
sailors, but too fond of plunder and piratical 
excursions. Homer. Od. l.v. 181 and 419, c. 
15, v. 426.—J]pollod. 2, c. A.—Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Taphius, a son of ISeptune by Hippothoe 
the daughter of A'estor. He was king of the 
Tajjfaia:, to which be gave his name. Strab. 
l6.—Ji}wllod. 2, c. 4. 

Taphius, or Taphiassus, a mountain of 
Locris on the confines of iEtolia. 

TAPHiusA,a place r-ar Leucas, where a 
stone is found called Taphiusius. Plin. 36, c. 21. 

Taphr^k, a town on the Isthmus of the 
Taurica Chers^onesns, now Prerop. Mela^ 2, 
c. l.—Plin. 4, c. 12. 



TA 

Taphuos, the strait between- Corsica and 
Sardinia, now Bonifacio. 

Taprobane, an island in the Indian ocean, 
now called Ceylon. Its inhabitants were very 
rich and lired to a great age. Their country 
was visited by two summers and two winteis. 
Hercules was their chief deity, and as the 
sovereignty was elective, and only from among 
unmarried men, the monarch was immedi 
ateiy deposed if he became a father. Plol. 6. 
— Slrab. 1. — Ovid, ex Pont. 8, el. 5, v. 80. 

Tapsus, a maritime town of Africa. Sil. 

II. 3. A small and lowly situated peninsula 

on the eastern coast of Sicily. Virg. JEn. 3, 

V. 689. A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. 

V. Place. 2, V. 191. 

Tapyri, a people near Hyrcania. Dio. 
Perteg. 

Taranis, a name of Jupiter among the 
Gauls, to whom human sacrifices were offered. 
Lucan. 1, v. 446. 

Taras, a son of Neptune, who built Ta- 
rentum as some suppose. 

Tarasco, a town of Gaul, now Tarascon 
in Provence. 

Taraxippus, a deity worshipped at Elis. 
His statue was placed near the race ground, 
and his protection was implored, that no harm 
might happen to the horses during the games. 
Pans. 6, c. 20, kc. — Dionys. Hal. 2. 

Tarbelli, a people of Gaul, at the foot 
of the Pyrenees, which from thence are some- 
times called TarbellcB. Tibull. 1, el. 7, v. 13. 
—Lucan. 4, v 121.— Cce5. G. 3, c. 27. 

Tarchetius, an impious king of Alba. 
Plut. in Rom. 

Tarchon, an Etrurian chief, who assisted 
JEneas against the Rutuli. Some suppose that 

he founded Mantua. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 693. 

A prince of Cilicia. Lucan. 9, v. 219. 

Tarchondimotus, a prince of Cilioia. Lu- 
can. 11, V. 219. 

Tarentum, Tarentus, or Taras, a 
town of Calabria, situate on a bay of the same 
name, near the mouth of the river Galesus. 
It was founded, or rather repaired, by a La- 
cedagmonian colony, about 707 years before 
Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus. 
Long independent, it maintained its superiori- 
ty over 13 tributary cities; and could once 
arm 100,000 foot and 3,000 horse. The peo- 
ple of Tarentum were very indolent, and as 
they were easily supplied with all necessaries as 
well as luxuries from Greece, they gave them- 
selves up to voluptuousness, so that^/ie delights 
of Tarentum became proverbial. The war 
which they supported against the Romans, 
with the assistance of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, 
and which has been called the Tarenline war, 
is greatly celebrated in his hislory. This war, 
which had been undertaken B. C. 281, by the 
Romans to avenge the insults the Tarentines 
had offered to their ships when near their har- 
bours, was teirainated after ten years ; 30,000 
prisoners were taken, and Tarentum became 
subject to Rome. The government of Taren- 
tum was democratical ; there were, however, 
some mouarchs who reigned there. It was 
for some time the residence of Pythagoras, 
who inspired the citizens with the love of vir- 
tue, and rendered them superior to their 
neighbours in the cabinet as well as in the 
field of battle. Tlj<e hrge, beautiful, and capa- 



TA 

cious harbour of Tarentum is greatly com* 
mended by ancient historians. Tarentum, 
now called Tarento, is inhabited by about 
18,000 souls, who still maintain the character 
of their forefathers in idleness and effemina- 
cy, and live chiefly by fishing. Flor. 1, c. 18. 
— Val. Max. 2, c. 2— Plut. in Pyr.—Plin. 8, c. 
Q, 1. 16, c. 10, 1. 34, c. I.—Liv. 12, c. 13, &c.— 
Mela., 2, c. 4. — Strah. 6. — Horat. 1, ep. 7, r . 
Ab.—JElian. V. H. 5, c. 20. 

Tarichjeum, a fortified town of Judea. Cic. 

ad Div. 12, c. 11. Several towns on the 

coast of Egypt, bore this name from their 
pickling fish. Herodot. 2, c. 15, k.c. 

TARNi?:, a town mentioned by Homer. II, 

5. A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. 

Strab. A river of Aquitania. 

Tarpa, Spurius Maetius, a critic at Rome ia 
the age of Augustus. He was appointed with 
four others in the temple of Apollo, to exa- 
mine the merit of every poetical composition, 
which was to be deposited in the temple of 
the Muses. In this oflBce he acted with great 
impartiality, though many taxed him with 
want of candour. All the pieces that were 
represented on the Roman stage had previ- 
ously received his approbation. Horat. 1, Sat. 
10, V. 38. 

Tarpeia, the daughter of Tarpeius, the 
governor of the citadel of Rome, promised to 
open the gates of the city to the Sabines, pro- 
vided they gave her their gold bracelets, or, 
as she expressed it, what they carried on their 
left hands. Tatius, the king of the Sabines, 
consented, and as he entered the gates, to 
punish her perfidy, he threw not only his 
bracelet but his shield upon Tarpeia. His fol- 
lowers imitated his example, and Tarpeia was 
crushed under the weight of the bracelets 
and shields of the Sabine army. She was 
buried in the capitol, which from her has been 
called the Tarpeian rock, and there after- 
wards many of the Roman malefactors were 
thrown down a deep precipice. Plut. in Ram. 
—Ovid. Fad. 1, v. 261. Amor. 1, el. 10, v. 50. 

— Liv. 1, c. 11. — Propert. 4, el. 4. A vestal 

virgin in the reign of Numa. One of the 

warlike female attendants of Camilla, in the 
Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 1 1, v. 665. 

Taupkia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 269, by 
Sp. Tarpeius, to empower all the magistrates 
of the republic to lay fines on offendei's. This 
power belonged before only to the consuls. 
The fine was not to exceed two sheep and 
thirty oxen. 

Sp. Tarpeius, the governor of the citadel 
of Rome, under Romulus. His descendants 
were called Montani and Capitolini. 

Tarpeius MON3,a hill at Rome about 80 feet 
in perpendicular height, from whence the Ro- 
mans threw down their condemned criminals. 
It received its name from Tarpeia, who was 
buried there, and is the same as the Capiloline 
hill. Liv. 6, c. 20.— Lucan. 7, v. 153.— Virg. 
JEn. 8, V. 347 and 652. 

Tarquinh, now Ttirchina, a town of 
Etruria, built by Tarchon, who assisted JEne- 
as against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was 
born or educated there, and he made it a Ro- 
man colony when he ascended the throne. 
^Irnb. 5.—Plin. 2, c. 95.— Lir. 1, c. 34, I. 27, 
C.4. 

TABquiNiA, a daughter of Tarquiniu!) 



TA 

Mscus, who married Servius Tullius. When 
her husband was murdered by Tarquinius Su- 
nerbus, she privately conveyed away his body 
by night, and buried it. This preyed upon 
her mind, and the following night she died. 
Some have attributed her death to excess of 
grief, or suicide, while others, perliaps more 
justly, have suspected Tuilia,the wife of young 

Tarquin, with the murder. A vestal virgin, 

who, as some suppose, gave the Roman people 
a large piece or land, which was aft-erwards 
called the Campus Martius. 

Tarq,uinius Priscus, th« 5th Icing of Rome, 
was son of Demaratus, a native of Greece. 
His first name was Lucumon, but this he 
changed when by the advice of his wife Tana- 
<jnil, he had come to Rome. He called him- 
self Lucius, and assumed the surname of Tar- 
quinius, because born in the town of Tarquinii 
in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished himself 
so much by his liberality and engaging man- 
ners, that AncusMartius, the reigning monarch, 
nominated him, at his death, the guardian of 
his children. This was insufficient to gratify 
the ambition of Tarquin ; the princes were 
young, and an artful oration delivered to the 
people, immediately transferred the crown of 
the deceased monarch on the head of Lucu- 
snon. The people had every reason to be sa- 
tisfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with 
moderation and popularity. He increased the 
number of the senate, and made himself 
fiiends by electing 100 new senators from the 
plebeians, whom he distinguished by the ap- 
pellation oi Palres ininorum gentium, from 
those of the patrician body, who were called 
Palres majorum gentium. The glory of the 
Roman arms, which was supported with so 
much dignity by the former raonarcfis,was not 
neglected in this reign, and Tarquin showed 
that he possessed vigour and military prudence 
in the victories which he obtained over the 
united forces of the Latins and Sabines, and 
in the conquest of the 12 nations of Etruria. 
He repaired, in the time of peace, the walls 
of the capital ; the public places were adorned 
with elegant buildings and useful ornaments ; 
,and many centuries after, such as were spec- 
tators of the stately mansions and golden pa- 
laces of Nero, viewed with more admiration 
and greater pleasure, the more simple, though 
not less magnificent edifices of Tarquin. He 
Jnid the foundations of the capitol, and to the 
industry and the public spirit of this monarch 
*he Romans were indebted for their aque- 
tlucts and subterraneous sewers, which suppli- 
ed tiie city with fresh and wholesome water, 
<-ind removed all the filth and ordure, which 
iu a great capital too often breed pestilence 
and diseases. Tarquin was the first who 
introduced among the Romans the custom to 
canvass for offices of trust and honour ; he 
distinguished the monarch, the senators, and 
other interior magistrates, with particular 
robes and ornaments, with ivory chairs at 
f^pectacles ; and tlie hatchets carried beJfore 
tlie public magistrates, were by his order 
turrconded with bundles of sticks, to strike 
more (error, and to be viewed with greater 
Mverence. Tarquin was assassinated by the 
two sons of his predecessor, in the 80th year 
<tf his age, 38 of which he had sat on the 
(lirone, 678 years before Christ. Dioiiys. 



TA 

Hal. 3, c. h9.—Val. Max. 1, c 4, 1. 8, c. 2. 
— Flor. 1, c. 5, he. — Lie. 1, c. 31. — Virg, 

JEn. 6, V. 817. The second Tarquin, sur- 

named Superbus, from his pride and inso- 
lence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. 
He ascended the throne of Rome after bis 
father-io-4aw Servius Tullius, and was th« 
seventh and last king of Rome. He married 
Tullia, the daughter of Tullius, and it wa« 
at her instigation that he murdered his father- 
in-law, and seized the kingdom. The crown 
which he had obtained with violence, he en- 
deavoured to keep by a continuation of ty- 
ranny. Unlike his royal predecessors, he 
paid no regard to the decisions of the senate, 
or the approbation of the public assembiiei, 
and by wishing to disregard both, he incurred 
the jealousy of the one, and the odium of the 
other. The public treasury was soou ex- 
hausted by the continual extravagance of 
Tarquin, and to silence the murmurs of 
his subjects, he resolved to call their atten- 
tion to war. He was successful in his mili- 
tary operations; the neighbouring cities sub- 
mitted ; but while the siege of Ardea vvas 
continued, the wantonness of the son oi Tar- 
quin at Rome for ever stopped the progress 
of his arms ; and the Romans, whom a series 
of barbarity and oppression had hitherto pro- 
voked, no sooner saw the virtuous Lucretia 
stab herself, not to survive the loss of her ho- 
nour, [Farf. Lucretia] than the whole city and 
camp arose with indignation against the mo- 
narch The gates of Rome were shut against 
him, and Tarquin was for ever banished from 
his throne, in the year of Rome 244. Un- 
able to find support from even one of his sub- 
jects, Tarquin retired among the Etrurians, 
who attempted in vain to replace him on his 
throne. The republican govornraeut was 
established at Rome., and all Italy refused any 
longer to support the cause of an exiled 
monarch against a nation, who heard the 
name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, men- 
tioned whh equal horror and indignation. 
Tarquin died in the 90tb year of his age, 
about 14 years after his expulsion from Rome. 
He bad reigned about 25 years. Though 
Tarquin appeared so odious among the Ro- 
mans, his reign was not without its share of 
glory ; his conquests were numerous ; to 
beautify the buildings and porticos at Rome 
was his wish ; and with great magnificence 
and care he finished the ca{)JtoI, M'hich hi^ 
predecessor of the same name had begun. 
He also bought the Sibylline books which the 
Romans consulted with such religious solem- 
nity. [Vid. Sibyilae.] Cic. pro Rub. ^ Tus^. 
3, c. 27. — Liv. 1, c. 46, k.c. — Di«ny^. Hal. 
3, c. 48, he— Flor. 1, o. 7 and S.—Plin. 8, c. 
4l.—Plut.— Vnl. ^klx.9, c. 11.— OviiL Fast. 
6S7. — Virg. JFn. 6, v. BIL—Eulrop 



CoUatinus, one of the relations of 

Tarquin the proud, who married Lucretia. 

[Vid. CoUatinus.] Sextius, the eldest 

of the SOBS of Tarquin the proud, rendered 
himself known by a variety of adventures. 
When his father besieged Gabii, young 
Tarquin publicly declared that he was at 
variance with the monarch, and the report 
was the more easily believed when he came 
before Gabii with his body all mangled and 
bloody with stripes. This was an agree 



TA 

jaent between the father and the sorr, antf 
Tarquin had no sooner declared that this 
proceeded from the tyranny and oppression j 
of his father, than the people of Gabii in- 
trusted him with the command of their ar- 
mies, fully eon vinced that Rome could never 
have a more inveterate enemy. When he 
had thus succeeded, he despatched a private 
messenger to his father, but the monarch 
gave no answer to be returned to his son. 
Sextius inquired more partieularly about 
his father, and when he heard from the mes- 
senger that, when the message was delivered, 
Tarquin cut oft' with a stick the tallest pop- 
pies in his garden, the son followed the ex- 
ample, by putting to death the most noble afld 
powerful citizens of Gabii. The town soon 
fell into the hands of the Romans. The 
violence which some time after Tarquinius 
offered to Lucretia, was the cause of his 
father's exile, and the total expulsion of his 
family from Rome. [^'id. Lucretia ] Sextius 
was at last killed, bravely fighting in a battle 
during the war which the Latins sustained 
against Ron>e in the attempt of re establishing 
the Tarquins on their throne. Ovid. Fast. — 

Liv. A Roman senator who was accessary 

to Catiline's conspiracy. 

TAnquiTius Crescens, a eentnrion un- 
der Ciesennius Partus. Tacit. A. 15, c. 11, 
Pviscus, an officer in Africa, who ac- 
cused the proconsul, &ic. Id. 12, c. 59, 1. 14, 
e. 46 

Tarquitus, a son of Faunus and Dry- 
ope, who assisted Turnus against .Sneas. 
He was killed by iEneas. FtVg. »/En. 10, v. 
i50. 

Tarracina, a town of the Volsci in La- 
tinm, between Rone and Neapolis. It was 
also called Anxur because the infant Jupiter 
was worshipped there under that name, which 
signifies beardless. Liv. 4, c 29. — Strab. 5. — 
Mela., 2, c. 4. — Festus de V. aig. 

Tarraco, now Tarragoiia, a eitj' of Spain, 
.situate on the shores of the Mediterranean, 
fcunded by the two Scipios, who planted a Ro- 
man colony there. The province of which it 
was the capital was called Tarraconensis, and 
was famous for its wines. Hispania Tarraco- 
nensis, which was also called by the Romans 
Hispania Cilerior^ was bounded on the east by 
the Mediterranean, the ocean on the west, the 
Pyrenean mountains and the sea of the Can- 
tabra on the north, and Lusitania and Bajtica 
•n the south. Martial. 10, ep. 104, 1. 13, ep. 
lis.— Mela, 2, c. 6.—Sil. 3, v. 369, I. 16, v. 
177. 

TARRUTfus. Vid. Acca Laurentia. 

Tarsa, a Thracian, who rebelled under Ti- 
fccrius, fcc. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c.50. 

Tarsics, a river of Troas. Slrab. 

Taksus, now Tarasso, a town of Cilicia, on 
fheCydnus, founded by Triploleraus andaco- 
loiiy of Argives, or, as others say, by Sarda- 
napalus, or by Perseus. Tarsus was celebra- 
ted for the great men it produced. It was once 
the rival of Alexandria and Athens in litera- 
ture and the study of the polite arts. The 
people of Tarsus wished to ingratiate them- 
selves into the favour of J. Caesar by giving the 
name of Juliopolis to- their city, but it was 
soon lost. Lucan.3, f.^^.—Mrla, \, c. 13. — 
Slrab, M, 



TA 

Tartarus, (pi. a, orum,) one of the regiion? 
of hell, where, according to the ancients, the 
most impious and guilty amongmankind were 
punished. It was surrounded with a brazeci 
wall, and its entrnnce was continually hidden 
from the sight by a cloud of darkness, which 
is represented three times more gloomy than 
the obscurest night. According to He-oiod it 
was a separate prison, at a greater distance 
from the earth than the earth is from ths 
heavens. Virgil says, that it was surround- 
ed by three impenetrable walls, and by the 
impetuous and burning streams of the river 
Phlegethon. The entrance is by a large and 
lofty tower, whose gates are supported by co- 
lumns of adamant, which neither gods nor men 
can open. In Tartarus, according to Virgil, 
Kere punished such as had been disobedient 
{^Q their parents, traitors, adulterers, faithless 
ministers, and such as had undertaken unjust 
and cruel wars, or had betrayed their friends 
for the sake of money. It was also, the place 
where Ixion, Tityus, the Dannides, Tantalus, 
Sisyphus, &c. were punished, according to 
Ovid. Hesiod. Tktog. v. 720.— Si/. 13, v. 591. 
— Virg. JEn. 6.—Hmner. Od. U.— Oiid. Met. 

4, fab. 13. A small river of Italy, near Ve- 
rona. Tacit. H. 3, c. 9. 

Tartessus, a town in Spain near the co- 
lumns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. 
Some suppose that it w^as afterwards called 
Carteia, and it was better known by the 
name of Gades, when Hercules had set up 
his columns on the extremity of Spam and 
Africa. There is also a town called Tartes- 
sus, in a small island formed by a river of the 
same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartes- 
sus has been called the most distant town in 
the extremities of Spain, by the Romans, as 
also the palace where the poets imagined the 
sun unharnessed his tired horses. Si7.3, v.399 
and 411, 1. 10, v. 538.— Mela, 2, c. 6.— Fans, 
6, c. 19.— OnU Met. 14, v. 416.—Sirab. 3. 

Taruana, a town of Gaul, now Terrouea 
in Artois. 

L. Taruntius Spurina, a mathematician 
who flourished 61 years B. C. Cic. ad Div. 2, 
c. 47. 

Tarus, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po. 

Tarusates, a people of Gaul, now Turscm 
CcES. G. 3, c. 23 and 27. 

TAUuscUiM; a town of Gaul. 

Takvisium, a town of Italy, now Treviso, m 
the Venetian states. 

Tascetius Cornutus, a prince of Gaul;, 
assassinated in the age of Caesar. Ctzs. B. CT. 

5, c. 25. 

Tatian, one of the Greek fathers, A. D. 172, 
The best edition of his works is that of Worth, 
8vo Oxon. 1700. 

Tatifnses, a name given to one of the tribes 
of the Roman people by Romulus, in honour 
of Tatius, king of the Sabines. The Tatien- 
ses, who were partly of the ancient subjects of 
the king of the Sabines, lived on mount Capi- 
toliuus and Quirinalis. 

Tatius, (Titus) kirjg of Cures among the 
Sabines, made war against the Romans after 
the rupe of the Sabines. The gales of the ci- 
ty were betrayed into his hands by Tarpein, 
and the army of the Sabines advanced us (nr 
OS the Roman forum, whero a bloody battle 



TA 

was fought. The cries of the Sabine virgins at 
last stopt the fury of the combatants, and an 
agreement was made between the two nations. 
Tatius consented to leave his ancient posses- 
sions, and with his subjects of Cures to come 
and live in Rome, which, as stipulated, was 
permitted still to bear the name of its founder, 
whilst the inhabitants adopted the name of 
Quirites in compliment to the new citizens. 
After he had for six years shared the royal au- 
thority with Romulus, in the greatest union, 
he was murdered at Lanuviura, B. C. 742, for 
an act of cruelty to the ambassadors of the 
Laurentes. This was done by order of his 
I'oyal colleague, according to some authors. 
Liv. 1, c. 10, he. — Plul. in Rom. — Cic. pro 
Balb.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 804.— F/or. 1, c. 1. 

Tatta, a large lake of Phrygia, on the con- 
fines of Pisidia. '''"* 

Tavola, a river of Corsica. 

Taua, a town of the Delta in Egypt. 

Taulantii, a people of llFyricum on 
1he Adriatic. Liv. 45, c. 26. — Lucan. 6, v. 
IQ. 

Taunus, a mountain in Germany, now 
Her/rich or Hoc/ie, opposite Mentz. Tacit. 1, 
,3nn. c. 56. 

Taurania, a town of Italy in the country 
of the Brutii. 

Taurantbs, a people of Armenia, between 
Artaxata and Tigranocerta. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 
24. 

Tauri, a people of European Sarmatia, 
who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sa 
crificed all strangers to Diana. The statue of 
this goddess, which they believed to have fall- 
en down from heaven, was carried away to 
Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. Strab. 12. 
— Herodot. 4, c. 99, &c. — ^fela, 2, c 1. — 
Paus. 3, c. 16. — Eurip. Jphig — Ot^id. ex 
Pont. 1, el 2, V. 80.— Si/. 14, v. 260.— Juv. 15, 
V. 116. 

Taurica Chersonesds, a large penin- 
sula of Europe, at the south-west of the Pa- 
lus Majotis, now called the Crimea. It is 
joined by an isthmus to Scythia, and is bound- 
ed by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine 
sea, and the Palus Maeolis. The inhabitants, 
called Tauri, were a savage and unciviliz- 
ed nation. Strab. 4. — Plin. 4, c. 12. [J/id. 
Taari.] 

Taurica, a surname of Diana, because she 
was worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica 
Chersonesus. 

Taurini, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a 
town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Turin, in 
Piedmont. Sil. 3, v. 646.— P/m. 3, c. 17. 

Taurisci, a people of Mysia. Strab. 7. 

Of Noricum, among the Alps. Id. 4. 

Tauriscus, a sculptor. [Vid. Apollonius.] 

Taurium, a town of the Peloponnesus. 
Polyb. 

Taurominium, a town of Sicily, between 
jMessana and Cataria, built by the Zancleans, 
^Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of Diony- 
sius the tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the 
neighbourhood were famous for the fine grapes 
which they produced, and they surpassed al- 
most tiie whole world for the extent and 
beauty of their prospects. There is a small 
liver near it called Taurorninius. Died. 16. 

Taurus, the largest mountain of Asia, as 
h) e.\tent. One of its extremities is ia Curia; 



TE 

and it extends not only as far as the most 
eastern extremities of Asia, but it also branches 
in several parts, and runs far into the north. 
Mount Taurus was known by several names, 
particularly in different countries. In Cilicia, 
where it reaches as far as the Euphrates, it 
was called Taurus. It was known by the 
name of Amanus from the bay of Issus as far 
as the Euphrates ; of Antitaurus from the 
western boundaries of Cilicia up to Armenia ; 
of Moults Malieni in the country of the Leu- 
cosyrians; of Mons Moschicus at the south 
of the river Phasis ; of Amaranta at the north 
ofthePhasis; of Caucasus between the Hyr- 
canian and Euxine s^s ; of Hyrcanii Monies 
near Hyrcania ; of Imaus in the more eastern 
parts of Asia. The word Taurus was more 
properly confined to the mountains which 
sepeu-ate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. 
The several passes which were opened in the 
mountain were called Pyla, and hence fre- 
quent mention is made in ancient authors of 
the Armenian Pvlaj, Cilician Pylae, &.c. Mela, 

1, c. 15, ]. 3, c. 7 and Q.—Plin. 5, c. 27. A 

mountain in Germany. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 41. 

Of Sicily. Titus Statilius, a consul 

distinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, 
as well as by a theatre which he built, and 
the triumph he obtained after a prosperous 
campaign in Africa. He was made prefect of 

Italy by his imperial friend. A pro-consul 

of Africa, accused by Agrippina, who wished 
him to be condemned, that she might become 
mistress of his gardens. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 59. 

An officer of Minos, king of Crete. He 

had an amour with Pasiphae, whence arose 
the fable of the Minotaur, from the son, who 
was born some time after. [Vid. Minotau- 
rus.] Taurus was vanquished by Theseus, in 
the games which Minos exhibited in Crete. 
Plut. in Thes. 

Taxila, (plur.) a large country in India, be- 
tween the Indus and the Hydaspes. Strab. 15. 

TaxVlus, or Taxiles, a king of Taxila, in the 
age of Alexander, called also Omphis. He . 
submitted to the conqueror, who rewarded 
him with great liberalitv. Diod. 17. — Plut. m 
Alex.—Mlian. V. H. 5, c. Q.—Curl. 8, c. 14. 

A general of Mithridates, who assisted 

Archelaus against the Romans in Greece. H© 
was afterwards conquered by Murajna, the 
lieutenant of Sylla. 

TAXiMAQ,niLus, a king in the southern pai Is 
of Britain when Cajsar invaded it. Cos. 5, G. 
c.22. 

Taygi^.te, or Tavgeta, a daughter of Atlas 
and Pleione, mother of Lacediemou by Jupi- 
ter. She became one of the Pleiades, after 
death. Hygin.fab. 155 and 192. Paus. in Cic. 
1 and 18. 

Tavgetus, or Taygeta, (orum) a moun- 
tain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west 
of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city of 
Lacedaemon, and it is said that once a part ot 
it fell down by an earthquake, and destroyed 
the suburbs. It was on this mountain that the 
Lacedajmonian women celebrated the orgies 
of Bacchus. Mela, 2, c. 5.— Paus. 3, c. 1. 
—Strab. 8.— Lucan. 5, v. 52,— Virg. G. 2, v. 
488. 

Teanum, a town of Campania, on the Ap- 
pian road, at the cast of the Liris, called also 
Sidicinnm; to be distinguished fromaaother 



TE 

l*\vn «f the same name at the west of Apulia, 
at a small distance from the coast of the Adri- 
atic. The rights of citizenship were extended 
to it under Augustus. Cic. Clutnt. 9 and 69, 
Phil. 12, c. U.—HoraL 1, ep. 1— P/m.31,c. 
2.— Lir. 22, c. 27. 

Tearus, a river of Thrace, rising in the 
same rock from 38 different sources, some of 
which are hot and others cold. Darius raised 
a column there when he marched against the 
Scytliians, as if to denote the sweetness and 
salubrity of the waters of that river. Herodot. 
4, c. 90, 6LC.—Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Tjeatea, Teatk, or Tegeate, a town of 
Latium. SiL It. 8, v. 622, 1. 17, v. 4.>7. 

Teches, a mountain of Pontus, from which 
the 10.000 Greeks had first a view of the sea. 
Xenoph. Anab. 4. 

Techmessa, the daughter of a Phrygian 
prince cnlled by some Teulhras. and by others 
Teleutas. When her father was killed in war 
by Ajas, son of Telamon, the young princess 
became the property of the conqueror, and by 
him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sopho- 
cles, in one of his tragedies, represents Tech- 
messa as moving her husband to pity by her 
tears and entreaties, when he wished to stab 
himself. Horat. 2, Od. 1, v. Q.—Didys. Cret. 
— Sophocl. in Ajac. 

Tecmon, a town of Epirus. £tr.45, c 26. 

Tecnatis, a king of Egypt. 

Tectamus, son of Dorus, grandson of Hel- 
len, the son of Deucalion, went to Crete with 
the ^Etolians and Pelasgians, and reigned there. 
He had a son called Asterius, by the daughter 
of Cretheus. 

TfXTOsAGEs, or Tectosag^;, a people of 
Gallia iVorbonensis, whose capital vas the 
modern Toulouse. They received the name 
of Tectosagffi quod sagis tegererUur. Some 
of them passed into Germany, where they 
settled near the Hercynian forest, and an- 
other colony passed into Asia, where they 
conquered Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cap- 
padocia. The Tectosagae were among those 
Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus, 
and who attempted some time after to plun- 
der the temple of Apollo at Delphi. At their 
return home from Greece they were visited 
by a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, to 
throw into the river all the riches and plun- 
der they had obtained in their distant excur- 
sions. Cces. Bell. G. 6, c 23.—Slrab. 4.— Cic. 
de Aat. D.3.—Liv. 38, c. 16.— F/or. 2, c 11.— 
Justin. 32. 

Tecum, a river of Gaul falling from the Py- 
renees into the Mediterranean, 

Tedanius, a river of Liburnia. Pirn. 3, c. 
21. 

Tegea, or Teg it A, now Moklia- a town of 
Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded by Te- 
geates, a son of Lycaon, or, according to 
others, by Altus. The gigantic bones of Orestes 
were found buried there and removed to 
Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worshipped 
there, and there also Ceres, Proserpine, and 
Venus, had each a temple. The inhabitants 
were called Tegeates; and the epithet Ttgeea 
is given to Atalanta, as a native of the place. 
Olid. Met. 8, fab. 7. Fast. 6, v. 531 — Fj>ff. ^/i. 
5, V. 293— Slrab. 8.—Paus. 8, c. 45, Uc. 

Tegula, p. LiciN. a comic poet who flou- 
yJsbed B. g. 198, 

80 



TE 

I Tegtra, a town of Bceotia, where Apollo 
I Tegyrceus was worshipped. There was a bat- 
j tie fought there between the Thebans and the 
I Peloponnesians. 

Teios. Vid. Teos. 

Teium, a town of Paphlagonia on the Eux- 
ine sea. 

Tela, a town of Spain. 

Telamon, a kin^ of the island of Salamis, 
son of iEacus and Endeis. He was brother to 
Peleus, and father to Teucer and Ajax. who 
on that account is often called Telamonius 
heros. He fled from Megara, his native coun- 
try, after he had accidentally murdered his 
brother Phocus in playing with the quoit, and 
he sailed to the island of Salamis, where he 
soon after married Glauce, the daughter of 
Cychreus, the king of the place. At the death 
of his father-in-law, uiio had no male issue, 
Telamon became king of Salamis. He accom- 
panied Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and 
was arm-bearer to Hercules, when thaths^ro 
took Laomedon prisoner, and destroyed IVuy. 
Telamon was rewarded by Hercules for his 
services with the hand of Hesione, whom the 
conqueror had obtained among the spoils of 
Troy, and with her he returned to Greece. 
He also married Peribcea, whom some call 
Eriboea. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 151. — Sophocl. in 
A j.— Pindar. Isthm. 6.— Stat Theb.Q.—Jlpol' 
lod. 1, 2, Ike. — Pans, in Cor. — Hygin. fab. 97, 

he. A sea- port town of Etruria. Mela., 2; 

c. 4. 

Telamoniades, a patronymic given to the 
descendants of Telamon. 

Telchines, a people of Rhodes, said to 
have been originally from Crete. They were 
the inventors of many useful arts, and ac- 
cording to Dioiiorus. passed for the sons of 
the sea. They were the tirst who raised sta- 
tues to the gods. They had the power of 
changing themseives into whatever shape 
they pleased, and accordiiig to Ovid they 
could poison and fascinate all objects w ith 
their eyes, and cause rain and hail to fall at 
pleasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, 
for which the goddess inspired them with a 
sudden fury, so that they committed the 
grossest crimes, and offered violence even to 
their own mothers. Jnpiter destroyed them 
all by a deluge. Diod. — Ovid. Met. 7, v. 365; 
^c. 

Telchinla, a surname of Minerva at Teu- 
messa in Boeotia, where she had a temple. 

Paus. 9, c. 19. Also a surname of Juno in 

Rhodes, where she had a statue at lalysus rais- 
ed by the Telchinians, who settled there. 

Also an ancient name of Crete, as the place 
from whence the Telchines of Rhodes were 
descended. Stat. 6, Sylv. 6, v. 47. 

Telchinius, a surname of Apollo among 
the Uhodlans. Diod. 5. 

Telchis, a son of Europs the son of iEgia- 
leus. He was one of the first kings of the Pe- 
lo|ionnesus. 

Telea, a surname of Juno in Bceotia. 

Teleboas, a Bon of I^kion and the cloud. 
Olid. Mel. 11. A son of Lycaon. Apollod. 

Telebo.«, or Teleboes, a people of 
if'.tolia, called also Taphiam; some of whom 
left their native country, and settled in tho- 
island of Caprae. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 716. [ViiL 
Taphia?.] 



TE 

Teleboides, islands opposite Leucadia. 
Plin. 4, o. 12. 

Telecles, 01* Teleclus, a LacedEemonian 
king, of the family of the Agidae, who reigned 
40 years, B. C. 813. HerodoL 7, c. 205.— 

Pans. 3, c. 2. A philosopher, disciple of 

Lacidas. B. C. 214. A Milesian. 

Teeeclides, an Athenian comic poet in the 
age of Pericles, one of whose plays called 
the Amphictyons, is mentioned by ancient au- 
thors. Flut. in Kicia. — Allien 8. 

Telegokus, a son of Ulysses and Circe, 
born if! the island of ^Eaia, where he was 
educHied. When airived to the years of 
manhood, he went to Ithaca to mak? himself 
known to his father, but he was shipwrecked 
on the coast, and being destitute of provision.- 
he plundered some of the inhabitants of the 
island. Ulysses and Telemachus came to de- 
fend the pro})erty of their sibjects against 
this unknown invader ; a quarrel arose, anri 
Telegonus killed his father without knowing 
who he was. He afterwards returned to his 
native country, and according to Hy^inus 
he carried thither his father's body, where 
it was buried. Telemachus and Penelope 
also accompanied him in his return, and 
soon after the nuptials of Telegonus and 
Penelope were celebrated by order of Mi- 
nerva. Penelope had by Telegonus a son 
called Italus, who gave his name to Italv 
Telegonus founded Tusculum and Tiber or 
Prasneste, in Italy, and according to some 
he left one daughter, called Mamiiia, from 
whom the patrician family of the Mamilil at 
Rome were descended. Horat. 3, od. 29, v. 8. 
—Ovid. Fast. 3 and 4. Trist. 1, el I.— Pint. 

in Par. — Hygin. fab. 127. — Diod. 7. A son 

of Proteus killed by Hercules, Apollod. 

A king of Egypt who married lo after she had 
been restored to her original form by Jupiter. 
Jd. 

Telemachus, a son of Ulysses and Pene- 
lope. He was still in the cradle when his 
father went with the rest of the Greeks to 
the Trojan war. At the end of this celebra- 
ted war, Telemachus, anxious to see his fa- 
ther, went to seek him, and as the place of 
his residence, and the cause of his long ab- 
sence were then unknown, he visited the 
court of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain in- 
formation. He afterwards returi;ed to Ithaca, 
where the suitors of his mother Penelope 
had conspired to murder him, but he avoid- 
ed their snares, and by means of Minerva, 
he discovered his father, who had arrived 
in the island two days before him. and was 
then in the house of Eumaeus. With this 
faithful servant and Ulysses Telemachus 
concerted how to deliver his mother from 
the importunities of her suitors, and it was 
effected with success. After the death of 
his father, Telemachus went to the island 
of iEaea, where he married Circe, or ac- 
cording to others Cassiphone, the daughter 
of Circe, by whom he had a son called 
Latinus. He some time after had the mis- 
fortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and 
fled to Italy, where he founded Clusium. Te- 
lemachus was accompanied in bis visit to 
Nestor and Menelaus, by the goddess of wis- 
dom, under the form of Mentor. It is said, 
Ibat \Then a child; Telemachus fell into the 



TE 

sea, and that a dolphin brought him safe te 
shore, after he had remained some time 
under w^ater. From this circumstance Ulys- 
ses had the figure of a dolphin engraved on 
the seal which he wore on his ring. Hygin. 
fab. 95 and 125.-~Ovid. Heroid. 1, v. 98 —Ho- 
rat. 1, ep. 7, V. 41.— 'Homer. Od. 2, k,c. — Ly- 
rophr. in Cass. 

Telemus, a Cyclops who was acquainted 
with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus all 
the evils which he some time after suffered 
from Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 77 J. 

Telephassa, the mother of Cadmus, Phoe- 
nix, and Cilix, by Agenor. She died in 
Thrace, as she was seeking her daughter Eu- 
ropa, whom Jupiter had carried away. Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 1 and 4. 

Telephus, a king of Mysia, son of Her- 
c.iles and Auge, the daughter of x\!eus. He 
vas exposed as soon as born on mount Par- 
thenius, but his life was preserved by a goat, 
and by some shepherds. According to Apol- 
lodorus, he was exposed, not on a mountain, 
but in the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or 
according to a tradition mentioned by Pausa- 
nias, he was left to the mercy of the waves 
with his mother, by the cruelty of Aleus. and 
carried by the winds to the mouth of the 
Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras, 
king of the country, who married, or rather 
adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated 
her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge 
tied to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her fa- 
ther on account of her amour with Hercules. 
Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to 
INauplius to be severely punished for her in- 
continence, and that Nanpiius, unwilling to 
injure her, sent her to Teuthras, king of Bi- 
thynia, by whom she was adopted. Telephus, 
according to the more received opinions, was 
ignorant of his origin, and he was ordered by 
the oracle if he wished to know his parents, 
to go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, 
he came to Mysia, where Teuthras offered 
him his crown and his adopted daughter Auge 
in ma!Tiaij:e, if he would deliver his country 
from tlie hostilities of Idas, the son of Apba- 
reus. Telephus readily complied, and at the 
head of the Mysians he soon routed the ene- 
my and received the promised reward. As 
he was going to unite himself to Auge, the 
sudden appearance of an enormous serpent 
separated the two lovers; Auge im})lored the 
assistance of Hercules, and was soon informed 
by the god that Telephus was her own son. 
When this was known, the nuptials were not 
celebrated, and Telephus some time after 
married one of the daughters of king Priam. 
As one of the sons of the Trojan monarch, 
Telephus prepared to assist Priam against the 
Greeks, and with heroic valour he attacked 
them when they had landed on his coast. The 
carnage was great, and Telephus was victo- 
rious, had not Bacchus, who protected the 
Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the earth, 
which entangled the feet of the monarch, and 
laid him flat on the ground. Achilles imme- 
diately rushed upon him, and wounded hira 
so severely that he was carried away from 
the battle. The wound was mortal, and Tele- 
f>hu3 was informed by the oracle, that he alone 
who had inflicted it, could totally cure it. 
Upon this, applications were made t^ Achille)5> 



TE 

but in vain ; the hero obsen^ed Ibat he was no 
physician, till Ulysses, who knew that Troy 
could not be laken without the assistance of 
one of liie sons of Hercules, and who wished 
to make Telepliiis the friend of the Greeks, 
persuaded Achilles to obey the directions of 
the oracle. Achilles consented, and as the 
weapon which had given the wound could 
alone cure it, the hero scraped the rust from 
the point of his spear, and by applying it to 
the sore, gave it immediate relief. It is said 
that Telephus showed himself so grateful to 
the Greeks, that he accompanied them to the 
Trojan war, and fought with them against his 
father-in-law. Hygin. fab. 101. — Paxis. 8, c. 
48.— .^pullod. 2, c. 7, hc.—JElian. V. H. 12, c. 
42.—Diod.A.—Ocid. Fast. 1, el. l.hc.—Pki- 
lostr. her. — Plin. A friend of Horace, re- 
markable for his beauty and the elegance of hi? 
person. He was the favourite of Lydia, the 
mistress of Horace, k.c. Horat. 1, od. 12, 1. 4. 

od.ll, V. 21. A slave who conspired against 

Augustus. Sueton. in Aug. L. Verus wrote 

a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a 
comparison of that poet with Plato, and other 
treatises, all lost. 

Telesia, a town of Campania, taken by An- 
iiibal. Liv. 21, c. 13, 1. 24, c. 20. 

Telesicles, a Parian, father to the poet Ar- 
chilochus, by a slave called Enippo. ^lian. 
V. H. 10, c. 13. 

Telesii.la, a lyric poetess of Argos, who 
bravely defended her country against the La- 
cedaemonians, and obliged them to raise the 
siege. A statue was raised to her honour in 
the temple of Venus. Pau^. 2, c. 20. 

Telesinicus, a Corinthian auxiliary at Sy- 
racuse, iic. Polyatn. 5. 

Telesincs, a general of the Samnites, who 
joined the interest of Marius, and fought 
against the generals of Sylla. He marched 
towards Rome and defeated Sylla with great 
loss. He was afterwards routed in a bloody 
battle, and left in the number of the slain af- 
ter he had given repeated proofs of valour and 
courage. PLut. in Mar. 6ic. A poet of con- 
siderable merit in Domitian's reign. Juv. 7, 
V. 25, 

Telesippus, a poor man of Pberae, father 
to the tyrant Dinias. PolycEU. 2. 

TELi:3TAG6KAS, a man of Naxos, whose 
daughters were ravished by some of the no- 
bles of the island, in consequence of which 
they were expelled by the diiection of Lygda- 
mis 6ic. Aiken. 8. 

Te LEST AS, a son of Priam. Apollod. 3, 

c. 12. An athlete of Messenia. Pans. 6, 

c. 14. A king of Corinth, who died 779 

B.C. 

Telestes, a dithyrambic poet, who flour- 
ished B. C. 402. 

Telesto, one of the Oceanides. Hes. 
Theo. 

Telethds, a mountain in Eubcea. 

TeletiiCsa, the wife of Lygdus or Lyc- 
tus, a native of Crete. She became motne»- 
of a daughter, who was afterwards changed 
into a boy. [Vid. Ijjbis.] Ovid. Mel. 9, v. 
681. 

Tf.leurias, a prince of Macedonia, olc. 
Xenopkon. 

Teleutias, the brother of Agesilaus, who 
was killed hy the Olynthians, ^c. 



TE 

Teleute, a surname of Venus among the 
Egyptians. Plut. de Is. ^ Os. 

Tellek^, a town of Latium, now destroy- 
ed. Liv. 1, c. 33. 

Telles, a king of Achaia, son of Tisame- 
nes. Pans. 7, c. 6. 

Tellias, a famous soothsayer of Elis, in 
the age of Xerxes. He was greatly honoured 
in Phocis, where he had settled, and the in- 
Kabjtaots raised him a statue in the temple of 
.\pollo, at Delphi. Pans. 10, v. 1. — Herodot. 
8, c. 27. 

Tellis, a Greek lyric poet, the father qf 
Brasidas, 

Tellds, a divinity, the same as the earth| 
the most ancient of all the gods after Chaos. 
She was mother by CcbIus of Oceanus, Hy- 
perion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, 
Phoebe, Tethys, 6ic. Tellus is the same as 
the divinity, who is honoured under the seve- 
ral names of Cybele, Rhea, VV.sta, Ceres, Ti- 
thea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, k.c. She wa« 
generally represented in the character of Tei- 
lus. as a woman with many breasts, distended 
with milk, to express the fecundity of the 
earth. She also appeared crowned with tur- 
rets, holding a sceptre in one hand, and a key 
in the other, while at her feet was lying a tame 
lion without chains, as if to intimate that every 
part of the earth can be made fraitful by means 
of cultivation. Hesiod. Theog.v. 130. — Virg. 

JEn.^i, v. 137. — Apollod. 1, c. 1. A poor man, 

whom Solon called happier than Crcesus, the 
rich and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had 
the happiness to see a strong and healthy fa- 
mily of children, and at last to fall in the de- 
fence of his country. Herodot. 1, c. 30. 

An Italian who is said to have had commerce 
with his mares, and to have had a daughter 
called Hippone, who became the goddess of 
horses. 

Telmessus, or Telmissos, a town of 
Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in augu- 
ry and the interpretation of dreams. Cic. de 

div. 1. — Strab. 14. — Liv. 37, c. 16. Another 

in Lycia. A third in Pisidia. 

Telo Martius, a town at the south of 
Gaul, now Toulon. 

Telon, a skilful pilot of Masilia, killed 
during the siege of that city by Cassar. Lucan. 

3, v. 592. A king of the Teleboae, who 

married Sebetbis, by whom he had (Ebalus 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 734. 

Telos, a small island near Rhodes. 

Telphusa, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter 
of the Ladon, who gave her name to a town 
and fountain of that place. The waters of the 
fountain Telphusa were so cold, that Tiresias 
died by drinking them. Died. 4. — Slrab. 9.— 
Lycophron. 104<J. 

TKLXiuPt:, one of the muses according to 
Cic.deJV. I>. 3, c. 21. 

Tei.ys, a tyrant of Sybaris. 

Temathea, a mountain of Messenia. Pam 

4, C.34. 

Temknium, a place in Mcssene, where Te- 
menus was buried. 

Ikmenites, a surname of Apollo, which he 
received at Tetneii )s. a sniali place nearSyra- 
cuse, where he was worshipped.) Cic. in I'err 

Temenos, a place of Syracuse, where 
Apolio, called Temenites, had a statue. €ic. 
inJ^err. 4, c. 63.— 6'wf/, Tib. 74. 



TE 

Temenus, the son of Aristomachus, watj 
the firsi of the Heraclidss who returned to ! 
Peloponnesus with his brother Clesiphontes in 
the rf:i''^n of Tisamenes, king of Argos. Te- 
men'js made himself master of the throne of 
Ar^os, from whicli he expelled the reigning 
sovereign. After death he was succeeded by 
his son-in-law Deiphon, who had married his 
daughter Hyrnetho, and this succession was 
in preference to his own son. Jlpollod. 2, c. 

7. — Paus. 2, c. 18 and 19.- A son of Pelas- 

gus who was intrusted with the care of Juno's 
infancy, Paus. 8, c. 22. 

Tkmeri.nda, the name of the Palus Mae- 
otis among the natives. 

Te.mesa> a town of Cyprus. Another 

in Caiabria in Italy, famous for its mines of 
copper, which were exhausted in the age of 
Strabo. Cic. Verr. 5, c. 15. — Liv. 34, c. 35. — 
Homer. Od. 1. v. 184.— Ot;?W. Fast. 5, v. 441. 
Met. 7, V. 207.— .WeZa, 2, c. 4.—Strab. 6. 

Temn£s, aking of Sidon. 

Temkos, a town of "^Eolia, at the mouth 
of the Hermus. Herodot. 1, c. 49. — Cic. 
Flacc. 18. 

Tempe, (plur.) a valley in Thessaly, be- 
tween mount Olympus at the north, and Ossa 
at ihe south, through which the river Peneus 
flows into the ^gean. The poets have de- 
scribed it as the most delightful spot on the 
earth, with continually cool shades, and ver- 
dant walks, which the warbling of birds ren- 
dered more plea-sant aud romantic, and whicii 
the gods oftai! honoured with their presence 
Tempe extended about five miies in length, 
but varied in the dimensions of its breadth, so 
as to be in some places scarce one acre and a 
half wide. All valleys that are pleasant, either 
for their situation or the mildness of their 
climate, are called Tempe by the poets. Strab. 
9 — Mela, 2, c, 3. — Diod. 4. — Dionys. Perieg. 
219.— ^iian. V.H.S, c. l.—Plut. de Mas.— 
Virg. G. 2, v. 469.— Ovid. Met. I, v. 569. 

Tenchtheri, a nation of Germany, who 
frequently changed the place of their habita- 
tion. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 56. H. 4, c. 21. 

Tendeba, a town of Caria. Liv. 33, 
c. 18. 

Tene.^, a part of Corinth. Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Tenedia securis. Vid. Tenes. 

Tenedos, a small and fertile island of the 
JEge&n sea, opposite Troy, at the distance of 
about lii. miles from Sigteum, and 56 miles 
north from Lesbos. It was aiicieriliy called 
Leucophrys, till Tenes, the son of Cycnus, set- 
tled there and built a town, which he called 
Tenedos, from which the whole island re- 
ceived its name. It became famous dur- 
ing the Trojan war, as it was there that the 
Greeks conceu'ed themselves the more effec- 
tually to make the Trojans believe that they 
were returned home, without finishing the 
siege. Homer. Od. 3, v. 59. — Diod. 5. — 67ra6. 
VS.— Virg. JEn. % v. 21.— Ot'irf. Met. 1, v. 
540, I. 12, V. 109.— 3/e/rt. 2, c. 7. 

Tenercs, son of Apollo and Melia, re- 
ceived from his father the knowledge of futuri- 
ty. Paus. 9, c. 10 

Tf NES, a son of Cycnus and Proclea. He 
was exposed on the sea on the coast of Troas 
by his father, who credulously believed his 
wife Fhilondme. who had fallen in love with 
Oyenus, and accused him of attempts opon 



TE 

her virtue, when he refused to gratify ilex 
passion, Tenes arrived safe in Leucophrys, 
which he called Tenedos, and of which he be- 
came the sovereign. Some time after, Cyc- 
nus discovered the guilt of his wife Philonome, 
and as he wished to be reconciled to his son 
whom he had so grossly injured, he weni to 
Tenedos. But when he had tied his ship to 
the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a 
hatchet, and suffered his father's ship to be 
tossed about in the sea. From this circum- 
stance the hatchet of Teries is become pro- 
verbial to intimate a resentment that cannot 
be pacified. Some, however, suppose that 
the proverb arose from the severity of a law 
made by a king of Tenedos against adultery, 
by which the guilty were both put to death 
with a hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes wa^ 
carefully preserved at Tenedos, and after- 
wards deposited by Periclytus son of Eutyma- 
chus in the temple of Delphi, where it was 
still seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes, as 
some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as he 
defended his country against the Greeks, and 
he received divine honours after death. His 
statue at Tenedos was carried away by Verres. 

Strab. 13.— Paus. 10, c. 14. A general of 

3000 mercenary Greeks sent by the Egyptians 
to assist the Phoenicians. Diod. 16. 

Tenesis, a part of Ethiopia. Strab. 

Tennks, a king of Sidon. who when his 
country was besieged by the Persians, burnt 
himself and the city together, B. C. 351. 

Ten'num, a town of iEolia. 

Tenos, a small island in the iEgean, near 
Andros, called Ophiussa, and also Hydrussa., 
from the number of its fountains. It was very 
mountainous, but it produced excellent winesi 
universally esteemed by the ancients, Tenos 
was about 15 miles in extent. The capital vras 
also called Tenos. Strab. 10, — M&la, 2, c. 7. 
—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 469. 

Tentyra, (plur.) and Tentyris, a small 
town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhabitants 
were at enmity with the crocodiles, and made 
war against those who paid them adoration. 
Seneca. JV. Q. 4, c. 2.— Strab. IT. — Juv. 15, — 
Plin. 25, c. 8. 

Tentyra, (melius Tempyra,) a place of 
Thrace, opposite Samothrace, Ovid. Trist. \, 
el. 9, v. 21. 

Teos, or Teios, now Sigagik, a maritime 
town on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, 
opposite Samos. It was one of the 12 cities 
of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to 
Anacreon and Hecatajiis, who is by some 
deemed a native of Miletus. According t© 
Pliny, Teos was an island, Augustus re- 
paired Teos, whence he is often called the 
t'ounder of it on ancient medals. Strab. 14. — 
Mela, 1, c. n.—Paus. 7, c. S.—^lian. V. H 
S, c. Ij.—Horat. 1, Od. 17, v. IS.— Plin. 5, c. 
31. ^ 

Teredon, a town on the Arabian gulf. Dto. 
Per. 982. 

Terentia, the wife of Cicero. She be- 
came mother of M. Cicero, and of a daughter 
called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her, be- 
cause she had been faithless to his bed, when 
he was banished in Asia, Terentia married 
Sallust, Cicero's enemy, and afterwards Mea- 
sala Corvinus. She lived to her 103d, or ac- 
cording to Pliny, to her H7th year. Plut.in- 




TE 

Cici—Val Max. 8, c. 13.— Cic. ad Attic. 11, 

ep. 16, he. The wife of Scipio Africaous. 

——The wife of Mecaenas, with whom it was 
said that Augustus carried on an intrigue. 

Tehentia lex, called also Cassia, frvmen- 
taria, by M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, and 
C. Cassius, A. U. C. 680. It ordered that 
the same price should be given for all corn 
bought in the provinces, to binder the exac- 
tions of the quaestors. Another by Teren- 
tius the tribune, A. U. C. 291, to elect five 
persons to define the power of the consuls, lest 
they should abuse the public confidence by 
violence or rapine. 

Terentianus, a Roman, to whom Longi- 

nus dedicated his treatise on the sublime. 

Maurus, a writer who flourished A. D. 240. 
The last edition of his treatise de liitris, sylla- 
bii, ^ meiris Iloratii, is by Mycillus, Francof. 
8vo. 1684. Martial. 1, ep. 70. 

Terentius Pl-elius, a native of Carthage 
in Africa, celebrated for the comedies he 
wrote. He was sold as a slave to Terentius 
Lucanus, a Roman senator, who educated 
him with great care, and manumitted him for 
the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the 
name of his master and benefactor, and was 
called Terentius. He applied himself to the 
study of Greek comedy with uncommon as- 
siduity, and merited the friendship and pa- 
tronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio, 
the elder Africanus, and his friend Laelius, 
have been suspected, on account of their inti- 
macy, of assisting the poet in the composition 
of his comedies ; and the fine language, the 
pure expressions, and delicate sentiments with 
which the plays of Terence abound, seem per- 
haps to favour the supposition. Terence was 
in the 26th year of his age when iiis first play 
appeared on the Roman stage. All his com- 
positions were received with great applause, 
but when the words 

Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto, 
were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, 
and the audience, though composed of fo- 
reigners, conquered nations, allies, and citi- 
zens of Rome, were unanimous in applauding 
the poet, who spoke, with such elegance and 
simplicity, the language of nature, and sup- 
ported the native independence of man. The 
talents of Terence were employed rather in 
translation than in the effusions of originality. 
It is said (hat he translated 108 of the come- 
dies of the poet Menander, six of which 
only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heau- 
tontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phormio, andHe- 
cyra. Terence is admired for the purity of 
his language, and the artless elegance and 
.simplicity of his diction, and for a conti- 
nued delicacy of sentiment. There is more 
originality in Plautus, more vivacity in the 
intrigues, and more surprise in the catas- 
trophes of his plays; but Terence will ever 
be admired for his taste, his expressions, 
and his faithful pictures of nature and man- 
ners, and the becoming dignity of his se- 
veral characters. Quintilian, who candidly 
acknowledges the deficiencies of the Roman 
comedy, declares that Terence was the most 
elegant and refined of all the comediaus 
whose writings appeared on the stage. The 
lime and the manner of his death are un- 
kfldsm. He left R^<»ine in th© 3(»th yo«r of 



TE 

I his age, and never after appeared there. 
! Some suppose that he was drowned in a 
j storm as he returned from Greece, about 
' 159 years before Christ, though others 
imagine be died in Arcadia or Leucadia, 
and that his death was accelerated by the 
loss of his property, and particularly of his 
plays, which perished in a shipwreck. The 
best edi^ns of Terence are those of Wes- 
(erhoviulf 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1726 ; of Edin, 
12mo. 1758; of Cambridge, 4to. 1724; Haw- 
key's, 12mo. Dublin, 1745 ; and that of Zeu- 
nlus. 8vo. Lips. 1774. Cic. ad Mtic. 7, ep. 
3~-Pattrc. 1, c. 17.— Quintil. 10, c. l.—Ho- 
rat. 2, ep. 1, v. 59. Culeo, a Roman se- 
nator, taken by the Carthaginians, and re- 
deemed by Africanus. When Africanus tri- 
umphed, Culeo followed his chariot with a 
piltus on his head. He was some time after 
appointed judge between his deliverer arid 
the people of Asia, and had the meanness 
to condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, 
though both innocent. Liv. 30, c. 45.—- 
A tribune who wished the number of the ci- 
tizens of Rome to be increased. Evocatus, 

a man who, as it was supposed, murdered 

Galba. Tacit. Hist. 1, c, 41. Lentiuus, a 

Roman knight condemned for perjury. 

Varro, a writer, {Vid. Varro.] A consul 

with iEmilius Paulus at the battle of Canna?. 
He was the son of a butcher, and bad ;ol- 
low ed for some time the profession of his 
father. He placed himself totally in the 
power of Hannibal, by making an improper 
disposition of his army. After he had been 
defeated, and his colleague slain, he retired 
to Canusium, with the remains of his slaugh- 
tered countrymen, and sent word to the Ro- 
man senate of his defeat. He received the 
thanks of this venerable body, because he 
had engaged the enemy, however impro- 
perly, and not despaired of the affairs of the 
republic. He was offered the dictatorship, 

which he declined. Plut. — Liv. 22, &.c. 

An ambassador sent to Philip king of Ma- 
cedonia. Massaliora, an edile of the peo- 
ple, &.C. .Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, ac- 
cused before the senate for his intimacy 
with that discarded favourite. He made a 
noble defence, and was acquitted. TaciL 
Ann. 6. 

Terentus, a place in the Campus Martius 
near the capitol, where the infernal deities 
had an altar. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 504. 

Tekeus, a king of Thrace, son of Mars 
andBistonis. He married Progne, the daugh- 
ter of Pandion, king of Athens, whom he 
had assisted in a war against Megara. He 
offered violence to his sister-in-law Philome- 
la, whom he conducted to Thrace by desire of 

Progne. Vid. Philomela aud Progne.] A 

friend of ^Eneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. 
Al'u. 11, v. 675. 

Teugeste and Tergestum, now Trieste^ 
a town of Italy on the Adriatic sea, made a 
Roman colony. Mela, 2, c. 3, &.c. — Dionys. 
Pcriti^.v. SS-O.—Pattrc. 2, c, 110.— iVm. 3, 
c. 18. 

Tkrias, a river of Sicily near Cntana. 

Tekibazus, a nobleman of Persia, sent 
with a i'eet against Evagoras, king of Cyprus. 
He was accused of treasuu, aud removed from 
oltice, &c. PolTfan. 7. 



TE 

JfERiDAE, a concubine of Menelaus, 
Teridates, a favourite eunuch at the court 
of Artaxerxes. At his death the monarch was 
in tears for three days, and was consoled at 



last only by the arts and the persuasion of which she delighted her sisters. She is re 

— — presented like a young virgin crowned with 
laurel, and holding in her hand a nnusical in- 
strument. Juv. 7, V. 35. — Apollod. 1. — Euslat. 
in Jl. 10. 

Terpsicrate, a daughter of Thespiue. 
^pollod. 2, c. 7. 

Terra, one of the most ancient deities in 
mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother of 
Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, 
Rhea, Themis, Phoebe, Thetys, and Mnemo- 
syne. By the Air she had Grief, Mourning, 
Oblivion, Vengeance, &i.c. According to Hy- 
ginirs, she is the same as Tellus. [Vid. Tel- 
lus.] 

Terracina. [Vid. Tarracina.] 

Terhasidius, a Roman knight in Caesar's 
army in Gaul. Cces. B. G. 3, c. 7 and 8. 

Terror, an emotion of the mind which 
the ancients have made a deity, and one of 
the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bellona. 

Tertia, a sister of Clodius the tribune, he. 

A daughter of Paulus, the conqueror of 

Perseus. Cic. ad Div. 1, c. 46. A daughter 

of Isidorus. Cic. in Verr. 3, c. 34. A sister 

of Brutus who married Cassius. She was also 
called TerluUa and Junta. Tacit. A. 3, c. 76. 
— '9uef. in Cces. 50. — Cic. ad B. 5 and 6, ad 
M. 15, ep. 11,1. 16, ep. 20. 

Tertjus Juhanus, a lieutenant in Caesar's 
legions. 



Aspasia, one of his favourites. JElian. V. H. 
12, c. 1. 

Terigum, a town of Macedonia. * 

Terina, a town of the Briitii. ^ 

Terioli, now Tirol, a fortifietT town at 
the north of Italy, in the country of the 
Grisons. 

Termentia, or Termes, a town of Hispa- 
nia Tarraconensis. 

Termera, a town of Caria. 

Termerits, a robber of Peloponnesus, who 
killed people by crushing their head against 
his own. He was slain by Hercules in the 
same manner. Plut. in Thess. 

Termesus, a river of Arcadia, 

Termilje, a name given to the Lycians. 

Terminalia, annual festivals at Rome, 
observed in honour of the god Terminus, in 
the month of February, It was then usual 
for peasants to assemble near the principal 
]and marks which separated their fields, and 
after they had crowned them with garlands 
and flowers, to make libations of milk and 
wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young 
pig. They were originally established by 
Numa, and though at first it was forbidden 
to shed the blood of victims, yet in process 
of time land-marks were plentifully sprinkled 
with it. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 641.— C?c. Phil. 12, 
e. 10, 

Termjnalis, a surname of Jupiter, be- 
cause he presided over the boundaries and 
lands of individuals, before the worship of 
the god Terminus was introduced. Dionys. 
Hal. 2. 

Terminus, a divinity at Rome who was 
supposed to preside over bounds and limits, 
and to punish all unlawful usurpation of land. 
His worship was at first introduced at Rome 
by Numa, who persuaded his subjects that the 
limits of their lands and estates were under 
the immediate inspection of heaven. His 
temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he 
was represented with an human head with- 
out feet or arras, to intimate that he never 
moved, wherever he was placed. The peo- 
ple of the country assembled once a year with 
their families, and crowned with garlands and 
flowers the stones which separated their dif- 
ferent possessions, and offered victims to the 
god who presided over their boundaries. It 
is said that when Tarquin the proud wished 
to build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to 
Jupiter, the god Terminus refused to give 
way, though the other gods resigned their 
seals with cheerfulness ; whence Ovid has 
said, 

RestUit, ^ magno cum Jove iempla tenet. 
Dionys. Hal. 2.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 641.— Plut. 
in JVum. — Liv. 5. — Virg. M.n. 9, 

Termissds, or Termessus, a town of 
Pisidia. 

Tekpander, a lyric poet and musician 
of Lesbos, 675 B. C. It is said that he ap- 
peased a tumult at Sparta by the melody and 
sweetness of his notes. He added three strings 
to the lyre, which before his time had only 
four, ^lian. V. H. 12; c. 60.— Plut. de Mas. 



TE 

Terpsichore, one of the Muses, daugh- 
ter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She {U'esided 
over dancing, of which she was reckoned the 
inventress, as her name intimates, and with 



Tertullianus, (J. Septimius Florens) a ce- 
lebrated Christian writer of Carthage, who 
flourished A. D. 196. He was originally a Pa- 
gan, but afterwards embraced Christianily, of 
which he became an able advocate by his wri- 
tings, which showed that he was possessed of 
a lively imagination, impetuous eloquence, 
elevated style, and strength of reasoning. The 
most famous and esteemed of his numerous 
works, are his Apology for the Christians, and 
his Prescriptions. The best edition of Teilul- 
lian is that of Semlerus, 4 vols. 8vo Hal. 1770 ; 
and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo. 
L. Bat. 1718. 

Tethys, the greatest of the sea deities, 
was wile of Oceanus, and daughtei- of Uranus 
and Terra. She was mother of the chiefest 
rivers of the universe, such as the Nile, the 
Alpheus, the Maeander, Simois, Peneus, Eve- 
nus, Scamander, &,c. and about 3000 daughters 
called Oceanides. Tethys is confounded by 
some mythologists with her grand-daughter 
Thetis, the wife of Peleus, and the mdtherof 
Achilles, The word Tethys is poetically used 
to express the sea. JlpoLiod. 1, c. 1, he. — 
Virg. G. 1, v. 31.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 509, 1. 9, 
v. 498. Fast. 2, v. \9\.—Hesiod. Theogn. v. 
336.— Homer. //. 14, v. 302. 

Tetis, a river of Gaul flowing from the Py- 
renees. Mela, 2j c. 5. 

Tetrapolis, a name given to the city of 
Antioch, the capital of Syria, because it was 
divided into four separate districts, each of 
which resembled a city. Some apply the word 
to Seleucis, which contained the four large 
cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, Apa- 

mea, and Seleucia in Pieria. The name of 

four towns at the north of Attica. Strt^. 8. 



TH 

Tetrica, a mountain of the Sabineg near 
the river Fabaris. It was very rugged and dif- 
ficult of access, whence the epithet Teiricus 
was applied to persons of a morose and melan- 
choly disposition. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 713. 

Tetricus, a Roman senator, saluted em- 
peror in the reign of Aurelian. He was led 
in triumph by Fiis successful adversary, who 
afterwards heaped the most unbounded honours 
upon him and his son of the same name, 

Teucer, a king of Phrygia, son of the Sca- 
mander by Idea. According to some authors, 
he was the first who introduced among his 
subjects the worship of Cybele, and the dances 
of the Corybantes. The country where he 
reigned was from him called Teucria, and his 
subjects Teucri. His daughter Batea married 
Dardanus, a Samothracian prince, who suc- 
ceeded him in the government of Teurica. 

Jpollod. 3, c. 12.— Firg. JEn. 3, v. 108. A 

son of Telamon, king of Salamis, by Hesione 
the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of 
Helen's suitors, and accordingly accompanied 
the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he sig- 
nalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. 
It is said that his father refused to receive him 
into his kingdom, because he had left the 
death of his brother Ajax unrevenged This 
severity of the father did not dishearten the 
son ; he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, 
where, with the assistance of Belus king of 
Sidon, he built a town which he called Salamis, 
after his native counliy. He attempted to no 
purpose to recover the island of Salamis, after 
his father's death. He built a temple to Jupi- 
ter in Cyprus, on which a man was annually 
sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some 
suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus, 
but that, according to a less received opinion, 
he went to settle in Spain, where new Car- 
thage was afterwards built, and thence into 
Galatia. Homer. II. 1, v. 281.— Virg. M.n. 1, 
v.623.—.Spollod.3,Q. 12.— Pans. 2, c. 29.— 

Justin. 44, c. 3. — Paterc. 1, c. 1. One of 

the servants of Phalaris of Agrigentum. 

Teucri, a name given to the Trojans, 
from Teucer their king. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 42 
and 239. 

Teucria, a name given to Troy, from 
Teucer one of its kings. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 26. 

Teucteri, a people of Germany, at fhe 
east of the Rhine. Tacit, de Germ. c. 22. 

Teumessus, a mountain of Boeotia with a 
village of the same name, where Hercules, 
when young, killed an enormous lion. Stat. 
Thcb.l, v. 331. 

Teuta, a queen of Illyricum, B. C. 231, 
who ordered some Roman ambassadors to be 
pat to death. This unprecedented murder 
was the cause of a war, which ended in her 
disgrace. Flor. 2, c. 5. — Plin. 34, c. 6. 

Ti;uTAMi.\s, or Teutamis, a king of 
Larissa. He instituted games in honour of his 
father, where Perseus killed his grandfather 
Acrisius with a quoit. 

Teuta M us, a king of Assyria, the same as 
Tithonus, the father of Memnon. Diod. 6. 

TrcuTAS, or Teutates, a name of Mer- 
cury among the Gauls, The j)eople offered 
human victims to this deity. Lucan. 1, v. 445. 
-Oesar. Btll. G. 

Teuthrania, a port of Mysia where the 
Gaycus rises. 



TH 

j Teuthras, a king of Mysia on the border* 
; of the Caycus. He adopted as his daughter, 
I or, according to others, married Auge the 
daughter of Aleus, when she fled away into 
Asia, from her father, who wished to punish 
her for her amours with Hercules. Some time 
after his kingdom was invaded by Idas the soa 
of Aphareus, and to remove this enemy, he 
promised Auge and his crown to any one who 
could restore tranquillity to his subjects. This 
was executed by Telephus, who aftenvards 
proved to be the son of Auge, who was pro- 
mised in marriage to him by right of his suc- 
cessful expedition. The 50 daughters of Teu- 
thras, who became mothers by Hercules, are 
called Teuthrantia turba. Apollod. 2, c, 7, &:c. 
—Paus. 3, c. 25.— Ovid. Trist. 2, v, 19— He- 

roid. 9, V. 51. — Hygin. fab. 100. A river's 

name. One of the companions of ,£nea£ 

in Italy. Virs;. JEn. 10, v. 402, 

Tectoburgiensis Sdltus, a forest of Ger- 
many, between the Ems and Lippa, where 
Varus and his legions were cut to pieces. Ta- 
cit. Jin. 1, c. 60. 

Tectomatus, a prince of Gaul, among the 
allies of Rome. 

Teutoni, and Teutones, a people of Ger- 
many, who with the Cimbri made incursions 
upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman 
armies. They were at last defeated by the 
consul Marius, and an infinite number made 
prisoners, \yid. Cimbri.] Cic. pro Manil. 
Flor. 3. c. 3.—Plut. in Mar.— Martial. 14, ep. 
2Q.—Plin. 4, c. 14. 

Thabenna, an inland town of Africa. HisL 
Afric. 77. 

Thabusicm, a fortified place of Phrygia. 
Liv. 38, c. 14. 

Thais, a famous courtezan of Athens, who 
accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic con- 
quests, and gained such an ascendant over 
him, that she made him burn the royal palace 
of Persepolis. After Alexander's death, she 
married Ptolemy king of Egypt. Menander 
celebrated her charms, both mental and per- 
sonal, which were of a superior nature, and 
on this account she is called Menandrea, by 
Properl. 2, el. 6.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 3, v. 604, 
de Rem. Am. v. 384.— F/u/. in Alex.—Juv. 3, 
V. 93.— Athen. 13, c. 13. 

Thala, a town of Africa. Tacit. Ann. 3, 
c. 21. 

That-ame, a town of Messenia, famous for 
a temple and oracle of Pasiphae. Plut. in 
Agid. 

Thalassics, a beautiful young Roman ia 
the reign of Romulus. At the rape of the Sa- 
bines, one of these virgins appeared remark- 
able for beauty and elegance, and her ravish* 
er, afraid of many competitors, exclaimed as 
he carried her away, that it was for Tlialas- 
sins. The name of Thalassius was no sooner 
mentioned, than all were eager to preser\'e 
so beautiful a prize for him. Their union was 
attended with so much happiness, that it was 
ever after usual at Rome to make use of the 
word Thalassius at nuptials, and to wish those 
that were married the felicity of Thalassius. 
He is supposed by some to be the same as 
Hi/mtn, as he was made a deity. Plut. in 
Rom.— Martial. 3, ep. 92.— Z^i-. 1, c. 9. 

Thales, one of the seven wise men of- 
Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. Ho was de- 



TH 

sc6nded from eadmus; his father's name was 
Exaraius. and his mother's Cleobula. Like 
the rest of the ancients, he travelled in quest 
of knowledge, and for some time resided in 
Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Under the 
priests of Memphis he was taught geometry, 
astronomy, and philosophy, and enabled to 
measure with exactness the vast height and 
extent of a pyramid, merely by its shadow. 
His discoveries in astronomy were great and 
ingenious; he was the first who calculated 
with accai-acy a solar eclipse. He discovered 
the solstices and equincies, he divided ttie 
heavens into five zones, and recommended the 
division of the year into 365 days, which was 
universally adopted by i:he Egyptian philoso- 
phy Like Homer he loj)k;ed upon water as the 
principle of every thing. He was the founder 
of the Ionic sect, which distinguished itself 
for its deep and abstruse speculations under 
the successors and pupils of the Milesian phi- 
losopher, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anax- 
agoras, and Archelaus the master of Socrates. 
Thales was never married ; and when his mo- 
ther pressed him to choose a wife, he said he 
was too young. The same exhortations were 
afterwards repeated, but the philosopher 
eluded fhem by observing, that he was then 
too old to enter the matrimonial state. He 
died in the 95th year of his age, about 548 
years before the Christian era. His composi 
tions on pliilosophical subjects are,lost. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. l.—PLalo.—Diog. l.—Cic. de JVai. D. 

&.C. A lyric poet of Crete, intimate with 

Lycurgus. ' He prepared by his rhapsodies the 
minds of the Spartans to receive the rigorous 
institutions of his friends, and inculcated a 
reverence for the peace of civil society. 

Th.vlestria, or Thai.estris, a queen of the 
Amazons, who, accompanied by 300 women, 
eame 35 days journey to meet Alexander in 
his Asiatic conquests, to raise children by a 
man whose fame was so great, and courage 
so uncommon. Curt. 6, c. 5. — Slrab. IL — 
Justin. 2, c. 4. 

Thaletes, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B. C. 

Thalia, one of the Muses, who presided 
over festivals, and over pastoral and comic 
poetry. She is represented leaning on a co- 
lumn, holding a mask in her right hand, by 
which she is distinguished from her sisters, as 
also by a shepherd's crook. Her dress ap- 
pears shorter, and not so ornamented as that 
of the other Muses. Horat. 4, Od. 6, v. 25. — 
3Iarl.9, ep. 75. — Plut. in Sijmp. &c. — Virg. 

JEc. 6, v. 2. One of the Nereides, Htsiod. 

Theog. — Virg. JEn. 5, v, 826. An island in 

the Tynhene sea. 

Th'allo, one of the Hora? or seasons who 
presided over the spring. Pans. 9, c. 35. 

TuALPius, a son of Eurytus, one of Helen's 
suitors. Jipollod. 3, c. 10. 

Thai.vssia, Greek festivals celebrated by 
the people of the country in honour of Ceres, 
to whom the first fruits were regularly offered. 
.bWio/. Tkeocr. 5. 

Thamiuas, a Cilician who first introduced 
fhe art of augury in Cyprus, where it was reli- 
glouslv jireserved in his family for many years. 
Tacit.'il, llisl. c. 3. 

Thamuda, a fiart of Arabia Felix. 

TnAMVRAs, or Thamyris, a celebrated 
mnsician of Thrace. His father's name was 



TH 

Philammon, and his raoiber's Argiope. He 
became enamoured of the Muses, and chal- 
lenged them to a trial of skill. His challenge 
was accepted, and it was mutually agreedi 
that the conqueror should be totally at the 
disposal of his victorious adversary. He was 
conquered, and the Muses deprived him of 
his eye-sight and of his melodious voice, and 
broke his lyre. His poetical compositions are 
lost Some accused him of having first intro- 
duced into the world the unnatural vice of 
which Socrates is accused. Honter II. 2, v. 
594, 1. 5, V. b'QQ.'-Apollod. 1, c 3.— Ouirf. 
Amor. 3, el. 7, v. 62, Art. Am. 3, v. 399.— 
Prtm4, C.33. 
Thamyris, one of the petty princes of 

the Dacae, in the age of Darius, &c. A 

queen of the Massagetae. [Vid. Thomyris.J 
A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 



12, V. 341. 

Thapsaccs, a city on the Euphrates. 

Thapsus, a town of Africa Propria, 
where Scipio and Juba were defeated by 

Csesar. Sil 3, v. 261. Liv. 29, c. 30, 1. 

33, c.48.^ A town at the north of Syracuse 

in Sicily. 

Thargelia, festivals in Greece in honour 
of Apollo and Diana. They lasted two days, 
and the youngest of both sexes^carried olive 
branches, on which were suspended cakes and 
fruits. Alhen. 12. 

Thariades, one of the generals of Antio- 
chus, &^c. 

Tharops, the father of (Eager, to whom 
Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after 
the death of Lycurgus. Diod. 4. 

Thasius, or Thrasics, a famous sooth- 
sayer of Cyprus, Avho told Busiris, king of 
Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which 
afflicted his country he must offer a foreigner 
to .Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant ordered him 
to be seized and sacrificed to the god; as he 
was not a native of Egypt. Ovid, de Art. Am, 

1, V. 549. A surname of Hercules, who 

was worshipped at Thasos. 

Thasos, or Thasus, a small island in the 
^gean, on the coast of Thrace, opposite the 
mouth of the Nestiis, anciently known by the 
name of M,ria, Odonis, JEUiria, Acte, Ogygia, 
Chxyse, and Ceresis. It received that of Tha- 
so^rom Thesus the eon of Agenor, who set- 
tled there when he despaired of finding his 
sister Europa. It was about 40 miles in cir- 
cumference, and so uncommonly fruitful, that 
the fertility of Thasos became proverbial. Its 
wine was universally esteemed, and its marble 
(juarries were also in great repute, as well as 
its mines of gold and silver. The capital of 
the island was also called Thasos. Liv. 33, c. 
30 and lJ5.—Herodot. 2, c. 44.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— 
Paus.d,c.25.—^lian. V. H. 4, kc.— Virg. 
G. 2, V. 91.— C. A'ep. Cim. 2. 

Thasus, a son of Neptune, who went with 
Cadmus to seek Europa. He built the town 
of Thasus in Thrace. Somu make him bro- 
ther of Cadmus. Apollod 3, c. 1. 

ThaLmaci, a town of Thessaly on the 
Maliac gulf Liv. 32, c. 4. 

Thaumantias and Thaumantis, a name 
given to Iris, the messenger of Juno, be- 
cause she was the daughter of Thauraas, the 
son of Oceanus and Terra, by one of the Oceau- 
ides — llesiod. T/ieog. — Virg. AUn. 9, V. 5.— - 
Or id. Met. 4, v. 479, 1. 14, v. 845. 



Thawmas, a son of Neptune and Terra, 
who married Eleclra, one of the Oceanides, by 
whom he had Iris and the Harpies, &c. Jipol- 
lod. l,c. 2. 

Thadmasids, a mountain of Arcadia, on 
whose top, according to some accounts, Jupi 
ler was born. 

TuKA, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. 
She married her brother Hyperion, by whom 
she had th« sun, the moon, Aurora, k.c. She 
is also called Tbia. Titaea, Rhea, Tetbys, &c 
One of the Sporades. 

Theagenes, a man who made himself 

master of Megara, &c. An athlete of Tha- 

sos. famous for his strength. His father's name 
was Timosthenes. a friend of Hercules. He 
was crowned above a thousand times at the 
public games of t'''e Greeks, and became a 
god after death. Paus. 6, c. 6 and 11. — Plul. 
A Theban officer, who distinguished him- 
self at the battle of Cherona^a. Plut. A 

writer who published commentaries on Ho- 
mer's works. 

Theages, a Greek philosopher, disciple of 
Socrates. Plaio. — JElian. V. H. 4, he. 

Theangela. a town of Carta. 

Theano, the wife of Metapontua son of 
Sisyphus, presented some twins to her hus- 
band, when he wished to repudiate her for 
her barrenness. The children were educated 
with ihe greatest care, and some time after- 
w^ards, Theano herself became mother of 
twins. When they were grown up, she en 
couraged them to murder the supposititious 
children who were to succeed to their father's 
throne in preference to them. They were 
both killed in the attempt, and the father, dis- 
pleased with the conduct of Theano, repudia- 
ted her to marry the mother of the children 
whom he had long considered as his own. 

Hygin. fab 186. A daughter of Cisseus, 

sister to Hecuba, vvho married Antenor, and 
was supposed to have betrayed the Palladium 
to the Greeks, as she was priestess jf Minerva 
Homer. It 6, v. 298.— Paws. 10, c. n.—Diclys. 

Cret. 5. c. 8. One of the Danaides. Her 

husband's name war Phantes. Jipollod. 2, c. 

1. The wife of the philosopher Pythagoras 

daughter of Pythanax of Crete, or according 
toothers, of Brontinus of Crotona. Diog. 8, 

G. 42. The daughter of Pythagoras. A 

poetess of Locris. A priestess of Athens, 

daughter of Menon, who refused to pronounce 
a curse upon Alcibiades, when he was accused 
of having mutilated all the statues of Mercury. 

Plul. The mother of Pausanias. She was 

the first, as it is reported, who brought a stone 
to the entrance of Minerva's temple to shut 
up her son when she heard of his crimes and 

perfidy to his country. Polyoen. 8, A 

daughter of Scedasus, to whom some of the 
Lacedaemonians offered violence at Leuctra. 

A Trojan matron, vvho became mother of 

IMimas by Amycus, the same night that Paris 
was born. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 703 

Theanum, a town of Italy. [Vid. Tea- 
;ium.] 

Theahidas, a brother of Dionysius the 
elder. He was made admiral of his fleet. 
Diod. 14. 

Thearius, a surname of Apollo at Trce- 
zeue. Paus. 2, c. 51. 

The:vtetes, a Greek epigrammatist, 
87 



TH 

Theea, or Thebe, a town of Cilicia. 

\_Vid. Thebaj.] 

Theb^. {arum,) a celebrated city, the ca- 
pital of Bceoiia, situate on the banks of the 
river ismenus. The manner of its foundatioa 
is not precisely known. Cadmus is supposed 
to have first begun to found it by building the 
citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards finished by 
Amphion and Zethus, but according to Varro, 
it owed its origin to Ogyges. The government 
of Thebes was monarchical, and many of the 
sovereigns are celebrated for their misfortunes, 
such as Laius;CEdipus, Polynices,£teocles, he. 
The war u hich Thebes supported against the 
Argiyes is famous, as well as that of theEpigo- 
ni. The Thebans were looked upon as an in- 
dolent and sluggish nation, and the words of 
Theban pig, became proverbial to express a 
man re , arkable for stupidity and inattention. 
This, however, was not literally true; under 
Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before de- 
pendent, became masters of Greece, and 
every thing was done according to their \\ill 
and pleasure. When Alexander invaded 
Greece, he ordered Thebes to be totally de- 
molished, because it had revolted against 
intn, except the house where the poet Pin- 
dar had been born and educated. In this 
dreadful period 6000 of its inhabitants were 
slain, and 30. OOu sold for slaves. Thebes was 
afterwards repaired by Cassander, the son 
of Antipater, but it never rose to its original 
consequence, and Strabo, in his age, mentions 
it merely as an inconsiderable village. The 
monarchical government was abolished there 
at the death of Xanthus, about 1 19i> years be- 
fore Christ, and Thebes became a republic- 
It received its name from Thebe the daughter 
of Asopus, to whom the founder Amphion 
was neariy related Jlvollod. 2, c. 4- ^c. — 
Mela, 2, c. '6.— Paus! 2, c. 6, I. 9, c. 5.— 
Strab. 9.— Plut. in Pet. Flam, ami Attx.— C. 
Kep. in Pet. Epam. k.c. — Horat. Jlrl. Poet. 

394. — Ovid. Met. A town at the south of 

Troas, built by Hercules, and also called Pla- 
cia and Hypoplacia. It fell into the hands of 
the Cilicians, who occupied it during the 
Trojan war. Curl. 3. c. 4. — Liv. 37, c. 19. — 

Strab 11. An ancient celebrated city of 

Thebais in Egypt, tallied also Heculoiitpylos, 
on account of its hundred gates, and Diospo- 
lis. as being sacred to Jupiter. In the time 
of its splendour it extended above 23 miles, 
ajid upon any emergency could send into the 
field by each of its hundred gate.s 20,000 light- 
ing men, and 200 chariots. Thebes was rain- 
ed by Cambyseskiog of Persia, and few traces 
of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. Ptin. 
6, c. 9. — Jttv. 15, V. 16. — Tacit. Jinn. 2. — 
Ikrodol. 2 and 3.— Diod. 2.— Homer. It 9, v. 

SSl.—Slrab. 17.— Mela, 1, c. 9 A town 

of Africa built by Bacchus. Another iu 

Thessaly. Lie. 28, c. 7. Another in 

Phthiotis. 

TiiEBAis, a country in the southern 
parts of Egypt, of which Thebes was the 

capital. There have been some poems 

which have borne the name of Thebais, 
but of these the only one extant is the 1 hc- 
bais of Stalius. It gives an account of the 
war of the Thebans against the Argivcs, 
la consequence of the dissenlion of Eteo- 
cles with Ws brother Polynices. The poet 



TH 

was twelve years in composing it. A river 

of Lydia. A name given to a native of 

Thebes. 

Thebe, a daughter of the Asopus, who 

married Zethus. ^pollod. 3, c. 5. Pans. 

2, c. 5. The wife of Alexander, tyrant of 

Pherae, She was persuaded by Pelopidas to 
murder her husband. 

Theia, a goddess. [Fid. Thea.] 

Theias, a son of Belus, who had an 
incestuous intercourse with his daughter 
Smyrna. 

Thelephassa, the second wife of Age- 
nor, called also Tetap/uissa. 

Thei.pusa, a nymph of Arcadia. [Vid. 
Telpusa.] 

Thelxion, a son of Apis, who conspired 
against his father who was king of Peloponne- 
sus. Paus. 2, c. b.—ApoUod. 2, c. 1. 

Thelxiope, one of the Muses according to 
some writers. Cic. de fin. 

Themenus, a son of Aristomachus, better 
known by the name of Temenus. 

Themesion, a tyrant of Eretria Diod. 15. 

Themillas, a Trojan, &c. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
376. 

Themis, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
who married Jupiter against her own inclina- 
tion. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eu 
nomia, the Parcee and Horae; and was the first 
to whom the inhabitants of the earth raised 
temples. Her oracle was famous in At(ica in 
the age of Deucalion, who consulted it with 
great solemnity, and was instructed how to 
repair the loss of mankind. She was gene- 
rally attended by the Seasons. Among the 
moderns she is represented as holding a sword 
in one hand, and a pair of scales in the other. 

Ovid. Met. 1, v. 321. A daughter of Ilus 

who married Capys, and became mother of 
Anchises. Apollod. 3, c. 12. 

Themiscyra, a town of Cappadocia, at the 
mouth of the Tbermodon, belonging to the 
Amazons. The territories round it bore the 
same name. 

Themison, a famous physician of Laodi- 
cea, disciple to Asclepiades. He was founder 
of a sect called methodists, because he wished 
to introduce methods to facilitate the learning 
and the practice of physio. He flourished in 

the Augustan age. Fiin. 29, c. 1. — Juv. 10. 

One of the generals and ministers of Antio- 
chus the Great. He was born at Cyprus. 
Mlian.V.H.%c.^\. 

^JHE-MisTA, or Themistis, a goddess, the 
same as Themis. 

Themlstius, a celebrated philosopher of 
Papblagonia in the age of Crinstantius, greatly- 
esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called 
Euphradts, the fine speaker, from his elo 
quent and commanding delivery. He was 
made a Roman senator, and always distin 
gui.shed for his liberality and munificence. His 
school was greatly frequented. He wrote, 
when young, .some commentaries on Aristo- 
tle, fragments of which are still extant, and 
33 of his orations. He professed himself to 
be an enemy to flattery, and though he often 
deviates from this general rule in his addresses 
to the emperors, yet he strongly recommends 
humanity, wisdom, and clemency. The best 
edition of Themistius, is that of Harduin, fol. 
Paris, 1684. 



TH 

Themisto, daughter of Hypseus, was the 
third wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, by 
whom she had four sons, called Pious, Leu- 
con, Schceneus, and Erythroes. She endea- 
voured to kill the children of Ino, her hus- 
band's second wife, but she killed her own 
by means of Ino, who lived in her house in 
the disguise of a servant maid, and to whom 
she intrusted her bloody intentions, upon 
which she destroyed herself. Paus. 9, c. 23. 

— Apollod. 1, c. 9. A woman mentioned 

by Polyaenus. The mother of the poet Ho- 
mer, according to a tradition mentioned by 
Pausanias 10, c. 24. 

Themistocles, a celebrated general born 
at Athens. His father's name was Neocles^ 
and his mother^s Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a 
native of Halicarnassus or of Thrace, or 
Acarnania. The beginning of his youth was 
marked by vices so flagrant, and an incli- 
nation so incorrigible, that his father disin- 
herited him. This, which might have dis- 
heartened others, roused the ambition of The- 
mistocles, and the protection which he was 
denied at home, he sought in courting the 
favours of the populace, and in sharing the 
administration of public affairs. When Xerxes 
invaded Greece, Themistocles was at the 
head of the Athenian republic, and in this 
capacity the fleet was intrusted to his care. 
While the Lacedaemonians under Leonidas 
were opposing the Persians at Thermopylae, 
the naval operations of Themistocles, and the 
combined fleet of the Peloponnesians were 
directed to destroy the armameat of Xerxes, 
and to ruin his maritime power. The ob- 
stinate wish of the generals to command the 
Grecian fleet, might have proved fatal to 
the interest af the allies, had no.t Themisto- 
cles freely relinquished his pretensions, and 
by nominating his rival Eurybiades master 
of the expedition, shown the world that his 
ambition could stoop when his country de- 
manded his assistance. The Persian 'fleet 
was distressed at Artemisinm by a violent 
storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks; 
but a decisive battle had never been fought, 
if Themistocles had not used threats and 
entreaties, and even called religion to his 
aid, and the favourable answers of the ora- 
cle to second his measures. The Greeks, 
actuated by difl'erent views, were unwilling 
to make head by sea against an enemy whom 
they faw victorious by land, plundering their 
cities, Htid destroying a!! by lire and sword; 
t)ut before they were dispersed, Themistocles 
sent intelligence of their intentions- to the 
Persian mcmarch. Xerxes, >hy immediately 
blocking them with his fleet in the bay of 
Sa!amis, prevented their escape, and While 
he wished to crush them ail at one blow, he 
obliged them to figlil fur their safety, as well as 
lor the honour of their country. This battle, 
\A Inch \vas fought near the island of Salamis, 
B C. 480, was decisive ; the Greeks obtained 
the victory, and Theniistoclesthe lionoiirof ha- 
ving dosi roved the formidable navy of Xerxes. 
Furtlier to ensure the peace of his country, 
Themistocles informed the Asiatic monarch, 
that the Greeks had conspired to ciit the 
bridge which he had built across the Helles- 
pont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia, 
This met with equal success; Xerxes hasten- 



TH 

ed away fi-om Greece, and while he believed, 
on the words of Themistocles, that his re- 
turn would be disputed, he left his forces 
without a general, and his fleets an easy 
conquest to the victorious Greeks. Tliese 
signal services to his country, endeared The- 
mistocles to the Athenians, and he was uni- 
versally called the most warlike and most 
courageous of all the Greeks who fought 
against the Persians. He was received with 
the most distinguished honours, and by his 
prudent administration, Athens was soon 
fortified with strong walls, her Pireus was 
rebuilt, and her harbours were fdled with 
a numerous and powerful navy, which ren- 
dered her the mistress of Greece. Yet in 
the midst of that glory, the conqueror of 
Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his coun- 
trymen, which had proved so fatal to many 
of his illustrious predecessors. He was ba 
lushed from the city, and after he had sought 
in vain a safe retreat among the republics of 
Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he 
threw himself into the arms of a monarch, 
whose fleets he had defeated, and whose 
father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the suc- 
cessor of Xerxes, received the illustrious Athe- 
nian with kindness; and though he had for- 
merly set a j)rice upon his head, yet he 
made him one of his greatest favourites, ^nd 
bestowed three rich cities upon him, to pro- 
vide him with bread, wine, and meat. Such 
kindnesses from a monarch, from whom he, 
perhaps, expected the most hostile treatment, 
did not alter the sentiments of Themistocles. 
He still remembered that Athens gave him 
birth, and, according to some writers, the 
wish of not injuring his country, and there- 
fore his inability of carrying on war against 
Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, oblig- 
ed him to destroy himself by drinking bull's 
blood. The manner of his death, however, 
is uncertain, and while some aflirm that he 
poisoned himself, others declare that he fell 
a prey to a violent distemper in the city of 
Magnesia, where he had fixed his lesideuce, 
while in the dominions of the Persian mo- 
narch. His bones were conveyed to Attica, 
and honoured with a magnificent tomb by the 
Athenians, who began to repent too late of 
their cruelty to the saviour of his country. 
Themistocles died in the 65th year of his 
<*ge, about 449 years before the Christian era. 
He has been admired as a man naturally 
courageous, of a disposition fond of activity, 
ambitious of glory and enterprise. Blessed 
with a provident and discerning mind, he 
seemed to rise superior to misfortunes, and ir> 
the midst of adversity, possessed of resources 
which could enable him to regain his s[)len- 
dour, and even to command fortune, l^lut. i^/- 
C. Xep. in Vila.— Pans. 1, c. I. 8, c. b2.—A^.li- 

an. V. H. 2, c. 12, 1. 9, c. 18, 1. 13, c. 40. A 

writer, some of whoso letters are extant. 

Themistogenes, an historian of Syra- 
cuse, in the age of Artaxerxes Menuion. 
He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, 
a subject ably treated afterwards by Xeno-.. 
phon. 

TujcucLEs, an opulent citizen of Corinth, 
who liberally divided his riches among the 
poor. Thrasonides, a man equally rich with 
himself, followed the examnle. ,^E{ian. V. 



TH 

I fir. 14, c. 24. A Greek statuary. Paus. 6, 

Theoclus, a Messenian poet and soothsay- 
er, who died B. C. 671. Paus. 4, c. 15, ^c. 

Theoclymenus, a soothsayer of Argolis, de- 
scended from Melampus. His father's name 
was Thestor He foretold the speedy return 
of Ulysses to Penelope and Telemachus. Ho- 
mer. Od. 15, V. 225, kc—Hygin. fab. 128. 

Theocritus, a Greek poet who flourished 
at Syracuse in Sicily, 282 B. C. His father's 
name was Praxagoras or Simichus, and his 
mother's Philina. He lived in the age of Pto- 
lemy Philadelphus, whose praises he sung and 
whose favours he enjoyed Theocritus dis- 
tinguished himself by his poetical composi- 
tions, of which 30 idyllia and some epigrams 
are extant, written in the Doric dialect, and 
admired for their beauty, elegance, and sim- 
plicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has imitated 
and often copied him. Theocritus has been 
blamed for the many indelicate and obscene 
expressions which he uses, and while he in- 
troduces shepherds and peasants, with all the 
rusticity and ignorance of nature, he often dis- 
guises their character by making them speak 
on high and exalted subjects. It is said he 
wrote some invectives against Hiero king of 
Syracuse, who ordered him to be strangled. 
He also wrote a ludicrous poem called SyrinXf 
and placed his verses in such order that they 
represented the pipe of the god Pan. The 
best editions of Theocritus are Warton's, 2 
vols. 4to. Oxon. 1770 ; that of Heinsiu5, 8vo. 
Oxon. 1699; that of Valkenaer, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1781; and that of Reiske, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 

1760. Quintil. 10, c. l.—Laeri. 5. A Greek 

historian of Chios, who wrote an account of 
Libya. Plut. 

Theodamas, or Thiodamas, a king of My- 
sia, in Asia Minor. He was killed by Hercu- 
les, because he refused to treat him and his 
son Hyllus with hospitality. Ovid, in lb. v. 
438.— .^pollod. 2, c. l.—Hygin.iab. 271. 

Theodectes, a Greek orator and poet of 
Phaselis in Paraphylia, son of Aristander, and 
disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies 
besides other works now lost. He had such a 
happy memory that he could repeat with ease 
whatever verses were spoken in his presence. 
When Alexander passed through Phaselis, he 
crowned with garlands the statue which had 
been erected to the memory of th« deceased 
poet. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 24. in Oral. 51, kc. — 
Plut. — Quintil. 

Theodonis, a town of Germany, now Thi- 
onville, on the Moselle. 

Theodora, a daughter-in-law of the empe- 
ror Maximian, who married Constantius. 

A daughter of Constantine. A woman who 

from being a prostitute became empress to 
Justinian, and distinguished herself by her in- 
trigues and enterj)rises The name of Theo- 
dora is common to the empresses of the eait 
in a later period, 

Theodoretus, one of the Greek fathers who 
flourished A. D. 425, whose works have been 
edited, 6 vols. fol. Paris 1642, and 6 vols. 
Halaj 1769 to 1774. 

TiiEooounus, a Greek ecclesiastical histo- 
rian, whose works have been best edited by 
Heading, fol. Cantab. 1720. 

TuifioDOBi's, a Syracusan of great antho- 



TH 

iily aMong his countrymen, who severely in- 
veighed against the tyranny of Dionysius. 

A philosopher, disciple to Aristippus. He 
denied the existence of a god. He was ba- 
nished from Cyrene. and fled to Athens, where 
the friendship of Demetrius Phalereus saved 
him from the accusations which were carried 
to the Areopagus against him. Some suppose 
that he was at last condemned to death lor his 
impiety, and that he drank poison. A pre- 
ceptor to one of the sons of Antony, whom he 

betrayed to Augustus. A consul in the 

reign of Honorius. Claudian wrote a poem 
upon him, in which he praises him with great 
liberality. A secretary of Valens. He con- 
spired against the emperor, and was beheaded. 
A man who compiled an history of Rome 
Of this nothing but his history of the reigns 

of Censtantine and Constantius is extant. 

A comic actor. A player on the flute in 

the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who con 
teraptuously rejected the favours of Lamia the 

mistress of the monarch. A Greek poet of 

Colophon, whose compositions are lost.- A 
sophist of Byzantium called Logodailon, by 

Plato. A Greek poet in the a.j^e of Cleo 

patra. He wrote a book of metamorphosiS; 
which Ovid imitated, as some suppose. An 
artist of Saxnos about 700 years B. C. He was 
the first who found out the art of melting iron, 
with which he made statues. A priest, fa- 
ther of Isocrafes. A Greek writer, called 

also Prodomus. The time in which he lived 
is unknown. There is a romance of his com 
position extant, called the amours of Rhodan- 
tbe and D)sicles. The only edition of which 
was by Gaulminus, 8vo. Paris, 1625. 

Thjeodosia, now Caffa-. a town in the Cim- 
merian Bosphorus. Mda, 2, c. 1. 

Theodosiopolis, a town of Armenia, built 
by Theodosius, <k,c. 

Theodosius Fi.avius, a Roman emperor 
surnamed Magnus, from the greatness of his 
exploits. He was invested with the impe- 
rial purple by Gratian; and appointed over 
Thrace and the ea.stern provinces; which had 
been in the possession of Valentinian. The 
first years of his reign were marked by dif 
ferent conquests over the barbarians. The 
Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of 
their chariots, with an immense number of 
prisoners of both sexes, were the reward of 
the victory. This glorious campaign intimi- 
dated the inveterate enemies of Rome ; they 
sued for peace, and treaties of alliance were 
made with distant nations, who wished to 
gain the favours and the friendship of a prince 
whose military virtues were so conspicuous. 
Some conspiracies were formed against the 
emperor, but 'J'heodosius totally disregarded 
them; and while he punished his competi- 
tors for the imperial purple, he thought him- 
self sutficienlly secure in the love and the 
aflfectioa of his subjects. His reception at 
Rome was that of a conqueror; he triumph- 
ed over the harbarians, and restored peace in 
every part of the empire. He died of a drop- 
sy at Milan, in the 60th year of his age, after 
a reign of 16 years, the 17th of January, A. 
D. 395. His body was conveyed to Conslnnti- 
tiople, and buried by his son Arcadius, in the 
tomb of Constantine. Theodosius was the last 
Of the emperors who wus the sole roaster of 



TH 

tlie whole Roman empire. He left three cLII- 
dren, Arcadius and Honorius who succeeded 
him, and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been 
commended by ancient writers as a prince 
blessed with every virtue, and debased by n© 
vicious propensity. Though master of the 
world he was a stranger to tliat pride and ar- 
rogance which too often disgrace the mo- 
narch; he was affable in his behaviour, bene- 
volent and compassionate, and it was his wish 
to treat his subjects as himself was treated 
when a private man, and a dependent. Men 
of merit were promoted to places of trust and 
honour, and the emperor was fond of patron- 
ising the cause of virtue and learning. His 
zeal as a follower of Christianity has been ap- 
plauded by all the ecclesiastical writers, and 
it was the wish of Theodosius to support the 
revealed reli£;ion, as much by his example, 
meekness, and Christian ciiarity, as by his 
edicts and ecclesiastical instil utions. His want 
of clemency, however, in one instance, was 
too openly betrayed, and when the people of 
Thessalonica had unmeaningly, perhaps, kill- 
ed one of his oflicers, the emperor ordered 
his soldiers to put all the inhabitants to the 
sword, and no less than 6000 persons without 
distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly 
butchered in that town in the space of three 
hours. This violence irritated the ecclesias- 
tics, and Theodosius was compelled by St, 
Ambrose to do open penance in the church, 
and publicly to make atonetneot for an act 
of barbarity which had exchided him from 
the bosom of the church, and the communion 
of the faitijful. In his private character Theo- 
dosius was an example of soberness and tem- 
perance, his palace displayed becoming gran- 
deur, but still with moderation. He neverin- 
dulged luxury or countenanced superfluities. 
He was fond of bodily exercise, and never 
gave himself up to pleasure and enervating 
enjoyments The laws and regulations which 
he introduced in the Roman empire, were of M 
(he most salutary nature. Socral. 5, &;:c. — ■ 
Zosim. 4, &LC. — Jimhros. Augustin. Claudian. 

ii-c. The 2d, succeeded his father Arcadius 

as emperor of the western Roman empire, 
though only in the eighth year of his age. He 
was governed by his sister Pulcheria, and by 
his ministers and eunuchs, in whose hands was 
the disposal of the offices of state, and all 
places of trust and honour. He married Eu- 
doxia, the daughter of a philosopher calleel 
Leontius, a woman remarkable for her vir- 
tues and piety. The territories of Theodosius 
were invaded by the Persians, but the em- 
peror soon appeared at the head of a numer- 
ous force, and the two hostile armies met oa 
the frontiers of the empire. The consterna- 
tion was universal on both sides; without j 
even a bartle, the Persians fled, and no les« ^i 
than 100,000 were lost in the waters of the 
Euphrates. Theodosius raised the siege of 
INisibis, where his operations failed of success, 
and he averted the fury of the Huns and 
Vandals by bribes and promises. He died on 
the 2yth of July, in the 49th year of his age, 
A. D. 450, leaving only one daughter, Licinia 
Eudoxia, whom he had married to the em- 
peror Valentinian 3d. The carelessness an4 
iualtention of Theodosius to public affairs 
are well known. He signed all the papers 



TH 

tliat were brought to him without even open- . 
ing them or reading them, till his sister ap- [ 
prized him of his negligence, and rendered ' 
him more careful and diligent, by making 
him sign a paper, in which he delivered into 
her hands Eudoxia his wife as a slave and 
menial servant. The laws and regulations 
which were promulgated under him, and 
selected from the most useful and salutary 
institutions of his imperial predecessors, have 
been called the Tkeodosian code. Theodosius 
was a warm advocate for the Christian reli 
gion, but he has been blamed for his partial 
attachment to those who opposed the ortho- 
dox faith. Sozom. — Socrales; iic. A lover 

of Antonina the wife of Bellisarius. A 

mathematician of Tripoli, who tlourished 75 
B. C. His tr<^.alise called Spbajrica, is best 
edited by Hunt, 8vo. Oxon. 1707. A Ro- 
man general, father of Theodosius {ha great; 
he died A. D 376. 

Theodota, a beautiful courtezan of Elis, 
whose company was frequented by Socrates. 

Xenoph. de Socr.—^Jian. V. H. 13, c. 32. 

A Roman etnpress, he. 

Theodotian, an interpreter in the reign 
of Comraodus, 

Tmeodotus, an admiral of the Rhodians, 
sent by his countrymen to make a treaty with 

the Romans. A native of Chios, who as 

preceptor and counsellor of Ptolemy advised 
Uie feeble monarch to murder Pompey. He 
carried the head of the unfortunate Roman 
to Caesar, but the resentment of the conqueroiT 
was such that the mean assassin fled, and after 
a wandering and miserable life in the cities of 
Asia, he was at last put to death by Brutus. 

Plut. in Brut. «^' Pomp. A Syracusan, 

accused of a conspiracy against Hieronymus 

the tyrant of Syracuse. A governor of 

Bactriana in the age of Antiochus, who re- 
volted and made himself king B. C. 250. 

A friend of the emperor Julian. A Phceni- 

taan historian. One of the generals of Alex- 
ander. 

Theognetes, a Greek tragic poet. Alhen. 

Theognis, a Greek poet of 5legara, who 
flourished about 649 years before Christ. He 
wrote several poems, of which only a few sen- 
tences are now extant, quoted by Plato, and 
other Greek historians and philosophers, and 
intended as precepts for the conduct of human 
life. The morals of the poet have been cen- 
sured as neither decorous nor chaste. The 
best edition of Theognis, is tiial of blackwall, 
12mo. London 1706. There was also a tra- 
gic poet of the same name, whose compositions 
■were so lifeless and inanimated, that they pro- 
cured him the name of Chion or snow. 

Theomnestcs, a rival of JSicias in the 
administration of public affairs at Athens. 

Strab. 14. A statuary of Sardinia. Faus. 

6, c. 15. An Athenian philosopher, among 

tlie followers of Plato's doctrines. He had 
Brutus, Caesar's murderer, among his pupils. 
A painter. Flin. 35. 

Theon, a philosopher who used frequently 

to walk in his sleep. Diog. An astronumer 

•f Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian. A })ain- 

terofSamos. JElia/i. V. fl.o, c 44. Ano- 
ther philosopher. Dioo;. An infamous re- 
viler. Horat. 1, ep. l\f. 

TaE«NOE; a daughter wf The^too sister to 



TH 

Calchas. She was carried away by sea pirat«S4 
and sold to Icarus, king of Caria, &.e. Bygin. 
fab. 190. A daughter of Proteus and a Ne- 
reid who became enamoured of Canobus, the 
pilot of a Trojan vessel, k,c. 

Theope, one of the daughters of Leos. 

Theophane, a daughter of Bisaitus, whom 
rs'eptune changed into a sheep, to remove her 
from her numerous suitors, and conveyed to 
the island Crumissa. The god afterwards as- 
sumed the shape of a ram, and under thi? 
transformation he had by the nymph a ram 
with a golden fleece, which carried Phryxus 
to Colchis. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 177. — Hygin. 
fab. 188. 

Theophanes, a Greek historian born at 
Mityiene. He was very inti.mate with Pom- 
pey, and from his friendship with the Roman 
genera!, his countiymen derived many advan- 
tages. After the battle of Pharsalia, he ad- 
vised Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. 
CV«. pro £rch. ^ Falerc. — Plut. in Cic. if' 

Pomp. His son,M. Pompeius Theophanes, 

was made governor of Asia, and enjoyed the 

intimacy of Tiberius. The only edition of 

Theophanes, the Byzantine historian, is at 
Paris, fol 1649. 

Theophania, festivals celebrated at Del- 
phi in honour of Apollo. 

Theophilus, a comic poet of Athens. 

A governor of Syria in the age of Julian^ 

A friend of Piso. A physician, whose 

treatise de Urini^ is best edited by Guidotius, 
L. Bat. 1728, and another by Morell, 8vo. 

Paris, 1556. One of the Greek fathers 

whose work ad Auiolycum is best edited in 

12mo. by Wolf, Hamb. 1724. The name 

of Theophilus is common among the primitive 
Christians. 

Theophrastus, a native of Eresus, ia 
Lesbos, son of a fuller. He studied under 
Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, M'hose 
friendship he gained, and whose warmest 
commendations he deserved. His original 
name was Tyrlamus, but this the philosopher 
made him exchange for that of Euphrastits, 
to intimate his excellence in speaking, and 
afterwards for that of Theophrastus, which he 
deemed still more expressive of his eloquence^ 
the brilliancy of his genius, and the elegance 
of his language. After the death of Socrates, 
when the malevolence of the Athenians drove 
all the philosoj)her's friends from the city, 
Theoj)hrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Ly- 
ceum, and rendered himself so conspicuous, 
that in a short time the number of his au- 
ditors was increased to two thousand. Not 
only his countrymen courted his applause, 
but kings and princes were desirous of hi» 
friendship; and Cassander and Ptolemy, tvv© 
of the most powerful of the successors of 
Alexander, regarded him with more than 
usual partiality. Theophrastus composed 
many books, and Diogenes has enumerated 
the titles of above 20l> treatises, which he 
wrote with great elegance and co[)iou»aesS4 
About 20 of these are extant, among which 
are his history of btone^, his treatise on 
plants, on the winds, on the signs of lair 
weather, ice. and his Characters, an excel- 
lent moral treatise, which was begun in the 
99th year of his age. He died loadc<l with 
vears and inrnmities. in the J07(h year of 



TH 

his age, B. C. 288, lamenting the shortness 
of life, and complaining of the partiality of 
nature in granting longevity to the crow 
and to the stag, but not to man. To his care 
"we are indebted for the works of Aristotle, 
which the dying philosopher intrusted to him. 
The best edition of Theophrastus is that of 
Heinsius, fol. L. Bat. 1613 ; and of his Charac- 
ters, that of Needham, 8vo. Cantab 1712, and 
that of Fischer, 8vo. Coburg. 1703. Cic. Tusc. 
3, c. 28, in Brut. c. 31, in Orat. V^, iic. — 
Strab. 13. — Diog. iii vita. — JElian. V. H. 2, c. 
8, 1. 34, c. 20, I. 8, c. 12.— Quiidil. 10, c. 1.— 

Flut. adv. cotot. An officer intrusted with 

the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigo- 
nus. Polyxn. 

Theopolemus, a man who, with his bro- 
ther Hiero, plundered Apollo's temple at Del- 
phi, and tied away for fear of being punished. 
Cic. in Verr. 5. 

Thkopolis, a name given to Antioch be- 
cause the Christians first received their name 
there. 

Theopompus, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Proclidae, who succeeded his 
father Nicander, and distinguished himself 
by the many new regulations he introduced. 
He created the Ephori, and died after a long 
and peaceful reign, B. C. 723. While he 
sat on the throne the Spartans made war 
against Messenia. Pint, in Lye. — Pans. 3, c. 

*2. A famous Greek historian of Chios, 

disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B. C. 
o54. All his compositions are lost, except 
a few fragments (juoted by ancient writers. 
He is compared to Thucydides and Herodo- 
tus, as an historian, yet he is severely cen- 
sured for his satirical remarks and illiberal 
reflections. He obtained a prize in which 
his master was a competitor, and he was 
liberally rewarded for composing the best fu- 
neral oration in honour of Mausolus. His fa- 
ther's name was Damasistratus. Dionys. Hal. 
1. — Plat, in Lys. — C. Xep. 7. — Pans. 6, c 18. 
— QuinliL 10, c. 1. An Athenian who at- 



tempted to deliver his countrymen from the 
tyranny of Demetrius. Polya^t. 5. A co- 
mic poet in the age of Menander. He wrote 

24 plays, all lost. A son of Demaratus, who 

obtained several crowns at the Olympic games. 

Pans. 6, c. 10. An orator and historian 

of Cnidus, very intimate with J. Caesar. 

Slrab. 14. A Spartan general, killed at 

the battle of Tegyra. A philosopher of 
<3herona:a, in the reigu cf the emneror 
Philip. 

TuEOPHYLACTUS SiMocATTA, a Byzan- 
tine historian, whose works were edited 

fol. Paris, 1647. One of the Greek fa- 

ihers who flourished, A. D. 1070. His 
works were edited at Venice, 4 vols. 1754 
to 1763. 

TuEoRius, a surname of Apollo at Trce- 
zene, where he had a very ancient temple. 
It signifies clear-sighted. 

TuEOTiMUE, a wrestler' of Elis, in the age 

of Alexander. Paus. 6, c. 17. A Greek 

who wrote an history of Italy. 

Theoxena, a noble lady of Thessaly who 
threw herself into the sea, when unable to es- 
cape from the soldiers of king Philip, who pur- 
sued her. Lie. 40, c. 4. 

TuEuxi::<;iA, a festival celebrated in bou- 



TH 

I our of all the gods in every city of Greece, 
but especially at Athens. Games were then 
observed, and the conqueror who obtained 
the prize, received a large sura of money, or 
according to others a vest beautifully or- 
namented. The Dioscuri established a fes- 
tival of the same name, in honour of the 
gods who had visited them at one of their en- 
tertainments. 

Theoxenius, a surname of Apollo. 
Thera, a daughter of Amphion and Ni« 

obe. Hysin. fab. 69. One of the Spo- 1 

rades in the .c^gean sea, anciently called Cal-A 
lista, now Santorin. It was first inhabited by 
the Phoenicians, who were left there uudei' 
Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in 
quest of his sister Europa. It was called; 
Thera by Theras, the son of Autesion, who^| 
settled there witi) a colony from Lacedaemon. 

Paus. 3, c. 1. — Htrodol. 4. — iStrab. 8. A'' 

town of Caria. 

Therambus, a town near Pallene. Hero' 
dot. 7, c. 123. 

Theramenes, an Athenian philosopher and^ 
general in the age of Alcibiades. His fa- 
ther's name was Agnen. He was one of 
the 30 tyrants of Athens, but he had no 
share in the cruelties and oppression which 
disgraced their administration. He was ac- 
cused by Critias, one of his colleagues, be- 
cause he o[)posed their views, and he was 
condemned to drink hemlock, though de- 
fended by his own innocence, and the friend- 
ly intercession of the philosopher Socrates. 
He drank the poison with great composure, 
and poured some of it on the ground, with 
the sarcastical exclamation of, This is to tlie 
health of Critias. This happened about 
404 years before the Christian era. The- 
ramenes, on account of the fickleness of his 
disposition, has been called Cothurnus, a part 
of the dress used both by men and women. 
Cic. de Orat. 3, c, 16.—Plut. in dldb. &c.— 
C. JVep. 

Thera pne, or Terapne, a town of La- 
conia, at the west of the Eurotas, where 
Apollo had a temple called Phoebeum. It 
was at a very sboit distance from Lacedae- 
mon, and indeed some authors have con- 
founded it with the capital of Laconia It 
received its name from Therapne, a daugh- 
ter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born 
there, and on that account they are some- 
times called Theraimai fratres. Paus. 3, 
c. H.— Ovid. Fast. 5, v, 223.— Si7. 6, v. 
303, I. 8, v. 414, I. 13, v. 43—Liv. 2, c. 
i6.—Dio7iy5. Hal. 2, c. 49.— 67a/. 7, Theb. 
V. 793. 

TiiERAS, a son of Autesion of Lacedae- 
mon, who conducted a colony (oCalista, to 
which he gave the name of Thera. He re« 
ceived divine honours after death. Paus. 3, 
c. 1 and 15. 

Therimachus, a son of Hercules by Me- 
gara. Apollod. 2, c. 4 and 7. 

TiiERirriDAS, a Lacedaemonian, k.c. Diod. 
15. 

TiiERiTAS, a surname of Mars in Laco- 
nia. 

Therma, a town of Africa. Strabo. 

A town of Macedonia, afterwards called 
Th€ssulouica,'n\ honour of the wife of Cassan- 
Uer, and now iialonichi. The bay in the 



TH 

neighbourhood of Tberma is called Ther- 
maus or Themuncus sinus, and advances far 
into the country, so much that Pliny has 
named it Maced&h.icus siniis, by way ot emi- 
nence, to intimate its extent Strab. — Tacit. 
Ann. 5, c. 10. — Herodot. 

Therm>€, (baths) a town of Sicily, where 

were the baths of Selinus, now Sciacca. 

Another near Panormus. now Thtrmini. Sil. 
14, V. 23.— Cic. Vtrr. 2, c. 35. 

Thermodon, now Termah, a famous ri- 
ver of Cappadpcia, in the ancient country of 
the Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea near 
Themiscyra. There was also a small river 
o< the same name in Boeotia, near Tanagra, 
which was afterwards called Hcemon. Sirab. 
U.— Herodot. 9, c. HI.— Mela, 1, c. 19.— 
Pans. 1, c. 1, 1. 9, c. 19.—Plut. in Dent.— 
Virg. JEn. 11, v. 659.— Otid. Met. 2, v. 249, 
&c. 

Thermopyl.5:, a small pass leading from 
Thessaly into Locris and Phocis. It has a 
large ridge of mountains on the west, and 
the sea on the east, with deep and dangerous 
marshes, being in the narrowest part only 25 
feet in breadth. Thermopylae receives its 
name from the hot baths which are in tlie 
neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle 
which was fought there B. C. 480, on the 
7th of August, between Xerxes and the 
Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for 
three successive days repeatedly the attacks 
of the most brave and courageous of the 
Persian army, which according to some his- 
torians amounted to five millions. There 
was also another battle fought there between 
the Romans and Antiochus, king of Syria. 
Herodot. 7, c. 176, he— Strab. 9.—Liv. 36, c. 
15.— Melttj 2, c. S.—Plut. in Cat. kc.—Paits. 
7, c. 15. 

Thermum, a town of iEtolia, on the Eve- 
nus. PoPyb. 5. 

Thermus, a man accused in the reign of 
Tiberius, &.c. A man put to death by Ne- 
ro. A town of iE:toIia, the capital of the 

country. 

Therodamas, a king of Scythia, who, 
as some report, fed lions with human blood, 
that they might be more cruel. Ovid. lb. 
383. 

Therov, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
died 472 B. C. He was a native of Boeotia, 
and son of ^nesidamus, and he married De- 
raarete the daughter of Gelon of Sicily. He- 
rodot. l.—Pind. Olymp. 2. One Of Actaj- 

on's dog"?. Ovid. A Rutulian who aKempl- 

ed to kill iEneas. He perished in the attempt. 

yirg. JEn. 10, v. 312. A priest in the tem 

}ile of Hercules at Saguntum, &.c. Sil. 2, v. 

149. A Theban descended from the Spar- 

tiP. Stat. Theb. 2, v. 572. .\ (laughter ot 

rhylas beloved by Apollo. Pans. 9, c. 40. 

Therpander, a celobrated poet and musi- 
cian of Lesbos. [F/rf. Terpander.] 

Theusander, a son of Tolynices and Ar- 
gia. He accompanied the Creeks to the Tro- 
jan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Tele- 
phus, before the confederato army reached 
the enemy's country, l^irg. JEn. 2, v. 261. 

—.Ipollod. 3, c. 7. A son of Sisyphus, king 

of Corinth. A musician of Ionia. 

THERsir.ocHUS, a leader of the Paeonians 
fn tha Trojan w»r, kHIed by Achilles. Virg. 



TH 

Mn. 6, V. 483." A friend of -Eneas killed by 

Turnus. Id. 12, v. 363. An athlete at Cor- 

cyra, crowned at the Olympic games. Pans. 
6, c. 13. 

Thersippus, a son of Agrius, who drove 

(Eneus from the throne of Calydon. A maa 

who carried a letter from Alexander to Da- 
rius. Curt. An Athenian author who died 

954 B. C. 

Thersites, an officer the most deformed 
and illiberal of the Greeks during the Trojan 
war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow 
soldiers, particularly Agamemnon, AchiileSf 
and Ulysses. Achilles killed him with one 
blow of his fist, because he laughed at his 
mourning the death of Penthesilea. Ovid, ex 
Pont. 4, el. i:>, v. \b.—Apollod. 1, c. 9.— Ho- 
mer. It. 2, V. 212, &c. 

Theseid^, a patronymic given to the 
Athenians from Theseus, one of their kings. 
Virg. G 2, v. 383. 

Theseis, a poem written by Codrus, con- 
taining an account of the life and actions of 
Theseus, and now lost. Jur. 1, v. 2. 

Theseds, king of Athens, and son of 
iEgeus, by iEthra the daughter of Pittheu*, 
was one of the most celebrated of the heroes 
of antiquity. He was educated at Trcezenc 
in the house of Pittheus, and as he was not 
publicly acknowledged to be the son of the 
king of Athens, he passed for the son of Nep- 
tune. When he came to years of maturity, 
he was sent by his mother to his father, and a 
sword was given him, by which be might make 
himself known to iEgeus in a private manner. 
[Fid. JEgeus.] His journey to Athens was nof: 
across the sea, as it was usual with travellers* 
but Theseus determined to signalize himself in 
going by land and encountering ditficulties. 
The road which led from Trcezene to Athens 
was infested with robbers and wild beasts, and 
rendered impassable ; but these obstacles 
were easily removed by the courageous son of 
iEgeus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synni?, 
Sciron, Cercyon. Procustes, and the celebra- 
ted Phffia. At Athens, however, his recep- 
tion was not cordial ; Medea lived there with 
^Egeus, and as she knew that her influence 
would fall to the ground if Theseus was re- 
ceived in his father's house, she attempted to 
destroy him before his arrival was made pub- 
lic. iEgeus was himself to give the cup of 
poison to this unknown stranger at a feast, but 
the sight of his sword on the side of Theseu*! 
reminded him of his amours with iEthra. He 
knew him to be his son, and the people of 
Athens were glad to find that this illustrious 
stranger, who had cleared Attica from robber? 
and pirates, was the son of their monarch. 
The Pallantides, who expected to succeed 
their uncle i'Egcus on the throne, as he ap- 
parently had no children, attempted to assas- 
sinate Theseus, but they fell a prey to their 
O" ri barbarity, and were all put to death by 
the young prince. The bull of Marathon next 
engaged the attention of Theseus. The la- 
bour seemed arduous, but he caught the ani- 
mal alive, and after he \md led it through the 
streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to Miner^'s, 
or the god of Delphi. After this Theseu:* 
went to Crete among the seven chosen youths 
whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devour- 
ed by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver hif 



TH 



TH 



oauntry from so dreadful a tribute, enga»e(} J eternal state of punishment, repeating to tlr« 

him to uaderiake this expedition, tie >vas ! sha.liis in Tartarus the words of Dwa7ejM*/i- 



successful by means '>f Ariadne, the daughter 
of Minos, who was enamoured of him. and 
after he had escaped from the labyrinth with 
a clue of thread, and killed the Minotaur 
[Firf. Minolaurus,] he sailed from Crete with 
the six boys and seven maidens, whom his 
victory had equally redeemed from death. In 
the island of Naxos, where h« was driven by 
the winds, he had the meanness to abandon 
Ariadne, to whom he was indebted for his 
safety. The rejoicings which his return might 
have occasioned at Athens, were interrupted 
by the death of M^^ans, who threw himself in 
to the sea when he saw his son's ship return 
Tvith black sails, which was the signal of ill suc- 
cess. [Vid. ^geus.] His ascension on hi:^ 
father's throne was universally applauded, B. 
C. 1235. The Athenians were governed with 
mildness, and Theseus made new regulations, 
and enacted new laws. The number of the 
inhabitants of Athens was increased by the 
liberality of the monarch, religious worship 
was attended with more than usual solemnity, 
a court was instituted which had the care of 
all civil affairs, and Theseus made the go- 
Ternraent democratical, while he reserved for 
himself only the command of the armies. 
The fame which he had gained by his victo- 
ries and policy, made his alliance courted ; 
but Pirithous, king of the Lapitha?, alone wish- 
ed to gain his friendship, by meeting him in 
the tield of battle. He invaded the territories 
of Attica, and when Theseus had marched 
©ut to meet him, the two enemies, struck at 
the sight of each other, rushed between their 
two armies, to embrace one another in the 
must cordi'dl and affectionate manner, and 
from that time began the most sincere and 
admired friendship, which has become pro- 
verbial. Tiieseus was present at the nuptials 
of his friend, and was the most eager and 
courageous of the Lapitha^, in the defence of 
Hippodamia, and her female attendants, 
against the brutal attempts of the Centaurs. 
When Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he 
agreed with Theseus, whose wife Phaedra was 
also dead, to carry away some of the daugh- 
ters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon 
Helen, the daughter of Leda, and after they 
had obtained (his beautiful prize, they cast lots, 
and she becatne the property of Theseus. 
The Athenian monarch intrusted her to the 
care of Ills mother ^Elhra, at Aphidnaj, till 
she was of nubile years, but the resentment of 
Castor and Pollux, soon obliged him to restore 
her safe into their hands. Helen, before she 
reached Sparia, became mother of a daughter 
by Theseus, but tiiis tradition, confirmed by 
some ancient mythologists, is confuted by 
ethers, who affiim, that she was b^rt nine 
years old when carried away by the two royal 
friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of his 
epistles, saying, Excepfo radii passa timore 
nihil. Some time after Theseus assisted his 
friend in procuring a wife, and they both de- 
scended into the infernal regions to carry 
away Proserpine. Pluto, apprized of their 
intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was 
placed on his father's wheel, and Theseus was 
lied to a huge stone, on which he had sat to 
ifst^iraselL Virgil represents him in this 



tiain monili, ^ non temnere dims. Apollo- 
dorus, liovvever, and others declare, that he 
was not long detained in hell; when Hercules 
came to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him 
away from the stoue, but with such violence, 
riiat his skin was left behind. The same as- 
^^istauce was given to Pirithous, and the two 
triends returned upou the earth by the favour 
of Hercules, and the consent of the infernal 
deities, not, however, without .suffering the 
most excruciating torments. During the cap- 
tivity of Theseus in the kingdom of Pluto, 
Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erech- 
iheus, ingratiated himself into the favour of 
the people of Athens, and obtained the crown 
in preference to the children of the absent 
monarch. At his return Theseus attempted 
to eject the usurper, but to no purpose. 
The Athenians had forgotten bis many ser- 
vices, and he retired with great mortificatioa 
to the court of Lycomedes, king of the island 
of Scyros. After paying him much attention, 
Lycomedes, either jealous of his fame, or 
bribed by the presents of Mnestheus, carried 
him to a high rock, on pretence of showing 
him the extent of his dominions, and threw 
him down a deep precipice. Some suppose 
that Theseus inadvertently fell down this pre- 
cipice, and that he was crushed to death with- 
out receiving any violence from Lycomedes. 
The children of Theseus jifter the death oF 
Mnestheus, recovered the Athenian throne, 
aud that the memory of their father might not 
be without the honours due to a hero, they 
brought his remains from Scyros, and gave 
them a magnificent burial. Thev^lso raised 
him statues and a temple, and ^tivals and 
games were |)ublicly instituted to commemo- 
rate the actions of a hero, who had rendered 
such services to the people of Athens. Tliese 
festivals were still celebrated with original 
solemnity in the age of Pausanias and Plutarch^ 
about 1200 years after the death of Theseus. 
The historians disagree from the poets in their 
accounts about this hero, and they all suppose, 
that in:*tead of attempting to carry away the 
wife of Pluto, the two friends wished to se- 
duce a daughter of Aidoneus, king of the Mo- 
lossi. This daughter, as they say, bore the 
name of Proserpine, and the dog which kept 
the gates of the palace, was called Cerberus, 
and hence perhaps arises the fiction of the 
poets. Pirithous was torn to pieces by the 
dog, but Theseus was confined in prison, from 
whence he made his escape some time after, 
by the assistance of Hercules. Some authors 
place Theseus and his friend in the number 
of the Argonauts, but they were both detain- 
ed, either in the infernal regions, or in the 
coimtry of the Molossi, in the time of Jason's 
^pedition to Colchis. Plut. in inld. — .8poUod. 
'^.—llygin. fab. 14 and 19.— Pans. 1, c. 2, &.c. 
—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 433. lb. 412. Fast. 3, v. 473 
and 491. — Heroid. — Diod. 1 and 4. — Lucan. 2, 
V. G12.— Homer. Od. 21, v. 293.~Hesiod. in 
Scut. Herc.—JElian. V. H. 4, c. 5.— Slat. Theb. 
5, V. AZ'l.—Propert. 3.—Lactant. ad Theb. 
Stat.—Philosl. Icon. l.—Flacc. 2.—Apollon. 1. 
— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 617. — Seneca, in Hippol. — 
Slat. JJchill. 1. 
THEsiDiE, a name given to the people of 



TH 

Athens, because they were governed by The- 
seus. 

Thesides, a patronymic, applied to the chil- 
dren of Theseus, especially Hippoiytus. Ovid. 
Her. 4, v. 65. 

TriESMoPHORA, a surname of Ceres, as law- 
giver, in whose honour festivals were insti- 
tuted called Thesmophoria. The Thesmo- 
phoria were instituted by Triptolemus, or ac- 
cording to some by Orpheus, or the daughters 
of Danaus. The greatest part of the Grecian 
cities, especially Athens, observed them with 
great solemnity. The worshippers were free 
born women, whose husbamls were obliged to 
defray the expenses of the festival. They were 
assisted by a priest called ?* m> c^^im^ because 
he carried a crown on his head. There were 
also certain virgins who officiated, and were 
maintained at the public expense. The free 
born women were dressed in white robe? 
to intimate their spotless innocence; they 
were charged to observe the strictest chas- 
tity during three or five days before the 
celebration, and during the four days of the 
solemnity, and on that account it was usual 
for them to strew their bed with a^mis 
casius fleabane, and all such herbs as were 
supposed to have the power of expelling 
all venereal propensities. They were also 
charged not to eat pomegranates, or to wear 
garlands on their heads, as the whole was 
to be observed with the greatest signs of 
seriousness and gravity, without any display 
of wontonness or levity. It was however 
usual to jest at one another, as the goddess 
Ceres had been made to smile by a merry 
expression when she was sad and melancho- 
ly for the recent loss of her daughter Pro- 
serpine. Three days were required for the 
preparation, and upon the 11th of the 
month called Pyanepsion, the women w'ent 
to Eleusis, carrying books on their heads, 
in which the laws which the goddess had 
invented were contained. On the 14lh of 
the same month the festival began, on the 
16th day a fast was observed, and the wo- 
men sat on the ground in token of humili- 
ation. It was usual during the festival to 
offer pravers to Ceres, Proserpine, Pluto, 
and Cailigenia, whom some suppose to 
be the nurse or favourite maid of the 
goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her sur- 
names. There were some sacrifices of a 
mysterious nature, and all persons whose 
offence was small were released from con- 
finement. Such as were initiated at the fes- 
tivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesraopho- 
ria. The place of high priest was heredita- 
ry in the family of Eumolpus. Ovid. Mel- 
10. V.431. Fast. 4, V. (i\9.—Jipollod. 1, c. 4.— 
Virg. JEn. 4, v. 58. — Sophocl. in (Edip. Col. — 
Clem. Ak.x. 

'{'HESMOTHETiE, a name given to the last six 
archons among the Athenians, because they 
took particular care to enforce the laws, and 
to see justice impartially administered. They 
were at that time nine in number. 

Thesi'ia, now JVeocorio, a town of Bceo- 
tia, at the foot of mount Helicon, which re- 
ceived its name from Thespia, the daughter 
o( Asopus, or from Thespius. Flin. 4, c. 7. — 
Paus. 9, c. 26.—Strab. 9. 

THK^fiAVJE, <he sons of the Thespiades. 
rirf. Thespius.] 88 



TH 

Thespiades, a name given to the 6p 
daughters of Thespius. [Vid. Thespius.] — 

Diod. 4. — Seneca, in Here. (Ei. 369. Also 

a surname of the nine Muses, because they 
were held in great veneration in Thespia. 
FLacc. 2, V. 3G8.— Or/rf. Met. 5, v 310. • 

Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed 
by some to be the inventor of tragedy, 536 
years before Clirist. His representations were 
very rustic and imperfect. He went from town 
to town upon a cart- on which was erected 
a temporary stage, where two actors, whose 
faces were daubed with the lees of wine, enter- 
tained thf audience with choral songs, &c. 
Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic re- 
preseiita'tions. Horat. Jirl P. 276. — Diod. 

Thespius, a king of Thespia, in Bceotia, 
son of Erechtheus, according to some authors. 
He was desirous that his fifty daughtersshould 
have children by Hercules, and therefore when 
that hero was at his court he permitted him 
to enjoy their conipaiiy. This, which accor- 
ding to some, was effected in one night, passes 
for the 13lh and most arduous of the labours 
of Hercules, as the two follovving lines from 
the arcana urcanissi7na indicate: 
Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, un& 
Quinquaginta simul stupravit node puellas. 
All the daughters of Thespius brought male 
children into the world, and some of them 
twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the 
youngest. Some suppose that one of the 
riiespiades refused to admit Hercules to her 
arms, for which the hero condemned her to 
pass all her life in continual celibacy, and to 
become the priestess of a temple he had at 
Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, 
called Thespiadce, went to Sardinia, where 
they made a settlement with lolaus, the friend 
of their father. Thespius is often confounded 
by ancient authors with Thestius, though the 
latter lived in a different place, and, as king of 
Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the 
Calydonian boar. Apollod. 2, c. 4. — Paus. 9. 
c. 26 and 27.—Plui. :,; 

Thesprotia, a country of Epinis, at the 
west of Ambracia, bounded on the south by 
the sea. It is watered by the rivers Ache- 
ron and Cocytus, which the poets, after Ho- 
mer, have called the .streams of hell. The 
oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. Homer 
Od. 14, V. 315.— S//a6. 7, &ic.—Pans. 1, c. 
17. — Luc an. 3, v. 179. 

Thesprotus, a son of Lycaon, king of 
Arcadia. Apollod. 3, c. 8. 

Thkssalia, a country of Greece, whoso 
boundaries have been different at different 
periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was 
bounded on the south by the southern parts 
of Greece, or Grecia propria; east, by (he 
il^gean ; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia ; 
and we.st, by lllyricum and Epirus. It was gen- 
erally divided into four sp[)arale provinces, 
Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istia^otis, and Phthio- 
tis, to which some add Magnesia. It has been 
severally called JF.monia, rcla!fgicu7n, Argos^ 
Hellas, Argeia, Dryopis, Pdasgia, Pyrrlian, 
JEmalhia, i>LC. The name of Thessalia is dc- 
lived from Thessalus, one of its inonarchs. 
Thessuly is famous for a deluge which hap- 
pened there in the age of Deucalion, lis 
mountains and cities are also celebrated, such 
Its Olympus, Pclion, Ossa, Larissa, k£. Tha- 



TH 



TH 



Argonauts were partly natives of Thessaly, i Thetis, one of the sea deities, dauglt- 
The inhabitants ot the country passed for a ter of Nereus and Doris, often confounded 
treacherous nation, so that false money was j with Tethys, her grandmother. She was 
called Thessalian coin, and a perfidious action courted by Neptune and Jupiter; but when 



Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by 
kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian 
monarchs. The cavalry was universally es- 
teemed, and the people were superstitious,, 
and addicted to the study of magic and incan- 
tations. Thessaly is now called Janria. Lu- 
can.6,\'.43S, kc. — Dionys. 210. — Curt. 3, c. 
2.—JFAian. K H. 3, c. 1.— Paw*. 4, c. 36, 1. 10, 
c. I.— Mela, 2, c. Z.— Justin. 7, c. Q.—Diod. 4. 
Thessalion, a servant of Mentor, of 
Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &.c. 
Diod. 16. 

Thessaliotis, a part of Thessaly at the 
south of the river Peneus. 

Thessalonica, an ancient town of Ma- 
cedonia, first called Thernia, and Thessalonica 
after Thessalonica, the wife of Cassander. 
According to ancient writers it was once very 
powerful, and it still continues to be a place 
of note. Slrab. 7. — Dionys. — Cic. in Pis. c. 
17.— Lw.29, c. 17, 1. 40, c. 4, 1. 44, c. 10 and 

45. — Melttf 2, c. 3. -A daughter of Philip, 

king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the 
Great She married Casiander. by whom she 
bad a son called Autipater, who put her to 
death. Fans. 8, c. 7. 

Thessalus, a son of ^mon. A son of 

Hercules and Calliope, daughter of Euryphi 
lus, Thessaly received its name from one of 

these, jipollod. 2. — Didys. Cret. 2. A 

physician who invited Alexander to a feast at 

Babylon to give him poison. A physician 

of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the 
favours of the great and opulent at Rome, by 
the meanness and servility of his behaviour. 
He treated all physicians with contempt, and 
thought himself superior to all his predeces- 
sors. A son of Cimon, who accused Alci- 

biades because he imitated the mysteries of 

Ceres. A son of Pisistratus. A player 

in the age of Alexander. 

Thestalus, a son of Hercules and Epi- 
caste. JipoUod. 2, c. 7. 

Theste, a sister of Dionysius the elder, 
tyrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, 
and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians. 

Thestia, a town of ^tolia, between the 
Evenut; ajid Achelous. Polyb. 5. 

TiiESTiADiB and Thestiades. Vid. Thespi- 
ada? and Thespiades. 

Thi-'Tias, a patronymic of Althaea, daugh- 
ter of Tiiestius. Ovid. Mtl. 8. 

THEaTJAj)^:, the sons of Thestius, Tox- 
eusand Flexippus. Ovid. Mel. 8, v. 286 

Thestis, a fountain in the country of 
Cyrone. 

Thestius, a king of Pleuron, and a son of 
Parthaon, father to Toxens, Flexippus, and 

AUhaj. A king of Thespia. Vid. Thes- 

piijs.]— — The sons of Thestius, called Thes- 
iiadw, wen killed by Meleager at the chase 
of the Calydonian boar. Jipollod. 1. c.7. 

TnEbTciK, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, 
father loC'alchas. I-'rom him Calchas is o!ten 
called Thtstorides.- Ovid. Met. 12, v. 19. — 
Stat. 1, Jidi. v. ASJl.—JlitoUvn. i, v. 239.— /io- 
mer. Jl 1, v. 69. 

. Thestvlis, a country woman mentioned 
in Theocritus and Virwii. 



the gods were informed that the son she 
should bring forth must become greater 
than his father, their addresses were stop- 
ped, and Peleus, the son of ^acus, was 
permitted to solicit her hand. Thetis re- 
fused him, but the lover had the artifice to 
catch her when asleep, and by binding her 
strongly, he prevented her from escaping 
from his grasp, in assuming different forms. 
When Thetis found that she could not elude 
the vigilance of her lover, she consented to 
marry him, though much against her incli- 
nation. Their nuptials were celebrated on 
mount Pelion, with great pomp; all the 
deities attended except the goddess of dis- 
cord, who punished the negligence of Pe- 
leus, by throwing into the midst of the as- 
sembly a golden apple, to be given to the 
fairest of all the goddesses. [Vid. Discor- 
dia.] Thetis became mother of several chil- 
dren by Peleus, but all these she destroyed 
by fire, in attempting to see whether they 
were immortal. Achilles must have shared 
the same fate, if Peleus had not snatched 
him from her hand as she was going to re- 
peat the cruel operation. She afterwards 
rendered him invulnerable, by plunging him 
in the waters of the Styx, except that part 
of the heel by which she held him. As 
Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she 
attempted to remove him from the Trojan 
war by concealing him in the court of Ly- 
comedes. This was useless, he went with 
the rest of the Greeks. The mother, still 
anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon 
Vulcan to make him a suit of airaour; but 
when it was done, she refused the god the 
favours which she had promised him. When 
Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis issued 
out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn 
his death, and after she had collected his 
ashes in a golden urn, she raised a monu- 
ment to his memory, and instituted festivals 
in his honour, Hesiod. Theog. v. 244, he. — 
^poUod. 1, c. 2 and 9, I. 3, c. IS.— Hygin. 
fab. 54.— Homer. //. 1, kc. Od. 24, v. 55.— 
Pans. 5, c. 18, hc—Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 7, I. 
12, fab. 1, kc. 

Theutis, or Teuthis, a prince of a town 
of the same name in Arcadia, u'ho went 
to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with 
Agamemnon at Aulis. and when Minerva, 
under the form of Melas son of Ops, at- 
tem|)ted to pacify him, he struck the god- 
dess and returned home. Some say that the 
goddess afterwards appeared to him and 
showed him the wound which he had given 
her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. 
Pans. 8, c. 28. 

Thia: the mother of the sun, moon, and 
Aurora, by Hyperion, [^irf. Thea.] Hesiod. 

Theog. \'. SIX. One of the Sporades, that 

rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. Plin. 
27, c. 12. 

TiiiAS, a king of Assyria. 
Thibibron, a Lacedtemonian chosen gene- 
ral to conduct a war against Persia. He was 
recalled, and afterwards re-appointed. He 

died B. C. 391. Diod. 17. A friend of 

Harpalu^. 



TH 

'fnioDAMAS, the father of Hylas. [Vid. 
Tbeodamas.] 

Thirmida, a town of Numidia, where 
Hiempsal was slain. Sail. Jug. 2. 

Thisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylon. 
[Vid. Pyramus.]- A town of Boeotia, be- 
tween two mountains. Paus. 9, c. 32. 

Thisias, a Sicilian writer. 

Thisoa, one of the three nymphs who fed 
Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town which 
bore her name in Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 38. 

Thistie, a town of Bceotia. Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Thoantium, a place on the sea-coast at 
Rhodes. 

Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in 
the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would 
have immolated these two celebrated stran- 
gers on Diana's altars, according to the bar- 
barous customs of the conntry, had they not 
been delivered by Iphigenia. [Vid. Iphigenia.] 
According to some, Troas was the son of 

Borysthens. Ovid. Pont. 3, el, 2. A king 

of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the 
daughter of Minos, and husband of Myrine. 
He had been made king of Lemnos by Rhada- 
manlbus. He was still alive when the Lem- 
aian women conspired to kill all the males in 
the island, but his life was spared by his only 
daughter Hipsipyle, in whose favour he had 
resigned the crown. Hipsipyle obliged her 
father to depart secretly from Lemnos, to 
escape from the fury of the women, and he 
arrived safe in a neighbouring island, which 
some call Chios, though many suppose that 
Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females 
before he had left Lemnos. Some mythologists 
confound the king of Lemnos with that of 
Chersonesus, and suppose that they were 
one and the same man. According to their 
opinion, Thoas was very young when he re- 
tired from Lemnos, and after that he went 
to Taurica Chersonesus, where he settled. 
Flacc. 8, V. 203.— Hygin. fab. 74, 120.— Ovid, 
in lb. 384. Heroid. 6, v. 114.— 5^a^ Theb. 5, 
T. 262 and 4S6.—^pollon. Rhod. 1, v. 209 and 
615. — Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 6. — Eurip. in 

Jphig. A son of Andremon and Gorge, 

the daughter of (Eneus. He went to the Tro- 
jan war on 15 or rather 40 ships. Homer. II. 

'2, kc.—Diclys. Cret. I.— Hygin. fab. 97. 

A famous huntsman. Diod. 4. A son of 

Icarius. ApoUod. 3, c. 10. A son of Jason 

and Hipsipyle queen of Lemnos. Slat. Theb. 

6, v. 342. A son of Ornytion, grandson 

pf Sisjrphus. A king of Assyria, father of 

Adonis and Mynha, according to ApoUod. 3, 

c. 14. A man who made himself master of 

Miletus. An officer of jEtolia, who strong- 
ly opposed the views of the Romans, and fa- 
voured the interest of Antiochus, B. C. 193. 
' One of the friends of /Eneas in Italy, kill- 
ed by Halesus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 415. 

TuoL, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. Th. 

245. One of the horses of Admetus. 

One of the Amazons, kc. Val. Fl. 6, v. 376. 

Tholus, a town of Africa. 

Thomvris, called also Tamyris, Tameris, 
Thamyris, and Tomeris, was queen of the 
Massagetae. After her husband's death she 
marched against Cyrus, who wished to invade 
her territories, cut his army to jjicces, and 
killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen 
ordercf^ the bead of the fallen monarch to be 



TH 

cut off and thrown into a vessel full of human 
blood, with the insulting words of satia te, 
sanguine quern sitisti. Her son had been con- 
quered by Cyrus before she marched herself at 
the head of her armies. Htrodot. 1, c. 205. — 
Justin. 1, c. S.—Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 143, 

Thon, an Egyptian physician, &,c. 

Thonis, a courtezan of Egypt. 

Thoox, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. 

Ovid. Met. 13, v, 259. One of the giants 

who made war against Jupiter, Apollod. Ij 
c. 6, 

Thoosa, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, 
and mother of Polyphemus, by Neptune. 
Hesiod. Theog. v. 236.— Homer. Od. 1, v. 71. 

Thootes, one of the Grecian heralds. 

Thoranics, a general of Metellus, killed by 
Sertorius. Plut. 

Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in 
Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was 
suspended on a cross for his abusive language 
against kings and absolute princes, whence the 
proverb cave a Thorace. Sirab. 14. A La- 
cedaemonian officer who served under Lysan- 
der, and was put to death by the Ephori. 

Plut. in Lys. A man of Lavissa, who paid 

much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, 
&.C. Plut. in Lys. he. 

Thoria lex, agraria, by Sp, Thorius, the 
tribune. It ordained that no person should 
pay any rent for the land which he possessed. 
It also made some regulations about grazing 
and pastures. Cic. in Brul. 

Thornax, a mountain of Argolis. It re- 
ceived its name from Thornax, a nymph who 
became mother of Buphagus. by Japetus. The 
mountain was afterwards called Coccygia, be- 
cause Jupiter changed himself there into a 
cuckoo. Paus. 8, c. 27. 

Thorsus, a river of Sardinia. Paut. 10, c. 
17. 

Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same as 
Mercury. 

Thous, a Trojan chief, &c, One of Ac- 

taeon's dogs. 

Thrace, a daughter of Titan. A name 

of Thrace. [Firf. Thracia.] 

Thraces, the inhabitants of Thrace, [J'^d. 
Thracia.] 

Thracia, a large country of Europe, at 
the south of Scythia, bounded by mount Hae- 
mus. It had the ^Egean sea on the south, on 
the west Macedonia and the river Strymon, 
and on tiie east the Euxine sea, the Propontis, 
and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries 
extended as far as the Ister, according to Pliny 
and others. The Thracians were looked upon 
as a cruel and barbarous nation, they were na- 
turally brave and warlike, addicted to drinking 
and venereal pleasures, and they sacrificed 
without the smallest humanity their enemies 
on the altars of 1 heir gods. Their government 
wasoriginally monarchical, and divided among 
.1 number of independent princes. Thrace is 
barren as to its soil. It received its name 
from Thrax, the son of Mars, the chief deity of 
the country. The first inhahitants lived upon 
plunder, and on the milk and flesh of sheep. 
It forms now the province of Homanin. He- 
roflot. 4, c. 99, I. 5, c. 3.—Slrah. U in .— Virg. 
^n. 3, ^c.—Mela, 2, c. 2, ^c.—Puus.9, c 
29, Lc.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 92; 1. 13. v. 566, Lc. 
—C. A'ep.in Mc. 11. 



TH 

ThralidvE, an illustrious family at Delphi,', 
destroyed by Philonielus, because they oppos- 1 
ed his views. Diod. 16. j 

Thracis, a town of Phocis. Pans. 10, 
c. 3. 

Thraseas, or Thrasius, a soothsayer. [Vid. 

Thrasius.] Pajtus, a stoic philosopher of 

Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his 
independence and generous sentiments ; he 
died A. D. 66.— Juv. 5, v. 36.— Mart 1, ep. 19. 
—Tacit. A. 15, c. 16. 

Thra=ideus succeeded his father Theron 
as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was conquered 
by HierOs and soon after put to death. Dwd. 
11. 

Thrasimenus. Vid. Thrasymenus. 

Thrasius, a general of a mercenary band in 
Sicily, who raised a sedition against Timoleon. 

Dxod. 16. A spendthrift at Rome, &,c. Ho- 

rai. 2, Sat. 2, v. 99. 

Thraso, a painter. Slrah. 14. A fa- 



vourite of Hieronymus, who espoused the in- 
terest of the Romans. He was put to death by 

the tyrant. The character of a captain in 

Terence. 

Thrasybulus, a famous general of Athens 
who began the expulsion of the 30 tyrants of 
his country though he was only assisted by 30 
of his friends. His efforts were attended with 
success, B. C. 401, and the only reward he 
received for this patriotic action was a crown 
made with two twigs of an olive branch ; a 
proof of his own disinterestedness and of the 
virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians 
employed a man whose abilities and humanity 
were so conspicuous, and Thrasybulus was 
sent with a powerful fleet to recover their lost 
power in the iEgean, and on the coast of Asia. 
After he had gained many advantages, this 
great man was killed in his camp by the in- 
habitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had 
plundered without his knowledge, B. C. 391. 
Diod. 14. — C. J\'ep. in vita. — Cic. Phil. — Val. 

Max. 4, c. 1. A tyrant of Miletus, B. C. 

634. A soothsayer descended from Apollo. 

Paus, 6, c, 2. A son of Gelon, banished 

from Syracuse, of which he was the tyrant, 

B. C. 466. An Athenian in the army of 

the Persians, who supported the siege of Ha- 
licarnassus. 

Thrasyd^cs, a king of Thessaly, &,c. 

TuRASYKLus, a man of Attica, so disor- 
dered in his mind that he believed all the ships 
which entered the Pira;us to be his own. He 
xvas cured by means of his brother, whom he 
liberally reproached for depriving him of that 
happy illusion of mind. JFMan. V. H. 4, c. 

25. A general of the Athenians in the age 

of Alcibiades; with whom he obtained a victo- 
ry over the Persians. Thucyd. 8. A Greek 

Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, 
who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of 
Augustus and Tiberius. Suet, in Tib. 

TiiRASYMACHus, a uativc of Carthage who 
became the pupil of Isocrates and of Pla 
to. Though he was a public teacher at 
Athens, he starved for want of bread, and at 

last hanged himself Juv. 7, v. 204. A man 

who abolished democracy at Cuiaia3. Arist 
Pol. 5, c. 5. 

TuKASYMKDES, a son of Nestor, king of 
Pylos, by Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias. He 
Vtas one of (he Grecian chiefs during the Tro- 



TH 

jan war. Hygin.fah. 27.— Pans. 2, c. 26.—— 
A son of Philomelus, who carried away a 
daughter of Pisistratus, whom he married. 
Polycen. 6. 

Thrasymenus, a lake of Italy near Peru- 
sium, celebrated for a battle fought there be- 
t\\ een Annibal and the Romans, under Fla- 
minius, B. C. 217. No less than 15,000 Ro- 
mans were left dead on the field of battle, and 
10,000 taken prisoners, or according to Livy 
6,000. or Polybius 15,000. The loss of An- 
nibal was about 1,500 men. About 10,000 
Romans made their escape all covered with 
wounds. This lake is now called the lake 
of Perugia. Strab. 5. — Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 765. — 
Pint. 

Threicius, of Thrace. Orpheus is calleti 
by way of eminence Threicius Sacerdos. Virg. 
e/iCn. 6, V.645. 

Threissa, an epithet applied to Harpa- 
lyce, a native of Thrace. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 
320. 

Threpsippas, a son of Hercules and Pa- 
no pe. Apollod. 

Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bac- 
chus. 

Thronium, a town of Phocis, where the 
Boagrius falls into the sea, in the sinus Matia- 
cus.^ Liv. 36, c. 20.— Strab. 9.—Plin. 4, c. 7. 
Another of Thesprotia. 

Thryon, a town of Messenia, near the AI- 
pheus. Strab. 8. — Homer. II. 2. 

Thrvus, a town of Peloponnesus near 
Elis. 

ThucydTdes, a celebrated Greek histo- 
rian, born at Athens. His father's name was 
Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned 
the great Miltiades. His youth was distin- 
guished by an eager desire to excel in the 
vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements, 
which called the attention of his contempora- 
ries, and when he had reached the years of 
manhood, he appeared in the Athenian ar- 
mies. During the Peloponnesian war he wa« 
commissioned by his countrymen to relieve 
Ampbipolisj but the quick march of Bra- 
sidas, the Lacedaemonian general, defeated 
his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccess- 
ful in his expedition, was banished frona 
Athens. Thi.s ha[ipened in the eighth year 
of this celebrated v\ar, and in the place of 
his banishment the general began to write 
an impartial history of the important events 
which had happened during his administra- 
tion, and which still continued to agitate 
the several states of Greece. This famous 
history is continued only to the 21st year 
of tlie war, and the remaining part of the 
time till the demolition of the walls of Athens, 
was described by the pen of Theopompus and 
Xenophon. Thucydides wrote in the Attic 
dialect, as possessed of more vigour, purity, 
elegance, and energy. He spared neither 
time nor money to procure authentic ma- 
lerials; and the Athenians, as well as their 
enemies, furnished him with many valuable 
communications, which contributed to throw 
great light on the different transactions of the 
war. His history has been divided into eight 
books, the last of which is imperfect, and 
supposed to have been written by his daugh- 
ter. The character of this interesting history 
is well known; and the noble emulation of the 



TH 

/writer will ever be admired, who shed tears 
when he heard Herodotus repeat his history 
of the Persian wars at the public festivals of 
Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has 
been compared with the son of Olorus, but 
each has his peculiar excellence. Sweetness 
of style, grace, and elegance of expression, 
may be called the characteristics of the for 
mer, while Thucydides stands unequalled for 
the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and 
at the same time, the strong and energetic 
matter of his narratives. His relations are 
authentic, as he himself was interested in the 
events he mentions ; his impartiality is indubi- 
tebte, as he no where betrays the least resent- 
ment against his countrymen, and the factious 
partisans of Cleon, who had banished him 
irom Athens. Many have blamed the liisto- 
pian for the injudicious distribution of his 
subject, and while, for the sake of accuracy, 
the whole is divided into summers and winters, 
the thread of the history is interrupted, the 
scene continually shifted; and the reader, 
unable to pursue events to the end, is trans- 
ported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from 
the walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. 
The animated harangues of Thucydides have 
been universally admired ; he found a model 
in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the 
original, and succeeding historians have adopt- 
ed with success, a peculiar mode of writing 
which introduces a general addressing himself 
to the passions and feelings of his armies. The 
history of Thucydides was so admired, that 
Demosthenes to perfect himself as an orator, 
transcribed it eight different times, and read 
it with such attention, that he coidd almost 
repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, 
where he had been recalled from his exile, 
in his 80th year. 391 years before Christ. The 
best editions of Thucydides are those ofDuker, 
fol. Amst. 1731 ; of Glasgow, 12mo. 8 vols. 
1759; of Hudson, fol. Oxon. 1696, and the 
8vo. of Bii ont. 1788. Cic. de Oral. k.c.—Diod. 
l2.—Dionys. Hal de Thuc.—JElian. V. H. 

12, c. 50. — Quinlil. A son of Milesias, in 

the age of Pericles. He was banished for his 
opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c. 

Thuisto, one of the deities of the Ger- 
mans. Tacit 

Thule, an island in the most northern parts 
©f the German ocean, to which, on account of 
its great distance from the continent, the an- 
cients gave the epithet of ultima. Its situation 
was never accurately ascertained, hence its 
present name is unknown by modern histori 
ans. Some suppose that it is the island now 
called Iceland or part of Greenlaiid, whilst 
others Imagine it to be the Shetland isles. 
67a/. 3, Syl. 5, v. 20. — Sirab. 1. — Mela, 3, c. 
6.— Tacii. Jjgric. 10— Plin. 2, c. 75, 1.4, c. 16. 
— P'irg. G. 1, v. 20.— yur. 15, v. 112. 

Tuukia;, II, or iu.m, a town of Lucania 
in Italy, built by a colony of Athenians, near 
the ruins of Sybaris, B. C. 444. In the num- 
ber of this Athenian colony were Lysias and 
Herodotus. Slrab. 6.— Plin. 12, c. 4.— Mela, 

2, c. 4 A town of Messeuia. Paus. 4, c. 

31.— Sirab. 8. 

Thorinus, a name given to Augustus when 
he wasyoimg, either because some of his pro 
genitors were natircs of Thurium, or because 



TH 

they had distinguished themselves there. Sue!, 
ton. Aug. 7. 

Thdscia, a country of Italy, the same as 
Etruria. [Vid. Etruria.] 

Thya, a daughter of the Cephisus. ■ 

A place near Delphi. 

Thyaues, (sing. Thyas^ a name of the 
Bacchanals. They received it from Thyas, 
daughter of Castallius. and mother of Delphus 
by Apollo, She was the first woman who was 
priestess of the god Bacchus. Firg. JEn. 4, v. 
302.— Pans. 10, c. 4. 

Thyamis, a river of Epirus falling into the 
Ionian sea. Paus. 1, c. 11. — Cic. 7, M. 2. 

Thyana, a (own of Cappadocia. Strab. 

Thyatira, a town of Lydia, now Jikisar. 
Liv. 37, c. 8 and 44. 

Thybarsi, a people near Sardes. Diod. 17, 

Thyesta, a sister of Dionysius, the tyrant 
of Syracuse. 

Thyestes, a son of Pelops and Hippo- 
damia, and grandson of Tantalus, debauched 
^rope, the wife of his brotiier Atreus, be- 
cause he refused to take him as his colleague 
on the throne of Argos. This was no sooner 
known, than Atreus divorced .^rope, and 
banished Thyestes from his kingdom ; but 
soon after, the more effectually to punish his 
infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled 
to him, and recalled liim to Argos. Thyestes 
was received by his brother at an elegant en- 
tertainment, but he was soon informed that 
he had been feeding upon the flesh of one of 
his own children. This Aretus took care to 
communicate to him by showing him the re- 
mains of his son's body. This action appeared 
so barbarous, that, according to the ancient 
mythologists,thesun changed his usual course, 
not to be a spectator of so bloody a scene. 
Thyestus escaped from his brother and fled to 
Epirus. Some time after he met his daugh- 
ter Pelopeia in a grove sacred to Minerva, and 
he offered her violence without knowing who 
she was. This incest, however, according to 
some, was intentionally committed by the fa- 
ther, as he had been told by an oracle, that 
the injuries he had received from Atreus would 
be avenged by a son born from himself and 
Pelopeia. The daughter, pregnant by her fa- 
ther, was seen by her uncle Atreus and mar- 
ried, and some time after she brought into the 
world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. 
The life of the child was preserved by goats ; 
he was called iEgysthus, and presented to his 
mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. 
When grown to years of maturity, the mother 
gave her son iigysthus a sword, which she 
had taken from her unknown ravisher in the 
grove of Minerva, with hopes of discovering 
who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to pun- 
ish his brother, sent Agamemnon and Mena- 
laus to pursue him, and when at last they found 
him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown 
into a close prison. .dCgysthus was sent to nuir- 
der Thyestes, but the lather recolh cted the 
sword kvhich was rai.sed to btab him, and a few 
questions convinced !iim that his assassijj was 
his own son. Pelopeia was present at tuis dis- 
covery, and when she louiid tliut she had com- 
miUed incest with her father, .^he asked .l^gys- 
thus to examine the sword, utid inmicdinteiy 
plunged it into her own breast. ..-tgysthiib 
rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the 



TH 

llloody weflpon, and ranrdered him near an al- 
tar, as lie wished to offer thanks to the gods on 
the supposed death of Thyestes. At the deatli 
of Atreus, Thyestus was placed on his brother's 
throne by JEgysthus, from which he was 
soon after driven by Agamemnon and Me 
nelaus. He retired from Argos, and was 
banished into the island of Cylhera by Aga- 
memnon, where he died. Jipollod. 2, c. 4. — 
Sophod. in j9jac. — Hygin. fab. 86, &lc. — Ovid, 
in lb. S59.—Lucan. I, v. 544, 1. 7, v. 451.— 
Senec. in Tkyest, 

Thymbra, a small town of Lydia, near 
Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was 
fought there between Cyrus and Crcesus, in 
"which the latter was defeated. The troops 
©f Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides 
chariots, and those of Croesus were twice 

as numerous. A plain in Troas, through 

which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in 
its course to the Scaraander. Apollo had 
there a temple, and from thence he is called 
ThymbrcBUs. Achilles was killed there by 
Paris, according to some. Strab. 13. — Stat. 
4. Sylv. 7, V. 22.— Didys. Cret. 2, c. 52, 1. 
2,c. 1. 

ThymbrjEus, a surname of Apollo. Virg. 
G.4, V. 323. ^M. 3, V. 85. [Vid. Thym- 

Thymbrisj'j a concubine of Jupiter, said 
to be mother of Pan. ^pollod. A foun- 
tain and river of Sicily. Theoc. 1, v. 100. 

Thymbron. Vid. Tbimbron. 

Thymele, a celebrated female dancer, 
favoured by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 36, Sal. 6, 
V.36. 

Thymia-this, a river of Epirus. Strai. 7. 

Thymochares, an Athenian defeated in a 
battle by the Lacedsemonians. 

Thymcetes, a king of Athens, son of Ox- 
inthas, the last of the descendants of The- 
seus, who reigned at Athens. He was de- 
posed because he refused to accept a chal- 
lenge sent by Xanthus king of Boeotia, and 
was succeeded by a Messenian B. C. 1128, 
who repaired the honour of Athens by fight- 
in the Boeotian king. Pans. 2, c. 18. 

A Trojan prince, whose wife and son were 
put to death by order of Priam. It was to 
revenge the king's cruelty that he persuaded 
his countrymen to bring the wooden horse 
within their city. He was son of Laomedon, 
according to some Virg. ,3En. 2, v. 32. — 

Didys. Cret. 4, c. 4. A son of Hicetaon, 

who accompanied iEneas into Italy, and was 
killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 123, I. 12, 
V. 364. 

Thyni, or BiTHYNi, a people of Bithy- 
nia; hence the word T/ji/na mera: applied to 
their commodities. Horat. 3, od. 7, v. 3 — 
riin.4,c. 11. 

Thyodamas. Vid. Theodamas. 

ThyOne, a name given to Semele after she 
had been presented with immortality by her 
son Bacchus. .^poUod. 3, c. 5. 

TwYONfus, a surname of Bacchus from his 
mother Semele, who was called Thyone. JJpol- 
7orf. 3, c 5. Horat. 1, od. 17, v. 23.— Ovid. 
4, Met. V. 33. 

Thyotes, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samo- 
Ihrace. Flacc.2, y.4SS. 

Thvre, a town of the Messenians, famous 
for a Mjiti? fought there between the Argives 



TH 

(and the Lacedaemonians. Herodot. 1, c. 82.— 
\Stat.Theb. 4. v. 48. 

I Thybea- an island on the coast of Pelopon- 
nesus, near Hermione. Herodot. Q, c. 76. 

Thyreum, a town of \carnania^ whose in- 
habitants are called Thyrienses. Liv. 36, c. 
11, 1.38, c. 9. 

Thyreus, a son of Lycaon, king of Arca- 
dia. Pnus. 8, c. 3. A son of (Eneus, king 

of Calydon. Apollod. 1, c. 8. 

Thyrides, three small islands at the point of 
Taenarus. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Thyrsaget^, a people of Sarmatia, who 
live upon hunting. Pliyi. 4, c. 12, 

Thyrsus, a river of Sardinia, now Oris- 
tagni. 

Thyssos, a town near mount Athos. 

Thyus, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revol- 
ted from Artaxerxes, and was seized by Data* 
mes. C. Ntp. in Dat. 

TiASA, a daughter of the Eurotas, wh© 
gave her name to a river in Laconia. Paus. 
3, c. IS. 

Tibareni, a people of Cappadocia, on the 

borders of the Thermodon. A people of 

Pontus. Mela, 2, c. 20. 

Tiberias, a town of Galilee, built by He- 
rod, near a lake of the same name, and called 
after Tiberius. Plin. 5, c. 16. — Joseph. A. 18, 
c. 3. 

TiBERiNus, son of Capetas, and king of 
Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, which 
on that account assumed the name of Tibe- 
rw, of which he became the protecting god. 
Liv. 1, c. 3.— Cic. de JYat. D. 2, c. 20.— Far- 
ro. de L. L. 4, c. 6, kc.—Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 389, 
1.4, v. 47. 

TxBERis, Tyberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a river 
of Italy, on whose banks the city of Rome 
was built. It was originally called Albula, 
from the whiteness of its waters, and after- 
wards Tiberus, when Tiberinus, king of Al- 
ba, had been drowned there. It was also 
named Tyrrhenus, because it watered Etru- 
ria, and Lydiu-s, because the inhabitants of 
the neighbourhood were supposed to be of 
Lydian origin. The Tiber rises in the Apen- 
nines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16 
miles below Rome, after dividing Latium 
from Etruria. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 47, 329, &.c. 
I. 5, v. 641, in lb. 514.— Lucan. 1, v. 381, &.c. 
Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 5. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 30. 
—Horat. 1, Od. 2, v. V3.—Mela, 2, c.4.— Lit-. 
1, c. 3. 

Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero, a Roman 
emperor after the death of Augustus, descend- . 
ed from the family of the Claudii. In his 
early years he commanded popularity by en- 
tertaining the populace with magnificent 
shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained 
some applause in the funeral oration which 
he pronounced over his father, though only 
nine jears old. His first appearance in the Ro- 
man armies was under Augustus, in the war 
against the Cantabri, and afterwards in the 
capacity of general, he obtained victories in 
dilferent parts of the empire, and was reward- 
ed with a triumph. Yet, in the midst of his 
glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of 
Augustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he 
continued for seven years as an exile, till by the 
influence of his mother Livia with the empe- 
ror, he was recalled. His return to Rome was 



Ti 

the more glorious : he had the command of 
the Roman arraie? in Illyricum, Pannonia, and 
Dalmatia, and seemed to divide the sovereign 
power with Augustus. At the death of this 
celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been 
adopted, assumed the reins of government ; 
and while with dissimulation and affected mo- 
desty he wished to decline the dangerous of- 
fice, he found time to try the fidelity of his 
friends, and to make the greatest })art of the 
Romans believe that he was invesf.ed with the 
purple, not from his own choice, but by the 
recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent 
entreaties of the Roman senate. The begin- 
ning of his reign seemed to promise tranquil- 
lity to the world ; Tiberius was a watchful 
guardian of the public peace, he was the friend 
of justice and never assumed the sounding 
titles which must disgust a free nation, but he 
was satisfied to say of himself that he was the 
master of his slaves, the general of his soldiers, 
and the father of the citizens of Rome. That 
seeming moderation, however, which was but 
the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disap- 
peared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real 
character. His ingratitude to his mother Li- 
via, to whose intrigues he was indebted for 
the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and 
his tyrannical oppression and murder of many 
noble senators, rendered him odious to the 
people, and suspected even by his most inti- 
mate favourites. The armies mutinied in 
Pannonia and Germany, but the tumults were 
silenced by the prudence of the generals and 
the fidelity of the officers, and the factious de- 
magogues were abandoned to their condign 
punishment. This acted as a check upon Ti- 
berius in Rome ; he knew from thence, as his 
successors experienced, that his power was 
precarious, and his very existence in perpetual 
danger. He continued as he had begun, to 
pay the greatest deference to the senate ; all 
libels against him he disregarded, and observed, 
that in a free city, the thoughts and the tongue 
of every man should be free. The taxes were 
gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by 
the salutary regulations, as well as by the pre- 
vailing example and frugality of the emperor. 
While Rome exhibited a scene of peace and 
public tranquillity, the barbarians were seve- 
rally defeated on the borders of the empire, 
and Tiberius gained new honours, by the acti- 
vity and valour of Germanicus and his other 
faithful lieutenants. Yet the triumphs of 
Germanicus were beheld with jealousy. Ti- 
berius dreaded his power, he was envious of 
his popularity, and the death of that celebra- 
ted general in Anlioch was, as some suppose, 
accelerated by poison, and the secret resent- 
ment of the emperor. Not only his relations 
and friends, but the great and opulent vveie 
sacrificed to his ambition, cruelly, and avarice ; 
and there was scarce in Rome one single fami- 
ly that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss 
of a brother, a fathei-, or a husband. He at 
last retired to the island of Cajneye, on the 
«;oast of Campania, where he buried himself 
in unlawful pleasures. The care of the em- 
pire was intrusted to favourites, among whom 
hejanus for a while shone with uncommon 
splendour. In his solitary retreat the empe- 
ror proposed rewards to such as invented new 
pleasures, or conid produce fresh Uixurios. 



TI 

I He forgot his age as well as his dignity, and 
'disgraced himself by the most unnatural vices 
and enormous indulgences which can draw a 
blush, even upon the countenance of the most 
debauched and abandoned. While the empe- 
ror was lost to himself and the world, the 
provinces were harassed on every side by the 
barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insult- 
ed by those enemies whom hitherto he had 
seen fall jirostiate at his feet with every mark 
of submissive adulation. At last grown weak 
and helpless through infirmities, he thought of 
his approaching dissolution ; and as he well 
knew that Rome could not exist without a 
head, he nominated as his successor, Caius 
Caligula. Many might inquire, why a youth 
naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius 
was chosen to be the master of an extensive 
empire ; but Tiberius wished his own cruel- 
ties to be forgotten in the barbarities Avhich 
might be displayed in the reign of his succes- 
sor, whose natural propensities he had well 
defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a 
serpent for the Roman people, and a Phae- 
ton for the rest of the empire. Tiberius died 
at Misenum the 16th of March, A. D. 37, in 
the 78th year of his age, after a reign of 22 
years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula was 
accused of having hastened his end by suffoca- 
ting him. The joy was universal when his 
death was known ; and the people of Rome, 
in the midst of sorrow, had a moment to re- 
joice, heedless of the calamities which await- 
ed them in the succeeding reigns. The body 
of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and 
burnt with great solemnity. A funeral ora- 
tion was pronounced by Caligula, who seem- 
ed to forget his benefactor, while he ex- 
patiated on the praises of Augustus, Ger- 
manicus, and his own. Ti)e character of Ti- 
berius has been examined with particular at- 
tention by historians, and his reign is the sub- 
ject of the most perfect and elegant of all 
the compositions of Tacitus. When a pri- 
vate man, Tiberius was universally esteem- 
ed ; when he had no superior, he was proud, 
arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he found 
his military operations conducted by a war- 
like general, he affected moderation and vir- 
tue ; but when he got rid of the powerful in- 
fluence of a favourite, he was tyrannical and 
dissolute. If, as some observe, he had lived 
in the times of the Roman republic, he 
might have been as conspicuous as his great 
ancestors; but the sovereign power lodged in 
his hands, rendered him vicious and oppres- 
sive. Yet, though he encouraged informers 
and favoured flattery, he blushed at the 
mean servilities of the senate, and derided 
the adulation of his courtiers, who afiproach- 
cd him, he said, as if they approached a 
savage elephant. He was a j)atron of learn- 
ing, he was an eloquent and ready speaker, 
and dedicated sonu* part of his lime to stu- 
dy. He wrote a lyric poem, entitled, A 
complaint on the death of Lucius Caesar, as 
also some Greek pieces in imitation of some 
of his favourite authors. He avoided all im- 
proper expressions, and all foreign words 
he totally wished to banish from the Latin 
tongue. As instances of his humanity, it 
has been recorded that he was uncommon- 
ly liberal to the people of A?ia Minor, whose 



habitations had been destroyed by a violent 
earthquake, A. D. 17. One of his officers 
wished him to increase the taxes, JVo, said 
Tiberius, a good shepherd nivst shear, not 
jlay his sheep. The senators wished to call 
the month of November, in which he was 
born, by his name, in imitation of J. Caj- 
sar and Augustus, in the months of July and 
Aui^ust ; but this he refused, saying, JVhal 
will you do, conscript fathers, if you have 
thirteen Ccesars P Like the rest of the em 
perors, he received divine honours after 
death, and even during his life. It has 
been wittily observed by Seneca, that he 
never was intoxicated but once all his life 
for he continued in a perpetual state of in- 
toxication from the time he gave himself 
to drinking till the last moment of his life. 
Suelon in vitd, &c. — Tacit. Ann. 6, he. — 

Dioyi Cass. A friend of Julius Caesar, 

whom he accompanied in the war of Al- 
exandria. Tiberius forgot the favours he 
had received from his friend ; and when 
he was assassinated, he wished all his mur- 
derers to be publicly rewarded. One 

of the Gracchi. [Fw/. Gracchus.] Sem 

pronius; a son of Drusus and Livia, the 
sistf^r of Germanicus, put to death by Ca- 
ligula. A son of Brutus, put to death 

by his father, because he had conspired 
with other young noblemen to restore Tar 

quin to his throne. A Thracian made 

emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the 
empire. 

TiBESis, a river of Scythia flowing from 
mount Haemus into the Ister. Herodot. 4, 
c. 49. 

TiBiscas, now Teisse, a river of Dacia. 
with a town of the same name, now Temes- 
war. It falls into the Danube. 

Tjbris. [Vid. Tiberis.] 

TiBULA, a town of Sardinia, now Lango 
Sardo. 

TiBfJLLus, Aulus Aibius, a Roman knight 
celebrated for his poetical compositions. He 
followed Messala Corvinus into the island 
of Corcyra, but he was soon dissatisfied with 
the toils of war, and retired to Rome, where 
he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all 
the effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. 
His first composition was to celebrate the vir- 
tues of his friend Messala, but his more fa- 
vourite study was writing love verses, in 
praise of his mistresses Delia and Plautia, of 
r*Jemesis anr Neeera, and in these elegant 
eftusions he showed himself the most correct 
of the Roman poets. As he had espoused the 
cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when 
the soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded 
with lands ; but he might have recovered 
them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to 
make his court to Augustus. Four books of 
elegies are the only remaining pieces of his 
composition. They are uncommonly elegant 
and beautiful, and possessed with so much 
grace and purity of sentiment, that the writer 
is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac 
poets. Tibullus was intimate with the litera- 
ry men of his age, and he for some time had 
a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining the 
favours of an admired courtezan. Ovid has 
written a beautiful elegy on the death of his 
friend. The poems of Tibidlus are generally 



Ti 

published with those of Propertius and ©a- 
tullus, of which the best editions are, that of 
Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755 ; that of 
Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1754 ; and that by 
Heyne 8vo. Lips. 1776. Ovid. 3, Jm. el. 9, 
Trisl. 2, v. 441.— Horat. 1, ep. 4, 1. 1, od. 33, v. 
1. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. 

TiBUR, an ancient town of the Sabines, 
ibout 20 miles north of Rome, built as some 
say by Tibur the son of Amphiaraus. It was 
watered by the Anio, and Hercules w^as the 
ihief deity of the place, from which circum- 
stance it has been called Herculei muri. I^ 
the neighbourhood, the Romans on account 
.>f the salubrity of the air, had their several 
villas where they retired ; and there also Ho- 
race had his favourite country seat, though 
some place it nine miles higher. Strab. 5. — 
Cic. 2, (h-at 65.— Suet. CaL 2\.— Virg. JEn. 
7, V. Q30.—Horai. 3, od. 4, he— Ovid Fast. 6, 
V.61, &.C. 

L. TiBURTius. a centurion in Cjesar's army, 
wounded by Pompey's soldiers. 

TiBURTOs, the founder of Tibur. often call- 
ed Tiburlia Mania. He was one of the sons 
of Amphiaraus. Virg. M.n. 7, v. fi70. 

TicHis, now Ttch, a river of Spain, falling 
into the Mediterranean, 

TicHius, a name given to the top of mouDt 
(Eta. Liv. 36. c. 16. 

TiciDA, a R man poet a few years before 
the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and 
praised his mistress Metella under the fictitious 
name of Perilla. Ovid. Trist.2, v. 433. 

Tjcinus, now Tesino, a river near Ticimwit 
a small town of Iialy, where the Romans 
were defeated by Anr.ibal. The town of 
Ticinum was also called Pavia. The Ti- 
cinus falls into the Po. Strab. 5. — Ital. 4, 
V. 81. 

TiDius, a man who joined Pompey, &ic. 

TrijssA, a river of Laconia, falling into the 
Eurotas. Pans. 3, c. IS. 

TiFATA, a mountain of Campania, near 
Capua- Stat. Sylv. 4. 

TiFERNUM, a name common to three 
towns of Italy. One of them for distinction's 
sake, is called Metaurense, near the Metaurus 
in Urabria ; the other, Tiberinum, on the Ti- 
ber; and the third, 6'amni/icum, in the coun- 
try of the Sabines. Liv. 10, c. 14. — Plin. 3, 
c. 14. — Plin. sec. 4, ep. 1. 

TiFKRHus, a mountain and river in the 
country of the Samnites. Plin. 3, c. 11. — Liv. 
10, c. 30.— ^fela, 3, c. 4. 

TiGAsrs, a son of Hercules. 

TiGELMNus, a Roman celebrated for bis 
intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. 
He was appointed judge at the trial of the 
conspiratojs who had leagued against Nero, 
for which he w^as liberally rewarded with tri- 
umphal honours. He afterwards betrayed the 
emperor, and was ordered to destroy himself, 
68 A. D. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 72.— P/u/.— 
Juv. 1. 

TiGELLius, a native of Sardinia, who 
became the favourite of J. Caesar, of Cleo- 
palia, and Augustus, by his mimicry and fa- 
cetiousuess. He was celebrated for the me- 
lody of his voice, yet he was of a mean and 
ungenerous disposition, and ofunpleasing man- 
ners, as Horace, 1 Sat. 2, v. 3, and seq. insi- 
nuate. 



TI 

TiGRASES, a king of Armenia, who made 
bimself master of Assyria and Cappadocia. 
He married Cleopatra, the daugliter of Mith- 
ridates, and by the advice of his father-in-law, 
he declared war against the Romans. He 
despised these distant enemies, and even or- 
dered the head of the messenger to be cut off" 
wlio first told him that the Roman general 
ivas boldly advancing towards his capital. His 
pride, however, was soon abated, and though 
he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to be 
brought alive into his presence, he fled with 
precipitation from his capital, and was soon 
after defeated near mount Taurus. This to 
tally disheartened him, he refused to receive 
Mithridates into his palace, and even set a 
price upon his head. His mean submission to 
Porapey, the successor of Lucullus In Asia^ 
and a bribe of 60,000 talents, ensured him on 
his throne, and he received a garrison in his 
capital, and continued at peace with the Ro- 
mans. His second son of the same name re- 
volted against him, and attempted to dethrone 
him with the assistance of the king of Parthia, 
whose daughter he had married. This did 
not succeed, and the son had recourse to the 
Romans, by whom he was put in possession of 
Sophene, while the father remained quiet on 
the throne of Armenia. The son was after- 
wards sent in chains to Rome for his insolence 
to Pompey. Cic. pro Man. — Val. Max. 6, 
c. l.—Paierc. 2, c. 33 and 37. — Tv^tin. 40, 

c. 1 and 2. — Plut. in Luc. Pomp. he. A 

king of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He 

was put to death. Tacrl. 6, j^nn. c. 40. 

One of the royal family of the Cappadocians. 
chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne of 

Armenia. A general of the Medes A 

man appointed king of Armenia by Nero. 

Tacit. A. 14, c. 26. A prince of Armenia in 

the age of Theodosius. 

TiGRANocERTA, now Strcd, the capital of 
Armenia, built by Tigranes, during the Mi- 
thridatic war: on a hiirbetvveen the springs of 
the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, dur- 
ing the Mithridatic war, took it with difficulty, 
and found in it immense riches, and no less 
than 8000 talents in ready money. Tacit. Ann. 
15, c. 4.—Plin. 6, c. 9. 

TiGREs, a river of Peloponnesus, called 
also Harpys, from a person of the same name 
drowned in it. Apollod 1, c. 9. 

Tigris., now Basitetua,a river of Asia, rising 
on mount Niphaie in Armenia, and falling 
into the Persian gulf It is the eastern boun 
dary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls 
into the Euphrates, though in the age of Pliny 
the two separate channels of these rivers could 
be easily traced. Ptin. 6, c. 27.— Justin. 42, c. 
3.' — Lucan. 3, v. 256. 

TiGURiNi, a warlike people among the Hel- 
vetii, now forming the modern cantons of 
Svnts, Zurich, Schnjfhaustn, and St. Gall. 
Their cof)ital was Tignrum. Cais. Bell. G. 
TiLATfCJ, a people of Thrace. Tliuryd.2. 
TiLAVKMPrus, a river of Italy falling into 
the Adriatic, at the west of Aqjileia. 

Tii.Fossius, a mountain of Bceotia. .Mso 

a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias. Paus. 
Bceot. 33. 

TiLiuM, a town of Sardinia, now Jlrgtn- 
iara. 
TiLLius CiMBFK. [ViA. Tullius.] 
89 



TI 

TiLOS, a north-west cape of Corsica. 
TiLTHDSSDs, a mountain of Boeotia. 
TiMAcus, a river of Mcesia fallmg into the 
Danube. Tiie neighbouring people were call- 
ed Timachi. Plin. 3, c. 26. 

TiM^A, the wife of Agis, king of Sparta, 
was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she 
had a son. This child was rejected in the 
succession to the throne, though Agis, on his 
death-bed, declared him to be legitimate. 
Plut. in Ag. 

TiM.«us, a friend of Alexander, who came 
to his assistance when he w^as alone surround- 
ed by the Osydracae. He was killed in the 

encounter. Curt. 9, c. 5. An historian of 

Sicily, who flourished about 262 B. C. and' 
died in the 96th year of his age. His father's 
name was Andromachus. He was banished 
from Sicily by Agathocles. His general histo- 
ry of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus, 
were in general esteem, and his authority 
was great, except when he treated of Aga- 
thocles. All his compositions are lost. Plui. 
in A^ic. — Cic. de Oral. — Diod. d,— C. Mp. 
— — A writer who published some treatises 
concerning ancient philosophers Diog. in 

Emp. A Pythagorean philosopher, born 

at Locris. He followed the doctriues of the 
founder of the metempsychosis, but in some 
parts of his system of the world he differed 
from him. He wrote a treatise on the na- 
ture and the soul of the world, in the Doric 
dialect, still extant. Plato, in Tim. — Plut. 

An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. 

Plut. A sophist, who wrote a book called 

Lexicon vocum Platonicanim. 

TiMAGENEs, a Greek historian of Alex- 
andria, 54 B. C. brought to Rome by Gabi- 
nius, and sold as a slave to a son of Sylla. 
His great abilities procured him his liberty, 
and gained the favours of the great, and of 
Augustus. The emperor discarded him for 
his impertinence ; and Timagenes, to revenge 
himself on his patron, burnt the interesting 
history which he had composed of his reign. 

Plut. — Horat. 1, ep. 19, v. 16. — Quintil. Ao 

historian and rhetorician of Miletus. A 

man who wrote an account of the life of Alex- 
ander. Curt. 9, c. 5. A general, killed at 

Cheronaea. 

TiMAGoRAS, an Athenian, capitally punished 
for paying homage to Darius, according to the 
Persian manner of kneeling on the ground, 
when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. 

Val. Max. 6, c. 3. — Suidns. Another. [Vid. 

iVIeles.] 

TiMANDRA, a daughter of Leda, sister 
to Helen. She married Echcmus of Arca- 
dia. Paus. 8, c. 6. A mistress of Alci- 
biades. 

TiMANDRiDES, a Spartan, celebrated for his 
virtues. JFAian. V. H. 14, c. 32. 

TniANTHES, a painter of Sicyon, in the 
reign of Philip, the tVther of -Alexander the 
Great. In his cclebrHicd painting ot Iphige- 
tiia going to be immolated, he rrjiresented all 
the attendants overwhelmed with grief; but 
his superior genius, by covering the face of 
Agamemnon, lelt to the conception of the 
iniagiiialion, the deep sorrows of the fallier. 
He obtained a prize, for wliirh the celehmted 
Pnrrhasius was a competitor. Tliis uas in 
painting an Ajax with all the fury which his 



TI 

disappointments could occasion, wlien depriv- 
ed of the arms of Achilles. Cic. de Orat. — 

Val Max. S, c. 1 1—JElian. V. H. 9, c. 1 1. 

An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himself 
when he perceived that his strength began to 
fail. Paus. 6, c. 8. 

TiMARcnus, a philosopher of Alexandria, 
intimate with Lamprocles, the disciple of So- 

CFates. Diog. A rhetorician, who hung 

himself when accused of licentiousness by 

iEschines. A Cretan, accused before Nero 

of oppression. Tacit. A. 15, c. 20. An offi 

cer in iEtolia, who burnt his ships to prevent 
the flight of his companions, and to ensure 

himself the victory. PolycEn. 5. A king 

of Salamis. A tyrant of Miletus, in the age 

of Antiochus, &.c. 

TiMARETA, a priestess of the oracle of Do- 
dona. Herodot. 2, c. 94. 

TiMAsioN, one of the leaders of the 10,000 
Greeks, he 

TiMASiTHEUs, a prince of Lipara, who 
obliged a number of pirates to spare some 
Romans who were going to make an offer- 
ing of the spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. 
The Roman senate rewarded him very libe- 
rally, and 137 years after, when the Cartha- 
ginians were dispossessed of Lipari, the same 
generosity was nobly extended to his de- 
scendants in the island. Diod. 14. — Plut. in 
Cam. 

TiMAVus, a broad river of Italy, rising 
from a mountain, and after running a short 
space, falling by seven mouths, or according 
to some by one, into the Adriatic sea. There 
are at the mouth of the Timavus, small islands 
with hot springs of water. Mela, 2, c 4. — 
Virg. Ed. 8, v. 6. JEn. 1, v. 44 and 248.— 
Strab.b.—Plin.^, c, 103. 

TiMEsius, a native of Clazomenae, who be- 
gan to build Abdera. He was prevented by 
the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at Ab- 
dera. Herodot. 1, c. 168. 

TiMocHARis, an astronomer of Alexandria, 
293 B.C. [FiUAristillus.] 

TiMOCLEA, a Theban lady, sister to The- 
agenes, who was killed at Cheronaea. One 
of Alexander's soldiers offered iier violence, af- 
ter which she led her ravisher to a well, and 
while be believed that immense treasures were 
concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it. 
Alexander commended her virtue, and forbad 
his soldiers to hurt the Theban females. Plut. 
in Mex. 

Tim6ct.es, two Greek poets of Athens, who 
wrote some theatrical pieces, the one 6, and 
the other 11, some verses of which are extant. 

Athen. 6. A statuary of Athens. Paus. 10, 

c. 34. 

TiMocRATEs, aGreek philosopher of uncom- 
mon austerity. A Syracusan, who married 

Arete when Dion had been banished into 
Greece by Dionysius. He commanded the 
forces of the tyrant. 

TiMocREON, a comic poet of Rhodes, who 
ol)tained poetical, as well as gymnastic prizes 
at Olympia. He lived about 476 years be- 
fore Ch/ist, distinguished for his voracity, and 
resentment against Simonides and Themisto- 
cles. The following epitaph was written on 
his grave : 
Mulla bibens, <^' niuUa voratis, mala denique 

dictns 
J^xiUis, hicjaceo Timocr^on Bhodius. 



TI 

TiMODEMus, the father of Timoleon. 
TiMOLAus, a Spartan, intimate with Phiio- 

pcemen, he. A son of the celebrated Zeno- 

hia. A general of Alexander, put to death 

by the Thebans. 

TiMOLEON, a celebrated Corinthian, son 
of Timodemus and Demariste. He wa» 
such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not 
hesitate to murder his own brother Timo- 
phanes, when he attempted, against his re- 
presentations, to make himself absolute iu 
Corinth. This was viewed with pleasure by 
the friends of liberty; but the mother of Ti- 
moleon conceived the most inveterate aversion 
for her son, and for ever banished him from 
her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon ; 
a settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and 
he refused to accept of any offices in the state. 
When the Syracusans, oppressed with the ty- 
ranny of Dionysius the younger, and of the 
Carthaginians, had solicited the assistance of 
the Corinthians, all looked upon Timoleon as 
a proper deliverer, but all applications would 
have been disregarded, if one of the magis- 
trates had not awakened in him the sense of 
natural liberty. Timoleon, says he, if you ac- 
cept of the command of this expedition, we 
will believe that you have killed a tyrant ; 
but if not, we cannot but call you your bro- 
ther's murderer. This bad due ettect, and 
Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in ten ships, ac- 
companied by about 1000 men. The Cartha- 
ginians attempted to oppose him, but Timo- 
leon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had 
the possession of the city, was defeated, and 
Dionysius, who despaired of success, gave 
himself up into the hands of the Corinthian 
general. This success gained Timoleon ad- 
herents in Sicily, many cities which hitherto 
had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed 
his protection, and when he was at last mas- 
ter of Syracuse by the total overthrow of 
Icetas and of the Carthaginians, he razed the 
citadel which had been the seat of tyranny, 
and erected on the spot a common hall. Sy- 
racuse was almost destitute of inhabitants, and 
at the solicitation of Timoleon, a Corinthian 
colony was sent to Sicily; the lands were 
equally divided among the citizens, and the 
houses were sold for a thousand talents, which 
were appropriated to the use of the state, and 
deposited in the treasury. When Syracuse 
was thus delivered from tyranny, the con- 
queror extended his benevolence to the other 
slates of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants Mere 
reduced and banished from the island. A code 
of salutary laws was framed for the Syracu- 
sans ; and the armies of Caithage, which had 
attempted again to raise commotions in Sicily, 
were defeated, and peace was at last re-estab- 
lished. The gratitude of the Sicilians was 
shown every where to their deliverer. Ti- 
moleon was received with repeated applause 
in the public assemblies, and though a private 
man, unconnected with the government, he 
continued to enjoy his former influence at Sy- 
racuse; his advice was consulted on matter* 
of importance, and his authority respected. 
He ridiculed the accusations of malevolence, 
and when some informers had charged him 
with oppression, he rebuked the Syracusan* 
who were going to put the accusers to im- 
mediate death. A remarkable instance o.^ 



Tl 

jjis providential escape from tbe dagger of an 
assassin, has heen recorded by one of his bio- 
graphers. As he was going to offer a sacri- 
Jice to the gods after a victory, two assassins, 
sent by the enemies, approached his person 
in disguise. The arm of one of the assassins 
was already lifted up, when he was suddenly 
stabbed by an unknown person, wlio made 
his escape from tiie camp. The other assas- 
sin, struck at t!ie fail of his compaiiion. fell 
before Timoieon, and confessed in the pre- 
sence of the array, the conspiracy that had 
been formed against his life. The unltnown 
assassin was mean time pursued, and when he 
was found, lie declared, that he had commit- 
ted no crime in avenging the death of a be- 
loved father, whom the man he had stabbed 
had murdered in the town of Leontini. In 
({uiries vvej*e made, and his confessions were 
found to be true. Timoieon died at S3'ra 
cuse about 337 years before the Chri-stian era. 
His body received an honourable burial in a 
public place called from him Titnoltonteiim ; 
but the tears of a grateful nation were more 
convincing proofs of the public regret, than 
the institution of festivals, and games yearly 
to be observed on the day of his death. C. 
Kep. ^ Pint, in viid. — Polytzn. 5, c. 3. — 
Diod. 16. 

TiMoLUs. [Firf. Tmolus.] 

TiMoMACHus, a painter of Byzantium, in 
the age of Syiia and Marius. His paint- 
ings of Medea murdering her c'lildren, and 
his AJEix were purchased for SO talents by 
J. Cajsar, and deposited in the temple of 
Venus at Rome! Plin. 35, c. 11. A ge- 
neral of Athens, sent to assist the Thebans. 
Xenoph. 

TiMON, a native of Athens, called Misan- 
thrope, for bis unconquerable aversion to 
mankind and all society. He was fond of 
Apemantus, another Athenian, whose cha- 
racter was similar to his own, and he said 
that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, 
because he was one day to be his country's 
ruin. Once he went into the public assem- 
bly, and told his countrymen, that he had 
a fig-tree on which many had ended their 
life with a halter, and that as he was go- 
ing to cut it down to raise a building on 
the spot, he advised all such as were in- 
clined to destroy themselves, to hasten and 
go and hang themselves in his garden. Plut. 
in Ale, k.c. — Lucian. in Tim. — Pavs. 6, c. 

12. A Greek poet, son of Timachus, in 

the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote 
several dramatic pieces, all now lost, and 
died in the 90th year of his age. Diog. — 

AtUen. 6 and 13." An athlete of Elis. 

^aus. 6, c. 12. 

TiMOPHANES, a Corinthian, brother to Ti- 
moieon. He attempted lo make himself 
^yrant of his country, by means of the mer 
cenary soldiers with whom he had fought 
against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timo- 
ieon wished to convince him of the impro- 
})riety of his measures, and when he 
bund him unmoved, he caused him to be 

assassinated. PliU. »y C. JYep. in Tim. 

A man of Mitylerie, celebrated for his 
riches, &.c. 

TiMOTHEUs, a poet and musician of Mi- 
Tetus, son of Thcrsander or Philopolis. He 



Tl 

was received with hisses (he .first time he 
exhibited as musician in the assembly of 
the people, and further applications would 
have totally been abandoned, had not Eu- 
ripides discovered his abilities, and encou- 
raged him to follow a profession, in which 
he afterwards gained so much applause. He 
received the immense sum of 1000 pieces 
of gold from the Epliesians; because he had 
composed a poem in honour of Diana. He 
died about the 9Uth year of his age, two 
years before tiie birth of Alexander the 
Great. Tliere was also another musician of 
Bopotia in the age of Alexander, often con- 
founded v.ith the musician of Miletus. He 
was a great favourite of tlie conqueror of 
Darius. Clc.de Leg. 2, c. 15. — Paus. 3, c. 

12. — Plut. de music, de foii. kc. An 

Athenian general, son of Conon. He sig- 
tiaiized himself by his valour and magnani- 
mity; and showed that he was not inferior to 
his great father in military prudence. He 
seized Corcyra, and obtained several victories 
over the Thebans, but his ill success in one of 
his expeditions disgusted the Athenians, and 
Timotheus, like tlie rest of his noble pre- 
decessors, was fined a large sum of money. 
He retired to Chalcis, where he died. He 
was so disinterested, that he never appropriat- 
ed any of the plunder to his own use, but after 
one of his expeditions, he filled the treasury 
of Athens with 1200 talents. Some of the 
ancients, to intimate his continual successes, 
have represented him sleeping by the side of 
Fortune, while the goddess drove citias into 
his net. He was intimate with Plato, at 
whose table he learned temperance and mo- 
deration. Alhen. 10, c. 3.— Pans. 1, c. 29.— 
Plut. in Syll. kc.—^lian. V. H. 2, c. 10 and 

18, 1. 3, c. 16— C. A'ep. A Greek statuary. 

Pans. 1, c. 32. A tyrant of Heraclea, who 

murdered his father. Biod. 16. A king of 

the Sapaei. 

TiMoxKNus, a governor of Sicyon, who 
betrayed his trust, &tc. Polyatn. A gene- 
ral of the Achaeans. 

TiNGis, now Tangier, VL maritime town of 
Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant An- 
taeus. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of 
the founder was near the place, he caused it 
to be opened, and found in it a skeleton 
six cubits lojig. This increased the venera- 
tion of the people for their founder. PliU. in 
Strt.—Melai 1, c. 5.— Plin. 5, c. l.—Sil. 3, 
V. 258. 

TiNiA, a river of Umbria, now TopinOj 
falliiii^ into tlie Clituranus. Slrab. 5. — Sil. 8, 
V. 454. 

TiPHA, a town ofBoeotia, where Hercules 
had a temple. Ovid. ep. 6, v. 48. — Paus. 9, 
C.32. 

Tipins, the pilot of the ship of the Argo- 
nauts, was son of Hagnius, or, according to 
some, of Phoibas. He died before the Argo- 
nauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus 
in the Propontis, and Erginns was chosen in 
his place. Orpk. — Jjpotlod. 1, c. 9. — jipollon. 
— ^a/. Flacc. — Paus. 9, c. 32. — Uygin. fab. 
Hand IS. 

Tii'HvsA, a daughter of Tl>estius. Apollod. 
% c. 7. 

TiKKSiAS, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, 
son of Kverns and Charichv He lived to A 



TI 



gi-eat age, which some authors have called as 
long as seven generations of men, others six, 
and others nine, during the time that Poly- 
dorus, Labdacus, Laius, CEdipus, and his 
sons, sat on the throne of Tiiebes. It is said 
that in his youth he found two serpents in 
the act of copulation on mount Cyllene, and 
that when he struck them with a stick 
to separate them, he found himself sudden- 
ly changed into a girl. Seven years after 
he found again some serpents together in 
the same manner, and he recovered his ori- 
ginal sex, by striking them a second time 
with his war.d. When he was a woman, Ti- 
resias had married, and it was from those rea- 
sons, according to some of the ancients, that 
Jupiter and Juno referred to his decision a 
dispute in which the deities wished to know 
which of the sexes received greater pleasure 
from the connubial state. Tiresias, who could 
speak from actual experience, decided in fa- 
vour of Jupiter, and declai-ed, that the pleasure 
which the female received, was ten times 
greater than that of the male. Juno, who 
supported a different opinion, and gave the 
superiority to the male sex, punished Tire- 
sias by depriving him of his eye-sight. But 
this dreadful loss was in some measure re- 
paired by the humanity of Jupiter, who be- 
stowed upon him the gift of prophecy, and 
permitted him to live seven times more than 
the rest of men. These causes of the blind- 
ness of Tiresias, which are supported by the 
authority of Ovid, Hyginus, and otiiers, are 
contradicted by Apollodorus, Cailimachus, 
Propertius, &c. who declare that this was in- 
flicted upon him as a punishment, because he 
had seen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hip- 
pocrene, on the mount Helicon. Chariclo, 
who accompanied Minerva, complained of the 
severity with which her son was treated ; but 
the goddess, who well knew that ibis was the 
irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn on 
such mortals as tix their eyes upon a goddess 
without her consent, alleviated the misfor- 
tunes of Tiresias, by making him acquainted 
with futurity, and giving him a staff which 
could conduct his steps with as much safety as 
if he had the use of his eye-sight Dur- 
ing his life-time, Tiresias was an infallible 
oracle to all Greece. The generals during 
the Theban war, consulted him, and found 
bis predictions verified. He drew his pro- 
phecies soiiietiraes from the flight or the lan- 
guage ot birds, ii! which he was assisted by 
his daughter Manto, and sometimes he drew 
the nianes from the infernal regions to know- 
futurity, with mystical ceremonies. He at 
last died, after drinking the waters of a cold 
fountain, which froze lii'^ blood He u^as buri- 
ed with great pomp by the Thebans on mount 
Tilpbussus, and honoured as a god. His ora- 
cle at Orchomenos was in universal esteem. 
Homer represents Ulysses as going to the 
internal regions to consult Tiresias concernir)g 
his return to Ithaca. Jipollod. 3, c. 6. — 
Theocrit. Id. 24, v. '70.— Stat. Ttub. 3, v. 9G. 
— Hygin.fab. 75. — JEschyl. sep. ante Thtb. — 
Sophud. in (Edip. tyr. — Pindar. jYem. 1. — 
Diod. 4. — Homer. Od. 11 — Plut. in Symph. 
kc—Pam. 9, c.33. 

TiKiBASKS, an officer of Artaxerxes killed 
bv the guards for conspiring against the king's 
life, B. C. 39-1. Fh*t in .irt. 



Tl 

TiRiuA, a town of Thrace where Diomedes 
lived. Ptin. 4, c. 11. 

TiRiDATEs, a king of Parthia, after the ex- 
pulsion of Phraates by his subjects. He was 
soon after deposed and fled to Augustus in 
Spain. Horat. 1, Od. 26. A man made 



king of Parthia by Tiberius, after the death 
of Phraates, in opposition to Artabanus. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 6, he. A keeper o( the royal trea- 
sures at Persepolis, who ollered to surrender 
to Alexander the Great. Cart. 5, c. 5, &£c. 

A king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero. 

A son of Ptiiaates, &c. 

TiRis, a general of the Thracians, who op- 
posed Antiochus, Po'.ycen. 4. 

Tiro, Tultius; a frced-man of Cicero, great- 
ly esteemed by his master for his learning and 
good qualities. It is said that he invented 
short-hand writing among the Romans. He 
wrote the life of Cicero, and other treatises 
n.o\v lost. Cic. de Alt. he. 

TiRVNTHiA, a name given to Alcmena, be- 
cause she lived at lirynthus. Odd. Met. 6. 

TiRYNTHOs, a town of Argolis in the Pe- 
loponnesus, founded by Tirynx, son of Ar- 
gos. Hercules generally resided there, 
whence he is called Tirynthixis heros. Pans. 
2, c. 16, 15 and 49.— Firg. JEn. 7, v. 662.— 
5i7. 8, V. 217. 

Tisa:um. a mountain of Thessaly. Polyb. 

TiSAGoRAS, a brother of Miltiades, called 
also Stesagoras. C. J\'ep. in Milt. 

TiSAMENKS, or TisAMiiNcs, u SOU of Ores- 
tes and Hermione, the daughter of Mene- 
laus, who succeeded on the throne of Argos 
and Lacedagmon. The Heraclidai entered 
his kingdom in the third year of his reign, 
and obliged hin to retire with his family into 
Achaia. He was some time after killed in a 
battle against the lonians, near Helice. Apol- 

lod. 2, c. 7. — Pans. 3, c. 1, 1. 7, c. 1. A king 

of Thebes, son of Thersander, and grandson 
of Polynices. The furies who continually 
persecuted the house of CEdipus, permitted 
him to live in tranquillity, but they tormented 
his son and successor Autesion, and obliged 
him to retire to Doris. Paws. 3, c. 5, 1. 9, c. 

6. A native of Elis, crowned twice at the 

Olympic games. Pans. 3, c. 11. 

Tisandrus, one of the Greeks concealed 
with Ulysses in the wooden horse. Some 
supposed him to be the same as Thersander, 
the son of Polynices. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 261. 

TisAKcuus, a friend of Agathocles, by 
whom he was murdered, &.c. Polymi. 5. 

TisuRA, a town of Africa. Cats. Afr. 76. 

TisiARUS, a town of Africa. 

TisiAS, aii ancient philosopher of Sicily, 
considered by sonje as the inventor of rhe- 
toric, ^c. Cic. de inv. 2, c. 2. Oral. 1, 
c. 18. . 

TisiPHuNK, one of the furies, daughter of 
Nox and Acheron, who was the minister o# 
divine vengeance uporj mankind, who visited 
them with plagues and diseases, and pun- 
ished the wicked in Tartarus. She was re- 
presented with a whip in her hand, serpents 
hung from her head, and were wreathed 
round her arms instead of bracelets. By 
Juno's direction she attempted to prevent 
the landing of lo in Egypt, but the god of 
the ISile repelled her, and obliged her to 
i retire to hell. ^(at. Thtb. 1, v. d9.— Fir§. 



TI 

45. 3, V. 552. JEn. 6, v. 555.— TTorai. 1, Sat. 

8, V. 34. A daughter of Alcraaeon and 

Man to. 

TisiPHoNus, a man who conspired against 
Alexander, tyrant of Phera?, and seized the 
sovereign power, iic. Diod. 16. 

TissA, now Raruiazzo, a loivn of Sicily. 
Sit. 14, V. 2(i8.~ Cic. Verr. 3, c. 38. 

TissAME.'^;u«. [Vid. I'ihamenus.] 

TissAPHKKNEs, an oh'irer of Darins. A 

isatrap of Persia, com.i.<)nder of tlie forces 
of Artaxerxes, at the hattk- of Cunaxa, against 
Cyrus. [I was by his valotir and intre[)idity 
that the king's forces gained (he victory, and 
for this he obtained the aaughter of Artaxerxes 
in marriage, and all the provinces of which 
Cyrus was governor. His popularity did not 
long continue, aiid the king ordaved him to be 
put to death when he had been conquered by 

Agesilaus, 395 B. C. C. JVep. An officer 

in the array of Cyrus, killed by Ariaxcrxes at 
the battle of Cunaxa. Plut. 

TiT^A, the mother of the Titans. She 
is supposed to be the same as Thea, Rhea, 
Terra, &;c. 

Titan, or Tit.vncs, a son of Coolus and 
Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. He 
was the eldest of the children of Coelus; but 
he gave iiis brother Saturn the kingdom of 
the world, provided he raised no male chil- 
dren. When the birth of .Jupiter was conceal- 
ed, Titan made war against Saturn, and with 
the assistance of his brothers, the Titans, he 
iraprisoued him till he was replaced on his 
throne by his son .Tupiter. This tn'dilion i.s 
recorded by Lactantius, a Christian writer, 
who took it from the dramatic comjjositions of 
Ennius, now lost. None of the aiicient my- 
thologisls, such as Apollodorus, Hi^siod, Hy 
ginus, Uc. have made mention of Titan. Ti- 
tan is a name applied to Saturn by Orpheus 
and Lucian ; to the sun by Virgil and Ovid; 
and to Prometheus by .[.venal, Ovid. Mel. 1. 
V. 10.- Jur. 14, v. ^5.— Diod. 5.— Fans. 2, c. 
n.— Orpheus Hymn. 13.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 119. 

TiTANA, a town of Sicyonia in Peloj)onne- 

sus. Titanus reigned there. A man skilled 

in astronomy. Fans. 2, c. 11. 

TiTAXES, a name given to the sonsiof Cce- 
Itis and Terra. They were 45 in iiJiinber, ac- 
cording to the Egyptians. ApoHodorus men- 
tions 13, Hyginus 6, and Hesiod 20, among 
whom are the Titanides. The most known of 
the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, Oceanus, Ja- 
petus, Cotlus, and Briareus, to whom Horace 
'adds Typhosus, Mimas, Porphyrion, Rhcelus, 
and Enceladus, who are by other mythologists 
reckoned among the giants. They were all 
of a gigantic stature and with proportionable 
strength. They were treated with great cruelty 
by Coelus, and contined in the bowels of the 
earth, till their motherpilied their misfortunes, 
and armed them against their father. Saturn 
with a scythe cut off the genitals of his father, 
as he was going to unite himself to Terra, 
and threw them into tlie sea, and from the 
froth sprang a new deity called Venus ; as 
also Alccto, Tisiphone, and Megajra, accord- 
ing to .Apollodorus. When Saturn succeeded 
his father, he married Rhea ; but he devoured 
all his male children, as he had been informed 
by an oracle, that he should be dethroned by 
them as a punishment for bid cruelty te U?8 



TI 

father. The wars of the Titans against the 
gods are very celebrated in mythology. They 
are often confounded with that of the giants • 
but it is to be observed, that the war of the 
Titans was against Saturn, and that of the gi- 
ants against Jupiter. Hesiod. Theog. 135, Sic. 
—JipoUod. I.e. 1. — JEschyl.inPomp. — Callim. 
in Del. 17. — Diod. 1. — Hygin.pre/.fijb. 

TiTANiA, a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, 
as grand-daughter of Titan, and likewise to 
Diana. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 395, 1. 2, &c. 

Titanides, the daughters of Coelus and 
Terra, reduced in number to six accordin<^to 
Orpheus. The most celebrated were Tethys, 
Themis, Dione, Thea, Mnemosyne, Ops, Cy- 
•jcle, Vesta, Phoebe, and Rhea. Hesiod. Theoo-. 
135, &.C. — JSpoUod. 1, c. 1. 

Titanus, a river in Peloponnesus with a 
town and mountain of the same name. 

TiTAREsus, a river of Thessaly, called 
also Eurotas, flowing into the Pe'neus, but 
without mingling its thick and turbid waters 
with the transparent stream. From the un- 
wholesomeness of its water, it w-as considered 
as deriving its source from the Styx. Lucan. 
6, v. 37Q.— Homer. II. 2, en. 258.— 6'/m6. 8.— 
Fetus. 8, c. 18. 

TiTENOs, a river of Colchis, falling into the 
Euxine sea. Spollon. 4. 

TiTHENiDiA, a festival of Sparta, in which 
nurses, t»7v;vo«, conveyed male infants intrusted 
to their charge, tn the lemj^le of Diana, where 
they sacriliced young pigs. During the time 
of tJje solemnity, they generally danced and 
exposed themselves in ridiculous postures; 
there were also some entertainments given 
near tlie temple, where tents were erected. 
Each had a separate portion allotted him, 
together with a small loaf, a piece of new 
cheese, part of the entrails of the victims, and 
figs, beans, and green vetches, instead of 
sweetmeats. 

TiTHosts, a son of Laomedon, king of 
Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca- 
mander. He was so beautiful that Aurora 
became enamoured of him, and carried him 
away. He had bv her IViemnon and iEma- 
Ihion. He beggeJ of Aurora to be in)mor- 
tal, and l!ie goiide?s granted it; but as be 
nad forgotten to ask the vigour, youth, and 
beauty, w hich he then enjoyed, he soon grew 
old, infirm, and decrepit; and as life became 
insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to 
remove him from the world. As he could 
not die, the goddess changed him into a cica- 
da, or grasshopper. Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Virg. 
G. 1, V. 447. JEn. 4, v. 585. 1. 8, v. 384.— 
Hesiod. Theog. 984.— Diod. I.— Ovid. Fast. 1, 
V. 461, 1. 9, V. 403.— //or«/. 1, Od. 28, 1. 2, Od. 
16. 

TiTiioREA, one of the tops of Parnassus. 
Herodot. 8, c. 32. ♦ 

Tjthraustes, a Persian satrap, B. C. 395, 
ordcied to murder Tissaphernes by Artaxerxes. 
He succeeded to the offices which the slaugh- 
tered favourite enjoyed. He was defeated by 

the Atlienians under Cimon. An officer in 

the Persian court, &ic. The name was com- 
mon to some of the superior officers of state 
in the court of Artaxerxes. Flat. — C. A''ep. iu 
Dnl. ^ Conon. 

TiTiA, a deity among the Milesians. 

Tin A i.isx He mngisfrntihiiv, hy P. Titlu5, 



TI 

the tribune, A. U. C. 710. It ordained that a 
triumvirate of magistrates should be invested 
with consular power to preside over the re- 
public for live years. The persons chosen 

were Octavius, Antony, and Lcpidus.- 

Another, de provinciis, which required thai 
the provincial questors, like the consuls and 
prsetorsj should receive their provinces by lot. 

TiTiANA Flavia, the wife of the emperor 
Pert inax; disgraced herself by her debauche 
ries and incontinence. After the raurder of 
her husband she was reduced to poverty, and 
spent the rest of her life in an obscure retreat. 

TiTiANus, Attil. a noble Roman, put to 
death A. D. 156, by the senate for aspiring to 
the purple. He was the only one proscribed 
during the reign of Antoninus Pius. A bro- 
ther of Otho. 

TiTii, priests of Apollo at Rome, who 
observed the ilight of doves and drew omens 
from it. Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 15. — Lucan. 1, 
V. 602. 

TiTiNius, a tribune of the people in the first 

ages of the republic. A friend of Cassius, 

who killed himself. One of the slaves who 

revolted at Capua. He betrayed his trust to 
the Roman generals. 

TiTiUs Procitlus, a Roman knight, ap- 
pointed to watch Messaiina. Tacit. 11, Ann. 
c. 35. A tribune of the people who enact- 
ed the Titian lau'. An orator of a very dis- 
solute character. — 
derers. One of 



-One of Ponipey's mur 
Antony's officers. A 



man who foretold a victory to Sylla, Sep- 

timinus, a poet in the Augustin age, who dis- 
tinguished himsell by his lyric and tragic com- 
positions, now lost. Horat. 1, ep. 3, v. 9. 

TrroR.MUs, a shepherd of .^tolia called 
another Hercules, on account of his prodigious 
strength. He was stronger than his contem- 
pocary, Milo of Crotona, as he could lift on 
his shoulders a stone which the Crotonian 
moved but with difficulty. JElian. V. II. 12, 
c. 22.~Herodol. 6, c. 127' 

TiTURius, a friend of Julia Silana, who in- 
formed against Agrippina, kc. Tacit. Jltin. 

13. A lieutenant of Caefar in Gaul, killed 

by Ambiorix. C'as. Bell. G. 5, c.29, he, 

Titus Vespasianus, son of Vespasian and 
Flavia Domitilla, became known by his 
valour in the Roman armies, particularly at 
the sipt:;e of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of 
the Ciiristian era, he was invested with the 
imperial purple, and the Roman people had 
every reason to expect in him the barbarities 
of a Tiberius, and the debaucheries of a Nero. 
While in the house of Vespasian, Titus had 
hQ^.n distinguished for his extravagance and in- 
continence, his attendants were the most aban- 
doned and dissolute, and it seemed that he 
wished to be superior to the rest of the world 
in the gratification of every impure desire, a id 
in every imnatural vice. From such a private 
character, which still might be curbed by the 
authority and example of a father, what could 
be expected but tyranny and oppression .'' Yet 
Titus became a model of virtue, and in an age 
and office in which others wish to gratify all 
their appetites, the emperor abandoned his 
usual profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, 
and Berenice, whom he had loved with un- 
common ardour, even to render himself de- 
spised by the Roman people, was dismi'ssed. 



TI 

from his presence. When raised to the throne, 
he thought himself bound to be the father of 
his people, the guardian of virtue, and the 
patron of liberty ; and Titus is, perhaps, the 
only monarch who, when invested with un- 
controllable power, bade adieu to those vices, 
those luxuries and indulgences, which as a 
private man he never ceased to gratify. He 
was moderate in his entertainments, and 
though he often refused the donations which 
were due to sovereignty, no emperor was ever 
more generous and magnificent than Titus* 
All informers were banished from his pre- 
sence, and even severely punished. A reform 
was made in the judicial proceedings, and trials 
were no longer permitted to be postponed for 
years. The public edifices were repaired, and 
baths were erected for the convenience of the 
people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the 
Roman populace were gratified with the sight 
oi a naval combat in the ancient naumachia, 
and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild beasts 
brought into the circus for then- amusement. 
To do good to his subjects was the ambition 
of Titus, and it was at the recollection that 
he had done no service, or granted no favour 
ojie day, that he exclaimed in the memorable 
words of M}f friends, I have lost a day! A 
continual wish to be benevolent and kind, 
made him popular; and it v. ill not be won- 
dered, that he who could say that he had ra- 
ther die himself, than be the cause of the des- 
truction of-oa,e of his subjects, was called the 
love and deliglit of mar>kind. Two of the 
senators conspired against his life, but the 
emperor disregarded their attempts, he made 
them his friends by kindness, and like ano- 
ther Nerva, presented them with a sword to 
destroy him. During his reign, Rome was 
three days on tire, the towns of Campania 
were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, 
and the empire was visited by a pestilence 
which carried away an infinite number of in- 
habitants. In this time of public calamity, 
the emperor's benevolence and philanthropy 
were conspicuous. Titus comforted the at- 
(licted as a father, he alleviated their dis- 
tresses by his liberal bounties, and as if they 
were but one family, he exerted himself for 
the good and preservation of the whole. 
The Romans, however, had not long to enjoy 
the favours of a magnificent prince. Titus was 
taken iil, and as he retired into the country 
of the Sabines to his father's bouse, his in- 
disposition was increased by a burning fever. 
He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with mo- 
dest submission complained of the severity 
of fate which removed him from the world 
when young, where he had been employ- 
ed in making a grateful people happy. He 
died the 13th of September, A. I). 81, in 
the 41st year of hi.s age, after a reign o( 
two years, two months, and 20 days. The 
news of his death was received with lamen- 
tations ; Rome was filled with tears, and all 
looked upon themselves as deprived of the 
most benevolent of fathers. After him Do- 
mitian ascended the throne, not without in- 
curring the suspicion of having hastened 
his brother's end, by ordering him to be 
placed, during his agony, in a tub full of 
snow, where he expired. Domitian has al- 
so been accnsod of raising commotions, and ol" 



TM 

making attempts to dethrone his brother; 
but Titus disregarded them, and forgave the 
offender. Some authors have reflected with 
severity upon the cruelties which Titus exer- 
cised against the Jews, but though certain- 
ly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his 
character, we must consider him as an instru- 
racat in the hands of Providence, exerted for 
the punishment of a wicked and infatuated 
people. Joseph. B. J. 7, c. 16, k.c. — Sueto- 
nius. — Dio. &c. 

Titus Tatius, a king of the Sabines, [Fid. 

Tatius ] Livius, a celebrated historian. 

{Vid. Livius.] A son of Junius Brutus, put 

to death by order of his father, for conspiring 

to restore the Tarquins. A friend of Co- 

riolanus. A native of Crotona, engaged in 

Catiline's conspiracy. 

TiTYRDs,. a shepherd introduced in Vir- 
gil's eclogues, k,c. A large mountain of 

Crete. 

TiTYus, a celebrated giant, son of Terra ; 
or, according to others, of Jupiter, by Elara, 
the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such 
a prodigious size, that his mother died in tra- 
vail after Jupiter had drawn her from the 
bowels of the earth, where she had been con- 
cealed during her pregnancy to avoid the 
anger of Juno. Tityus attempted to offer 
violence to Latona, but the goddess delivered 
herself from his importunities, by calling to 
her assistance her children, who killed the 
giant with their arrows. He was placed in 
hell, where a serpent continually devoured 
his liver ; or, according to others, where vul- 
tures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which 
grew again as soon as devoured. It is said 
that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched 
on the ground. He had a small chapel with 
an altar in the island of Euboea. Jlpollod. 1, 
c. 4.— Find. Pyth. 4.— Homer. Od. 7, v. 325, 
1. 11, V. dUS.—^pollon. R/i. 1, v. 182, kc. 
— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 595.— Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 
*n.— Hygm. fab. 55. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 457. — 
Ti6u//.'l, el. 3, v.75. 

TiuM, or TioN, a maritime town of Paph- 
lagonia, built by the Milesians. Mela, 1, c. 9. 
TLtPOLEMus, a son of Hercules and As- 
tyochia, born at Argos. He left his native 
country after the accidental murder of Li- 
cymnius, and retired to Rhodes, by order 
©fthe oracle, where he was chosen king as 
feeing one of the sons of Hercules. He went 
to the Trojan war with nine ships, and was 
killed by Sarpedon. There were some festi- 
vals established at Rhodes to his honour, cal- 
led Tlepolemia, in which men and boys con- 
tended. The victors were rewarded with pop- 
far crowns. Homer. It. — Jipollod. 2, c. 7. — 
Diod. 5. — Ilygln. fab. 97. One of Alexan- 
der's generals, who obtained Carmania at the 
general division of the Macedonian empire. 
Diod. 18. An Egyptian general, who flour- 
ished B. C. 207. 

Tmakus, a Rutulian in the wars of .^neas. 

Virg. JEn. 9, v. 685. A mountain of Thes- 

pretia, called Tomariishy Pliny. 

Tmolus, a king of Lydia, who married 
Omphale, and was son of Sipylus and Chtho- 
nia. He offered violence to a young nymph 
called Arriphe, at the foot of Diana's altar, 
for which impiety he was afterwards kilkd 
hy a hnll. The motintain on which he was 



TO 

buried bore his name. ApoUod. 2, c. 6.— 

Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 4. Hygin. fab. 191. 

A town of Asia Minor, destroyed by 

an earthquake. A mountain of Lydia, now 

Bouzdag, on which the river Pactolus rises. 
The air was so wholesome near Timolus, 
that the inhabitants generally lived to their ■ 
150th year. The neighbouring counti"y was 
very fertile, and produced plenty of vines, saf- 
fron, and odoriferous flowers. Strab. 13, 
kc.— Herodol. 1, c. 84, kc.— Ovid. Met. 2, 
&c.--5i7. 7, v. 210.~Virg. G. 1, v. 56, 1. 2, 
V. 98. 

ToGAT.4, an epithet applied to a certaiu 
part of Gaul where tlie inhabitants are dis- 
tinguished by the peculiarity of their dress. 
[Vid. Gallia.] 

ToGoNxus Gallus, a senator of iirno- 
ble birth, devoted to the interest of Tibe- 
rius, whom he flattered, kc Tacit. Ann. 
G, c. 2. 

ToLBiACUM, a town of Gallia Belgica, south 
of .luliers. 

ToLF.Nus, a river of Latium, now SaUo^ 
falling into the Velinus. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
561. 

ToLETOM, now Toledo, a town of Spain on 
the Tagus. 

ToLisTOBoii, a people of Galatia in Asia, de- 
scended from the Boii of Gaul. Plin. 5, c. 32, 
— Liv. 58, c. 15 and 16. 

ToLLENTiNUM, a towH of Picenum. Plin. 
3, c. 13. 

ToLMiDES, an Athenian ofl5cer, defeated 
and killed in a battle in Bceotia, 447 B. C. 
Polycen. 7. 

ToLosA, now Toulouse, the capital ofLan- 
quedoc, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, which 
became a Roman colony under Augustus, 
and was afterwards celebrated for the culti- 
vation of the sciences. Minerva had there 
a rich temple, which Ca?pio the consul plun- 
dered, and as he was never after fortunate, 
the words anrum Tolosanum became prover- 
bial. CcEs bell. G.—Mela, 2, c. 5.—Cic. dt 
JS'at. D.3,c. 20. 

ToLUMNus, an augur in the army of Tur- 
nus against jEneas. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 429. 
A king of Veii, killed by Cor. Cossus, af- 
ter he had ordered the ambassadors of Rome 
to be assassinated. Liv. 4, c. 19. 

Torus, a man whose head was found in 
digging for the foundation of the capitol, in 
the reign of Tanjuin, whence the Romans 
concluded that their city should become the 
head or mistress of the world. 

ToM.«ufli, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
Thucyd. 
ToMARus. [Vid. Tmarus.] 
Tom ISA, a country between Cappadocia 
and Taurus. Strabo. 

ToMOs, or Toriiis, a town situate on the 
western shores of the Euxinc sea, about 36 
miles from the mouth of the Danube. The 
word is derived from Ti,«<tu., seco, because 
Medea, as it is said, cut to pieces the body of 
her brother Ab.'iyrtus there. It is celebnited 
as being the place where Ovid was banished 
by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of 
lower Ma\«;ia, founded by a Milesian colony, 
[I. C. 633. Stmt,. l.—Apollod. 1, c. 9.— 
Mela, 2, c. 2.— Ovid, tx Pont. 4, el 14, v. 
69, Tm/. 3, el. 9, V. 33, &c. 



TR 

ToMyRis. [Fifrf. Thomyris.] 

ToN'EA, a solemnity observed ht Samos. 
It was usual to carry Juno's statue to the sea 
shore, and to offer cakes before it, and after- 
wards to replace it again in the temple. This 
was in commemoration of the theft of the 
Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away 
the statue of the goddess, but were detained 
in the harbour by an invisible force. 

ToNGiLLius, an avaricious lawyer, &.c. Juv. 
7, V. 130. 

ToPAZos, an island in the Arabian gulf, 
anciently called Opkiodes, from the quantily 
of serpents that were there. The valuable 
stone called topaze is found there. Flin. 
6, c. 20. 

TopiRis, or Topnus, a town of Thrace. 

ToRiNi, a people of Scythia. Valer. 6. 

ToRONE, a town of Macedonia. Liv 31, 
c. 45. Of Epirus. 

ToRGUATA, one of the vestal virgins, daugh- 
ter of C. Silanus. She was a vestal for 64 
years. Tacit. 3, ^n. c. 69. 

ToRQUATus, a surname of Titus Manliiis 

[Vid. Manlius.] Silanus, an officer put to 

death by Nero. A governor of Oricura, 

in the interest of Pompey. He surrendered 
to J. Caesar, and was killed in Africa. Hirt. 

J/ric. 96. An officer in Sylla's array. 

A Roman sent ambassador to the court of 
Ptolemy Philometor of Egypt. 

ToRTOR, a surname of Apollo. He had a 
statue at Rome under that name. 

Torus, a mountain of Sicily near Agrigen- 
tum. 

ToRYNE, a small town near Actiura. The 
word in the language of the country signifies 
ft ladlej which gave Cleopatra occasion to 
make a pun when it fell into the hands of Au- 
gustus. Plut. in .^nt. 

ToxANDRi, a people of Gallia Belgica, Plin. 
4, c. 7. 

ToxARiDiA, a festival at Athens, in hon- 
our of Toxaris, a Scythian hero, who died 
there. 

ToxEUS, a son of (Eneus, killed by his father. 
,1poUod. 1, c. 8. 

ToxicRATE, a daughter of Thespius. 

Q. Trabea, a comic poet at Rome, in 



the age of Regulus. 



Some fragments of his 



poetry remain. Cic. in Tus. 4, c. 31. Fin. 
2, c. 4. 

Trachalus, M. Galcrius, a consul in the 
reign of Nero, (;elebratod for his eloquence 
as an orator, and for a majestic and command- 
ing aspect. QuinlH. — Tacil One of the 

friends and ministers of Otho. 

Trachas, a town of Latium. Oiid. Md. 
15, V. 717. 

Trachinia, a small country of Phthio- 
tis, on the bay of Malea, near mount UCta. 
The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina. 
where Hercules went after he bad killed Eu- 
nomus. Slrab. 9. — /Ipollod. 2, c. 7. — Ovid. 
jj/c/.ll, V. 269. 

Tracjionitis, apart of Judea, on the other 
side of the Jordan. Plin. 5, c. 14. 

Tragurium, a town of Dalmatia on the 
5ea. 

Tragus, a river of Arcadia, falling into the 
Alpheus. Pans. 8, c. 33. 

Trajanopolis, a town of Thrace. A 

name given to Selinus of Cillcia, where Tra- 
jan (lied. 



TR 

Trajanus, M. Ulpius Crinitus, a Ka- 
man emperor, born at Italica in Spain. Hi* 
great virtues, and his private as well as pub- 
lic character and his services to the empire, 
both as an officer, a governor, and a consul, 
recommended him to the notice of Nerva, 
who solemnly adopted him as his son ; in- 
vested him during his life-time with the im- 
perial f)urple, and gave him the name of Caj- 
sar and of Germaaicus. A little time after 
Nerva died, and the election of Trajan to the 
vacant throne was confirmed by the una- 
nimous rejoicings of the people, and the 
free concurrence of the armies on the con- 
fines of Germany, and the banks of the 
Danube. The noble and independent beha- 
viour of Trajan, evinced ihe pi-oprieiy and 
goodness of Nerva's choice, aiid the aftach- 
ment of the legions ; and the new- emperor 
seemed calculated to ensure paace and do- 
mestic tranquillity to the extensive empire of 
Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed a 
good and benevolent prince, whose virtues 
truly merited the encomiums which the j)en 
of an elegant and courteous panegyrist has 
paid. The barbarians continued (juiet, and 
the hostilities which they generally displayed 
at the election of a new emperor, whose 
military abilities they distrusted, were now 
few. Trajan, however, could not behold with 
satisfaction and unconcern, the insolence of 
the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman 
people a tribute which the cowardice of Do- 
mitian had offered. The sudden appearance 
of the emperor on the frontiers, awed the 
barbarians to peace ; but Decebalus, their 
warlike monarch, soon began hostilities by vio- 
lating the treaty. The emperor entered the 
enemy's country by throwing abridge across 
the rapid streams of the Danube, and a bat- 
tle was fought, in which the slaughter was 
so great, that in the Roman camp linen was 
wanted to dress the wounds of the soldiers, 
Trajan obtained the victory, and Decebalus, 
despairing of success, destroyed himself, and 
Dacia became a province of Rome. That 
the ardour of the Roman soldiers in defeat- 
ing their enemies might not cool, an expedi- 
tion was undertaken into the east, and Parthia 
threatened with immediate war. Trajan pas- 
sed through the submissive kingdom of Ar- 
menia, and by his well-directed operations; 
made himsr-lf master of the provinces of As- 
syria and ]Meso|;otamia. He extended his con- 
quests in the cast, ho obtained victories over 
unknown nations, and when on the extre- 
mities of India; he lamented that he posses- 
sed not the vigour and youth of an Alexan- 
der, that he might add unexplored provinces 
and kingdoms lo the Roman empire. These 
-successes in different parts of the world, gain- 
ed applause, and the senators were profuse 
in the honours they decreed to the conqueror. 
This, however, was but the blaze of tran- 
sient glory. Trajan had no sooner signified 
his intentions of returning to Italy, than the 
conquered barbarians appeared again in arms, 
;uid the Roman empire did not acquire one 
single acre of territory from the conquest? 
of her sovereign in the east. The return of 
(he emperor to^vanis Rome was hastened by 
indisposition, he stopped in Cilicia, and in the 
town of Selinus, which afterwards was called 



TR 

trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux and a I 
few days after expired, in the beginning of| 
August, A. D. 117, after a reign of 19 years. | 
six months, and 15 days, in the 64th year of I 
his age. He was succeeded on the throne by 
Adrian, whom the enapress Piotina introduced 
to the Roman armies, as the adopted son of 
her husband. The ashes of Trajan were car- 
ried to Rome, and deposited under the stately 
column which he had erected a few years be- 
fore. Under this emperor the Romans en- 
joyed tranquillity, and for a moment supposed 
that their prosperity was complete under a 
good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond 
of popularity, and he merited it. The sound- 
ing titles of Oplimus, and the father of his 
country, were not unworthily bestowed upon a 
prince who was equal to the greatest generals 
of amiquity, and who to indicate his affability, 
and his wish to listen to the just complaints of 
his subjects, distinguished his palace by the 
inscription of the public palace. Like other 
emperors, he did not receive with an air of un- 
eoncern the homage of his friends, but rose 
from his seat and went cordially to salute 
them. He refused the statues which the 
flattery of favourites wished to erect to him, 
and he ridiculed the follies of an enlightened 
nation, that could pay adoration to cold inani- 
mate pieces of marble. His public entry into 
Rome gained him the hearts of the people ; 
he appeared on foot, and showed himself an 
enemy to parade and an ostentatious equipage. 
When in his camp, he exposed himself to the 
fatigues of war, like the meanest soldier, and 
crossed the most barren deserts and extensive 
plains on foot, and in his dress and food dis- 
played all the simplicity which once gained 
the approbation of the Romans in their coun- 
tryman Fabricius. All the oldest soldiers he 
knew by their own name, he conversed with 
them with great familiarity, and never retired 
to his lent before he had visited the camp, and 
by a personal attendance convinced himself of 
the vigilance and the security of his army. As 
a friend he was not less distinguished than as a 
general. He had a select number of intimates, 
whom he visited with freedom and openness, 
and at whose tables he partook many a mode- 
rate repast, without form or ceremony. His 
confidence, however, in the good intentions of 
others, was. perhaps, carried to excess. His 
favourite Sura, had once been accused of at- 
tempts upon his life, but Trajan disregarded 
the informer, and as he was that same day 
invited to the house of the supposed conspi 
rator, he went thither early. To try farther 
the sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to 
be shaved by his barber, to have a me<iici- 
nal application made to his eyes by the hand 
of his surgeon, and to bathe together with 
him. Tiie public works of 'iVajan arc also 
celebrated, he opened free and easy commu- 
nications between the cities of his proviiii;cs, 
he planted many colonics, and furnished 
Rome with all the corn and provisions which 
could prevent a famine in the time oi calami- 
ty. It was by his directions that the architect 
Apollodorns built that celebrated column 
which is slill to be seen at Rome, under the 
name of Trajan's column. The area on which 
it stands was made by the labours of men, and 
the height of the pillar proves that a large hill 
90 



TR 

144 feet high was removed at a great expense, 
A. D. 114, to commemorate the victories oi 
the reigning prince. His persecutions of the 
Christians were stopped by the interference 
of the humane Pliny, but he was unusually 
severe upon the .Tews, who had barbarously 
murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and evea 
fed upon the flesh of the dead. His vice* 
have been obscurely seen, through a reign of 
continued splendour and popularity, yet he is 
accused of incor.tinence and many unnatural 
indulgences. He was too much addicted to 
drinking, and his wish to be styled lord ha» 
been censured by those who admired the dis- 
simulated moderation, and the modest claims 
of an Augustus. Pli7i. Faneg. kc. — Dio. Cass. 
— Eutrop. — Ammian. — Spnrlian. — Joseph, bell. 

J. — Victor. The father of the emperor, 

who likewise bore the name of Trajan, 
was honoured with the consulship and a tri- 
umph, and the rank of patrician by the 

emperor Vespasian. A general of the 

emperor Valens. A son of the emperor 

Decius. 

Trajectus Rheni, now Utrecht, the capi- 
tal of one of the provinces of Holland. 

Tralles, a town of Lydia, now Sultanhiser. 

Juv. 3, v. 70. — Liv. 37, c. 45. A people of 

Illyricum. 

Transtiberina, a part of the city of 
Rome, on the side of the Tiber. IMount 
Vatican was in that part of the city. Mart, 
1, ep. 109. 

Tr.\p£Zus, a city of Pontus, built by the 
people of Sinope, now called Trebizond. It 
had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine sea, 
and became famous under the emperors of 
the eastern empire, of which it was for some 
time the magnificent capital. Tacit. H. 3, c. 

47. — Plin. 6, c. 4. A town of Arcadia near 

the Alpheus. It received its name from a son 
of Lycaon. Apollod. 3, c. 8. 

Trasimenps. [Firf. Thrasymenus.] • 

Trasullus, a man who taught Tiberius 
astrology at Rhodes, &.c. 

Traulus MoNTANUs, a Roman knight, one 
of Messalina's favourites, put to death by 
Claudius. Tacit. A.\\, c.^6. 

Treea, a town of the .iEqui. Plin. 3, c. 
12. 

C. Trebatius Testas, a man banished by 
Julius Cajsnr for following the interest of 
Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of 
Cicero. He was afterwards reconciled to 
Cffisar. Trebatius was not less distinguished 
for his learning than for his integrity, his mili- 
tary experience, and knowledge of law. H« 
wrote nine books on religious ceremonies, 
and treatises on civil law; and the verses that 
he composed proved him a poet of no inferior 
consequence. Horal. 2, Sat. 1, v. 4. 

Trkijelmanus, C. Annius, a pirate who 
proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, A D. 
i2«>4. He was defeated and slain in Isauris:. 
by the lieutenants of Gnllieuus. 

Tkfbellienus Rcjus, a praetor appoiited 
governor of the childrerj of king Coty^ by 

Tiberius A tribune who opposed I In Ga- 

biiiian law. A Roman who^nmbe; -d the 

inhabitants of Caul. He was made tjovernor 
of Britain. Tacit. JI. 6, c. 39. 

Trebeluus Pom. 10, a Latin historian, who 
wrote an account of the lives o( the em- 



TR 

p^roFS. The beginning of this history is lost; 
part of the reign of Valerian, and the life 
of the tvyo Gallieni, with the 30 tyrants are 
the only fragments remaining. He flourished 
A. D. 306, 

Trebia, a river of Cisalpine Gau!, rising 
in the Apennine, and falling into the Po, at 
the west of Placentia. It is celebrated for the 
victory which Annibal obtained there over 
the forces of L. Sempronius, the Roman con- 
sul. Sil. 4, V 486.— Lwcan. 2, v. 46.— Lir, 21, 

c. 54 and 56. A town of Latiura. Liv. 2. 

c. 39. — of Campania. Id.2S, c. 14. — of Um- 
bria. Ptin. 3, c. 14. 

Trebius, an otiicer in Caesar's army, in 

Gaul. A parasite in Domitian's reign. 

Juv. 4. 

Trebonia lex, de provincm, by L. Trebo- 
niusthe tribune, A. U. C. 698. It gave Caesar 
the chief command in Gaul for five years 
longer than was enacted by the Vatinian law. 
and in this manner prevented the senators 

from recalling or superseding him. Ano 

ther by the same on the same year, conferred 
the command of the provinces of Syria and 
Spain on Cassius and Pompey, for five years. 

— Dio. Cass. 39. Another by I^. Trebonius, 

the tribune, A. U. C. 305, which confirmed 
the election of the tribunes in the hands of 
the Romarj people. Lw. 3 and 5. 

Trebonius, a soldier remarkable for bis 

continence, k.c Caius, one of Caesar's 

friends, made through his intere.st praetor and 
consul. He was afterwards one of his bene- 
factor's murderers. He was killed by Do- 
labella at Smyrna. Coes. bell. 5, c. 17. — Cie. 
in Phil 11, c, 2. — Paterc. 56 and 69. — Liv. 
U9.—Dio. 47.—Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 114. 
— — Garucianus, a governor of Africa, who 
put to death the proconsul Clodius Macer, 
by Galba's orders. Tacit, H. 1, c. 7 



A tribune who proposed a law at Rome, and 

impijisoned Cato, because he opposed it. 

One of the adherents of Marius. A man 

caught in adultery, and severely punished in 
the age of Horace. 

Trebula, a town of the Sabines, celebrated 
for cheese. The inhabitants were called Tre- 
bulani. Cic. in J)gr. 2, c. 25. — Liv. 23. — Plin. 
3, c. 5 and 12. — Martial. 5, ep. 72. Ano- 
ther in Campania. Liv. 23, c. 39. 

Trerus, a river of Latium, falling into the 
Liris. 

Tres tabern.*, a place on the Appian road, 
where travellers took refreshment. Cic. A. 
1, ep. 13, 1. 2, ep. 10 and 11. 

Treveri, a town and people of Belgium, 
now called Triers. Mela, 3, c. 2. 

Triaria, a woman well known for her cru- 
elty. She was the wife of L. V^itellius. Ta- 
cit. H. 1 and 3. 

C. Triarius, an orator, commended by Ci- 
cero. A friend of Pompey. He had for 

some time the care of the war in Asia against 
Mithridates, whom he defeated, and by whom 
he was afterwards beaten. He was killed in 
the civil wars of Pompey and Cajsar. Cces. 
Bell. Civ. 3, c. 6. 

Triballi, a people of Thrace ; or, accord- 
ing to some, of Lower Mcesia. They were 
conquered by Philip, the father of Alexan- 
der; and some ages after, they maintained a 
long war against tiie Roman emperore. Ptin. 



TR 

Triboci, a people of Alsace in Gaul. Ta- 
cit, in Gem. 28. 

Tribulium, a town of Dalmatia. 

Tribuni Plebis, magistrates at Rome, 
created in the year U. C. 261, when the 
people after a quarrel with the senators had 
retired to Mons Sacer. The two tirst were 
C. Licinius, and L. Albinus, but their number 
was soon after raised to five, and 37 years 
alter to 10, which remained fixed. Their 
office was annual, and as the tirst had been 
created on the 4th of the ides of December, 
that day was ever after chosen for the elec- 
tion. Their power, though at tirst small, and 
granted by the patricians to appease the mo- 
mentary seditions of the poj-uiace, soon be- 
came formidable, and the senators repented 
too late of having consented to elect magis- 
trates, who not only preserved the rights of 
the people, but could summon assemblies, pro- 
pose laws, stop the consultations of the se- 
nate, and even abolish their decrees by the 
word l^eto. Their approbation was also ne- 
cessary to confirm the stnaiv^ consulta, and 
this was done by affixing the letter T. under 
it. If any irregularity happened in the state, 
their power was almost absolute ; they criti- 
cised the conductof all the public magistrates, 
and even dragged a consul to prison, if the 
measures he pursued were hostile to the peact 
of Rome. The dictator alone was their su- 
perior, but when that magistrate was elected* 
the office x)f tribune was not, like that of all 
other inferior magistrates, abolished while he 
continued at the head of the state. The peo- 
I'le paid them so much deference, that their 
person was held sacred, and thence they were 
always called Sacrosancti. To strike thera 
was a capital crime, and to interrupt thera 
while they spoke in the assemblies, called for 
the immediate interference of power. The 
marks by which they were distinguished from 
other magistrates were not very conspicuous. 
They wore no particular dress, only a beadle 
called viator marched before them. Thej 
never sat in the senate, though some lime after, 
their office entitled them to the rank of se- 
nators. Yet great as their power might ap- 
pear, they received a heavy wound from their 
number, and as their consultations and reso- 
lutions were of no effect if they were not all 
unanimous, the senate often took advantage 
ol their avarice, and by gaining one of them 
by bribes, they as it were suspended the 
authority of the rest. The office of tribune 
of the people, though at first deemed meaa 
and servile, was afterwards one of the first 
steps that led to more honourable employ- 
ments, and as no patrician was permitted to 
canvass for the tribuneship, we find many 
that descended among the plebeians to ex- 
ercise that important office. From the power 
with which they were at last invested by the 
activity, the intrigues, and continual applica- 
tions of those who were in office, they be- 
came almost absolute in the state, and it ha« 
been properly observed, that they caused far 
greater troubles than tho^e which they were 
at first created to silence. Sylla, when raised 
to the dictatorship, gave a fatal blow to the 
authority of the tribunes, and by one of hia 
decrees, they were no longer (>ermitted to ha- 
langue and enflarae the people ; they could 



TR 

make no laxrs ; no appeal lay to their tribunal, 
and such as had been tribunes, were not per- 
mitted to solicit for the other offices of the 



state. This disgrace, however, was but mo- 1 
menfary, at the death of the tyrant the tribunes 
recovered their privileges by means of Cotta 
and Pooapey the Great, The office of tribune 
remained in full force till the age of Au- 
gustus, who, to make himself more absolute, 
and his person sacred, conferred the power 
and office upon himself, whence he was called 
tribuniliu poteslaic donatus. His successors 
on the throne imitated his example, and as 
the emperor was the real and official tribune. 
such as were appointed to the office were 
merely nominal, without power or privilege. 
Under' Constantine the tribaneship was to- 
tally abolished. The tribunes were never 
permitted to sleep out of the city, except at 
(he FericE LatincB, when they went with 
other magistrates to offer sacrifices upon a 
mountain near Alba. Their houses were 
always open, and they received every com- 
plaint, and were ever ready to redress the 
wrongs of their constituents. Their autho- 
rity was not extended beyond the walls of the 

city. There were also other officers who 

bore the name of tribunes, such as the iribuni 
militum or militares, who commanded a divi- 
sion of the legions They were empowered 
to decide all quarrels that might arise in 
the army, they took care of the camp, and 
gave the watch -word. There were only 
three at first chosen by Romulus, but the 
number was at last increased to six in ev^ery 
legion. After the expulsion of the Tarquins, 
they were chosen by the consuls, but after- 
wards the right of electing them was divided 
between the people and the consul. They 
were generally of senatoriao and equestrian 
families, and the former were called latidavii. 
and the latter augusliclatii, from their pecu 
liar dress. Those that were chosen by the 
consuls were called Rululi, because the right 
of the consuls to elect them was confirmed by 
Rutulus, and those elected by the people were 
called Comitiati, because chosen in the Comi- 
tia. They wore a golden ring, and were in 
office no longer than six months. When the 
consuls were elected, it was usual to choose 
14 tribunes from the knights, who had served 
five years in the army, and who were called 
juniores, and ten from the people who had 
been in ten campaigns, who were called se- 
niores. There were zdso some officers call- 
ed tribuni jnililum consularii potestaie, elect- 
ed instead of consuls, A. U. C. 310. They 
were only three originally, but the number 
was afterwards increased to six, or more, ac- 
cording to the will and pleasure of (he people 
and the emergencies of the state. Fart of 
them were plebeians, and the rest of patri- 
cian families. When (hey had subsisted for 
about 70 years, not without some interrup- 
tion, the office was totally abolished, as the 
plebeians were admitted to share the consul 
tihip, and the consuls continued at the head 
of the slate till the end of the common- 
wealth. The tribuni cohortimn proetoria- 

naram, were intrusted with the person of 
the emperor, which they guarded and pro- 
tected. The tribuni cerarii, were officers 

chosen from among (he people, who kept 



TR 

the money which was to be applied t» dco 
fray the expenses of the army. The richest 
persons were always chosen, as much mo- 
ney was requisite for the pay of the soldiers. 
They were greatly distinguished in the state, 
and they shared with the senators and Ro- 
man knights the privileges of judgiiig. They 
were abolished by Julias Ccesar, but Augus- 
tus reestablished them, and created 200 
more, to decide causes of smaller import- 
ance. The tribuni celentm had the com- 
mand of the guard which Romulus chose for 
the safety of his person. They were 100 
in number, distinguished for their probity^ 

their opulence, and their nobility. The 

tribuni vohiptalum were commissioned to take 
care of the amusements which were prepared 
for the people, and that nothing migiit be 
wanting in tiie exhibitions. This office was 
also honourable. 

Tricala, a fortified place at the south of 
Sicily, between Selinusand Agrigentum. Sit. 
14. v 271. 

Tric ASSES, a people of Champagne in 
Gaul. 

Tricastini, a people of Gadlia Narbonensis. 
SiL 3, v. 466.— Liv. 21, c. 31. 

Tricc^, a town of Thessaly, where iEscu- 
lapius had a temple. The inhabitants went to 
the Trojan war. Liv. 32, c. 13. — Homer. Ik 
—Plin. 4, c. 8. 

Trichonium, a town of iEtolia. 

Tricipitinus. Vid. Lucretius. 

Triclaria, a yearly festival celebrated by 
the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, to ap- 
pease the anger of Diana Triclaria, whose 
temple had been defiled by the adulterous 
commerce of Menalippus and Cometho. It 
was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this 
barbarous custom was abolished by Eurypi- 
lus. The three cities were Aroe, Messatig, 
and Anthea, whose united labours had erected 
the temple of the goddess. Pans. 7, 19. 

Tricouii, a people of Gaul, now Dau- 
phine. Liv. 21, c. 31. 

Tricorythus, a town of Attica. 

Tricrena, a place of Arcadia, where, ac- 
cording to some, Mercury was born. Fans. 
8, c. 16. 

Tridentum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, 
now called Trent, and famous in history for 
the ecclesiastical council which sat there 18 
years to regulate the affairs of the churchi 
A. D. 1545. 

Trieterica, festivals in honour of Bac- 
chus celebrated every three years. Virg. JEn . 
4, v. 302. 

Trifanum, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. 
Lir.8, c. 11. 

TaiFOLiNus, a mountain of Campania, fa- 
mous for wine. Mart. 13, ep. 104. — Plin. 14, 
c 7. 

Trigemina, one of the Roman gates, so 
called because the three Horatii went through 
against the Curiatii. Lit'. 4, c. 16, 1. 35, c. 41, 
I. 40, c. 51. 

Trinacria, or Trinacris, one of the an- 
cient names of Sicily, from its triangular form. 
Firg. JEn. 3, v. 384, &lc. 

Trinium, a river of Italy falling into the 
Adriatic. 

Trinobantrs, a people of Bri(ain in mo- 
dern Essex and Middlesex. Tadt. Jiim. 14) c 
31.— Ca-.T. G. 6, c. 20. 



TR 

^RiocALA, or Triocla, a town in the south- 
ern parts of Sicily. Sil 14, v. 271. 

Triopas, or Triops, a son of Neptune by 
Canace, the daughter of JEo\as. He was fa- 
ther of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is 
called on ilmtaccounXTriopeius., and his daugh- 
ter Trioj)eis. Ovid. Met. 8, v. IbA.—Apollod. 

3j c. 7. A son of Phorbas, father to Age- 

nor, Jasus, and Mes^ene. Horner. Hymn, in 
jlp, 211. A son of Piranthus. 

Triphvlia, one of the ancient names of 

Elis. Liv. 28, c. 8, A mountain where 

Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia, 
whence he is called Triphylius. 

Triopium, a town of Caria. 

Tkipcdi-IS, an ancient town of Phoenicia, 
built by the liberal contribution of Tyre, Si 

don, and Aradus, whence the name. A 

town of PonJiJs. A district of Arcadia, 

of Laconia Liv. 35, c. 27 . of Thessaly, ib. 

42. c. 53. A tov. n of Lydia or Caiia, A 

district of Africa between the Syrtes.. 

Triptolemus, a son of Oceanus and Terra, 
or according to some, of Trochilas^ a priest of 
Argos -.rcording to the more received opi 
nion he was son of Celens, king of Attica, by 
Neraea, whom some have called Melanira, 
Colhonea Hyona, Melania, or Polyrania. He 
was bora at Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in 
his youth of a severe illness by the care oi 
Ceres, who had been invited into the house of 
Celeus by the monarch's children, as she tra- 
velled over the country in quest of her daugh- 
ter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the 
goddess took particular notice of his son. She 
fed him with her own milk, and placed him 
on burning coals during the night, to destroy 
whatever particles of mortality he had re- 
ceived from his parents. The mother was 
astonished at the uncommon growth of her 
son, and she had the curiosity to watch Ceres. 
She disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry, 
when Triptolemus was laid on the burning 
ashes, and as Ceres was therefore unable to 
make him immortal, she taught him agricul- 
ture, and rendered him serviceable to man- 
kind, by instructing him how to sow corn, and 
make bread. She also gave him her chariot, 
whicli was drawn by two dragons, and in this 
celestial vehicle he travelled all over the earth, 
arKT distributed corn to all the inhabitants of 
the Wj6rld. In Scythia the favourite of Geres 
nearly lost his life ; butLyncus, the king of the 
country, who had conspired to murder him, 
was changed into a lynx. At his return to 
Eleusis, Triptolemus restored Ceres her cha- 
riot, and established the Eleusinian festivals 
and mysteries in honour of the deity. He 
reigned for some time, and after death re- 
ceived divine honours. Some .suppose that he 
accompanied Bacchus in hislndian expedition. 
Diod.—Hy^in. fab. 147.— P«m5.-2, c. 14, 1. 8, 
c. 4 — Jitslin. 2, c. 6. — JpoHod. 1, c. 5. — Cal- 
lim. in Cer. 22 —Ovid. Mtt. 6, v. 646. Fast. 
4, v. 601. Trisl. 3, el. 8, v. 1. 

Triquetra, a name given to Sicily by the 
Latins, for its triangular form. Lucrtt. 1, v. 78. 

Trismegistus, a famous Egyptian. [Fid. 
Mercurius.j 

Tritia, a daughter of the river Triton, mo- 
ther of iMenalippus, by Mars. A town in 

Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. 
Pms. 7, c. 22. 



TR 

Tritogjenia, a surname of Pallas. Htsiod'^ 
— Festus de V. sig. 

Triton, a sea deity, son of Neptune, by 
Amphiirite, or, according to some, by Celeno, 
or Salacia. He was very powerful among the 
sea deities, and could calm the ocean and abate 
storms at pleasure. He is generally repre- 
sented as blowing a shell ; his body above the 
waist is like that of a man, and below a dol- 
phin. Some represent him with the fore feet 
of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called 
Tritons, but the name is generally applied to 
those only who are half men and half iishes. 
Apotlod. 1, c. 4.—Hesiod. Theog. v. 930.— 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 333.— Cic. de Kat. D. 1, c. 
2ii.— Virg. Mn. 1, v. 148, 1. 6, v. 173.— Pau^. 

9, c. 20. A river of Africa tailing into the 

lake Tritonis. One of the names of the 

Nile. A small river of Boeotia, or Thessaly. . 

Tritonis, a lake and liver of Africa, near 
which Minerva had a temple, whence she is 
surnamed Trilonis, or Tritonia. Herodot. 4, 
c. 118.— Pans. 9, c. 33.— rirg. JEn. 2, v. 171. 
— Me'a, 1, c. 7. Athens is also called Trito- 
nis, because dedicated to Minerva. Ovid. 
Mtl. 5. 

Tritonon, a town of Doris. Liv. 28, c. 7. 

Triventum, a town of the Samnites. 

Trivia, a surname given to Diana, because 
i:he presided over all places where three roads 
met. At the new moon the Athenians offered 
her sacrifices; and a sumptuous entertainment, 
which was generally distributed among the 
poor. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 13, I. 7, v. 774. — Ovid. 
JyJd. 2, V. 416. Fast. 1, v. 389. 

TritijE antrum, a place in the valley of 
Aricia, where the nymph Egeria resided. 
Mart. 6, ep. 47. 

Trivi.« lucus, a place of Campania, in the 
bay of Cuma;. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 13. 

Trivicum. a town in the country of the 
Hirpini in Italy. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 79, 

Triumviri reipublicce constituendce, were 
three magistrates appointed equally to go- 
vern the Roman state with absolute power. 
These otficers gave a fatal blow to the expir- 
ing independence of the Roman people, and 
became celebrated for their ditferent pursuits, 
their ambition, and their various fortunes. 
The first triumvirate, B. C. 60, was in the 
hands of J. Cfesar, Pompey, and Crassus, who 
at the expiration of their otfice, kindled a civil 
war. The second and last triumvirate, B. C. 
43, was under Augustus, M. Antony^ and Le« 
pidus, and through them the Romans totally 
lost their liberty. Augustus disagreed with 
his colleagues, and after he had defeated them, 
he made himself absolute in Rome. The tri- 
umvirate was in full force at Rome for the 
space of about 12 years. — There were al- 
so officers who were called triumviri ca- 
pitales, created A. U. C. 464. They took 
cognizance of murders and robberies, and 
every thing in which slaves were con- 
cerned. Criminals under sentence of death 
were intrusted to their care, and they had 
them executed according to the commands of 
the praetors. The triumviri noclurni watch- 
ed over the safety of Rome in the night time, 
and in case of lire were ever ready to give 
orders, and to take the most effectual mea- 
sures to extinguish it. The triumviri agra- 

rii had the care of colonies that were sent to 



TR 

settle in different parts of the empire. They 
made a fair division of the lands among the 
citizens, and exercised over the new colony 
all the powder which was placed in the hands 

of the consuls at Rome. The triumviri 

monetales were masters of the mint, and had 
the care of the coin, hence their office was 
generally intimated with the following leders, 
olien seen on ancient coins and medals ; 
IIIVIR. A, A. A. F. F. i. e. Triumviri auro, 
argento, are flando, feriendo. Some suppose 
that they were created only in the age ot Ci- 
cero, as those who were employed before them,- 
were called Denariorum jlandoram curatores, 

The triumviri valetudinis were chosen 

when Rome was visited by a plague or some 
pestiferous distemper, and they took particu- 
lar care of the temples of health and virtue. 
The triumviri senutus legendi, were ap- 
pointed to name those that were most worthy 
to be made senators from among the plebeians. 
They were first chosen in the age of Augustus, 
as before this privilege belonged to the kings, 
and altervvards devolved upon the consuls, 
and the censors, A. U, C. 310. The trium- 
viri mensarii where chosen in the second 
Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices 
of exchange. 

TaiUMviEORUM INSULA, a place on the 
Rhine which falls into the Po, where the 
triumvirs Antony, Lepldus, and Augustus, 
met to divide the Roman empire after the 
battle of Mutina. Dio. 46, c. bd.—Appian. 
Cic. 4. 

Troades, the inhabitants of Troas. 

TuoAS, a country of Phrygia in Asia Mi- 
nor, of which Troy was the capital. When 
Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of 
Priam, it may be said to contain Mysia and 
Phrygia Minor ; but if only applied to that 
part of the country where Troy was situate, 
its extent is confined within very narrow 
limits. Troas was anciently called Dardania. 
l^Vid. Troja] 

Trochois, a lake in the island of Delos, 
near which Apollo and Diana were born. 

Trocmi, a people of Galatia. Liv. 38, 
G. 16. 

Troezese, a town of Argolis, in Pelopon- 
nesus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which re- 
ceived its name from Troezen, the son of Pe- 
lops, who reigned there for some time. It is 
often called Theseis, because Theseus was 
born there ; and Posidonia, because Neptune 
was worshipped there. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 81. — 
Pans. 2, c. 50.— Plut. in Tlies.—Ovid. Met. 

8, V. 566, 1. 15, V. 296. Another town at the 

south of the Peloponnesus. 

Trooili^, three small islands near Sa- 
mos. 

Trocilium, a part of mount Mycale, pro- 
jectitig into the sea. Strab. 14. 

TuoGiLus, a harbour of Sicily. Sit. 14, v. 
2,59. 

TROGLODyTiE, a people of iEthiopia, who 
dwelt in caves (nuj^Ax specus, Jv^i* subeo.) They 
were all shepherd?, and had their wives in 
common. Slrab. 1. — Mda, 1, c. 4 and 8. — 
Plin. 5, c. 8, I. 37, c. 10. 

Trogus Pomi'i:iu3, a Latin historian, B. 
C 41, born in Gaul. His father was one of 
the friends and adherents of J, Caesar, and 
big ancestors hud obtained privilege^and hon- 



TR 

ours from the most illustrious of the Romans. 
Trogus wrote an universal history of all the 
most important events that had happened 
from the beginning of the world to the age of 
Augustus, divided into 44 books. This his- 
tory, which was greatly admired for its purity 
and elegance, was epitomized by Justin, and 
is still extant. Some suppose that the epi- 
tome is the cause that the original of Trogus 
is lost. Justin. 47, c. 5. — .^ug. de Civ. D. 4, 
c. 6. 

Troja, a city, the capital of Troas, or, 
according to others, a country of which Ilium 
was the ca{)ii.al. It was built on a small emi- 
nence near mount Ida and the promontory 
of Sagaeum, at the distance of about four miles 
from the sea-ihore. Dardanus, the first king 
of the country, built it, and called it DardaniUf 
and from Tros, one of its successors, it was 
called Troja, and from Ilus, Ilion Neptune 
is also said to have built, or more f)roperly 
repaired its walls, in the age of king Laome- 
don. This city has been celebrated by the poems 
of Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars which 
have been carried on among the ancients, 
that of Troy is the most famous. The Tro- 
jan war was undertaken by the Greeks, to re- 
cover Helen, whom Paris the son of Priam, 
king of Troy had carried away from the house 
of Menelaus. All Greece united to avenge 
the cause of Menelaus, and every prince fur- 
nished a certain number of ships and soldiers. 
According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycoph- 
ron, the armament of the Greeks amounted 
to 1000 ships. Homer mentions them as 
being 1186, and Thucydides supposes that 
they were 1200 in number. The number of 
men which these ships carried is unknown : 
yet as the largest contained about 120 men 
each, and the smallest 50, it may be supposed 
that no less than 100,000 men were engaged 
in this celebrated expedition. Agamemnon 
was chosen general of all these forces; 
but the princes and kings of Greece were 
admitted among his counsellors, and by 
them all the operations of the war were 
directed. The most celebrated of the Gre- 
cian princes that distinguished themselves 
in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, 
Ulysses, Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patrochis, 
Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus, &ic. The 
Giecian army was opposed by a more nume- 
rous force. The king of Troy received assis- 
tance from the neighbouring princes in Asia 
Minor, af)d reckoned among his most active 
generals, Rhesus, king of Thrace, and Mem- 
non, who entered the field with 20,000 As- 
syrians and /Ethiopians. Many of the adja- 
cent cities were reduced and plundered be- 
fore the Greeks approached the walls ; but 
when the siege was begun, the enemies on 
both sides gave proofs of valour and intrepi- 
dity. The army of the Greeks, however, 
was visited by a plague, and the operations 
were not less retarded by the quarrel of Aga- 
memnon and Achilles. The loss was great on 
both sides ; the most valiant of the Trojans, 
and particularly of the sons of Priam, were 
blain in the field; and indeed to great was the 
slaughter, that the rivers of the country are 
leiuci^ented as filled with dead bodies and 
suits of armour. After the siege had been 
carried on for ten years^ some of the Trojans, 



TR 

among Vphora were ^neas and Antenor, be 
tray ed the city into the hands of the enemy 
and Troy was reduced to ashes. The poets, I 
however, support, that the Greeks made i 
themselves masters of the place by artifice. 
They secretly filled a large wooden horse with 
armed men, and led away their array from the 
plains, as if to return home. The Trojans 
brought the wooden horse into their city, and 
in the night (he Greeks that were confined 
within the sides of Ihe animal, rushed out and 
opened the gates to their companions, who 
had returned from the place of their conceal- 
ment. The greatest part of the inhabitants 
Avere put to the sword, and the others carried 
away by the conquerors. This happened, ac 
cording to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 
years before the Christian era, iti the 3530th 
year of the .Julian period, on the night between 
the ilth and 12th of .Tune,408 5^ears before the 
first Olympiad. Some time after, a new city 
was raised, about 30 stadia from the ruins 
of the old Troy: but though it bore the an- 
cient name, and received ample donations 
from Alexander the Great, when he visited 
it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued 
to be small, and in the age of Strabo it was 
nearly in ruins. It is said that J. Caesar, 
who wished to pass for one of the descend- 
ants of iEneas, and consequently to be re- 
lated to the Trojans, intended to make it 
the capital of the Roman empire, and to 
transport there the senate and the Roman 
people. The same apprehensions were en- 
tertained in the reign of Augustus, and ac- 
cording to some, an ode of Horace. Justum 
^ ienacem propositi virum was written pur- 
posely to dis.suade the emperor from putting 
into execution so wild a project [Vld. Paris, 
iEnoas, Antenor- Agememnon, Ilium, Laome- 
don. iMenalaus, &.C.] f^irg. JEn. — Homer. — 
Ovid. — Died. he. 

Trojani and TROjoGENiE, the inhabitants of 
Troy. 

Trojani r.MDi, games instituted by .Sneas, 
or his son Ascaiuus, to commemorate the 
death of Anchises, and celebrated in the cir- 
cus of Rome. Boys of the best families, 
dressed in a neat manner, and accoutred 
with suitable arms and weapons, were per- 
mitted to enter the list. Sylla exhibited 
them in his dictatorship, and under Augustus 
they were observed with unusual pomp and 
6olemnity. A mock fight on horseback, 
or sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The 
leader of the party was called princepsjuven- 
lutis, and was generally the son of a senator, 
or the heir ap[>arent to the empire. Virg. 
Mn 5, V, 602. — Suelon. in. Cas.i/'in Aug, — 
Pint, in Syll. 

Troilus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
killed by Achilles during the Trojan war. 
Apollod. 3, c. n.—Horat. 2, od.9,*v. 16.— 
Virg.Mn. 1, v. 474. 

Tromentina, one of the Roman tribes. 
Liv. 6, c. 5. 

Trop;Ea, a town of tiie Brutii. A stone 

monument on the Pyrenees, erected by Pom- 

pey. Drusi, a town of Germany where 

Drusus died, and Tiberius was saluted empe- 
ror by the army. 

Trophonius, a celebrated architect, son 
ai Erginus, king of Orcbomenos in Bceotia. 



TR 

He built Apollo's temple at Delphi, with the 
assistance of bis brother Agamedes, and when 
he demanded of the god a reward for his trou- 
ble, he was told by the priestess to wait 
eight days, and to live during that time 
with all cheerfulness and pleasure. When 
the days were passed, Trophonius and his 
brother were found dead in their bed. Ac- 
cording to Pausanius, however, he was swal- 
lowed up alive in the earth ; and when af- 
terwards the country was visited by a great 
drought, the Boeotians were directed to ap- 
ply to Trophonius for relief, and to seek 
him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in 
a cave. They discovered this cave by means 
of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius told 
them how to ease their misfortunes. From 
that time Trophonius was honoured as a god, 
he passed for the son of Apollo, a chapel 
and a statue were erected to him, and sacri- 
fices were offered to his divinity when con- 
sulted to give oracles. The cave of Tropho- 
nius became one of the most celebrated ora- 
cles of Greece. Many ceremonies were re- 
quired, and the suppliant was obliged to make 
particular sacrifices, to anoint his body with 
oil, and to bathe in the waters of certain ri- 
vers. He was to be clothed in a linen robet 
and with a cake of honey in his hand, he was 
directed to descend into the cave by a nar- 
row entrance, from whence he returned back- 
wards, after he had received an answer. He 
was always pale and dejected at his return, 
and thence it became proverbial to say of a 
melancholy man, that he had consulted the 
oracle of Trophonius. There were annually 
exhibited games in honour of Trophonius at 
Lebadea. Paus. y, c. 37, he. — Cic. Tusc. 1, 
c. 47.— Plut.— Plin. 34, c. I.—M.lian. V. H. 
3, c. 45. 

Tros, a son of Ericthonius, king of Troy, 
who married Callirhoe, the daughter of the 
Scamander, by whom he had llus, Assaracus, 
and Ganymedes. He made war against Tan- 
talus, king of Phrygia, whom he accused of 
having stolen away the youngest of his sons. 
The capital of Phr3'gia was called Troja from 
him, and the country itself Troas. Firg. 3, 
G. V. 36.— Homer. //. 20, v. 2\9.—Apollod. 3, 
c. 12. 

TuossiiLUM, a town of Etruria, which gave 
the name of TrossuU to the Roman knights 
who had taken it without the assistance of toot 
soldiers. PUn. 32, c. 2, — Senec. ep. 86 and 
87.— Pert. 1, v. 82. 

Trotilum, a town of Sicily. Thu- 
cyd. 6. 

Truentu.^t, or Truentinum, a river of Pi- 
cenum, falling into the Adriatic. There is 
also a town of the same name in the neigh- 
bourhood. Sil. 8, V. 434.— ^e/a, 2.— PUn. 
3, c. 13. 

Teypherus, a celebrated cook, he. Juv 
11. 

Tryphiodorus, a Greek poet and gram- 
marian of Egypt, in the 6Ui century, who 
wrote a poem in 24 books on the destruction 
of Troy, from which he excluded the » in the 
first book, the p in the second, and the y in 
the third, he. 

Tritiion, a tyrant of Aparaea, in Syria, 
put to death by Antiochus. Justin. 36, c. 1. 
A surname of one of the Ptolemies. 



TU 

Mlian. V. H. 14, c. 31. A gramHaarian of 

Alexandria, iu the age of Augustus. 

Tu BASTES, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
1, c. 61. 

TuBERo, Q. 7£lius, a Roman consul, son- 
in-law of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. 
He is celebrated for his poverty, in which he 
seemed to glory as well as the rest of his fami- 
ly. Sixteen of the Tuberos, with their wives 
and children, lived in a small bouse, and main- 
tained themselves with the produce of a little 
field, which they cultivated with their own 
hands. The fii-st piece of silver plate that en- 
tered the house of Tubero, was a small cup 
Avhich his father-in-law presented to him, af- 
ter he had conquered the king of Macedonia. 

A learned man. A governor of Africa. 

A Roman general who marched against 

the Germans under the emperors. He was 
accused of treason, and acquitted. 

TcBURBo, two towns of Africa, called Ma- 
jor and Minor. 

TrccA. Plautius, a friend of Horace and 
Virgil. He was, with Varus and Piotius, or- 
dered by Augustus, as some report, to revise 
the JEneid of Virgil, which remained uncor- 
rected on account of the premature death of 
the poet. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 40. Sat. 10, v. 
84. A town of Mauritania. 

TucciA, an immodest woman in Juvenal's 
age. Juv. 6, v. 64. 

TcciA, a river near Rome. Sil. 13, v. 5. 

TuDER, or Tddertia, an ancient town of 
Umbria. The inhabitants were called Tudtr- 
i€s. Sil. 4, V. 222. 

TuDRi, a people of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. 42. 

TuGiA, now Toia, a town of Spain. Plin. 
3, e. 1. 

TuGiNi, or ToGESi, a people of Germa- 
ny. 

TuGURisus, Jul. a Roman knight who 
conspired against Nero, k,c. Tacit. A. 15, c. 
70. 

TuiSTO, a deity of the Germans, son of 
Terra, and the founder of the nation. Tacit, 
de Germ. 2. 

TuLcis, a river of Spain falling into the Me- 
diterranean, now Francoli. 

TuLiNGi, a people of Germany between 
the Rhine and the Danube. Cas. I, c. 5. B. 
G. 

TuLLA, one of Camilla's attendants in the 
Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 656. 

TuLLiA, a daughter of Servius Tullius, 
king of Rome. She married Tarquin the 
Proud, after she had murdered her first hus- 
band Arunx, and consented to see Tullius as- 
sassinated, that Tarquin might be raised to the 
throne. It is said that she ordered her cha- 
riot to be driven over the body of her ageo 
father, which had been thrown all mangled 
and bloody in one of the streets of Rome. 
She was afterwards banished fiom Rome with 

her husband. Ovid, in lb. 363. Another 

daughter of Servius Tullius, who married 
Tarquin the Proud. She was murdered by 
bcr own husband, that he might marry her 

ambitious sister of the same name. A 

daughter of Cicero. [Vid. Tulliola] A 

debauched woman. Juv. 6, v. 306. 

TuLLiA LEX, de senatu, by M. Tullius 
Cicero, A. U. C. OSV, enacted that Iho^e 



TU 

who had a libera legatio granted them by the 
senate, should hold it no more than one year. 
Such senators as had a libera le<i,atio travelled 
through the provinces of the empire without 
any expense, as if they were employed ia 

the affairs of the state. Another, de am- 

biiu, by the same, the same year. It forbad 
any person two years before he canvassed for 
an office, to exhibit a show of gladiators, un- 
less that case had devolved upon him by will. 
Senators guilty of the crime of ambitus, were 
punished with the aqua. 4- igtiis interdictio 
for ten years, and the penalty inUitted on the 
commons was more severe than that of the 
Calpurnran law. 

TcLHA5UM, a subterraneous prison in Rome, 
built by Servius Tullius, and added to the other 
called Robur, where eriminals were confined. 
Saiiust. in B. Calil. 

Ti'LuuLA, or Tdllia, a daughter of Cicero 
by Terentia. She married Caius Piso, and 
afterwards Furius Crassipes, and lastly P. 
Corn. Dolabella. With this last husband she 
had every reason to be dissatisfied. Dola- 
bella was turbulent, and consequently the 
cause of much grief to TuUia and her father. 
TuUia died in childbed, about 4J years be- 
fore Christ. Cicero was so inconsolable on 
this occasion, that some have accused him of 
an unnatural partiality for bis daughter. Ac- 
cording to a ridiculous story which some of 
the moderns report, in the age of pope Paul 
3d, a monument was discovered on the Ap- 
pian road, with the supei-scription of Tulliola. 
JUice mea. The body of a woman was found 
in it, which was reduced to ashes as soon as 
touched; there was also a lamp burning, 
which was extinguished as soon as the air 
gained admission there, and which was sup- 
posed to have been lighted above 1500 yeans. 
Ci^ — Plut. in Cic. 

Tullius Cimber, the son of a freed-maQ.; 
rose to great honours, and followed the interest 
of Pompey. He was reconciled to J. Caesar, 

whom he murdered with Brutus. Plut. 

Cicero, a celebrated orator. [Vid. Cicero.J 

The son of the orator Cicero. [Vid. 

Cicero.] Servius, a king of Rome. [Vid. 

Servius.] Senecio, a man accused of con- 
spiracy against iSero with Piso. A friend 

of Otho. One of the kings of Rome. [lid. 

Servius.] 

TuLLus HosTiLius, tlic third king of Rome 
after the death of jNuma. He was of a 
warlike and active disposition, and signa- 
lized himself by his expedition against the 
people of Alba, whom he conquered, and 
whose city he destroyed, after the famous 
battle of the Horatii and Curiatii. He after 
wards carried his arm^ against the Latins and 
the neighbouring stales with success, and en- 
forced reverence for majesty among his sub- 
jects. He died with all his family about 649 
years before the Christian era, after a reign of 
32 years. The matiner of bis death is not 
precisely known. Some suppose that he was 
killed by lightning, while he was pertorming 
tjouie magical ceremonies in his own house; 
or according to the more probable accounts 
of others, he was murdered by Aucus Mar- 
tius, who set fire to the palace, to make it 
believed that the impiety of Tullus had bre:: 
puniihed by heaven. I' lor. 1, c^ 3 — Dio>r; .'i 



TU 

Mai 3, c. l.—Virg. .EEn. 6, v. 814.— Lir. 1, c. 

'22,.— Pint. A consul, A. U. C. 686. Horat. 

3, od. S, V. 12. 

TuNETA, or Tunis, a town of Africa, near 
which Regulus was defeated and taken by 
Xanthippus, Liv. 30, c. 9. 

TuNGRi, a name triven to some of the Ger- 
mans, supposed to live on the banks of the 
Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, is 

now Tongeren. The river of the country 

is now the Spaw. Tacit, de Germ. 2. 

C.TuKANius, a Latin tragic poet in the age 
<»f Augustus. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 29. 

Tdrba, a town of Gaul. 

Turbo, a gladiator, mentioned Horat. 2, 
Sat. 3, V. 310. He was of a small stature, but 

nncommonly courageous. A governor of 

Pannonia, under the emperors. 

TuRDETANi or TuRDUTi, a people of Spain, 
inhabiting both sides of the Baetis. Liv. 21, c. 
6, 1.28, c. 39, 1.34, c. 17. 

TuRESis, a Thracian, who revolted from Ti- 
berius. 

TuRiAS, a river of Spain falling into the 
Mediterranean, now Guadalaviar. 

TuRicuM, a town of Gaul, now Zurich, in 
Switzerland. 

TuRiosA, a town of Spain. . 

TuRius, a corrupt judge in the Augustan 
age. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 49. 

TcRNus, a king of the Rutuli, son of Dau- 
Busand Venilia. He made war against -iEneas, 
and attempted to drive him away from Italy, 
that he might not marry the daughter of La- 
tinus, who bad been previously engaged to 
him. His efforts were attended with no suc- 
cess, though supported with great courage 
and a numerous army. He was conquered 
and at last killed in a single combat by ^neas. 
He is represented as a man of uncommon 
strength. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 56, hc.— Tibnll. 
2, el. 5, v. 49.— Owrf. Fast. 4, v. 879. Met. 14, 
V. 451. 

TuRoNEs, a people of Gaul, whose capital, 
Caesarodunum, is the modern Tours. 

TuRPio. Vid. Ambiviiis. 

ToRRUs, a river of Italy falling into the 
Adriatic. 

TuRULLius, one of Cassar's murderers, 

TuRUNTUs, a river of Sarraatia, supposed to 
be the Dwina, or Duna. 

ToscANiA and Tuscia, a large country at 
the west of Rome, the same as Etruria. [Vid. 
Etruria.] 

Tusci, the inhabitants of Etruria. The 

villa of Pliny the younger near the sourcesof 
ibe Tiber. Plin. ep. 5 and 6. 

TuscuLANUM, a country house of Cicero, 
near Tusculum, nhere among other books the 
orator composed his qua?stiones concerning 
the contempt of death, &.c. in live books. 67c. 
Tnsc. 1, c. 4. ML 15, ep. 2. Div. 2, c. 1. 

Tusci/LOM, a town of Latium on the de- 
clivity of a hill, about 12 miles from Rome 
founded by Telegonus the son of Ulysses and 
Circe. It is now called Frescati, and is fa- 
mous for the magnificent villas in its neigh- 
bourhood . Cic. ad Attic. — Slrab. 5. — Horat. 3 
Od. 23, v. 8, he. 

Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber 
is called Tuscus amnis, from its situation. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 199. 

Tesevs vicus, a small village near Rome. 



TY 

It received this name from the Etrurians of 
Porsenna's army that settled there. Liv. 3, 
c. 14. 

TuscuM MARE, a part of the Mediterra- 
nean on the coast of Etruria. [Vid Tyrrhe- 
num.] 

TuTA, a queen of lUyricum, &c. {Vid- 
Teuta.] 

TuTJA, a vestal virgin accused of inconti- 
nence.. She proved herself to be innocent by 
carrying water from the Tiber to the temple 
of Vesta in a sieve, after a solemn invocation 

to the goddess. Liv. 20 A small river 

six miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched 
his camp, when he retreated from the city. 
Liv. 26, c. 11. 

TuTicuM, a town of the Hirpini. 

TvANA, a town at the foot of mount Taurus 
in Cappadocia, where ApoUonius was born, 
whence he is called Tyaneus. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
7l9.—Sirab. 12. 

Tyanitis, a province of Asia Minor, near 
Cappadocia. 

Tybris. [Vid. Tiberis.] A Trojan who 

fought in Italy with iEueas against Turnus. 
Virg. M.n. 10; v. 124. 

TvBUR, a town of Latium on the Anio 
[Vid. Tibur.] 

Tyche, one of the Oceanides, Hesiod. 
Theog. V. 360. A part of the town of Syra- 
cuse. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 53. 

TvcHius, a celebrated artist of Hyle in 
Bceotia, who made Hector's shield, which was 
covered with the hides of seven oxen. Ovid, 
Fast. 3, V. 823.— S/m6. 9.— Homer. II. 7, v. 
220. 

Tyde, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. 
Ital. 3, V. 367. 

TvDEUs, a son of CEneus, king of Caly- 
don and Periboea. He fled from his countiy 
after the accidental murder of one of his 
friends, and found a safe asylum in the court 
of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daughter 
Deiphyle he married. When Adrastus wished 
to replace his son-in-law Polynices on the 
throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go 
and declare war against Eteocles, who usurp- 
ed the crown. The reception he met pro- 
voked his resentment ; he challenged Eteo- 
cles and his olHcers to single combat, and 
defeated them. On his return to Argos, 
he slew 50 of the Thebans who had conspir- 
ed against his life, and laid in ambush to 
surprise him ; and only one of the number 
was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear 
the tidings of the fate of his companions. 
He was one of the seven chiefs of the ar- 
my of Adrastus, and during the Theban 
war he behaved with great courage. Many 
of the enemies expired under his blows, till 
he was at last wounded by Melanippus. 
Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the 
strengtii to dart at his enemy, and to bring 
him to the ground, before he was carried 
away from tlie tight by his companions. At 
his own request, the dead body of Mela- 
nippus was brought to him, and after he had 
ordered the head to be cut o(F, he began 
to tear out th.e brains with his teeth. The 
savage barbarity of Tydeus displeased Mi- 
nerva, who was coming to bring him relief, 
and to make him immortal, and the goddes.= 
left him to his fate, and suffered Uini to 



TY 

die. He was buried at Argos, where his 
monument was still to be seen in the age 
of Pausanias. He was father to Diomedes. 
Some suppose that the cause of his flight 
to Argas, was the murder of the son of Me- 
Jus, or, according to others, of Alcathous 
his father's brother, or perhaps his own bro- 
ther Olenius. Homer. IL 4, v. 365, 387.— 
JipoUod. 1, c. 8, 1. 3, c. Q.—JEschyL Sept. Ante 
Theb—Paus. 9, c. 18. — Diod. 2.—Eurip. in 
Sup.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 479.— Otwd. in lb. 360, 

TvDiDEs, a patronymic of Diomedes, as 
«on of Tydeus. Virg. ^n. ], v. \0\.~Uorat. 
1, Od. 15, V. 28. 

TyLos, a town of Peloponnesus near T«e- 
narus, now Bahrain. 

Tymber, a son of Daunus, who assisted 
Turnus. His head was cut off in an engage- 
ment by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 391, &c. 

TvMOLUs, a mountain. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 15. 
\yid Tmolus.j 

Tympania, an inland town of Elis. 

Tymph^ei, a people between Epirus and 
Thessaly. 

TvNDARiDiE, a patronymic of the chil- 
dren of Tynd.^ru£, as Castor, Pollux, and 

Helen, fcc. Omd. Met. 8. A people of 

Colchis. 

Tyndaris, a patronymic of Helen, daugh- 
ter of Tyndarus. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 569. 

A town of ?icily near Pelorus, founded by 
a Messeiiian colonv. Strab. 6. — Piin. 2, c 

91.— Si7. 14, V. 209. Horace gave this 

name to one oi his mistresses, as best expres- 
sive of all female accomplishments. 1, Od. 

37, V. 10. A name given to Cassandra. 

Ovid. Ji. A. 2, V. 408 A town of Colchis on 

the Pbasis. Plin. 

Tyndarus, son of (Ebalus and Gorgo- 
phone, or, according to some, of Perieres. 
He was king of Lacedaemon, and married the 
celebrated Leda, who bore him Timandra, 
Philonoe, &lc. and also became mother of Pol- 
lux and Helen by Jupiter. [Vid. Leda, Cas- 
tor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, kc.J 

Tynnichus, a general of Heraclea. Polyan. 

Typh(Eus, or Typhon, a famous giant, 
son of Tartarus and Terra, who bad a hun- 
dred heads like those of a serpent or a dra- 
gon. Flames of devouring fire were darted 
from his mouth and from his eyes, and he ut- 
tered horrid yells, like the dissonant shrieks 
of different animals. He was no sooner born, 
than, to avenge the death of his brothers the 
giants, he made war against heaven, and so 
frightened the gods, that they fled away and 
assumed different shapes. Jupiter becanif- a 
ram, Mercury an ibis, Apollo a crow, Juno a 
cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a 
iish, iic. The father of the gods at last re- 
sumed courage, and put Typhoeus to flight 
with his thunderbolts, and crushed him under 
mount J:tna, in the island of Sicily, or ac- 
cording to some, under the island Inarime. 
TyphcEus became father of Geryon, Ceibenis. 
and Ortho?, by his union with Echidna. Ily 
gin. fab. 152 and 196.— Or/<i. Met. 5, v. 3l'5 
— ^^schyl. sept, ante Thtb.—Htsiod. Theog. 
S20.— Homer. Hym.—Herodot. 2, c. 156.— 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 716. 

TvPHON, a giant whom Juno produced by 
"itrik'ng the earth. Some of the poets mjky 



TY 

him the same as the famous Typhoeus. [Vid- 
Typhoeus.] A brother of Osiris, who mar- 
ried Nepthys. He laid snares for his brother 
during his expedition, and murdered him at 
his return. The death of Osiris was avenged 
by his son OruS; and Typhon was put to death. 
[Vid. Os'iTis.] He was reckoned among th6 
Egyptians to be the cause of every evil, and 
on that account generdly represented as a 
wolf and a crocodile. Plut. in Is. &■ Os.-~ 
Diod. 1. ^ 

Tyrannion, a grammarian of Pontus, 
intimate with Cicero. His original name 
was Thephrastus, and he received that of 
Tyrannion, from his austerity to his pupils. 
He was taken by LucuMup, and restored to 
his liberty by Mursena. He opened a school 
in the house of his friend Cicero, and en- 
joyed his friendship. He was extremely fond 
of books, and collected a library of about 
30,000 volumes. To his care and industry 
the woild is indebted for the preservation 

of Aristotle's works. There was also one 

of his disciples called Diodes, who bore his 
name. He was a native of Phoenicia, and 
was made prisoner in the war of Augustus 
and Antony. He was bought by Dymes, 
one of the emperor's favourites, and after- 
wards by Terentia, who gave him his liberty. 
He wrote 68 different volumes, in one of which 
he proved that the Latin tongue was derived 
from the Greek, and another in which Ho- 
mer's poems were corrected, &ic. 

TvRANNus, a son of Pterelaus. 

Tyras. or Tyra, a river of European Sar- 
matia, falling into the Euxine sea, between the 
Danube and the Borysthenes, now called the 
Mester. Ovid. Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 50. 

Tyres, one of the companions of ^neas ia 
his wars against Turnus. He was brother to 
Teulhras. Virg. .SEn. 10, v. 403. 

Tyridates. a rich man in the age of Alex- 
ander, &LC. Curt. 

TiRii, or Tyrus, a town of Magna Graecia. 

Tyriotes, an eunuch of Darius, who fled 
from Alexander's camp to inforai his mas- 
ter of the queen's death. Curt. 4, c. 10. 

Tyro, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Sal- 
moneus, king of Elis and .4lcidice. She was 
treated with great severity by her mother-in- 
law Sidero, and at last removed from her fa- 
ther's house by her uncle Cretheus. She be- 
came enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she 
often walked on the banks of the river, Nep- 
tune assumed the shape of her favourite lover, 
and gained her affections. She had two sons, 
Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she 
exposed, to conceal her incontinence from the 
world. The children were presei ved by shep- 
herds, and when they had Pn ived to years of 
maturity, they avenged their mother's inju- 
ries by a>satsitiating the cruel Sidero. Some 
lime after her amoiir vitli Neptune, Tyro 
married her uncle Cretheus, by wlmjii she 
iiad Amythaon. Pliores, and TF'som. lyro ifi 
olien called Salmuni.f from her father. Ho 
mr.r. Od. Jl, v 2li4.—Py,iJar. Pyth. 4.- 
.IpoUod. 1, c. 9~Ij!od. 4—Prop'erl. 1, el. 
13, V 20. I. 2, el. 30, v. 51, I. 3, el. 19, v 
13— Orirf. Am. 3, el. 6, v. A'i.-^^Aian. V. H. 
12 c. 42. 

Tyros, nn island cr Arabia ——A city tf 
Phcenicin. [Tirf. Tyrus ] 



TY 

Tyrrheidje, a patronymic given to tbe^ 
sons of Tyrrbeus, who kept the flocks of La- 
linus. Virg.Mn.l.v. 484. 

TyRRH*;Ni, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
[Vid Etruria.] 

TyKKH£NUM MARE, that part of the Me- 
diter.'-aiiean which lies on the coast of Etruria. 
It is also called Inftrum, as being at the bot- 
tom or south of Italy. 

TvRRHiiNos, a son of Atys king of Ly- 
dia, who came to Italy, where part of the 
country was called after him. Strab. 5. — 

Tacit. Ann. 4, c. ^.—Paterc. 1, c. 1. 

A friend of.^neas. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 612. 

Tyrrheus. a shephei-d of king Latinus, 
whose stag being killed by the companions 
of Ascanius, was the first cause of war be- 
tween -^.neas and the inhabitants of Latium. 
Hence the word Tyrrheides. Virg. M.n. 7, v. 
485. An Egyptian general, B. C. 91. 

Tyrsis, a place in the Balearides, suppo- 
sed to be the palace of Saturn. 

TvRT^.us, a Greek elegiac poet bofn in 
Anica, son of Arcbimbrotus. In the second 
Messenian war, the Lacedaemonians were di- 
rected by the oracle to a|)ply to the Athenians 
for a general, if they wished to finish their 
expedition with success, and they were con- 
temptuously presented with Tyrtae»s. The 
poet, though ridiculed for his many deformi- 
ties, and his ignorance of military affairs, ani- 
mated the Lacedaemonians with martial songs, 
just as they wished to raise the siege of Ithome, 
and inspired them with so much courage, that 
they defeated the Messenians. For his ser- 
vices, he was made a citizen of Lacedaemon, 
and treated with great attention. Of the com- 
positions of Tyrtaeus, nothing is extant but the 
ti-agments of four or five elegies. He flourished 



TY 

about 684 B. C. Justin. 2, c. b.—Strab, 8. — 
Aristot. Polit.5, c. T.—Horat. de Jirt p. 402. 
— Milan . V. H. 12, g. 50.— Paus. 4, c. 6, &c. 

Tyrus, or Tyros, a very ancient city of 
Fbcenicia, built by the Sidonians, on a small 
island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia 
from the shore, and bow called Sur. There 
were, properly speaking, two places of that 
name, the old Tyros, called Palceti/ros, on the 
sea-shore, and the other in the island. It was 
about 19 miles in circumference, including^ 
Palaityios, but without it about four milea. 
Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, 
arid afterwards rebuilt. It maintained its in- 
dependence till the age of Alexander, who 
took it with much difllculty, and only after he 
had joined the island to the continent by a 
mole, after a siege of seven months, on the 
20th of August, B. C. 332. The l^rians were 
naturally industrious ; their city was the em- 
porium of commerce, and they were deemed 
the inventors of scarlet and purple colours. 
They founded many cities in different parts of 
the world, such as Carthage, Gades, Leptis, 
Utica, &.C. which on that account are often 
distinguished by the epithet Tyria. The build- 
ings of Tyre were very splendid and magnifi- 
cent ; the walls were 150 feet high, with a pro- 
portionable breadth. Hercules was the chief 
deity of the place. It had two large and capa- 
cious harbours, and a powerful fleet ; and was 
built, according to some writers, about 2760 
years before the Christian era. Strab. 16. — 
Herodot. 2, c. 4i.—Mela, 1, c. 12.— Curt. 4, 
c. 4.— Virg. Mn. 1, v. 6, 339, he— Ovid. Fast. 

1, &ic. Met. 5 and 10. — Lucan 3, &.c. A 

nymph, mother of Venus, according to some. 

Tysias, a man celebrated by Cicero. [Vid. 
Tisias.] 



VA 

VACATIONE (lex de) was enacted con- 
cerning the exemption from military ser 
vice,and contained this very remarkable clause, 
nm helium Gallicum exoriatur, in which case 
the priests themselves were not exempte*- 
from service. This can intimate how appie 
hensivc the Romans were of the Gauls, by 
whom their city had once been taken. 

Vacca, a town of I^umidia. Sailust, Jug. 
A river of Spain. 

VaccjEi, a people at the north of Spain. 
Hv. 21, c. 5, 1. 35, c. 7, 1. 46, c. 47. 

Vaccus, a general, &:c. Liv. 8, c. 19. 

VacCna, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over repose and leisure, as the word indicates 
(vacare). Her festivals were observed in 
the month of December. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
dOT.-lhrat. 1, ep. 10, v. 49. 

Vadimonis Lacks, now Bassano, a lake 
of Etruria, whose waters were sulphureous. 
The Etrurians were defeated there by the Ro- 
mans, and the Gauls by Dolabella. Liv. 9, c. 
dO.—Flor. 1, c. 13.— P/m. 8, ep. 20. 

Vaga, a town of Africa. Sil. 3, v. 259. 

VagedrCsa, a river of Sicily, betw^een 
the towns of Camari^a and Gela. Sil. 14, 
V. 229. 



VA 

Vagellius, an obscene lawyer of Mutina 
Juv. 16, v. 23. 

Vageni, or Vagiehwi, a people of Liguria, 
at tlie sources of the Po, whose capital 
was called Augusta Vagiennorum. Sil. 8, v.. 
606. 

Vahalis, a river of modern Holland, now 
called the Waal. Tacii. Ann. 2, c. 6. 

Vala, C. Numonius, a friend of Horace? 
to whom the poet addressed 1 ep. 15. 

Valens, Flavins, a son of Gratian, bom 
in Pannonia. His brother Valentinian took 
him as his colleague on the throne, and ap- 
pointed him over the eastern parts of the 
Roman empire. The bold measures and the 
threats of the rebel Procopius, fi-ightened the 
new emperor; and if his friends had not 
intervened, he would have willingly resigned 
all his pretensions to the empire, which his 
brother had intrusted to his care. By perse- 
verance, however, Valens was enabled to 
destroy his rival, and to distinguish hunseir 
in his wars against the nortliern barbarians. 
But his lenity to these savage intruders 
proved fatal to the Roman power; and 
by permitting some of the Goths to settle in 
the provinces of ThracC) and to have free 



VA 

access to every part of the country, Valens 
encouraged (hem to make depredalions on 
liis subjects, and to disturb their tranquillity. 
His eyes were opened too late ; he attempted 
to repel them, but he failed in the attempt 
A bloody battle was fought, in which the bar- 
barians obtained some advantage, and Valens 
Avas hurried away by the obscurity of the 
night, and the affection of his soldiers for his 
person, into a lonely house, which the Goth set 
on fire. Valens, unable to make his escape, 
was burnt alive, in the 50th year of his age, 
after a reign of \o years, A. D. 378. He has 
been blamed for his superstition and cruelty, in 
putting to death all such of hb subjects whose 
name began by Theod, because he had been 
informed by his favourite astrologers, that his 
crown would devolve upon the head of an 
officer whose name began with these letters. 
Valens did not possess any of the great qua- 
lities which distinguish a great and powerful 
monarch. He was illiterate, and of a disposi- 
tion naturally indolent and inactive. Yet 
though timorous in the highest degree, he was 
warlike: and though fond of ease, he was ac- 
quainted with the character of his utficars, and 
preferred none but such as possessed raerh. 
He was a great friend of discipline, a pattern 
of chastity and temperance, and he showed 
himself always ready to listen to the just com- 
plaints of his subjects, though he gave an at- 
tentive ear to flattery and malevolent infor- 
mation. Ammian. he. Valerius, a procon- 
sul of Achaia, who proclaimed himself erape 
rorofRome, when Marcian, who had been 
invested with the purple in the east, attempt- 
ed to assassinate him. He reigned only six 
months, and was murdered by his soldiers, A. 

D. 261 Fabius, a friend of Vitellius, Vv^hom 

he saluted emperor, in opposition to Otho. He 

was greatly honoured by Vitellius, 6ic. A 

general of the emperor Honorius. The 

name of the second Mercury, mentioned by 
Cic. de Kal. D. 3, c. 22, but considered as more 
properly belonging to Jupiter. 

Velentia, one of the ancient names of 

Rome.. A town of S[)aln, a little below 

Saguntum, founded by J. Brutiis, and for some 

time known by the name of Julia Colonia. 

A town of Italy. Another in Sardinia. 

Valentinianus 1st, a son of Gratian, raised 
to the imperial throne by his merit and 
valour. He kept the western part of the 
empire for himself, and appointed over the 
east his brother Valens. He gave the most 
convincing proof of his military valour in 
the victories which he obtained over the 
barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the de- 
serts of Africa, or on the banks of the Rhine 
and the Danube. The insolence of the Quadi 
he punished with great severity ; and when 
these desperate and indigent barbarians had 
deprecated the conqueror's mercy, Valen- 
tinian treated them with contempt, and up- 
braided them with every mark of resentment. 
While be spoke with such warmth, he broke 
a blood vessel, and fell lifeless on the ground. 
He was conveyed into his [)alace by his atten- 
dants, and soon after died, after suffering the 
greatest ogonies, violent fits, and contortions 
of his limbs, on the 17th of November, A. D. 
375. He was then in the 05Ui year of his age, 
«Dd had reigned 12 yearp. He has beon repre- 



VA 

sented by some, as cruel and covetous in the 
highest degree. He was naturally of an iras- 
cible disposition, and he gratified his pride in 
expressing a contempt for those who were his 
equals in military abilities, or who shone for 
gracefulness orelegance of address. Ammian. 
About six days after the death of Valen- 



tinian, his second son, Valentinian the second, 
was proclaimed emperor, though only five 
years old. He succeeded his brother Gratian, 
A. D. 383, but his youth seemed to favour 
dissention, and the attempts and the usurpa- 
tions of rebels. He was robbed of his throne 
by Maximus, four years after the death X)f 
Gratian ; and in this helpless situations he had 
recourse to Theodosius, who was then em- 
peror of the east. He was successful in his 
applications ; Maximus was conquered by The- 
odosius, and Valentinian entered Rome in 
triumph, accompanied by his benefactor. He 
was some time after strangled by one of hii 
officers, a native of Gaul, called Arbogastes, in 
whom he had placed too much confidence, and 
from whom he expected more deference than 
the ambition of a barbarian could pay. Va- 
lentinian reigned nine years. This happened 
the 15tli of May, A. D. 392, at Vienne, one 
of ihe modern towns of France. He hasbeen 
commended for his many virtues, and the ap- 
plause which the populace bestowed upon him 
was bestowed upon real merit. He abolished 
the greatest part of the taxes; and because 
his subjects complained that he was too fond 
ot the amusements of the circus, be ordered 
all such festivals to be abolished, and ail the 
wild beasts that were kept for the enter- 
lainmentof the people to be slain. He was 
remarkable for his benevolence and clemency, 
not only to his friends, but even to such us 
tiad conspired against his life; and he used to 
sn.Y, that tyrants alone are suspicious. He was 
fond of imitating the virtues and exemplary 
life of his friend and patron Theodosius, and 
if he had lived longer, the Romans might 
have enjoyed peace and security. Valen- 
tinian tho third, was son of Constantius and 
Placidia, tlie daugiiter of Theodosius the 
Great, and theretoie, as related to the im- 
perial family, he was saluted emperor in his 
youth, and publicly acknowledged as si;c!i at 
Rome, the 3d of October, A. D. 423, ai)Out 
the 6th year of his age. He was at first gov- 
erned by his mother, and the intrigues of iiis 
generals and courtiers; and when he can;c to 
years of discretion, he disgraced hirasel! by 
violence, oppression, and incontinence. He 
was murdered in the midst of Rome. A. D, 
454, in the 36th jear of his age, and 31st of 
his reign, by Petronius Maximus, to whose 
w ife I.e had offered violence. The vices of 
Valentinian the third were conspicuous; 
every passion he wished to gratify at the ex- 
pense of his honour, his health, and charac- 
ter; and as he lived without one single act 
of benevolence or kindness, he died lamented 
by none, though pitied for his imprudence 
and vicious propensities. He was the last 

of the family ot Theodosius. A son of 

the emperor Gratian, who di«d when very 
young. 

Valeria, a sbter of Publicola, who ad- 
vised the Roman matrons to go and deprecate- 
Ihe resontratnt of Coriolanus. Pint, in C«r 



VA 

A daughter of Publicola, given as an | 

hostage to Porsenna by the Romans. She fled ! 
from the enemy's country with Cloelia, and I 
swam across the Tiber. Plut. de Virt. Mid. i 

A daughter of Messala, sister to Horten- 

sius, who married Sylla. The wife of the 

emperor Valentinian. The wife of the em- 
peror Galerius. &,c. A road in Sicily, 

tviiich led from Messana to Liiybajum. A 

town of Spain. PUn. 3, c. 3. 

Valk.ria i.kx, de provocatione, by P. Va- 
li^rius Foplicola, the sole consul, A. U. C. 
243 It permitted the appeal from a magis- 
trate to the people, and tor!)ad the magistrate 
to punish a citizen for making the appeal. It 
further made it a capital crime for a citizen 
to aspire to the sovereignty of Rome, or to 
exercise any office without the choice and 
approbation of tbs people. VaL Max. 4, c. 

1 — Liv.2,c. 8. — Dion. Hal. 4. Another, 

di dlbilorihus, by Valerius Flaccus. It re- 
quired that all creditors should discharge 
their debtors, on receiWng a fourth part of 

the whole sum. Another by M. Valerius 

Corvinus, A. U. C.453, which confirmed the 

first Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola. 

Another, called also Horatia, by L Valerius 
and M. Horatius the consuls, A. U. C. 304. 
It revived the first Valerian law, which under 

the triumvirate had lost its force. Another, 

de ma^istralibus, by P. Valerius Poplicola, 
sole consul, A. U. C. 243. It created two 
quaestors to take care of the public treasure, 
which was for the future to be kept in the 
temple of Saturn. Plut. in Pop. — Liv. 2. 

VALKKfANDS, Publius Liciuius, a Roman, 
proclaimed emperor by the armies in Rhaj- 
tia, A. D. 254. The virtues which shone 
in him wiien a private man, were lost when 
he ascended the throne. Formerly distin- 
guished for his temperaiH-e, moderation, and 
many virtues, which fixed the uninfluenced 
choice of all Rome upon him. Valerian, invest- 
ed with (he purple, displayed inability and 
meanness. He was cowardly in his operations, 
and though acquainted with war, and the 
patron of science, he seldom acted with pru- 
dence, or favoured met) of true genius and 
merit. He took his son Gallienus as his col- 
league in the empire, and showed the malevo- 
lence of his heart by persecuting the Chris- 
tians whom he had for a while tolerated. He 
also made war against the Goths and Scythi- 
ans; but in an expedition which he under- 
took against Sapor, king of Persia, his arms 
were attended with ill success. He was con- 
quered in Mesopotamia, and when he wished 
to have a private conference with Sapor, the 
conqueror seized his person, and carried him 
in triurni)h to his capital, where he exposed 
him, and in all the cities of liis em[)ire, to the 
ridicule and insolence of his subjects. When 
the Persian monarch mounted on horseback, 
Valerian served as a footstool, and the many 
other insults .vhich he suttered, excited indig- 
nation even among the courtiers of Sapor. 
The monarch at last ordered him to be flayed 
alive, and salt to be thrown over his mangled 
hody. so that lie died in the greatest torments 
His skin was tanned, and painted in red ; and 
that the ignominy of the Roman empire might 
l>e lasting, it was nailed in one of the temples 
ot rersiu. Valerian died in the 7l3t year ot 



VA 



his age, A. D. 260, after a reign of sevcH 
years. A grandson of Valerian the em- 
peror. He was put to death when his father,, 

the emperor Gallienus, was killed. One 

of the generals of the usurper Niger. 

A worthy senator, put to death by Helio- 
gabalus. 

Valerius Pfiblius, a celebrated Roman, 
surnamed Poplicola, for his popularity. He 
was very active in assisting Brutus to ex- 
pel the Tarquins, and he was the first that 
took an oath to support the liberty and inde- 
pendence of his country. Though he had 
been refused the consulship, and had retired 
with great dissatisfaction from the direction of 
att'airs, yet he regarded the public opinion, 
and when the jealousy of the Romans in- 
veighed against the towering appearance of 
his iiouse, he acknowledged the reproof, and 
in making it lower, he showed his wish to be 
on a level with his fellow citizens, and not 
to erect what might be considered as a citadel 
for the oppression of his countiy. He was 
afterwards honoured with the consulship, on 
the expulsion of Collatinus, and he triumph- 
ed over the Etrurians, after he had gained 
the victory in the battle in which Brutus and 
the sons of Tarquin had fallen. Valeriua 
died after he had been four times consul, and 
enjoyed the popularity, and received the 
thanks and the gratitude, which people re- 
deemed from slavery and oppression usually 
{)ay to their patrons ami deliverers. He was 
so poor that bis body was buried at the pub- 
lic expense. The Roman matrons mourned 
bis death a whole year. Pint, in vita. — Flor. 
1, c. 9. — Liv. 3, c. 8, &c. Corvinus, a tri- 
bune of the soldiers under Camillus. Wheu 
the Roman army were challenged by one of 
the Senones, remarkable for his strength and 
stattu'e, Valerius undertook to engage him, 
and obtained an easy victory, by means of a 
crow that assisted him, and attacked the face 
of the Gaul, whence his surname of Corvinus. 
Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians, and 
the neighbouring states that made war against 
Rome, and was six limes honoured with the 
consulship. He died in the lOOih year of liis 
age, admired and regretted for many private 
and public virtues. Fa/. Ma.x. 8, c. 13. — Liv, 

7, c. 27, &,c. — Plut. in Mar. — Cic. m Cat. 

Antias, an excellent Roman historian often 

quoted, and particularly by Livy. Flaccus, 

a consul with Cato, whose friendship he ho- 
nourably shared. He made war against the 
Insubres and Boii, and killed 10,000 of the 
enemy. Marcus Corvinus Messala, a Ro- 
man made consul with Augustus. He distin- 
guished himself by his learning as well as mi- 
litary virtues. He lost his memory about two 
years before his death, and according to some, 
he was even ignorant of his own name. Sut- 
ton, in Jiug. — Cic. in Brut. Soranus, a 

Latin poet in the age of Julius Cassar, put to 
death for betraying a secret. He acknow- 
ledged no god, but the soul of the univei*se. 
Maximus, a brother of Poplicola. A 



Latin historian who carried arms under the 
.«o!is of Pompey. He dedicated his time to 
study, and wrote an account of all the most 
celebrated sayings and actions of the Romans, 
and other illustrious persons, which is still 
extant, and divided into nine books. It is de- 



VA 

dicated to Tiberius. Some have supposed that 
he lived after the age of Tiberius, from the 
want of purity and elegance, which so con- 
spicuously appear in his writings, unworthy of 
the correctness of the golden age ofthe Roman 
literature. The best editions of Valerius are 
those of Torrenius, 4to. L. Bat. 1726, and of 
Vorstius,8vo. Berolin. 1672. Marcus, a bro- 
ther of Poplicola, who defeated the army of 
the Sabines in two battles. He was honoured 
with a triumph, and the Romans,, to show their 
sense of his great merit, built him a house on 

mount Palatine, at the public expense Po- 

titus, a general who stirred up the people and 
army against the decemvirs, and Appius Clau 
dius in particular. He was chosen consul, 
and conquered the Volsci and iEqui. 



Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato the 
censor. He was consul with him, and cut 
oflF an army of 10,000 Gauls in one battle. 
He was also chosen censor, and prince of the 

senate, &,c. A Latin poet who flourished 

under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in eight 
books on the Argonautic expedition, but it re- 
mained unfinished on account of his prema- 
ture death. The Argonauts were there left 
on the sea in their return home. Some cri- 
tics have been lavish in their praises upon 
Flaccus, and have called him the second poet 
of Rome, after Virgil, His poetry, however, 
is deemed by some frigid and languishing, and 
his style uncouth and inelegant. The best edi- 
tions of Flaccus are those of Burman, L. Bat. 
1724, and 12mo. Utr. 1702. Asiaticus, a ce- 
lebrated Roman, accused of having murdered 
one of the relations of tlie emperor Claudius. 
He was condemned by the intrigues of Mes- 
salina, though innocent, and he opened his 

veins and bled to death. Tacit. Ann. A 

friend of Vitellius. Fabianus, a youth con- 
demned under Nero, for counterfeiting the 
will of one of his friends, he Tacit. Ann. 14, 

c. 42. LsBvinus, a consul who fought against 

Pyrrhus during the Tarentine war. Vid. 
Laevinus. Praeconinus, a lieutenant of Cae- 
sar's army in Gaul, slain in a skirmish. 

Paulinus, a friend of Vespasian, he. 

Valerus, a friend of Turnus against /Eneas. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 752. 

Valgius Rufus, a Roman poet in the Au- 
gustan age, celebrated for his writings. He 
was very intimate with Horace. Tibull. 3, 1. 
1, V. 180.— Horat. 1, Sal. 10, v. 82. 

Vandahi, a people of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. c. 3. 

Vanoiones, a people of Germany. Their 
capital, Borbetomagus, is now called Worms, 
lucan. 1, V.431.— Cas. G. 1, c. 51. 

Vanwia, a town of Italy, north of the Po. 
now called Civita. 

Vannius, a king ofthe Siievi, banished un- 
der Claudius, fee. Tacit. Ann. \t, c. 29. 

Vapjneum, a town of Gaul. 

Vabanes, a name common to some ofthe 
Persian monarchs, iu the age of the Roman 
emperors. 

Vaud^i, a people of Dalmatia. Cic. Fam. 
5, ep. y. 

Varia, a town of Latlum, 

Vakia i.ex, de mojestale, by the tribune 
L. Varius, A. U. C. 662. It ordained that 
all such as had assisted the confederates in 
their war against Rome, should be publicly 



VA 

tried. Another, de civitate, by Q. Varius 

Hybrida. It punished all such as were sus- 
pected of having assisted or supported the 
people of Italy in their petition to become 
free citizens of Rome. Cic. pro Mil. 36. in 
Brut. 56, 88, fee. 

Varini, a people of Germany. Tacit, dc 
Ger. 40. 

Varisti, a people of Germany. 

Lucius Varius, or Varus, a tragic poet 
intimate with Horace and Virgil. He was 
one of those whom Augustus appointed to 
revise Virgil's ^Eneid. Some fragments of 
his poetry are still extant. Besides trage- 
dies, he wrote a panegyric on the emperor, 
Quiiitilian says, 1. 10, that his Thyestes was 
equal to any composition of the Greek poets. 

Horat. 1, sat. 5, v. 40. A man who raised 

his reputation by the power of his oratory. 

Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 25. One of the friends 

of Antony, surnamed Coiylon. A man ia 

the reign of Otho, punished for his adulte- 
ries, &1C. 

Varro, M. Terentius, a Roman consul 
defeated at Cannae, by Annibal. [F?c?. Te- 
rentius.] A Latin writer, celebrated for 

his groat learning. He wrote no less than- 
500 different volumes, which are all now lost, 
except a treatise de Re Rmticd, and another 
de Lingua Latina, in five books, written in 
his 80th year, and dedicated to the orator 
Cicero. He was Poropey's lieutenant in his 
piratical wars, and obtained a naval crown. 
In the civil wars he was taken by Caesar, and 
proscribed, but he escaped. He has been 
greatly commended by Cicero for his erudi- 
tion, and St. Augustin says, that it cannot 
but be wondered how Varro, who read such 
a number of books, could find time to com- 
pose so many volumes; and how he who 
composed so many volumes, could be at lei- 
sure to peruse such a variety of books, and 
gain so much literary information. He died 
B. C. 28, in the 88th year of his age. The 
best edition of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo. 

1619. Cic. in Acad. Lc. — Quintil. Atta- 

cinus, a native of Gaul, in the age of J. 
Cagsar, He translated into Latin verse the 
Argonaulica of Apollonius Rhodius, with 
great correctness and elegance. He also 
wrote a poem entitled de Bello Setpianico, 
besides epigrams and elegies. Some frag- 
ments of his poetry are still extant. He 
failed in his attem[)t to write satire. Horat. 
1, sat. 10, V. 46. — Ovid. Am. 1, v. 15. — Quint. 
10, c. 1. 

Varronis Villa, now Vicovaro, was si- 
tuate on the Anio, in the country of the Sa- 
bines. Cic. Phil. 2, ep 41. 

Varus, Quintilius, a Roman procon- 
sul, descended tVoin an illustrious family. 
He was appointed governor of Syria, and 
afterwards made commander of the armies in 
Germany. He was surprised by the enemy, 
under Arminius, a crafty and dissimulating 
chief, and his army was cut to pieces. When 
he saw that every thing was lost, he killed 
himself, A. D. 10, and his example was fol- 
lowed by some of his officers. His head was 
afterwards sent to Augustus at Rome, by 
one of the barbarian chiefs, as also hi.s 
body ; and so great was ihc influence of 
this defeat upon the emperor, that he c©n 



VA 

iinued for whole months to «fcow ail the 
marks of dejection and of deep sorrow, often 
exclaiming, " O Varus, restore me my legioiu." 
The bodies of the slain were left in the field 
of battle, where they were found six years 
after by Germanicns, and buried with great 
pomp. Varus has been taxed with indolence 
and cowardice, and some have intimated, 
Ihaf if he had not trusted too much to the 
insinuations of the barbarian chiefs, he might 
have not only escaped ruin, but awed the 
Germans to (heir duty. His avarice was also 
«onfej)icuous ; he tvent poor to Syria, whence 
he returned loaded with riches. Horat. 1- 
od. 24.—Palerc. 2, c. 117— Hor. 4, c. 12 

— I'irg. Eel. 6. A son of Varus, who 

married a daughter of Germnmcus. Tacit. 

Jinn. 4, c. 6. The father and grandfather 

of Varus, who was killed in Germany, slew 
themselves with their own swords, the one 
after the battle of Philippi, and the other 

in the plains of Pharsalia. Quintilius, a 

friend of Horace, and other great men in the 
Augustan age. He was a good judge of poe- 
try, and a great critic, as Horace, Jlrt. P. 
438, seems to insinuate. The poet has ad- 
dressed the 18th ode of his first book to him. 
and in the 34th he mourns pathetically his 
death. Some suppose this Varus to be the 
person killed in Germany, while others be- 
lieve him to be a mtsn who devoted his time 
more to (he muses than to war. [Vid. Va- 

rius.] Lucius, an epicurean philosopher, 

intimate with J. Caesar. Some suppose that 
it was to him that Virgil inscribed bis sixth 
eclogue. He is commended by Q;iiintil. 

6, c. 3, 78. Alfrenus, a Roman, who 

though originally a shoe-maker, became con- 
sul, and distinguished himself by his abilities 
■as an orator. He was buried at the public 
ox[»ense, an honour granted to few, and only 

to persons of merit. Horat. 1, sat. 3. 

Accius, one of the friends of Cato in Africa, 
&c. A river which falls into the Medi- 
terranean to the west of Nice, after separat- 
ing Liguria from Gallia Narbonensis. Lucmi. 
I, V. 4U4. 

Vasates, a people of Gaul. 

Vascones, a people of Spain, on the 
Pyrenees. They were so reduced by a fa- 
mine by Metellus, that they fed on human 
llesh. Plin. 3, c. ^.—Mson. 2, v. \00.—Jav. 
lb, v. 93. 

Vasto, a town of Gaul in modern Provence. 
Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 34. 

Vaticanus, a hill at Rome, near the Ti- 
'r)erand the Janiculum, which produced wine 
of no great esteem. It was disregarded by 
the Romans on account of the unwholesome- 
iiessofthe air, and the continual stench of 
the filth that was there, and of stagnated wa- 
ters. Hcliogabalus was the first who cleared 
it of all disagreeable nuisances. It is now ad- 
mired for ancient monuments and pillars, for 
n celebrated public library, and for the palace 
of the pope. Horat. 1, od. 20. 

Vatienus, now Saterno, a river rising in (he 
Alps and falling into the Po. Mnriial. 3, ep. 
67. — Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Vatinia lex, de provinciis, by the Iri- 
hiine P. Vatinius, A. U. C. 694. It appointed 
Cicsar governor of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyri- 
yflimf for five years, without a decree of the 



VE 

senate, or the usual custom of casting lots. 
Some persons were also appointed to attend 
him as lieutenants without the iivterfereuce of 
the senate. His array was to be paid out of 
the public treasury, and he was empowered to 
plant a Roman colony in the town of Novo- 

comum in Gaul. Another by P. Vatinius 

the tribune, A. U. C. 694, de repdmuiis-, for the 
belter management of the trial of those who 
were accused of extortion. 

Vatinius, an intimate friend of Cicero, 
once distinguished for his enmity to the ora- 
tor. He hated the people of Rome for their 
great vices and corruption, whence excessive 
hatred became proverbial in the words Vati' 
nianum Odium. CalulL 14, v. 3. A shoe- 
maker, ridiculed for his deformities, and the 
oddity of his character He was one of Ne- 
ro's favourites, and he surpassed the rest of 
the courtiers in flattery, and in the commis^ 
sion of every impious deed. Large cups, of 
no value, are called Vatiniani from him, be- 
cause he used one which was both ill-shaped 
and uncouth. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 34. — Juv. — 
Marl. 14, ep. 96. 

Ubii, a people of Germany near the Rhine, 
transported across the river by Agrippa, who 
gave them the name of Agrippinenses, from 
his daughter Agrippina, who had been born 
in the country. Their chief town, Ubiorum 
oppidum, is now Cologne. Tacit. G. 28, An. 
12, c. 21. —Plin. 4, c. 17.— Ccp*. 4, c. 30. 

UcALEGON, a Trojan chief, remarkable 
for his great age and praised for the soundness 
of his counsels and his good intentions, though 
accused by some of betraying his country to 
the enemy. His house was first set on fire by 
the Greeks. Virg. Mn. 2, v. '^12.— Homer. It. 
3, V. 148. 

UcETiA, a town of Gaul. 

UcuBis, now Lucubi, a town of Spain. 
Hirtiiis. 

UoiNA, or Vedinum, now Udino, a town of 
Italy. 

Vectis, the isle of Wight, south of Britain. 
Suet. CI. 4. 

Vectids, a rhetorician, ^c. Juv. 7, v. 150. 

Vectones. \,Vid. Vettones.j 

Vedius PoLi.io, a f»-iend of Augustus, \&ry 

cruel to his servants, iic [FiW. Polilo,] 

Aquila, an officer at the battle of Bebriacum, 
kc. Tacit. H. 2, c. 44. 

V^EGETius, a Latin writer, who flourished 
B. C. 386. The best edition of his treatise dc 
Re Mitiiari, together with iWodestus, is that of 
Paris, 4to. 1807. 

Vegia, an island on the coast of Dalmatia. 

Veia, a sorceress in the age of Horace, cp. 
5, V. 29. 

Veianus, a gladiator in the age of Horace. 
1, ep. 1, V. 4. 

Veientes," the inhabitants of Veii. They 
were carried to Rome, where the tribe they 
composed was called Veienlina. [Vid. Veii.j 

Veiento, Fabr. a Roman, as arrogant as 
he was satirical. Nero banished him for his 
libellous writings. Jut. 3, v. 185. 

Veii, a powerful city of Etruria, at the. 
distance of about 12 miles from Rome. It 
sustained many long wars against the Ro- 
mans, and was at last taken and destroyed 
by Camillus, after a siege of ten years. At 
the time of its destruction, \ei\ was larger 



VE 

and far more magnificent than the city of 
Rome Its situation was so eligible, that the 
Romans, after the burning of the city by the 
Gauls, were long inclined to migrate there, 
and totally abandon their native home, and 
this would have been carried into execution 
if not opposed by the authority and eloquence 
of Camillus. Ovid. 2, Fast. v. 195. — Cic. dt 
Div. 1, c. 44.— i/oro/. 2, Sat. 3, v. 143.— Lir. 
5, c. 21, &tc. 

Vejuvis, or Vejupiter, a deity of ill omen 
at Rome. He had a temple on the Capito- 
line hill, built by Romulus. Some suppose 
that he was the same as Jupiter the infant, or 
in the cradle, because he was represented 
without thunder, or a sceptre, and had only by 
his side the goat Amaltbaea, and the Cretan 
nymph who fed him when young. Ovid. Fast. 

3, V. 430. 

Velabrum, a marshy piece of ground on 
the side of the Tiber, between the Aventine, 
Palatine, and Capatoline hills, which Augustus 
drained, and where he build houses. The 
place was frequented as a market, where oil, 
cheese, and other commodities were exposed 
to sale. Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 229.— Ovid. Fast. 
Q, V. 401.— Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. SS.—Plaut.S, 
cap. 1, V 29. 

Velanius, one of Caesar's oflBcers in 
Gaul, &-C. 

Velauxi, a people of Gaul. 

Velia, a maritime town of Lucania foun- 
ded by a colony of Phoceans, about 600 years 
after the coming of iEneas into Italy. The 
port in its neighbourhood was called Veli- 
nus partus. Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Cic. 

Phil. I0,c.4.— Virg. ^n. 6, v. 366. An 

eminence near the Roman forum, where Pop- 
licola built himself a house. Liv. 2, c. 6. — 
Cic. 7. Jitt. 15. 

Velica, or Vellica, a town of the Canta- 
bri. 

Velina, a part of the city of Rome, ad- 
joining mount Palatine, It was also one of 
the Roman tribes. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 62. — Cic. 

4, ad Attic, ep. 16. 

Velinus, a lake in the country of the Sa- 
bines, formed by the stagnant waters of the 
Velinus, between some hills near Reate. The 
river Vilinus rises in the Apennines, and 
after it has formed the lake, it falls into the 
Nar, near Spoletium. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 517. — 
Cic. Div. 1, C.36. 

Veliocassi, a people of Gaul. 

Veljterna, or VeeitrjE, an ancient 
town of Latium on the Appian road, 20 miles 
at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were 
called Vditerni. It became a Roman colony. 
Liv. 8, c. 12, &c. — Sueton. in Aug. — Hal. 8, 
V. 378, &.C. 

Vellari, a people of Gaul. 

Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senones, 
BOW Beaune. Cos. 7, c. 11. 

Vklleda, a woman famous among the 
Germans, in the age of Vespasian, and wor- 
shipped as a deity. Tacit, de Gtrm. 8. 

Velleius Paterculus, a Roman histO' 
rian, descended from an equestrian family of 
Campania. He was at first a military tribune 
in the Roman armies, and for nine years 
served under Tiberius in the various expedi- 
tions which he undertook iu Gaul and Ger- 
many. Velleius >vrole an epitome of the his- 



VE 

I tory of Greece, and of Rome, and of other 
I nations of the most remote antiquity ; but of 
I this authentic composition there remain only 
! fragments of the history of Greece and Rome 
from the conquest of Perseus, by Paulus, to 
the 17th year of the reign of Tiberius, in two 
books. It is a judicious account of celebrated 
men, and illustrious cities : the historian ie 
happy in his descriptions, and accurate in his 
dates } his pictures arc true, and his narrations 
lively and interesting. The whole is candid 
and impartial, but only till the reign of the 
Caesars, when the writer began to be influenced 
by the presence of the emperor, or the power 
of his favourites. Paterculus is deservedly 
censured for his invectives against Cicero and 
Pompey, and his encomiums on the cruel Ti- 
berius, and the unfortunate Sejanus. Some 
suppose that he was involved in the ruin of 
this disappointed courtier, whom he had ex- 
tolled as a pattern of virtue and morality. The 
best editions of Paterculus are those of Rnhn- 
kenius, 8vo. 2 vols. L. Bat. 1779; of Barbou, 
Paris, 12mo. 1777, and of Burman, 8vo. L.. 

Bat. 1719. Caius, the grandfather of the 

historian of that name, was one of the friends 
of Livia. He killed himself when old and un- 
able to accompany Livia in her flight. 

Velocasses, a people of Vtxin in Norman- 
dy. Cffii. G.2, c.4. 

Venafrum, a town of Campania near Arpi- 
num, abounding in olive trees. It became a 
Roman colony. It had been founded by 
Diomedes. Horat. 2, Od. 6, v. 16. — Martial. 
13, ep. 98.— Juv. 6, v. 89.— 5/ra6. b.—Plin. 
3, c. 6. 

Venedi, a people of Germany, near the 
mouth of the Vistula, or gulf of Dantzic. Ta- 
cit, de Germ. 46. — Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Veneli, a people of Gallia Celtica. 

Veneti, a people of Italy in Cisalpine 
Gaulj near the mouths of the Po. They were 
descended from a nation of Paphlagonia, who 
settled there under Antenor some time aft«r 
the Trojan war. The Venetians, who have 
been long a powerful and commercial nation, 
were originally very poor, whence a writer in 
the age of the Roman emperors said, that 
they had no other defence against the waves ot 
ihe sea but hurdles, no food out fish, no wealth 
besides their fisi)ing-boats, and no merchan- 
dise but salt. Sirab. 4, &.c. — Liv. 1, c. 1. — 
Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 2, c. 4.— Cces. Bell. G. 3, c. 6. 
—Lucan. 4, v. 134.— //a/. 8, v. 605. A na- 
tion of Gaul, at the south of Ai morica, on 
the western coast, powerful by sea. Their 
chief city is now called Vannes. Cats. 3, G. 8 

Vbnetia, a part of Gaul, on the mouths oi~ 
thePo. [Fid. Veneti.] 

Venetos Paulus, a centurion who con- 
spired against Nero with Piso, he. Tacit. 16. 

Jinn. c. 50. A lake through which the 

Rhine passes, now Bodensee, or Constance. 
Mela, 3, c. 2. 

Venillv, a nymph, sister to Amata, and 
mother of Turnus by Daunus. Amphilrilir 
the sea goddess, is also called Venelia. T/rg 
.^71. 10, V. "76.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 334.— rorrw 
de L. L. 4, c. 10. 

Vennones, a people of the Rhsetian Alps. 

Venonius, an historian mentioned by Cir. 
ad .Ittic. 12, ep, 3, kc. 

Vr?*rA Bkioakiim, n iov.n of BHfai;j 



VE 

BOW Winchesler. Siliirura, a town of Brl- 

tein, now Caerwent, in Monmouthshire. 

Icenorum, now Morwhich. 

Venti. The ancients, and especially the 
Athenians, paid particular attention to the 
winds, and offered them sacridces as to dei- 
ties; intent upon the destruction of mankind, 
Isy continually causing storms, tempests, and 
earthquakes. The winds were represented 
in ditferent attitudes and forms. The four 
principal winds were, Eurus, the south east; 
who is represented as a young man flying 
with great impetuosity, and often appearing 
in a playsome and wanton humour, busier, 
the south wind, appeared generally as an old 
naan with gray hair, a gloomy countenance, 
a head covered with clouds, a sable vesture, 
and dusky wings. He is the dispenser of 
rain, and of all heavy showers. Zepkyrus is 
represented as the mildest of all the winds. 
He is young and gentle, and his lap is 
filled with vernal flowers. He married Flo- 
Kt the goddess, with whom he enjoyed the 
most perfect felicity. Boreas, or the north 
wind, appears always rough and shivering. 
He is the father of rain, snow, hail, and tem- 
pests, and is always represented as surrounded 
with impenetrable clouds. Those of inferior 
note were, Solanus, whose name is seldom 
mentioned. He appeared as a young man 
holding fruit in his lap, such as peaches, 
©ranges, he. ^/ncw5, or south-west, represent- 
ed with black wings, and a melancholy coun- 
tenance. Corns, or north west, drives clouds 
©f snow before him, and Aquilo, the north- 
east, is equally dreadful in appearance. The 
winds, according to some mythologists, were 
confined in a large cave, of w^hich iEolus had 
the management, and without this necessary 
precaution they would have overturned the 
earth, and reduced every thing to its original 
chaos. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 57, &c. 

Ventidius Bassus, a native of Picenum, 
born of an obscure family. When Ascuium 
was taken, he was carried before the trium- 
phant chariot of Pompeius Strabo, hanging 
•n his mother's breast. A bold, aspiring soul, 
aided by the patronage of the family of Caesar, 
raised him from the mean occupation of a 
chairman and muleteer to dignity in the state. 
He displayed valour in the Roman armies, 
and gradually arose to the offices of tribune, 
praetor, high priest, and consul. He made 
war against the Parthians, and conquered 
them in three great battles, B. C. 39. He was 
the first Roman ever honoured with a triumph 
over Parthia. He died greatly lamented by 
all the Roman people, and was buried at tiie 
public expense. Flut. in Anton. — Juv. 7, v, 

199. Cumanus, a governor of Palestine, 

iic. Tacit. A. 13, c. 54. Two brothers in 

the age of Pompey who favoured Carbo's in- 
terest, &c. Pint. 

Venuleius, a writer in the age of the em- 
peror Alexander. A friend of Verrcs. Clc. 

in Verr. 3, c. 42. 

Venulus, one of the Latin elders sent into 
Magna Grajcia, to demand the assistance of 
Diomedes, ice. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 9. 

Venus, one of the most celebrated deities 
of the ancients. She was tli«i goddess of 
beauty, the mother of love, the queen ci 
}an''h'Vr. the nji'^trfss of the craces and of 



VE 

pleasures, and the patroness of courtezans^ 
Some mythologists speak of more than one 
Venus. Plato mentions two, Venus Urania, 
the daughter of Uranus, and Venus Popula- 
ria, the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. Cice- 
ro speaks of four, a daughter of Coelus and 
Light, one sprung from the froth of the sea, 
a third, daughter of Jupiter and the Nereid 
Dione, and a fourth born at Tyre, and the 
same as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of 
these, however, the Venus sprung from the 
froth of the sea, after the mutilated part of 
the body of Uranus had been thrown there 
by Saturn, is the most known, and of her 
In particular ancient mythologists, as well as 
painters, make mention. She arose from the 
sea near the inland of Cyprus, or according 
to Hesiod; of Cythera, whither she was wafted 
by the ze[)byrs, and received on the sea-shore 
by the Seasons, daughters of Jupiter and The- 
mis. She was soon after carried to heaven, 
where all the gods admired her beauty, and 
all the goddesses became jealous of her per- 
sonal charms. Jupiter attempted to gain her 
affections, and even wished to offer her vio- 
lence, but Venus refused, and the god, to pun- 
ish her obstinacy, gave her in marriage to his 
ugly and deformed son Vulcan. This mar- 
riage did not prevent the goddess of Love from 
gratifying her favourite passions, and she de- 
filed her husband's bed, by her amours with 
the gods. Her intrigue with Mars is the most 
celebrated. She was caught in her lover's 
arms, and exposed to the ridicule and laughter 
of all the gods. [Fw?. Alectryon.] Venus be- 
came mother of Hermione, Cupid, and Ante- 
ros, by Mars ; by Mercury, she had Herma- 
pbroditus; by Bacchus, Priapus, and by Nep- 
tune, Eryx. Her great partiality for Adonis, 
made her abandon the seats of Olympus, [Vid. 
Adonis] and her regard for Anchises, obliged 
her often to visit the woods and solitary re- 
treats oi mount Ida. [Vid. Anchises, iEneas.] 
The power of Venus over the heart, was sup- 
ported and assisted by a celebrated girdle, 
called zone by the Greeks, and ceslus by the 
Latins. This mysterious girdle gave beauty, 
grace, and elegance, when woro even by the 
most deformed ; it excited love and rekindled 
extinguished flames. Juno herself was indebt- 
ed to this powerful ornament, to gain the fa- 
vours of Jupiter, and Venus, though herself 
possessed of every charm, no sooner put oa 
lier cestus, than Vulcan, unable to resist the 
influence of love, forgot all (he intrigues and 
infidelities of his wife, and fabricated arms 
even for her illegitimate children The con- 
test of Venus for the golden apnie of Discord 
is well known. She gained the prize over Pal- 
las and JunO; [Vid. Paris, Discordia,] and re- 
warded her impai lial judge with the hand of 
the fairest woman in the world. The wor- 
ship of Venus was universally established ; 
statues and temples w*<;re erected to her in 
every kingdom, and the ancients were fond of 
paying homage to a divmity who presided 
over generation, and by whose influence alone 
mankind existed. In her sacrifices, and in 
the festivals celebrated in her honour, too 
much licentiousness [)revailed, and public 
prostitution \vas often part of the ceremony. 
Victims were seldom offered to her, or her al- 
tars stained with blood, though we find Aspa-. 



VE 

^la making repeated sacrifices. No pigs, how- 
ever, or male animals were deemed accepta- 
ble. The rose, the myrtle, and the apple, 
were sacred to Venus, and among birds, the 
dove, the swan, and the sparrow, were her fa- 
vourites; and among fishes, those called the 
aphya and the lycostomsis. The goddess of 
beauty was represented among the ancient? in 
different forms. At Elis she appeared seated 
on a goat, with one foot resting on a tor- 
toise. At Sparta and Cythera, she was re- 
presented armed like Minerva, and some- 
times wearing chains on her feet. In the 
temple of Jupiter Olympias, she was repre- 
sented by Phidias, as rising from the sea, 
Feceived by love, and crowned by the god- 
dess of persuasion. At Cnidos her statue, 
made by Praxiteles, represented her naked; 
with one hand hidi?ig what modesty keeps 
concealed. Her statue at Elephautis was 
the same, \^lth only a naked Cupid by her 
side. In Sicyon she held a poppy in one 
band, and in the other an apple, while on 
her head she had a crown, which terminat- 
ed in a point, to intimate the pole. She 
is generally represented with her son Cu- 
pid, on a chariot drawn by doves, or at 
other times by swans or sparrows. The sur 
names of the goddess are numerous, and only 
serve to show^ how well established her wor- 
ship was all over the earth. She was called 
Cypria, because particularly worshipped in 
the island of Cyprus, and in that character 
she was often represented with a beard, and 
the male parts of generation, with a sceptre 
in her hand, and the body and dress of a fe- 
male, whence she is called duplex Amathusa. 
by Catullus. She received the name of Pa- 
pkia. because worshipped at Paphos, where 
she had a temple with an altar, on which 
rain never fell, though exposed in the open 
air. Some of the ancients called hev £p astro - 
p/iia, or Epislrophia, as also Venus Urania, 
and Venus Pandemos. The first of these she 
received as presiding over wantonness and 
incestuous enjoyments; the second because 
she pati'onised pure love, and chaste and 
moderate gratifications ; and the third be- 
cause she favoured the propensities of the 
vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. 
The Cnidians raised her temples under the 
name of Venus Acrcra, of Doris, and of 
Euploea In her temple under the name 
of Kuploea, at Cnidos, was the most cele- 
brated of her statues, being the most per- 
fect piece of Praxiteles. It was made with 
white marble, and appeared so engaging, 
and so much like life, that according to 
some historians, a youth of the place intro- 
duced himself in the night into her tem- 
ple, and attempted to gratify his passions 
on the lifeless image. Venus was also sur- 
uamed Cylher<ca, because she was the chief 
deity of Cythera ; Exopolis, because her 
statue was without the city at Athens ; 
Pliilomeda, from her atiection for the phal- 
lus ; Philommeis, because the queen of laugh- 
ter ; Telessigamit, because she presided over 
marriage ; Colinda, Coloiis, or Colias, be- 
cause worshipped on a promontory of the 
same name in Attica; .^rea, because armed 
like Mars ; Verticordiu, because she could 
tt?.rn the hearts of women to cultivate chas- 
92 



VE 

tity ; Aputaria, because she deceived ; GaU 
va, because she was represented bald ; Eri- 
cyna, because worshipped at Eryx ; Etai- 
ra, because the patroness of courtezans ; 
Acidalia., because of a fountain of Orcho- 
menos ; Basilea. because the queen of love; 
Myrlea, because the myrtle was sacred to 
ner; Lihtrlina, from her inclinations to gra- 
tify lust ; Mechanitis, in allusion to the ma- 
ny artifices practised in love, &c. kc. As 
goddess ot" the sea, because born in the bo- 
som of the wafers, Venus was called Pon- 
tia. Marina, Limmsia, Epiponlia, PelagiOy 
Saligenia, Pon/ogenia, Aligena, Thalama, 
6ic. and as rising from the sea, the name 
ot Anadyomene is applied to h#, and ren- 
dered immortal by the celebrated paint- 
ings of Apelles, which represented her as 
issuing from the bosom of fbe waves, and 
wringing her tresses ou her shoidder. Fid. 
Auadyomene. Cic de JYat. D. 2, c. 27, 1. 
3, c. 22. — Orpheus Hymn. 54. — Uesiod. Theog. 
— Sappho. — Homer. Hymn, in Fer^. fee. — Firg. 
JEn. 5, V. 800, ^c.—Ovid. Heroid. 15, 16, 
19, he. Met. 4, fab. 5 hc.—Diod. 1 and 6. 
—Hygin. fab. 94, 211.— Pans. 2, c. 1, 1. 4, 
c. 30, 1. 5, c. 18.— Martial. 6, ep. 13.— £u- 
rip. in Hd.. in Ipkig. in Troad — Pint, in 
Erotic— A^tian. F. H. 12, c. l.—Alhen. 12, 
fee. — Catullus. — Laclant. de falsa re. — Ca- 
laber. 11 — Lucian. dial. fee. — Strab. 14. — 
Tacit. Ann. 3, kc.—Fal. Max. 8, c. 11.— 
Plin. 36.—Horat. 3, Od. 26, 1. 4, Od. 11, 
fee. A planet called by the Greeks Phos- 
phorus, and by the Latins Lucifer, when it 
rises before the sun, bi|t when it follows it, 
Hesperus or Vesper. Cic. de JYat. 2, c, 20, m 
sown. Scip. 

Venus PYREN.a:A, a town of Spain near the 
Ijorders of Gaul. • 

Venusia, or Venijsium, a town of Apu- 
lia, where Horace was born. Part of the 
Roman army fled thither after the defeat at 
Cannae. The town, though in ruins, contains 
still many pieces of antiquity, especially a 
marble bust preserved in the great square, and 
said falsely to be an original representation of 
Horace. Venucia was on the confines of Lu- 
cania, whence the poet said Lucayius an Apu- 
lus anceps, and it was founded by Diomedes, 
who called it Venusia or Aphrodisia, after 
Venus, whose divinity he wished to appease. 
Slrab. 5 and Cy—Horat.2, Sat. 1, v.35.— Lu'. 
22, c. 54.— P/m 3, c. 11. 

Veragri, a people between the Alps and 
the Allobroges. Liv. 31, c. 38. — Ccesar. G. 3, 
c. 1. 

Verani.a, the wifeofPiso Licinianus, whom 
Galba adopted. 

Veranids, a governor of Britain under Ne- 
ro. He succeeded Didius Gall us. Tacit. H, 
Ann. 

V KUBAN us Lacus, now .Major a, a lake of 
ItHly, from which the Ticinus Hows. It is in 
the modern diUchy of Milan, and extends 50 
miles in length from south to north, and five 
or six in breadth. Slrab 4. 

Verbiuenus, a village in the country of the 
Celtic. 

Vkkbinum, a town at the north of Gaul. 

Vkrceif,.*:, a town on (ho borders of In- 
subria, where Marius defeated the Cimbrl. 
Plin. 3,0. 17.— 0>. Fmn. 11, v]\ Vl—Sil.S, 
V. 598, 



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Vercingetorix, a chief of the Gauls, in 
the time of Cfcsar. He was conquered and 
led in triumph, &.c. Coesar. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. — 
Flor. 3, c. 10. 

Veresis, a small river of Latium falling in- 
to the Ariio. 

Veugasillaunus, one of the generals and 
friends of Vercingetorix. Ccssar. Bell. G. 

Verg.?;, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 
19. 

Vergellus, a small river rear Cannaj. 
falling into the Aufidus, over which Annibal 
made a bridge with the slaughtered bodies 
of the Romans. Flor. 2, c. 6.—Val. Max. 9, 
c. 11. 

VERGiLiAfthe wife of Coriolanus, fcc. 

Vergilia, a town of Spain supposed to be 
Murcia. 

Vergilia, seven stars called also Pleia- 
des. When they set the ancients began to 
sow their corn. They received their name 
from the spring quia vere oriantur. Pro- 
pert. 1, el. 8, V. 18.—Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 
44. 

Vergikius, one of the officers of the Roman 
troops in Germany, who refu-'ed the absolute 
power which his soldiers offered to him. Ta- 
cit. 1, Hist. c. 8. A rhetorician in the age of 

Nero, banished on account of his great fame. 
Id. An. 15, c. 71. 

Vergium, a town of Spain. 

Vergobretus, one of the chiefs of the 
^dui, in the age of Caesar, &:c. C(zsar. G. 1, 
c. 16, 

Veritas, (truth.) was not only personified 
by the ancients, but also made a deity, and 
called the daughter of Saturn and the mo- 
ther of Virtue. She was represented like 
a young virgin, dressed in white apparel, with 
all the mark* of youthful dilSdence and mo- 
desty. Defi.ocritus used to .say. that she !iid 
herself at the bottom of a well, to intimate 
the difficulty with which she is found, 

VERoi>ocTius,one of theHelvetii. C(zs. G. 
l,c. 7. 

Vekojiandui, a people of Gaul, the modern 
Vermandois. The capital is now St. Quintin, 
Cccs. G. £ 2. 

VE?tdNA, a town of Venetia, on the Athesis, 
in Italy, founded as some suppose, by Bren 
ntis, the leader ofthe Gauls. C. Nepos, Catul- 
lus, and Piiny the elder, were born there. 
It was adorned with a circus and an amphi- 
theatre by tiie Roman emperors, which still 
exist, and it still preserves its ancient name. 
Plin. 9, c. 22.— Strab. 5.— Ovid. Sm. 3, el. 15, 
V. 7. 

Vero5es, a people of Hispania Tarraconen- 
sis. Sil. 3, v. 578. 

Verreginum, a town in the country of 
the Volsci. Liv. 4, c. 1, he. — Val. Max. 6, c. 
5. 

C. Verres, a Roman who governed the pro- 
vince of Sicily as praetor. The oppression 
and rapine of which he was guilty while in 
ofiice, so offended the Sicilians, that they 
brought an accusation against him before the 
Rotnao senate. Cicero undertook the cause 
of tlif Sicilians, and pronounced those cele- 
brated orations which are still extant. Verres 
wns d<'|V>nded by Hortensius, but as he des- 
pnirpd of the success of his defr nee, he left 
Rome wi*hout waiting for his .sentence, and 



VE 

lived in great aflluence in one of the province?. 
He was at last killed by the soldiers of Anto- 
ny the triumvir, about 26 years after his volun- 
tary exile from the capital. Cic. in Ver. — 
Plin. 34, c. 2. — Lrtdant. 2, c. 4. 

Verritus, a general of the Frisii in the age 
of Nero, k.c. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 54. 

Verrius Flaccus, a freed-man and gram- 
marian famous for his powers in instruct- 
ing. Hft was appointed over the grand-fhil- 
dren of Augustus, and also distinguished him- 
self by his writings. Gtll. 4, c. 5. — Suet in 
Gram. 

Verrius Flaccus, a Latin critic, B. C. 4, 
whose works have been edited with Dacier's 
and Clerk's notes, 4to, Amst. 1699. 

Verrlgo. a town in the country of the Vols- 
ci. Liv. 4, c. 1. 

Vertigo, one of the Nervii, who de- 
serted to Caesar's army, &.c. C(Esar. B. G. 5, 
c. 45 

VERTicokoiA, one of the surnames of 
Venus, the same as the Aposlrophia of the 
Greeks, because her assistance was implored 
to turn the hearts of thn Roman matrons, and 
teach them to follow virtue and-modesty. Val. 
Max. 8. 

Vertisctjs, one of the Rhemi, who com- 
manded a troop of horse in Caesar's army. 
Cffi5. B. G. 8, c. 12. 

Vertumnus. a deity among the Roraanss 
who presided over the spring and over or- 
chards. He endeavoured to gain the affec- 
tions ofthe goddess Pomona; and to effect 
this, he assumed the shape and dreg's of a 
risherman, of a soldier, a peasant, a reaper, 
&c. but all to no purpose, till under the 
form of an old woman, he prevailed upon his 
mistress and naarried her. He is generally 
represented as a young man crowned with 
flowers, covered up to the waist, and hold- 
ing in his right hand fruit, and a crown of 
pleiitv in his left. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 642, he. 
—Pr'opert. 4, el. 2, v. 2.—IIvraf. 2, Sat. 7, v. 
14. 

VERULiE, a town of the Hernici. Liv. 9, 
c. 42, 

Verulanus, a lietitcnanl under Corbulo, 
who drove away Tiridates from Media, &ic. 
Tacit. Ann 14, c. 26. 

Verus, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, a 
Roman emperor, son of iEIius and Domitia 
Lucilla, He was adopted in the 7th year of 
his age by M. Aurelius, at the requfst of 
Adrian, and he married Luciiia, the daughter 
of !)is adopted father, who also took him as his 
colleague on the throne. He was sent by 
ivi. Aurelius to oppose the barbaiians in the 
east. His arms were attended with success, 
and ho obtained a victory over the Parthians. 
He was honom-cd with a triumph at his re- 
turn home, and soon alter he marched with 
his imtxM'ial colleage Ri;;ain'-t the Marcomntini 
in Germany, f^e died in tlii.s expedition of 
an apoplexy, in the 39ih year of his age, after 
a roi^n of eight years and some months. 
His body was broutcht back to /Rome, and 
buried by J\L Aureiius with great pomp 
and solemnity. Verus lias been greatly cen- 
sured for his debauclieries, which appeared 
more e.iorrnous and disgu^tinv.- when compar- 
ed (o the lemjierance, meekness, and pojni- 
larity of Aurelius. The example of his father 



VE 

tKd not influence him, andhe often retired from 
ihe frugal and moderate repast of Aurelius, 
to the profuse banquets of his own palace, 
where the night was spent in riot and de- 
bauchery, with the meanest of the popu- 
lace, tirith stage dancers buffoons, and lasci- 
vious courtezans. At one entertainment 
alone, where there were no more than 12 
guests, the emperor spent no less than six 
millioMs of sesterces, or about 32,200/. ster- 
ling. But it is to be observed, that what- 
ever was most scarce and costly was there ; 
the guests never drank twice out of the 
same cup ; and whatever vessels they had 
touched, they received as a present from the 
emperor when they left the palace. In his 
Parthian expedition, Verus did not check his 
vicious propensities ; for four years he left 
the care of the war to his officers., while he 
retired to the voluptuous retreats of Daphne, 
and the luxurious banquets of Antioch. His 
fondness for a horse has bsen faithfully re- 
corded. The animal had a statue of gold, 
he was fed with almonds and raisins by the 
hand of the emperor, he was clad in purple, 
and kept in the most splendid of the hails of 
the palace, and when dead the emperor, to 
espie!:s his sorrow, raised him a magnificent 
monument on mount Vatican. Some have 
suspected M. Aurelius of despatching Verus 
to rid the world of bis debaucheries and guilty I 
actions; but this seems to be tlie report of 

malevolence. L. Anna^us, a soti of the 

emperor Aurelius, who died in Palestine. 

The father of the emperor Verus. He 

was adopted by the em|»eror Adrian, but, like 
his son, he disgraced himself by his debauch- 
eries and extravagance. He died before 
Adrian. 
Vesbids, or Vesubius. Vid. Vesuvius. 
Vescia, a town of Campania. Liv. 8. 
c. li. 

Vesciaxum, a country house of Cicero 
in Campania, between Capua and Nola. 
Cic. 15. ad Attic. 2. 

Fl. Vescularius, a Roman knight in- 
timate with liberins, &c. Tacii. Jinn. 

Vesentio, a town of Gaul, now Besancon. 
C(£s 1, G. 38. 

Veskstium, a town of Tuscany. 
Veseris, a place or river near mount Ve- 
suvius. Lie. 8, c. 8. — Cic. OJj 3. c. 31. 

Vesevius and Vesevus. Vid. Vesuvius. 
Vesidia, a river of Tuscany. 
Ve>onna, a town of Gaul, now Peri- 
guevx. 

Vespacke, a small village of Umbria near 
Nursia. Suet. Vtap. 1. 

Vespasianus, Titus Flavius, a Roman 
emperor descended from an obscure family 
at Reate. He was honoured witli the consul- 
shij), not so much by (he influence of the 
imperial courtiers, as by his own private 
merit and by his public services. He nccom 
panied Nero into Greece-, but ht; oifended 
the prince by falling asleep while he repeated 
one of his poetical compositions, iiiis mo- 
inetitary resentment of the enjperor did not 
prevent Vespasian from beinj; sent to carry on 
a war against the .lews. His o[)erations wcva 
crowned with success ; manv of the cities of 
Palestine surrendered, and Vespasian began 
the iiege of Jerusalem. This was, h.owever, 



VE 

achieved by the hands of his son Titus, and 
the death of Vitellius, and the affection of his 
soldiers, hastened his rise, and he was pro- 
claimed emperor at Alexandria. The choice 
of the army was approved by every province 
of the empire; but Vespasian did not betray 
any signs of pride at so sudden and so unex- 
pected an exaltation, and though once em- 
ployed in the mean office of a horse doctor, 
he behaved, when invested with the imperial 
purple, with all the dignity and greatness 
which became a successor of Augustus. In 
the beginning of his reign Vespasian attempted 
to reform the manners of the Romans, and 
he took away an appointment which he had 
a few days before granted to a yOung noble- 
man, who approached him to return him 
thanks, all smelling of perfumes and covered 
with ointment, adding, I had rather you had 
smdt of garlick. He repaired the public 
buildings, embellished the city, and made the 
great roads more spacious and convenient. 
After he had reigned with great popularity 
for 10 years, Vespasian died with a pain in 
his bowels, A. D. 79, in the 70lh year of 
his age. He was the first Roman emperor 
that died a natural death; and he was also the 
first who was succeeded by his own son on 
the throne. Vespasian has been admired 
for his great virtues. He was clement, he 
gave no ear to flattery, and for a long lime 
refused the title of father of his country, 
which was often bestowed upon the most 
worthless and tyrannical uf the emperors. He 
despised informers, and rather than punisk 
conspirators, he rewarded them with great 
liberality. When the king of Parthia addres- 
sed him with the superscription of Arsacts 
king of kings to Flavius Vespacianus, the 
emperor was no way dissatisfied with the 
pride and insolence of the monarch, and an- 
swered him again in his own words. Flavins 
Vespasianus to Arsaces king of kings. To 
men of learning and Tnerit- Vespasian was 
very liberal : one hundred thousand sesterces 
were annually paid from the public treasury 
to the different professors that were appoint- 
ed to encourage and promote the arts and 
sciences. Yet, in spite of this apparent gene- 
rosity, some authors have ta.\ed Vespasian 
with avarice. According to their accounts he 
loaded the provinces with new taxes, he 
bought commof-ities, that he might sell them 
to a greater advantage, and even laid an im- 
post upon urine, which gave occasion to Titus 
to ridicule the meanness of his father. V^es- 
f)asian, regardless of his son's observation, 
was satisfied to show him the money that was 
raised fi'om so [)roduclive a lax, asking him at 
the same time whether it smelt offensive.' 
His ministers were the most avaricious of his 
subjects, and tije emperor U'lcd very properly 
to re#ark that ho treated ihem as sponges, 
by wetting them when dry, and scjueezing 
tijcm when they were wet. He has been ac- 
cused of selling criminals their lives, and of 
condemning the most opulent to make him- 
<i-lf master of their possessions. If, however, 
liL" was guilty of tlii's ■ njeancr practir.es they 
were all under the name of one of his concu- 
liines, who wi>lied to enricU lu:i.>-elf by the 
avarice and erf dulilv of the emperor. Sue- 
ion in vH&.—Tcuit. Hist. 4 



VE 

Vespek, or Vksperus, a name applied to 
the planet Venus when it was the evening 
star. Virg. 

Vessa, a town of Sicily. 

Vesta, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and 
Saturn, sister to Ceres and Juno. She is 
often confounded by the mylhologists with 
Rhea, Ceres, Cybele, Proserpine, Hecale, 
and Tellus. When considered as the mother 
of the gods, she is the mother of Rhea and 
Saturn ; and when considered as the patro 
jiess of the vestal virgins and the goddess of 
fire, she is called the daughter of Saturn and 
Rhea. Under this last name she was wor 
shipped by the Romans, -^neas was the first 
who introduced her mysteries into Italy, and 
IVuma built her a temple where no males 
were permitted to go. The palladium of 
Troy was supposed to be preserved within 
her sanctuary, and a fire was continually 
kept lighted by a certain number of virgins, 
who had dedicated themselves to the service 
of the goddess. [Vid. Vestales.] If the fire 
of Vesta was ever extinguished, it was sup- 
posed to threaten the republic with some sud 
den calamity. The virgin by whose negli- 
gence it had been extinguished was severely 
punished, and it was kindled again by the rays 
of the sun. The temple of Vesta was of a 
round form, and the goddess was represented 
in a long flowing robe with a veil on her head, 
holding in one hand a lamp, or a two-ean^d 
vessel, and in the other a javelin, or some- 
times a palladium. On some medals she ap- 
pears holding a drum in one hand, and a small 
figure of victory in the other. Hesiod. Theog. 
V. 454.— Cic. de Leg. 2, c. \2.—^pollod. 1, c. 1. 
— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 29Q.—Diod. 5.— Ovid. Fasl. 
e.— frist. 3.— Val. Max. 1, c. l.—Plut. in 
JVum. — Paus. 5, c. 14. 

Vestales, priestesses among the Romans, 
consecrated to the service of Vesta, as their 
name indicates. This office was very ancient, 
as the mother of Romulus was one of the 
vestals. iEneas is supposed to have first chosen 
the vestals. Nuraa first appointed four, to 
which Tarquin added two. They were always 
chosen by the monarchs, but after the expul- 
sion of the Tarquins, the high priest was in- 
trusted with the care of them. As they were 
to be virgins, they were chosen young, from 
the age of six to ten ; and if there was not a 
sufficient number that presented themselves 
as candidates for the office, twenty virgins 
were selected, and they upon whom the lot fell 
were obliged to become priestesses. Plebeians 
as well as patricians were permitted to pro- 
pose themselves, but it was required that they 
should be born of a good family, and be with- 
out blemish or deformity in every {)art of their 
body. For thirty years they were to remain 
in the greatest continence ; the ten fi^st j^ears 
were spent in learning the duties of^ie or- 
der, the ten following were employed in dis 
charging them with fidelity and sanctity, and 
the ten last in instructing such as had entered 
the noviciate. When the thirty years were 
elapsed they were permitted to marry, or if 
they still preferred celibacy, they waited upon 
the rest of the vestals. As soon as a vestal was 
initiated, her head was shavt*J to intimate the 
liberty of her person, as she was then free 
iVom the shackles of parental authority, and 



VE 

she was permitted to dispose of her possessioa* 
as she pleased. The employment of the ves- 
tals was to take care that the sacred fire of 
Vesta was not extinguished, for if it ever hap- 
pened, it was deemed the prognostic of great 
calamities to the state ; the offender was pun- 
ished for her negligence, and severely scourged 
by the high priest. In such a case all was con- 
sternation at Rome, and the fire was again 
kindled by glasses with the rays of the sun. 
Another equally particular charge of the ves- 
tals was to keep a sacreo pledge, on which de- 
pended the very existence of Rome, which; 
according to some, was the palladium of Troy^ 
or some of the mysteries of the god.s ot Samo- 
thrace. 'J'he privileges of the vestals were 
great, they had the most honourable seats at 
public games and festivals, a lictoi* with the 
fasces always preceded them when they walk- 
ed in publicthey were carried in chariots when 
they pleased, and they had the power of par- 
doning criminals when led to execution, if they 
declared that their meeting was accidental. 
Their declarations in trials were received with- 
out the formality of an oath, they were chosen 
as arbiters in causes of moment, and in the 
execution of wills, and so great was the defer- 
ence paid them by the magistrates, as well ae 
by the people, that the consuls themselves 
made way for them, and bowed their fasces 
when they passed before them To insult 
them was a capital crime, and whoever at- 
lempted to violate their chastity was beaten 
to death with scourges If any of them died 
while in office, their body was buried within 
the walls of the city, an honourgranted to few. 
Such of the vestals as proved incontinent were 
punished in the most rigorous maimer. JNu- 
ma ordered them to be stoned, but Tarquin 
the elder dug a large hole under the earth, 
where a bed was placed with a little bread, 
wine, water, and oil, and a lighted lamp, and 
the guilty vestal was stripped of the habit of 
!ier order, and compelled to descend into the 
subterraneous cavity, which was immediately 
shut, and she was left to die through hunger. 
Few of the vestals were guilty of incontinence^ 
and for the space of one thousand years, 
duiing which the order continued established, 
from the reign of Numa, only 18 were [)un- 
islied for the violation of their vow, The ves- 
tals were abolished by Theodosius the Great,, 
and the fire of Vesta extinguished. The dress 
of the vestals was peculiar ; they wore a white 
vest with purple borders, a white linen sur- 
plice called linteum superum, above which 
was a great purple mantle which flowed to 
the ground; and which was tucked up when 
they offered sacrifices. They had a close 
covering on their head, called insula, from 
which hung ribands, or vitto'.. Their manner 
of living was sumptuous, as they were main- 
tained at the public expense, and though ori- 
ginally satisfied with the simple diet of the Ro- 
mans, their tables soon after displayed the 
luxuries and the superfluities of the great and 
opulent. Liv. 2, kc. — Plut in JVum. Lc. — 
Fal. Max. 1, c. I.— Cic. de Kat. D. 3, c. 30. 
—Flor. l.—Propcrt. 4, el. U— Tacit. 4, c. 10. 
Vestalia, festivals in honour of Vesta, 
observed at Rome on the 9th of June. Ban- 
quets were then prepared before the houses, 
and meat was sent to the vestals to be offered 



VE 

to the gods, millstones were decked with gar- 
lands, and the asses that turned them were led 
round the city covered with garlands. The 
ladies walked in the procession bare-footed, to 
the temple of the goddess, and an altar was 
erected to Jupiter surnamed Pistor. Ovid. 
Fast. 6, V. 305. 

Vestalium Mater, a title given by the se- 
nate to Livia the mother of Tiberius, with the 
permission to sit among the vestal virgins at 
plays. Tacit. 4, .3/i. c. 16. 

Vestia Opija, a common prostitute of 
Capua. 

Vksticius SpDRiNA, au officer sent by Otho 
to the borders of the Po, kc. Tacit. 

V'estihos Skxtus, a pretorian disgraced by 
Tiberius, because he was esteemed by Drusus. 
He killed himself. Tacil. An. 4, c. 16. 

Vestilla, a matron of a patrician family; 
wlio declared publicly before the magistrates 
that she was a common prostitute. She was 
banished to the island of Seriphos for her im- 
modesty. 

VfiSTiM, a people of Italy near the Sabines. 
famous for (he muking of cheese. Plin. 3, c. 
b.—Mariial. 13, ep 31. — ^trah. 5. 

L. Vestinos, a Roman knight appointed 
by Vespasian to repair the capitol; 6ic. Ta- 
cit. H. 4, c. 53. — Lii\ 8, c. 29. A consul 

put to death by Nero in the time of Piso's con- 
spiracy. 

Vesvius. \yid. Vesuvius.] 

Vesulls, now Visa, a large mountain of 
Liguria near tbe Alps, where the Po takes its 
rise. Virg. J£n. 10. v. lOS.—Plin. 3. c. 19. 

Vesuvius, a mountain of Campania, about 
six miles at the east of ISaples, celebrated foj- 
its volcano, and now called Mount Soma. 
The ancients, particularly the writers of the 
Augustan age, spoke of Vesuvius as a place 
covered with orchards and vineyards, of which 
the middle was dry and barren. The first 
eruption of this volcano was in the 79th year 
of the Christian era under Titus. It was ac- 
companied by an earthquake, Vvhich overturn- 
ed several cities of Campania, particularly 
Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the burning 
asbes which it threw up, were carried not 
only over the neighbouring country, but as far 
as the shores of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. 
This eruption proved fatal to Pliny the natu- 
ualist. From that time the eruptions have 
been frequent, and there now exists an ac 
count of twenty-nine of these. Vesuvius con- 
t<nually throws up a smoke, and aomeiinies 
ashes and flames. The perpendicular height 
of this mouutain is 3780 feet. Dio. Cas$. 46. 
— Varro de R. 1, c. 6.—Liv. 23, c. SQ.—Htrab. 
5.— Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 2.—Meta, 2, c.4.—Plin. 
<i, ep. m.—Jlal. 12, V. 152, kc.— Virg. G. 2, v. 
Z24.—Marl. 4, ep. 43 and 44. 

VETiiK* CASTKA, a Roman encampment 
in Germany, which became a town, now San- 
tm, near Cleves. Tacit. H. 4, c. 18. .In. 1, c. 
46. 

Vettius, Sp. a Roman senator who was 
made inferrex at the death of Romulus, till 
the election of another king. He nomiuatJ-d 
Numa, and resigned his othce. Pliii. i.cXuni. 

A man who accused Cajsarof beinr con- 

Qerncd in Catiline's conspiracy. Cuto,one 

©fthe otficersof the i\\]\M< in the Mar'-ian u.r. 
Hp >ijpr--:'(<'fl il^ft T^)irii>r<. riiul was at last ha- 



VI 

trayed and murdered. — ^A Roman knight 
who became enamoured of a young female at 
Capua, and raised a tumult amongst the slaves 
who proclaimed him king. He was betrayed 
by one of his adherents, upon which he laid 
violent hands on himself. 

Vettona, a town of Umbria. Flin. 3, 
c. 14. 

Vettones, Vetokes, or Vjectones, an an- 
cient nation of Spain. Sil. 3, v. 378.— P/m, 
25: c. 8. 

Vetulo.nia, one of the chief cities of Etru- 
ria, whose hot waters were famous. The 
Romans were said to derive the badges of their 
magisterial offices from thence. Plin. 2, c. 
103, I. 3, c. 3.—Jtal. 8, v. 484. 

Veturia, one of the Roman tribes, divi- 
ded into the two branches of the Junii and 
Senii. It received iu name from the Vtturian 
family, which was originally called Vtlasian. 

Liv. 36. The mother of Coriolanus. She 

was solicited by all the Roman matrons to go 
to her son with her daugbter-ifi-law, and en- 
treat him not to make war against his country. 
She went and prevailed over Coriolanus, and 
for her services to the state, the Roman se- 
nate offered to reward her as she pleased. 
She only asked to raise a temple to the god- 
dess of female fortune, which was done on the 
very spot where she hail pacified her son. 
Liv. 2, c. 40. — Dionys. Hal. 7. iic. 

Veturius, a Roman artist, who made 

shields for Numa. [Vid. Mamnrius.] 

Caius, a Roman consul, accused before the 
people, and fined because he had acted with 

imprudence while in office. A Roman who 

conspired against Galba. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 
25. A consul appointed one of the decem- 
virs. Another consul defeated by the Sam- 

nites, and obliged to pass under the yoke 
with great ignominy. A tribune of the peo- 
ple, k.c. 

L. Vetus, a Roman who proposed to open 
a communication between the Mediterranean 
and the German ocean, by means of a canal. 
He was put to death by order of Nero. ' A 
man accused of adultery, ^c. 

Ufens, a river of Italy near Tarracina. 

rirg. JEn. 7, v. 892. Another river of 

Picenum. Liv. 5, c. 35. A prince who 

assisted Turiius against it^neas. The Trojan 
monarch made a vow to sacrifice his tour sons 
(o appease the mar.es of his IVi^Mid Pallas, in 
the same manner as Achilles is represented 
killing some Trojan youths on the tomb of 
Patroclus. Virg. JF.n. 7, v. 746, I. 10, v. 
518. He was afterwards killed by Gyas. Id. 
12, v 460 

Ufentina, a Roman tribe first created A. 
U. C. 435, with the tribe Fderiua, in conse- 
quence of the great increase of p(»pulatiou at 
Rome. Liv. 9, c. 20. — Fcslus. 

Vja JEmyhx, a celebrated road, made by 
the consid M. /i-^nylius Lepidus, A. U. C. 
567. It ltd with (he FNaminian road to Aqui- 
leia. TliPre was al-o another of the sunie 
name in Elruria, which led from Pib.u to Der- 

!oi"a. Appla, was made by (he ceu-sor Ap- 

pius, and led from Home to Cajiua, and from 
Capua to Brundusiimi, at the distance of 350 
miles, whi<;h (lie Komans call n five days 
journey. It passed succfs.-iively thiough the 
towns and stages of Aricia, F«rutn Appil, 



VI 

Tarracina, Fundi, Miuturnae, Sinuessa, Capua, 
Caudiiim, Beneventum, Equotulicuiu, Her- 
donia, Canusium, Barium, Egaatia, to Bnin- 
dusium. It was called by way ol eminence 
regina viarum, made so strong, and the stones 
so well cemented together, that it rei^iained 
entire ibr many hundred years. Some parts 
of it are still to be seen in the neighbourhooti 
of Naples. Appius carried it only 130 miles 
as far as Capua, A. U. C. 442, aii( it was 
finished as far as Brunduslum by Augustus 

There was also another road called iVii- 

Hucia or Numicia, which led to Brunduslum 

but by what places is now uncertain. 

Flaminia was made by the censor Flaminius, 
A. U. C. 533. It led from the Campus Murtiu? 
to the modern town of ilimini, on the 
Adriatic, through the country of the Osci and 
Etrurians, at the distance of about 360 miles. 

Lata, one of the ancient streets of Rome 

V^aleria led from Rome to the country of 

the Marsi, through the territories of the Sa- 
bines. There were besides many streets and 
roads of inferior note, such as the Aurelia, 
Cassia, Campania, Ardetina, Labicana, Do- 
mitiana, Ostiensis, Prccnestina, &c. all of 
which were made and constantly kept in re- 
spair at the public expense. 

ViADRUs, the classical name of the Oder, 
which rises in Moravia, and falls by three 
mouths into the Baltic. Ptol. 

ViBiDiA, one of the vestal virgins in the 
favour of Messalina, &lc. Tacii. Ann. 11, 
c. 32. 

ViBiDius, a friend of Maecenas. Horal. 2, 
sat. 8, V. 22. 

ViBius, a Roman who refused to pay 
any attention to Cicero when banished, 
tliough he had received from him the most 

unbounded favours Siculus. [Vid. Sica.j 

A proconsul of Spain, banished for ill 

conduct. A Roman knight accused of ex- 
tortion in Africa, and banished. A man 

who poisoned himself at Capua. Seques- 
ter, a Latin writer, whose treatise de Flumi- 
nibus, &c. is best edited bv Oberlin. 8vo.^r- 
gent. 1778. 

ViBO, a town of Lucania, anciently called 
Hipponium and Hippo. Cic. ad Att. 3, c 3. 

— Plin. 3, c. 5. A town of Spain of li)e 

Brutii. 

ViBUi.ENDs Agrippa, 3 Roman knight ac- 
cused of treason. He attempted to poison 
himself, and was strangled in prison, though 

almost dead. Tacit. C, Ann. c. 40. A 

mutinous soldier in the array of Germani- 
cus, &c. 

ViBULLius Rurus, a friend of Pompey, 

taken by Caesar, &ic. Pint. — Cic. in ep. A 

pretor in Nero's reign. 

VicA PoTA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over victory (a vincere and potiri.) Liv. 
2, c. 7. 

VicETxius, a friend of Galba, who brought 
him news of Nero's death. 

VicKNTiA, or VicETiA, a town of Cisal- 
pine Gaul, at the north-west of the Adriatic. 
Tacit. Hist. 3. 

Vicus LoNGus, a street at Rome, where an 
altar was raised to the goddess Pudicitia, or 
the modesty of the plebeians. Liv. 10, c. 23. 

Cyprius, a place on the Esquiline hill, 

■where the Sabines dwelt. 



Victor Sext. Aurehus, a writer in the age 
of Constantias He gave the world a con- 
cise nistory of the Roman emperors, from 
the age of Augustus to his own time, or A. D. 
360. He also v^ rote an abridgment of the 
Roman history, before the age of Julius Caisar, 
which is now estiiat, and ascribed by different 
rtulhors to C. Nepos, lo Tacitus, Suetonius, 
Pliny, &c Victor was greatly esteeraecl l)y 
i-he emperors, and honoured with the con- 
sulship. The best f ditidns of Victor are that 
of Pitiscus, 8vo. Utr. 1696, and that of Artu- 
zenius, 4to. Amst. 1733. 

Victoria, one of the deities of the Ro- 
mans, called by the Greeks .VtVe, supposed 
to be the daughter of the giant Pallas, or Titan 
and Styx. The goddess of Victory w^as sister 
to Strength and V^alour, and was one of the 
attendants of Jupiter. She was greatly ho- 
noured by the Greeks, particularly at Athens, 
Sylla raised her a temple at Rome, and in- 
stituted festivals in her honour. She was re- 
presented with wings, crowned with laurel, 
and holding the branch of a palm-tree in her 
hand. A golden statue of this goddess, weigh- 
ing 320 pounds, was presented to the Romans 
by Hiero king of Syracuse, and deposited in 
the temple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline hill. 
Liv. 22. — Varro. de L. L. — Htsiod. Tktog. — 
Itygin. prcef. fab. — Suet. 

VicToRiiE MONs, a place of Spain at the 
mouth of the Iberus. Lie. 24, c. 41. 

VicTORius, a man of Aquitain, who, A. D. 
463, invented the paschal cycle of 532 years. 

VicTORiNA, a celebrated matron who placed 
herself at the head of the Roman armies, and 
made war against the emi)eror Gallienus. Her 
son Victorinus, and her grandson of the same 
name, were declaied emperors, but when 
they were assassinated, Victorina invested 
with the imperial purple one of her favourites 
called Telricus. She was some time after 
poisoned, A. D. 269, and according to some 
by Tetricus himself. 

VicTOKiNus, a Cliristian writer, who com- 
posed a worthless epic poem on the death of 
the seven children nsentioncd in the Mac- 
cabees, and distinguished himself more by the 
active part he took in his writings against the 
Arians. 

VicTUMViJs, a small town of Insubria near 
Placentia. Liv. 21, c. 45. 

VjDucASSEs, a people of Normandy. Plin 
4, c. 18. 

Vienna, a town of Gallia Narbonensis on 
the Rhone, below Lyons. Strab. 1. — Cess. 
DelL G. 7, c. 9. 

ViLLiA Lex, annalis or annaria, by L. Vil- 
lius, the tribune, A. U. C. 574, defined the 
proper age required for exercising the office 
of a magistrate, 25 years for the quaistorship, 
27 or 28 for the edileship or tribunesh.p, for 
the office of pretor 30, and for that of consul 
43. Liv.U,c.44. 

ViLMus, a tribune of the people, author 
of the Villian law, and thence called Annalis, 
a surname borne by his family. Liv. IJ, c. 

44. Publius, a Roman ambassador sent to 

Antiochus. He held a conference with Anni- 

bal, who was at the monarch's court A 

man who disgraced himself by his criminal 
amours with the daughter of SvUa. Horat. 
1. Sat. 2. v. 64. 



VI 

V^iMiNir,is, one of the seven hiils on 
whicli Rome was built, so called from the 
number of oziers (vimines) which grew there. 
ScMvius Tullius first made it part of the city. 
Jupiter ba(i a temple there, whence he was 
called Viminalis. Liv. 1, c. 44. — Varro. L. L. 
4, c. 8. 

ViNAHA, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Jupiter and Venus. 

ViNcENTius, one of the Christian fathers, A. 
D. 434, v\hose works are best edited by Ba- 
luziiis, Paris Ififil). 

ViNcius, a Roman knijrht, condemned 

under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 40. An 

officer in Germany. 

ViNDALius, a writer in the reign of 
Constantius, who wrote ten books on agri- 
culture. 

ViNDELici, an ancient people of Ger- 
many, between the heads of the Rhine and 
the Danube. Their country, which was cal- 
led rindeliciaf forms now part of Swabia and 
Bavaria, and their chief town, Augusta Ftn- 
delicorum, is now Ausburg. Horal. 4, od. 4, 
V. 18. 

ViNDEMiATon, a constellation that rose 
about Ihe nones of March, Ovid. Fast. 3, 
V. 407.— P/m. 18, c. 13. 

ViNDEX Julius, a governor of Gaul, who 
revolted against JN'ero, and determined to de- 
liver the Roman empire from his tyranny. 
He was followed by a numerous army, but 
at last defeated by one of the emperor's ge- 
nerals. When he perceived that all was lost, 
he laid violent hands upon himself, 6S A D. 
Sueton. in Galb. — Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 51. — Plin. 
9, ep. 19. 

ViNDicius, a slave who discovered the 
conspiracy which some of the most noble of 
the Roman citizens had formed to restore 
Tarquui to his throne. He was amply re- 
warded, a»id made a citizen of Rome. Liv. 2, 
c. 5. — Plut. in Popl. 

ViNDiLi, a nation of Germany. Plin. 4, 
c. 14. 

ViNDOMssA, now JVendish, a town of the 
Helvetii on the Aar. in the territory of Berne. 
TacU.4 HislQlandlO. 

ViNJCivs, a Roman consul poisoned by 

Messalina, kc. A man v./ho conspired 

against JNero, kc. 

ViNiDius, a miser mentioned by Horace, 
1 Sat. 1, V. 95. Some manuscripts read IVu- 
midiusand Umidius. A 

T. ViMus, a commander in the preto- 
rian guards, intimate with Galba, of whom 
he became the first minister. Ho was hon- 
oured with the consulship, and some time 
after murdered. Tacit. H. 1, c. 11, 42, and 

48. — Plut. A man who revolted from i><e- 

ro. 

ViNNius, Asella, a servant of Horace, to 
M'hom ep. 13 is addressed as injunctions how 
to deliver to Augustus some poems from his 
master. 

ViPSAMA, a daughter of M. Agrlppn, 
mother of Drustis. She was the only one of 
Agrippa's danghtej-s who died a natuml death. 
She was rnhrried to Tiberius when a private 
man, and when j^he luui been repudiat^-d, she 
married' Asitiius Gallus. Tacit. Jl. 1, c. 11, \. 
3, c. 19. 

ViUBiUfi, (qui inter xlvdr. hh luit) :^ nnrrM 



VI 

[given to Hippolytus, after he had been brought 
i back to life by iEsculapius, at the instance of 
Diana, who pitied his unfortunate end. Vir- 
gil makes him son of Hippolytus. JEn. 7, 
v. 762.— Orirf. Met. 15, v. d44.—Hygin. fab. 
251. 

PuBL. VjRGiLius Mabo, Called the 
prince of the Latin poets, was born at Andes, 
a village near Mantua, about 70 years before 
Christ, on the 15th of October. His first 
years were spent at Cremona, where bis 
laste was formed, and his rising talents first 
exercised. The distribution of the lands of 
Cremona to the soldiers of Augustus, after 
the battle of Philippi, nearly proved fatal to 
the poet, and V. hen he attempted to dispute 
the possession of his fields with a soldier, Vir- 
gil was obliged to save his life from the re- 
sentment of the lawless veteran, by swimming 
across a river. This was the beginning ot his 
greatness ; he with his father repaired to 
Rome, where he soon formed an acquain- 
tance with Mecaenas, and recommended him- 
self to the favours of Augustus. The empe- 
ror restored his lands to the poet, whose 
modest muse knew so well how to pay the 
tribute of gratitude, and his first iucoac was 
written to thank the patron, as well as to 
tell the world that his favours were not un- 
worthily bestowed. The ten bucolics were 
written in about three years. The poet 
showed his countrymen that he could write 
with graceful simplicity, with elegance, deli- 
cacy of sentiments, and with purity of lan- 
guage. Some time after, Virgil undertook 
the Georgics. a poem the most perfect and 
finislied of all Latin compositions. The 
jilneid was begun, as some suppose, at 
the particular request of Augustus, and the 
poet, while he attempted to prove that the 
Julian family was lineally descended frutn 
the founder of Lavinium, visibly described 
in the pious and benevolent character of 
his hero, the amiable qualitie.s of his impe- 
rial putron. The ^reat merit of this poem 
is well known, and it u ill ever remain un- 
decided, which of the two poets, cither Ho* 
mer or Virgil, is more entitled to our praise, 
our a()plause, and our admiration. The >vri-. 
ter of the Iliad stood as a pattern to the fa- 
vourite of Augusius. The voyage of iii^neas 
is copied from the Odyssey, and for his 
battles, Virgil found a model in the wars 
of Troy, and the animated descriptions of 
the Iliad. The poet died befon he had re- 
vised this immortal work, which had al- 
ready engaged his time for eleven succes- 
sive years. He had attempted to attend his 
patron in the east, but he was detained at 
Naples on account of his ill health. He, 
howe\er, went to Athens, where he n»et 
Augustus in his return, but he soon alter 
fell sick at JNlegara, and though indis(.o.>;ed, 
lie ordered himself to be removed lo Italy. 
He landed at brundusium, where a lew days 
after he expired, the 22d of September, 
iu the 51st year of his age, B. C. 19. He left 
lh(^ greatest part of his immeiise posses- 
sions to hi? friends, particularly to Mecicnas. 
Tucca, and Augustus, and he ordered, as his 
but will, hi? unfinished poem to be burnt. 
These last injunctions were disobeyed ; and 
•A("i>:-tV\u\\ to iIh? words of an mirient poet, 



VI 

Augustus saved his favourite Troy from a se- 
cond and more dismal conflagration. The 
poem was delivered by tbe emperor to three 
of his literary friends. They were ordered 
to revise and to expunge whatever they deemed 
improper ; but they were strictly enjoined not 
to make any additions, and hence, as some 
suppose, the causes that so many lines of the 
^neid are unfinished, particularly in the last 
books. The body of the poet, according to 
his own directions, was conveyed to Naples, 
and interred with much solemnity, in a monu- 
ment, erected on the road that leads from Na- 
ples to Puteoli. The following modest dis- 
tich was engraved on tlie tomb, written by 
the poet some few moments before he ex- 
pired : 

Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; te- 
net nunc 
Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 
The Romans were not in-ensible of tbe merit 
of their poet. Virgil received much applause 
in the capital, and when he entered the thea- 
tre, he was astonished and delighted to see 
the crowded audience rise up to him as an 
emperor, and welcome his approach by reit- 
erated plaudits. He was naturally modest, 
and of a timorous disposition. When people 
crowded to gaze upon him, or pointed at him 
with tbe 6nger with raptures, the poet blush- 
ed, and stole away from tl.em, and often hid 
himself in shops to be removed from the cu- 
riosity and the admiration of the public. The 
most liberal and gratifying marks of appro- 
bation he received were from the emperor 
and from Octavia. He attempted in his JEnc'id 
to paint the virtues, and to lament the pre- 
mature death of the son of Octavia, and he 
w^as desired by the emperor to repeat the 
lines in the presence of the afflicted mother. 
He had no sooner began nate, toe. than 
Octavia burst into tears ; he continued, but he 
had artfully suppressed the name of her son, 
and when he repeated in the 16ih line the 
well known words, Tu Marctllus eris, the 
princess swooned away , and tiie poet withdrew, 
but not without being liberally rewarded. Oc- 
tavia presented him ten sesterces for every 
one of his verses in praise of her son, (ho 
whole of uiiich was equivalent to 20(H)/ Eng- 
lish money. As an instance of his modesty, 
the following circumstance has been recorded. 
Virgil wrote this distich, in which he compa- 
red his patron to Jupiter, 

Kocte plu'u tola, rcdeimf spcctacula mane, 
Divisiim imptrium cum Jove Ccesar habet, 
and placed it in the night on the gates of the 
palace of Augustus. In(]uiries were made for 
the author by order of Augustus, and wlien 
Virgil had the ditfidence not to declare himself, 
Balhyllus, a contemptible poet of the age, 
claimed the verses as his own, and was libe- 
rally rewarded. This displeased Virgil ; he 
again wrote the verses near the palace, and 
under them 

Hos ego rersiculosftri, luUl alter honores; 
with the beginning of another line in these 
words, 

Sic vos non robis, 
four limes repealed. Augustus wished the 
)ine5 to be finished, liathyllus seemed unable, 
and V^irgil.at last, by completing the stanza in 
fhe followjno order — 



VI 

Sie vos non vobis nidificatis aves; 
Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis ores; 
Sic vos non vobis mellljicali^ apes ; 
Sic vos non vobis fertis aralra botes; 
proved himself to be the author of tbe distich, 
and the poetical usurper became the sport 
and ridicule of Rome. In the works of Virgil 
vve can find a more perfect and satisfactory 
account of the religious ceremonies and cus- 
toms of the Romans, than in all the other La- 
tin poets, Ovid excepted. Every thing he 
mentions is founded upon historical truth, and 
though he borrowed much from his predeces- 
sors, and even whole lines from Ennius, yet 
he has had the happiness to make it all his 
own. He was uncommonly severe in revising 
his own poetry, and he used often to compare 
himself to a bear that licks hercubsinto shape. 
In his connexions, Virgil was remarkable, his 
friends enjoyed his unbounded confidence, 
and his library and possessions seemed to be 
the property of the public. Like other great 
men he was not without his enemies and de- 
tractors in his lifetime, but from their asper- 
sions he received additional lustre. Among 
the very numerous and excellent editions of 
Virgil, these few may be collected as the best; 
that of Masvicius, 2 vols. 4to. Leovardiae, 
1717; BasKerville, 4to. Birmingham, 1757; 
of the Variorum, in 8vo. L. Bat. 1661 ; of 
Heyne, 4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1767 ; of Edinburgh, 
2 vols, 12nio. 1755 ; and of Glasgow, 12mo. 
1758. Palerc. 2, c. '36.—Horat 1. Sat. 6, v, 
40.— Prupert. 2. e!. 34, v. 61.— Ovid. Trist. 
4, el. 10, V. 51.— Mart. 8. ep. 56,— Jut'. 11, 
V. 118.— Quintil. JO, c. l.—Plin. 3, ep. 21. 

Caius a preetor of Sicily, who, when 

Cicero was banished, refused to receive the 
exiled orator, though his friend, for fear 
of the resentment of Clodius. Cic. ad. ^. 
Frafr. 

Virginia, a daughter of the centurion 
L. Virginius. Appius Claudius the decem- 
vir became enamoured of her, and attempted 
to remove her from the place where she re- 
sided. She was claimed by one of his fa- 
vourites as the daugiiler of a slave, and Ap- 
jiius, in the capacity and witli the authority of 
judge, Jiad pronouticed the sentence, and 
delivered her into the hands of his friend, 
when Virginius, informed of his violent pro- 
ceedings, arrived from the camp. The father 
demanded to see his daughter, and when this 
request was granted, he snatched a knife and 
plunged it into Virginia's breast, exclaiming. 
This is all, my dearest daughter, J can give 
ihee, to preserve thy chasiity from the lust and 
violence of a tyrant. No soojier was tbe blow 
given, than Virginius ran to the camp with the 
bloody knife in his hand. The soldiers were 
astonisiied and incensed, not against the mur- 
derer, but the tyrant that was the cause of Vir- 
ginia's death, and they immediately marched 
to Rome. Appius was seized, but he destroy- 
ed himself in prison, and prevented the exe- 
cution of the law. Spurius Oppius, another of 
the decemvirs who had not opposed the ty- 
rant's views, killed himself also, and Marcus 
Claudius, the favourite of Appius, was put to 
death, and the decemviral power abolished, 
about 449 vears before Christ. Liv. 3, c. 44, 
kc.—Juv. 10, v. 294. 

VjR6!Nirs. the fatiier of Virginia, made 



vi 

tribune of the people. 

A tribune of the people who accused Q. Caso 1 the W^VseVrkndVaTling^rTtoThe Germ^an o7ean 



VI 

[Fid. Virginia.] 1 Visargis, ariver of Germany, now called 



the son of Cincinnatus. He increased the 
number of the tribunes to ten, and distin- 
guished himself by his seditions against the 

patricians. Another tribune in the age 

of Camillus, fined for his opposition to a law 

wiiich proposed going t6 Veii. An augur 

who died of the plague. Caius, a praetor 

of Sicily, who opposed the entrance of Cicero 
into his province, though under many obliga- 
tions to the orator. Some read Virgilius. 



A tribune who encouraged Cinna to criminate 

Sylla. One of the generals of Nero in 

Germany. He made war against Vindex, 
and conquered him. He was treated with 
great coldness by Galba, whose interest he 
had supported with so much success. He re- 
fused all dangerous stations, and though twice 
offered the imperial purple, he rejected it with 
disdain. Plui. A Roman orator and rhe- 
torician. 

V1R1.A.THUS, a mean shepherd of Lusita- 
nia, who gradually rose to power, and by first 
heading a gang of robbers, saw himself at last 
followed by a numerous army. He made war 
against the Romans with uncommon success, 
and for 14 years enjoyed the envied title of 
protector of public liberty in the provinces of 
Spain. Many generals were defeated, and 
Pompey himself was ashamed to find himself 
beaten. Cspio was at last sent against him. 
But his despair of conquering him by force 
of arms, obliged him to have recourse to 
artifice, and he had the meanness to bribe the 
servants of Viriathus to murder their master, 
B. C. 40. Flor. 2, c. n.— Val. Max. 6, c. 4.— 
Liv. 52 and 64. 

ViRiDOMARus, a young man of g^eat pow- 
er among the yEdui. Caesar greatly honoured 
him, but he fought at last against the Romans. 
CcEs. Bell. G. 7, c. 39, he. 

ViKiPLACA, a goddess among the Ro- 
mans who presided over the peace of fami- 
lies, whence her name, [viruni placare.'] If 
any quarrel happened between a fnan and his 
wife, they generally repaired to the temple 
of the goddess, which was erected on the Pa- 
latine mount; and came back reconciled. 
Vul. Max. 2, c. 1. 

ViRRo, a fictitious name introduced in Ju- 
venal's 5 Sat. 

Virtus. All virtues were made deities 
among the Romans. Marcellus erected two 
temples, one to Virtue and the other to Ho- 
nour. They were built in such a manner, that 
to see the temple of Honour it was necessary 
to pass through that of Virtue ; a happy alle- 
gory among a nation free and iudej)endent. 
The principal virtues were distinguished, 
each by their attire. Prudence was known by 
her rule and her pointing to a globe at her 
feet; Temperance had a bridle; Justice held 
an equal balance ; and Fortitude leant against 
her sword ; Honesty was clad in a transparent 
vest ; Modesty appeared veiled ; Clemency 
wore an olive branch, and Devotion threw 
incense upon an altar ; Tranquillity was seen 
to lean on a column ; Health was known by 
her serf>ent, Liberty by her cap, and Gaiety 
)ty her myrtle. Cic. de JV. D. 2, c. 23.— 
Plaut. in anipk. prol. — Liv. 29, c. 11. — Vol. 
Max. 1, c. l-^Jiii^. de Civ. D. 4, c, 20. 

93 



V^arus and his legions were cut to pieces there 
by the Germans. Veil. 2, c. 105. — Tacil. An. 
1, c. 70, 1. 2, c. 9. 

ViscEixa;, now Weltz, a town of No- 
ricum, between the Ens and Mure. Cic. 
Am. 1 1. 

VisELLiA LEX, was made by Visellius Varro, 
the consul, A. U. C. 776, to restrain the in- 
troduction of improper persons into the otfices 
of the state. 

L. VisELHUs Varro, a lieutenant in 
Germany under Tiberius. Tacit. An. 3, c. 
41, 1. 4, c. 17. 

VisELLus, a man whose father-in-law the 
commentators of Horace believe to have 
been afflicted with a hernia, on their observa- 
tions on this verse, (1 Sat. 1, v. 105.) Est in- 
ter Tanaim quiddam, socerumque Viselli. 

Vistula, a river falling into the Bal- 
tic, the eastern boundary of ancient Ger- 
many. 

ViTELLiA, a Roman colony on the bor- 
ders of the iEqui. Liv. 5, c. 29. 

ViTELLius AuLos, a Roman raised by 
his vices to the throne. He was descended 
from one of the most illustrious families of 
Rome, and as such he gained an easy admis- 
sion to the palace of the emperors. The 
greatest part of his youth was spent at Ca- 
preae, where his willingness and compliance 
to gratify the most vicious propensities of 
Tiberius, raised his father to the dignity of 
consul and governor of Syria. The applause 
he gained in this school of debauchery, was 
too great and flattering to induce Vitellius to 
alter his conduct, and no longer to be one of 
the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleased 
with his skill in driving a chariot. Claudius 
loved him because he was a great gamester, 
and he recommended himself to the favours of 
Nero by wishing him to sing publicly in the 
crowded theatre. With such an insinuating 
disposition, it is not to be wondered that Vi- 
tellius became so great. He did not fall with 
his patrons, like the other favourites, but 
the death of an emperor seemed to raise him 
to greater honours, and to procure him fresh 
applause. He passed through all the offices 
of the state, and gained the soldiery by dona- 
tions and liberal promises. He was at the 
head of the Roman legions in Germany when 
Otho was proclaimed emperor, and the ex- 
altation of his rival was no sooner heard ia 
the camp, than he was likewise invested 
with the purple by his soldiers. He accepted 
with pleasure the dangerous office, and in- 
stantly marched against Otho. Three battles 
were fought, and in all Vitellius was con- 
quered. A fourth, however, in the plains be- 
tween Mantua and Cremona Icfl him master 
of the field and of the Roman empire. He 
feasted his eyes in viewing the bodies of the 
slain and the ground covered with blood, and 
regardless of the insalubrity of the air, pro- 
ceeding from .«!o many carcasses, he told his 
attendants that the smell of a dead enemy 
was always sweet. His first care was not liko 
that of a true conqueror, to alleviate the 
distresses of the conquered, or patronise the 
friendsof the dead, but it was to insult their 
nvisfnrtuncs, and to intoxicate himself with 



n 

the corapanions of his debauchery in the field 
of battle. Each successive day exhibited a 
scene of greater extravagance. Vitellius 
feasted four or five times a day, and such 
was his excess, that he often made himself 
vomit to begin his repast afresh, and to gratify 
his palate with more luxury. His food was 
of the most rare and exquisite nature, the 
deserts of Libya, the shores of Spain, and 
the waters of the Carpathian sea, were dili- 
gently searched to supply the table of the 
emperor. The most celebrated of his feasts 
was that with which he was treated by his 
brother Lucius. The table, among other 
meats, was covered with two thousand dif- 
ferent dishes of fish, and seven thousand of 
fowls, and so expensive was be in every 
thing, that above seven millions sterling were 
spent in maintaining his table in the space 
of four months, and Josephus has properly 
observed, that if Vitellius had reigned long, 
the ereat opulence of all the Roman empire 
would have been found insuflSci^nt to defray 
the expenses of his banquets. This extrava- 
gance, which delighted the favourites, soon 
raised the indignation of the people. Ves- 
pasian was proclaimed emperor by the army, 
and his minister Primus was sent to destroy 
the imperial glutton. Vitellius concealed 
himself under the bed of the porter of his 
palace, but this obscure retreat betrayed him, 
he was dragged naked through the streets, 
his hands were tied behind his back, and a 
drawn sword was placed under his chin to 
make him lift his head. After suffering the 
greatest insults from the populace, he was at 
last cariied to the place of execution, and 
put to death with repeated blows. His head 
was cut ofFand fixed to a pole, and his muti- 
lated body dragged with a hook, and thrown 
into the Tiber, A. D. 69, after a reign of one 
year, except 12 days. Suet. — Tacit. Hist. 2. 

— Eutrop. — Dio. — Plvt. Lucius, the father 

of the emperor, obtained great honours by his 
flattery to the emperors. He was made gov- 
ernor of Syria, arid in this distant province 
he obliged the Parthians to sue for peace. 
His adulation to Messalina is well known, and 
he obtained as a particular favour the hon- 
ourable oflfiice of pulling oft" the shoes of the 
em[)iess, &c. Suet. Sic— —A brother of the 
cin[)eror, who enjoyed his favours by en- 
couraging his gluttony, &c. Publius, an 

vu)cle of the. emperor of that unme. He 
wasaccusedunder Nero of attempts to bribe 
the people with money from the ti-easury 
against the emperor. He killed himself be- 
fore his trial One of the flatterers of 

Tiberius. An officer of the pretorians un 

der Otho. A son of the emperor Vitellius 

put to death by one of his father's friends 
Some of the family of the Vilelli con- 
spired with the Aquilii and other illustri- 
ous Romans to restore Tarquin to his 
throne. Their conspiracy was discovered by 
the consuls, and they were severely punished. 
Pint. Lc. 

ViTERBUM, a town of Tuscany, where 
Fanum Voltumnae stood. It is not mention- 
ed by classical writers. Liv. 4, c.23 and 61 
I. 6, c. 17. 

ViTiA, a mother put to death by Tiberius, 
for weeping at the death of her son, Lc. Ta- 
cit, ^m. 7, c. 10. 



UL 

ViTRiGvs, a surname or Mars. Ovid. 

M. ViTRCvius PoLLio, a celebrated ar- 
chitect in the age of Augustus, born at For- 
misB. He is known only by his writings, and 
nothing is recorded in history of his life 
or private character. He wrote a trea- 
tise on his profession, which he dedicated to 
Augustus, and it is the only book on archi- 
tecture now extant written by the ancients. 
In this work he plainly shows that he was 
master of his profession, and that he pos- 
sessed both genius and abilities. The best 
edition of Vetruvias is^ that of De Last, 
Amst. 1649. 

ViTULA, a deity among the Romans who 
presided over festivals and rejoicings. Ma- 
crob.. 3, c. 2. 

ViTULARiA VIA, a road in the country of 
Arpinum. Cic. Q. fr. 3, ep. 1. 

Ulpia Trajana, a Roman colony plant- 
ed in Sarmatia by Trajan. 

Ui^puNcs DoMiTius, a lawver in the 
reign of Alexander Severus, of whom he 
became the secretary and principal minister- 
He raised a persecution against the Christians, 
and was at last murdered by the praetoriaa 
'Tuards, of which he had the command, A. 
D. 226. There are some fragments of 
his compositions on civil law still extant. 
The Greek commentaries of Ulpian on De- 
mosthenes, were printed in fol. 1527, apud 

Allium. Marcellus, an officer in the age 

of Commodus. Julianus, a man se«jt to 

oppose Heliogabalus, he. 

Ulujbr^, a small town of Latium, on the 
river Astura, where Augustus was educated. 
Jwi'. 10, v. 102.— Horat. :, ep. 11. 

Ulysses, a king of the island of Ithaca 
and Dulichium, son of Anticlefi and La- 
ertes, or, according to some, of Sisyphus, 
[Fid. Sisyphus and Anticlea.] He became, 
like the other princes of Greece, one of the 
suitors of Helen; but as he despaired of 
success in his applications, on account of 
the great number of his competitors, he so- 
licited the hand of Penelope, the daughteir 
of Icarius. Tyndarus, the father of Helen, 
favoured the addresses of Ulysses, as by hinx 
he was directed to choose one of his daughter's 
suitors without ofteuding the others, and 
to bind them all by a solemn oath, that 
they would unite together in protecting He- 
len if any violence was ever offered to hei" 
person. Ulysses had no sooner obtained the 
hand of Penelope, than he returned to 
Ithaca, where his father resigned him the 
crown, and retired to peace and rural soli- 
tude. The rape of Helen, however, by 
Paris, did not long permit him to remain in 
his kingdom, and as he was bound to defend 
her against every intruder, he was summon- 
ed to the war with the other princes of 
Greece. Pretending to be insane, not to 
leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a horse 
and a bull together, and ploughed the sea- 
shore, where he sowed salt instead of corn. 
This dissimulation was soon discovered, and 
Palamedes, by placing before the plough of 
Ulysses, his infant son Telemachus, con- 
vinced the world, that the father was not 
mad, who had the providence to turn away 
the plough from the furrow, not to hurt his 
child. Ulysses was therefore ©bliged to gQ 



UL 

to the war, but he did not forget him who 
had discovered his pretended insanity [Vid. 
Paiamedes.] During the Trojan war, the 
king of Ithaca was courted for his superior 
prudence and sagacity. By his means Achil- 
les was discovered among the daughters of 
Lycomedes, king of Scyros, [Vid. Achilles,] 
and Pbiloctetes was induced to abandon 
Lemiios. and to fight the Trojans with the 
arrows of Hercules. [Vid. Ph\iocteies.] He 
was not Jess distinguished for his activity 
and valour. With the assistance of Dioraedes 
he murdered Rhesus, and slaughtered the 
sleeping Thracians in the midst of their camp. 
[Vid. Rhesus and Dolon,] and he introduced 
himself into the city of Priara, and carried 
away the Palladium of the Trojans, [Vid. 
Palladium.] For these eminent services he 
was universally applauded by the Greeks, 
and he was rewarded with the arms of 
Achilles, which Ajax had disputed with him. 
After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on 
board his ships, to return to Greece, but he 
was exposed to a number of misfortunes before 
he reached his native country. He was thrown 
by the winds upon the coasts of Africa, and 
■\nsited the country of the Lotophagi,andofthe 
Cyclops in Sicily. Polyphemus, who was the 
kin* of the Cyclops, seized Ulysses with his 
companions, five of whom he devoured, [Vid. 
Polyphemus.] but the prince of Ithaca intoxi- 
cated him and put out his eye, and at last es 
caped from the dangerous cave where he was 
confiftcd; by tying himself under the belly of 
the sheep of the Cyclops when led to pasture. 
In JEoUdi he met with a friendly reception, 
and .Colus gave him, confined in bags, all the 
winds which could obstruct his return to Ithaca, 
but the curiosity of his companions to know 
what the bags contained, proved nearly fatal. 
The winds rushed with impetuosity, and all 
the fleet was destroyed, except the ship which 
carried Ulysses. From thence he was thrown 
upon the coasts of the Laestrigones, and of the 
island JEea, where the magician Circe changed 
all his companions into pigs for their volup- 
tuousness He escaped their fate by means of 
an herb which he had received from Mercury, 
and after he had obliged the magician by force 
of arms to restore his companions to their ori- 
ginal shape, he yielded to her charms, and 
made her mother of Telegonus. He visited the 
infernal regions, and consulted Tiresias how to 
regain his country in safety : and after he had 
received every necessary information, he re- 
turned on earth. He passed along the coasts of 
the Sirens unhurt, by the directions of Circe, 
[Vid. Sirones,] and escaped the whirlpools and 
shoals of Scylla, and Carybdis. On the coasts 
of Sicily his companions stole and killed some 
oxen that were sacred to Apollo, for which the 
god destroyed the ships, and all were drowned 
except Ulysses, who saved himself on a plank, 
and swam to the island of Calypso in Ogygia. 
There, for seven yearS; he forgot Itliaca, in the 
arras of the goddess, by whom he had two 
children. The gods at last interfered, and Ca- 
ly|)SO, by order of Mercury, suffered him to 
depart after she had furnished him with a ship, 
and every thing requisite for the voyage. He 
had almost reached the island of Corcyra, when 
Neptune, slill mindful that his son Polyphemus 
had been robbed of his sight by the perfidy of | 



UM 

j Ulysses, raised a storm and sunk his ship, Ulyg: 
1 ses swam with difficulty to the island of the 
jPhagacians, where the kindness of Nausica, 
and the humanity of her father, king Alcinous, 
entertained him for a while. He related the 
series of his misfortunes to the monarch, and 
at last, by his benevolence, he was conducted 
in a ship to Ithaca. The Phaeacians laid hina 
on the sea shore as he was asleep, and Ulysses 
found himself safely restored to his country, 
after a long absence of 20 years. He was well 
informed that his palace was besieged by a num- 
ber of suitors, who continually disturbed the 
peace of Penelope, and therefore he assumed 
the habit of a beggar, by the advice of Minerva, 
and made himself known to his son, and his 
faithful shepherd Eumaeus. With them he took 
measures to re-establish himself on his throne, 
he went to the palace, and was personally con- 
vinced of the virtues and of the fidelity of Pe- 
nelope. Before his arrival was publicly known^ 
all the importuning suitors were put to deaths 
and Ulysses restored to the peace and bosom of 
his family. [Vid. Laertes, Penelope, Telema- 
chus, Eumaeus.] He lived about sixteen years 
after his return, and was at last killed by his 
son Telegonus, who had landed in Ithaca, with 
the hopes of making himself known to his fa- 
ther. This unfortunate event had been fore- 
told to him by Tiresias, who assured him that 
he should die by the violence of something that 
w'as to issue from the bosom of the sea. [Vid. 
Telegonus.] According to some authors, Ulys- 
ses went to consult the oracle of Apollo after 
his return to Ithaca, and he had the meanness 
to seduce Erippe, the daughter of a king of 
EpiruS; who had treated him with great kind- 
ness. Erippe had a son by him whom she cal- 
led Euryalus. When come to years of puberty, 
Euryalus was sent to Ithaca by his mother, but 
Penelope no sooner knew who he was tha» 
she resolved to destroy him. Therefore whe» 
Ulysses returned, he put to immediate deatk 
his unknown son, on the crimination of Pene- 
lope his wife, who accused him of attempts 
upon her virtue. The adventures of Ulysses 
on his return to Ithaca from the Trojan war> 
are the subject of Homer's Odvssey. Homer. 
II. ^ Od.— Virg. JEn. 2, 3, kc.—Dictys. Cret. 1, 
he.— Ovid. Met. l3.—Heroid. \.—Hugin. fab. 
201, hc.—ApoUod. 3, c. \0.—Paus. 1, c. ly 
and 22, 1. 3, c. 12, 1. 7, c. A.—JElian. V. H. 13, 
c. 12.-~Horat. 3, Od. 29, v. ^.—Parlhen. Erot. 
3.—Plut.—Plin. 35.— Tzelz. ad Lye. 

Ulysseum, a promontory of Sicily, west of 
Pachinus. 

Umber, a lake of Umbria near the Tibef. 
Propert. 4, el, 1, v. 124. 

Umbra Pompei.\, a portico of Pompey At 
Rome. Mart. 5, ep. 10. 

Umbria, a country of Italy, separated from 
Etruria by the Tiber, bounded on the north 
by the .\driatic sea, east by Picenum. and tlie 
country of the Sabines. and south by the river 
Nar. Some derive the word Umbria ah im- 
bribus, the frequent showers that were sup- 
posed to fall there, or liom the shadow (umbra) 
of the Apennines which hung over it. Umbri 
had many cities of note. The Unibrians op- 
posed the Romans in 'he infancy of their em- 
pire, but aftprwards they became their allies, 
about the year U. C. 434. t'alul. -U), v. il 
—Strfih. b.—PHn. 3, c. Id.— /)tV);?.v«. //«/. 



vo 

Umbrigius, a soothsayer, who foretold ap- 
proaching calamities to Galba. Juv. 3, v. 21. 
—Tacit, if. 1, c. 27. 

Umbko, a navigable river of Italy. Plin. 3, 

c. 5. A general who assisted Turnus against 

^neas, and was killed during the war. He 
could assuage the fury of serpents by his 
song?, and counteract the poisonous effects of 
their bites. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 752, 1. 10, v. 544. 

Unca, a surname of Minerva among the 
Phoenicians and Thebans. 

UncHjE, a town of Mesopotamia. 

Undecemviri, magistrates at Athens, to 
whom such as were publicly condemned were 
delivered to be executed. C. JVep. in Phoc. 

Unelli, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, con- 
quered by Cffisar. Cos. Bell. G. 2, c. 34, 

UnigexVa, a surname of Minerva, as sprung 
of Jupiter alone. 

Unxia, a surname of Juno, derived from 
ungere, to anoint, because it was usual among 
the Romans for the bride to- anoint the thresh- 
old of her husband, and from this necessary 
ceremony wives were called Unxores, and 
afterwards Uxores, from Unxia, who presided 
over them. jQrnob. 3. 

VocETius, part of mount Jura. Tacit. H. 1, 
e.68, 

VocoNiA LEX, de testament is, by Q. Voconius 
Saxa, the trilxme, A. U. C. 584, enacted, that 
no woman should be left heiress to an estate, 
and that no rich person should leave by his 
will more than the fourth part of his fortune 
to a woman. This step was taken to prevent 
the decay of the noblest and most illustrious 
of the families of Rome. This law was abro- 
gated by Augustus. 

VocoNii FORUM, a town of Gaul, between 
Antibes and Marseilles. Cic. 10, fam. 17. 

VocoNius, Victor, a Latin poet, &c. Mar- 
tial. 7, ep. 28. Saxa, a tribune who made 

a law. An officer of Lucullus in Asia. 

VocoNTiA, now Vasio. Sil. 3, v. 167. 

VoGEsus, now Faug^e, a mountain ofBelgic 
Gaul, which separates the Sequani from the 
Lingones. Lucan. 1, v. 397. — Cobs. G. 4, c. 10. 

VoLiE, a city of the JEqui. Liv. 4, c. 49, 

VoLAGiNiijs, a soldier who assassinated one 
of his officers, &.e. Tacit. H. 2, c. 75. 

VoLANA, a town of the Saranites. 

VoLANDUM, a fortified place of Armenia, 

VoLATERRA, an aucient town of Etruria, 
famous for hot baths. Perseus the satirist was 
born there, Liv. 10, c, \2.—Strah. ^—Cic. 13, 
fam. 4. 

V(5lc^, or VoLG/E, a people of Gaul, be- 
tween the Garonne and the Rhone, Liv 21, 
c. 2^.— Mela, 2, c. 5. 

VoLci, an inland town of Lucania, now 

iMuria. Liv. 27, c, 15. A town of Etruria. 

Plin. 3, c, 5 

VoLOGESEs, a name common to many of 
(he kings of Parthia, who made war against 
the Roman emperors. Tacit. 12, Ann. 14. 

VoLscENs, a Latin chief who discovered 
Nisus and Euryalus as they returned from the 
Rutulian camj) loaded with spoils. He killed 
Euryalus, and was himself immediately stab- 
bed^ by Wisus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 370 and 442, 

VoLsci, or VoLcr, a people of Latium, 
whose terrifones are bounded on the south by 
the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of 
the Hernici and Marsi, west by the Latins and 



VO 

Rutulians, and east by Campania, Their chief 
cities were Antium, Circea, Anxur, Corioli, 
Fregellae, Arpinum, &,c. Ancus king of Rome 
made war against them, and in the time of 
the republic they became formidable enemies, 
till they were at last conquered with the rest 
of the Latins. Liy. 3 and 4. — Virg. G. 2, v. 
168. JEn. 9, V. 505, 1. 11, v. 546, hc.—Strab. &. 
— Mela, 2, c. 4 and 5. 

VoLsiNiUM, a town of Etruria in Italy, de- 
stroyed, according to Pliny 2, c. 53, by fire 
from heaven. The inhabitants numbered the 
years by fixing nails in the temple of JN'ortia, 
a Tuscan goddess, Liv. 5, c. 31, 1. 7, c. 3.-— 
Juv. 3, V. \dl—TacU. Jinn. A.—Onit, 

VoLTiNiA, one of the Roman tribes. 

VoLUBiLis, a town of Africa, supposed Fez, 
the capital of Morocco. Plin. 5, C, 1. 

VoLUiMNiE Fanum, a temple in Etruria, 
sacred to the goddess Volurana, who presided 
over the will and over complaisance, where 
(he states of the country used to assemble. 
Viterbo now stands on the spot, Liv. 4, c. 23, 
l.5,c. 17, 1.6, c. 2, 

Volumnia, the wife of Coriolanus, Liv. 

2, c. 40. The freed-vvoman of Volumnius 

Eutrapelus. Cic. Phil. 2, c. 24. 

VoLUMNus and Volumna, two deities 
who presided over the will. They were chiefly 
invoked at marriages, to preserve concord 
between the husband and wife. They were 
particularly worshipped by the Etrurians, 
Liv. 4, c. 61. 

T. Volumnius, a Roman famous for his 
friendship towards M, Lucullus, whom M. 
Antony had put to death. His great lamen- 
tations were the cause that he was dragged 
to the triumvir, of whom he demanded to 
be conducted to the body of his friend, and 
there to be put to death. His request was 

easily granted. Liv. 124, e, 20, A mimic 

whom Brutus put to death. An Etrurian 

who wrote tragedies in his own native lan- 
guage, A consul who defeated the Sara- 
nites and the Etrurians, &.c. Liv. 9. 

A friend of M. Brutus. He was preserved 
when that great republican killed himself, 
and he wrote an account of his death and of 
his actions, from which Plutarch selected 

some remarks. A prefect of Syria, B. C. 

11. A Roman knight put to death by 

Catiline. 

VoLUPTAS and Volufta, the goddess 
of sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome, 
where she had a temple. She was represen- 
ted as a young and beautiful woman, well 
dressed, and elegantly adorned, seated on a 
throne, and having virtue under her feet. Cic. 
de JV. D. 2, c. ^,—Macrob. 1, c. 10.— Aug. 
de Civ. D.4, c. 8. 

C. VoLusENus, a military tribune in Cae- 
sar's army, kc. Cms. Bell. G. 3. 

VoLusLVNUs, a Roman taken as colleague 
on the imperial throne, by his father Gallus. 
He was killed by his soldiers, 

Vurusius, a poet of Patavia who wrote, 
like Ennius, the annals of Rome in verse. 

Seneca, ep, 93, — Catull. 93, v. 7. Satur- 

ninus, a governor of Rome, who died in the 
93(1 year of his age, beloved and respected, 
under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13. Caius, a sol- 
dier at the siege of Cremona, &.c. One of 

Nero's officers. Tacit, Ann. 15, c. 51. 



UR 

Vorusrs, a friend of Turnus. Virg. J£n. 
11, V. 463. 

VoLDX, a son of Bocchus, whom the Romans 
defeated. Sylla suspected his fidelity, &c. 
Sallust. Jag. 105. 

VoMANCs, a river of Picenum in Italy. 
Plin. 3, c. lo.—Sil. It. 8, v. 438. 

VoxOnks, a king of Parthia expelled by his 
subjects, and afterwards placed on the throne 
of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 14. Ano- 
ther king- of Armenia. A man made king of 

Parlhia by Aajgustus. 

Vopiscus, a native of Syracuse, 303, A. D. 
who wrote the fife of Aurelian, Tacitus^ 
Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Cams, he. He 
is one of the six authors who are called Hls- 
torix Angud(e scriptoreSf but he excels all 
others in the elegance of his style, and the 
manner in which lie relates the various actions 
of the emperors. He is not however without 
his faults, and we look in vain for the purity 
or perspicuity of the writers of the Augustan 

VoRA.vus, a freed-man ot Q. Luctatius Ca- 
tulus, famous for his robberies as well as his 
cunning, &.c. Horat. \, Sat. 8, v. 39. 

VoTiENUs MoNTANus, a man of learning ba- 
nished to one of the Baleares for his malevo- 
lent reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid has ce- 
lebrated him as an excellent poet. Tacit. 
Ann. 4, c. 42. 

Upis, the father of one of the Dianas men- 
tioned by the ancients, from which circum- 
stance Diana herself is called Upis. Cic de 
JVat. D. 3, c. 23. — Callim. in Dian. 

Urania, one of the Muses, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over 
astronomy. She is generally called mother 
of Linus by Apollo, and of the god Hyme- 
naeus by Bacchus. She was represented as 
a young virgin dressed in an azure colour- 
ed robe, crowned with stars, and holding a 
globe in her hands, and having many ma- 
thematical instruments placed round. He- 
siod. Theog. 17 .—Apollod. 1, c. 2.—Hygin. 

fab. 161. A surname of Venus, the same 

as Celestial. She was supposed, in that 
character, to preside over beauty and ge- 
neration, and was called daughter of Uranus 
or Ccelus by the Light. Her temples in Asia, 
Africa, Greece, and Italy were numerous. 
Flato in Symn.— Cic. de JXat. D. 3, c. 23 — 

Pans. 1, c. H'&-c. 1. 7, c. 26, he. A town 

of Cyprus. 

Uranii, or Urii, a people of Gaul. 

Uranopolis, a town at the top of Athos. 

Urands, or OuRANUs, a deity, the same as 
CceIus, the most ancient of all the gods. He 
married Tithea, or the Earth, by whom be 
had Ceus, Creus, Hyperion, Mnemosyne, 
Cottus, Phcebe, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn, Gi- 
ges, called from their mother Titans. His 
children conspired against him, because he 
confined them in the bosom of the earth, and 
his son Saturn mutilated him, and drove him 
from his throne. 

Urba, now Orbe, a town of the Helvetii, 
on a river of the same name. 

Urbicua, a town of Hispania Tarraconen- 
sis. 

Urbicus, an actor at Rome, in Domitian's 
leign. Ji;^xi, 6. 



YU 

Urbin'ujt. now Urbijio,' a town of Unibria. 
Plin. 3, c. 14. 

Urgo, now Gorgona, an island in the bay of 
Pisa, 25 miles west of Le'ghorn, famous for 
anchovies. PHn. 3, c. 6. 

Uria-, a UviVn of Calabria, built by a Cretaa 
colony, and called also Hyria. Plin. 3, c. IL 
— Strab. 6. -Of Apulia, 

URiTiis, a people of Italy. Liv. 42, c. 48. 

Ursentum, a town of the Brutii, now Orso, 
Plin. S,c. 11. 

UtiFiDius, an adulterer. Juv. 6, v. 38. 

UscANA, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 43, c. 
18. 

UscETA, a town of Africa Propria, Hist. 
Af. 89. 

UscuDAMA, a town of Thrace. Eulrop. 6, 
C.8. 

UsiPETEs, or Usjpii, a people of Germany. 
Ccps. Bell. G. 4, c, 1, he. 

UsTiCA, a town in an island on the coast of 
Sicily, near Panormum. Horat. 1, od. 17, v. 
11, 

Utens, a river of Gaul, now Mo atone, fall- 
ing into the Adriatic by Ravenna. Liv. 5, c 
35. 

UxicA, now Satcor, a celebrated city of 
Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
on the same bay as Carthage, founded by a 
Tyrian colony above 287 years before Car- 
thage. It had a large and commodious har- 
bour, and it became the metropolis of Afri- 
ca, after the destruction of Carthage in the 
third Punic war, and the Romans granted 
it all the lands situate between Hippo and 
Carthage. It is celebrated for the death of 
Cato, who from thence is called UticensiSf 
or of Utica. Strab. 17. — Lucan. 6, v. 306. 
—Justin. 18, c. 4.— Plin. 16, c. 40.— Liv. 25, c. 
31.—Sil. 3, v, 242.— Horat. 1, ep. 20, v. 613. 

VuLCANALiA, festivals in honour of Vul- 
can, brought to Rome from Praeneste, and 
observed in the month of August. The 
streets were illuminated, fires kindled every 
where, and animals thrown into the flames, 
as a sacrifice to the deity. Varro. de L. L. 
5, — Dion. Hal. l.—Columell. U.—Plin. 18, 
c. 13. 

VuLCANi INSULA, OP VuLCANiA, a name giv- 
en to the islands between Sicily and Italy, now 
called Lipari. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 422. They re- 
ceived it because there were there subterrane- 
ous fires, supposed to be excited by Vulcan, 
the god of fire. 

VuLCANius, Tarentianus, a Latin historian., 
who wrote an account of the life of the three 
Gordians, he. 

VuLC.\Nus, a god of the ancients who 
presided over fire, and was the patron of all 
artists who worked iron and metals. Ho 
was son of Juno alone, who in this wished 
to imitate Jupiter, who had produced Mi- 
nerva from his brains. According to Ho- 
mer, he was son of Jupiter and Juno, and 
the mother was so disgusted with the defor- 
mities of her son, that she threw him in- 
to the sea, as soon as born, where lie re- 
mained for nine years. According to th^ 
more received opinion, Vulcan was educa- 
ted in heaven with the rest of the gods, 
but his father kicked him down from Olym- 
pus, when he attcn)pted to deliver his uio- 



4 



VU 

tier, who had been fastened by a golden 
chain for her iiisolence. He was nine days 
in cominfi; from heaven upon earth, and 
he fell in the island of Lemnos, where, 
according to Lucian, the inhabitants seeing 
him in the air, caught him in their arms. 
He however broke his leg by the fall, and 
ever after remained lame of one foot. He 
fixed his residence in Lemnos, where he 
built himself a palace, and raised forges 
to work metals. The inhabitants of the 
island became sensible of his industry, and 
were taught all the useful arts which could 
civilize their rude manners, and render 
them serviceable to the good of society. 
The first work of Vulcan was, according to 
some, a throne of gold with secret springs, 
Mfhich he presented to his mother to avenge 
himself for her want of affection towards 
him. Juno no sooner was seated on the 
throne, than she found herself unable to 
move. The gods attempted to deliver her 
by breaking the chains which held her, but 
to no purpose, and Vulcan alone had the pow- 
er to set her at liberty. Bacchus intoxicated 
him and prevailed upon him to come to Olym- 
pus, where he was reconciled to his parents. 
Vulcan has been celebrated by the ancient 
poets for the ingenious works and automatical 
figures which he made, and many speak of 
t\vo golden statues, which not only seemed an- 
imated, but v^hich walked by his side, and 
even assisted him in the working of metals. It 
is said, that at the request of Jupiter he made 
the first woman that ever appeared on earth, 
•well known under the name of Pandora. [Vid. 
Pandora.] The Cyclops of Sicily, were his 
ministers and attendants, and with him they 
fabricated, not only the thunderbolts of Ju- 
piter, but also arms for the gods and the 
most celebrated heroes. His forges were 
supposed to be under mount iEtna, in the 
island of Sicily, as well as in every part 
of the earth where there were volcanoes. 
The most known of the works of Vulcan 
which were presented to mortals are the 
arms of Achilles, those of apneas, the shield 
of Hercules described by Hesiod, a collar 
given to Hermione the wife of Cadmus, 
and a sceptre, which was in the possession 
«f Agamemnon king of Argos and Myce- 
nae. The collar proved fatal to all those 
that wore it, but the sceptre, after the 
death of Agamemnon, was carefully pre- 
served at Cheronaea, and regarded as a di- 
-vinity. The amours of Vulcan are not nu- 
merous. He demanded Minerva from Ju- 
piter, who had promised him in marriage 
whatever goddess he should choose, and 
■when she refused his addresses, he attempt- 
♦?d to offer her violence. Minerva resist- 
ed with success, though there remained on 
her body some marks of Vulcan's passion, 
which she threw down upon earth wrapped 
up in wool. [FiJ. Erichsithonius.] This dis- 
appointment in his love was repaired by 
Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces. 
Venus is universally acknowledged to have 
been the wife of Vulcan; her infidelity is 
■well known, as well as her amours with 



Mars, which were discovered by Phoebus, 
and exposed to the gods by her own hus- 
ba.nd. [F/rf. Alcctiyon.] The worship of 



VU 

Vulcan was well established, particularly ih 
Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome. It was usual 
in the sacrifices that were offered to him to 
burn the whole victim, and not rese^^'e part 
of it as in the immolations to the rest of the 
gods. A calf and a boar pig were the prin- 
cipal victims offered. Vulcan was repre- 
sented as covered with sweat, blowing with 
his nervous arm the fires of his forges. His 
breast vvas hairy, and his forehead was 
blackened with smoke. Some represent him 
lame and deformed, holding a hammer 
raised in the air, ready to strike : while with 
the other hand he turns, with pincers, a 
thunderbolt on his anvil, for which an eagle 
waits by his side to carry it to Jupiter. He 
appears on some monuments with a long 
beard, dishevelled hair, half naked, and a 
small round cap on his head, while lie holds 
a hammer and pincers in his hand. The 
Egyptians represented him under the figure 
of a monkey. Vulcan has received the 
names of Mulciber, Pamphanes, Clylotechnes, 
Pandamator, Cyllopodes. Chalnipoda, he. all 
expressive of his lameness and his profession. 
He was father of Cupid, by Venus; of Ca;- 
culus, Cecrops, Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, 
Ocrisia, &,c. Cicero speaks of more than 
one deity of the name of Vulcan. One he 
calls son of Ccelus, and father of Apollo, by 
Minerva; the second he mentions is son of 
the Nile, and called Phtas by the Egyp- 
tians ; the third was the son of Jupiter and 
Juno, and fixed his residence in Lemnos; 
and the fourth, who built his forges in the 
Lipari islands, was son of Menalius. Vulcan 
seems to have been admitted into heaven 
more for ridicule than any other purpose. 
He seems to be the great cuckold of Olym- 
pus, and even his wife is represented as 
laughing at his deformities, and mimicking 
his lameness to gain the smiles of her lovers. 
Hesiod. Theog. 8,^ in Scut. Here. 140 and 320.— 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 3, Sic. — Hovier.ll.' 1, v. 57, and 
1. 15, V. 18, 1. 11, V. 397, &,c —Diod. 5.— Pans. 
1, c. 20, 1. 3, 17.— Ctc. de J'M. D. 3, c. 22.— 
Herodot. 2 and 3. — Varro. de L. L. — Virg. JEn. 
7, he. 

VuLCATius, a Roman knight, who conspir- 
ed with Piso against Nero, he. Tacit. 

A senator in the reign of Dioclesiah, who 
attempted to write an history of all such as 
had reigned at Rome, either as lawful so- 
vereigns or by usurpation. Of his works 
nothing is extant but an account of Avidius 
Cassius, who revoked in the east during the 
reign of M. Aurelius, which some ascribe to 
Spartianus. 

VuLsiNUM, a town of Etruria. [Vid. Vol- 
sinium.] 

VuLso, a Roman consul who invaded Africa 

with Regulus. Another consul. He had 

the provinces of Asia while in oifice, and tri- 
umphed over the Galatians. 

VuLTL'RA, or VuLTURARiA, a mountaiu on 
the borders of Apulia. Horai. 3, od.4, v. 9.— 
Lucaji. 9, v. 183. 

VuLTUREius, a man who conspired against 
his country with Catiline. 

VuLTURius, a surname of Apollo. [Vid. 
Vulturnus.] 

^'cLTURsuiM, a town of Campania, near 
Ibe inoLith of the Vulturnns. Liv. 25, c. 20.' 



vu 

— PHn. 3, c. 5. Also an ancient name of 

Capua. Liv. 4, c. 37. 

VuLTDRNDs, a liver of Campania rising in 
the Apennines, and falling into the Tyrrhene 
sea, after passing by the town of Capua. 

Luerd. 5, 664.— Firg. ^n. 7, v. 729. The 

god of the Tiber was also known by tliat 

name. Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 5. The wind 

which received the name of Vulturnus when 
it blew from the side of the Vulturnus, highly 
incommoded the Romans at the battle of Can- 
nae. Liv. 22, c. 43 and 46. A surname of 

Apollo on mount Lissus in Ionia, near Ephe- 
sus. The god received this nam^ from a shep- 
herd w ho raised him a temple after he had 
been drawn out of a subterraneous cavern by 
vultures. 



uz 

VuLsijfCM, a town of Etruria, where Sc 
janus was bom. 

UxAMA, a town of Spain on the Ibems. 
Sil. 3. V. 384. 

UxANTis, now Ushant, an island on the 
coast of Britany. 

UxELLODUNUM, a town of Gaul defended 
by steep rocks, now Putch d'Issolu. Cces. B. 
G. 8, c. 33. 

UxENTUM, a town of Calabria, now Ugento. 

Uxii, mountains of Armenia, with a na- 
tion of the same name, conquered by Alexan- 
der. The Tigris rises in their country. Slrab, 
—Diod. 

UxisAMA, an island on the western ocean. 

UziTA, an inland town of Africa, destroyed 
by Caesar. Hirt de Afric. 41, &.c. 



XA 

XANTHE, one of the Oceanides. Hmod. 
Thtog. V. .356. 

Xamhi, a people of Thrace. The 

inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia. \^Vid. Xan- 
thus.J 

Xanthia Phoceus, a Roman whom Horace 
addresses in his 2 od. 4, and of whom he 
speaks as enamoured of a servant maid. 

Xanthica, a festival observed by the Ma- 
cedoiiiaus in the month called Xanthicus, the 
same as April. It was then usual to make a 
lustration of the army with great solemnity. 
A bitch was cut into two parts, and one half 
of the body placed on one side, and the other 
part on the other side, after which the soldiers 
marched between, and they imitated a real 
battle b}' a sham engagement. 

Xanthippe, a daughter of Dorus. [Fm/. 
Xantippe.j 

Xanthippus, a son of Melas killed by Ty- 
deus. [Vid. Xantippus.] 

Xantho, one of Cyrene's attendant 
nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 336. 

Xantuus, or Xanthos, a river of Troas, 
in Asia Minor. It is the same as the Scam- 
under, but according to Homer, it was called 
Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. 
[Vid. Scamander.J A river of Lycia, an- 
ciently called Sirbcs. It was sacred to Apol- 
lo, and fell into the sea, near Patara. Homer. 
11. 6, V. 172.— FtVg. JEn. 4, v. 143.— .We/a, 1, 

c. 15. One of the horses of Achilles, who 

spoke to his master when chid with severity, 
and told him that he must soon be killed. 

Homer. II. 19. One of the horses given to 

Juno by Neptune, and afterwards to the sons 

of Leda. An historian of Sardes in the 

reign of Darius. A Greek historian of Ly- 

dia who wrote an account of his country, of 
which some fragments remain. Dionys. Hal. 

A king of Lesbos. A king of Boeotia, 

who made war against the Athenians. He 
was killed by the artifice of Melanthus. [Vid. 

Apaturia.] A Greek poet. JElian. V. H. 

4, c. 26. — Suidas. A philosopher of> Sa- 

mus, in whose house iEsop lived some time as 

servant. A town of Lycia on the river of 

the same name, at tho. distance of about 15 
uriles from tho sea shore. Th« hlhalli^8inh 



XA 

are celebrated for their love of liberty and 
national independence. Brutus laid siege to 
their city, and when at last they were unable 
longer to support themselves against the ene- 
my, they set lire to their houses and destroyed 
themselves. The conqueror wished to spare 
them, but though he offered rewards to his 
soldiers, if they brought any of the Xanthians 
alive into his presence, onl}' 150 were saved 
much against their will. Appian. 4. — Flut. in 
Brut. 

Xanticles, one of the leaders of the 10,000 
Greeks, after the battle of Cunaxa. 

Xantippe, a daughter of Dorus who mar- 
ried Pleuron, by whom she had Agenor, kc. 

Apollod. 1, c. 7. The wife of Socrates, re- 

maj'kable for her ill humour and peevish 
disposition, which are become proverbial. 
Some suppose that the philosopher was ac- 
quainted with her moroseness and insolence 
before he married her, and that he took her 
for his wife to try his patience, and inure 
himself to the malevolent reflections of man- 
kind. She contiinially tormented him with 
her impertinence ; and one day, not satisfied 
with using the most bitter invectives, she emp- 
tied a vessel of dirty water on his head, upon 
which the philosopher coolly observed, after 
thunder there generalli/ falls rain. Xlian. V. 
H. 7, c. 10, 1. 9, c. 7," 1. 11, c. 12.— Biog. in 
Socrat. 

Xantippus, a Lacedaemonian general who 
assisted the Carthaginians in the first Punic 
war. He defeated the Romans, 256 B. C. 
and tooklhe celebrated Regultis prisoner. Such 
signal services deserved to be rewarded, but 
the Carthaginianslouked with envious jealousy 
unon Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth 
alter he had saved them from destruction 
Some authors support that the Carthaginians 
ordered him to be assassinated, and his body 
to be thrown into the sea, as he was returning 
home ; while others say that they had pre- 
pared a leaky ship to convey him to Corinth, 
which he aitfully avoided. Liv. 18 and 28, c 

43. — Appian. de Fan. An Athenian gene 

ral who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycalc 
with Leotychides. A statue was erected to 
hri honour in the citadel of Athens. He made 



some conquests hi Thrace, and increased the 
power of Athens. He was father to the 
celebrated Pericles by Agariste the niece of 
Clisthenes, who expelled the Pisistratidas from 

Athens. Paus. 3, c. 7, 1. 8, c. 52. A son 

of Pericles who disgraced his father by his 
disobedience, his ingratitude, and his extrava- 
gance. He died of the plague in the Pelopon- 
nesian war. Plut. 
Xenagoras, an historian. Dionys. Hal. 

A philosopher who measured the height 

of mount Olympus. 

Xenarchus, a comic poet. A peripa- 
tetic philosopher of Seleusia, who taught at 
Alexandria and at Rome, and was intimate 

with Augustus. Slrab. 14. A praetor of the 

Achaean league who wished to favour the in- 
terest of Perseus, king of Macedonia, against 
the Romans. 

Xenares, an intimate friend of Cleome- 
nes king of Sparta. 

Xenetus, a rich Locrian, whose daughter 
Doris married Dionysius of Sicily, &c. ^rist. 
Pol. 5, c. 7. 

Xeneus, a Chian writer, who composed an 
History of his country. 

Xeniades, a Corinthian who went to buy 
Diogenes the Cynic, when sold as a slave. He 
asked him what he could do .•* upon wtiich the 
Cynic answered, command freemen. This no- 
ble answer so pleased Xeniades, thdt he gave 
the Cynic his liberty, and intrusted him with 
the care and education of his children. Diog. 
—Gell. 2, c. 18. 

Xenius, a surname given to Jupiter as the 
god oi hospilality. 

Xenoclea, a priestess of Apollo's temple 
at Delphi, from whom Hercules e.\torted an 
oracle by force when she refused to 'answer 
him because he was not purified of the blood 
and death of Iphitus. Faus, 10, c. 13. 

Xekocles, a tragic writer, who obtained 
four times a poetical prize, in a contention m 
which Euripides was competitor, either 
through the ignorance or by the bribery of his 
judges. The names of his tragedies which 
obtained the victory were (Edipas, Lycaon, 
Bacchae, Alhamas Satyricus, against the Alex- 
ander, Palamedes, Trojani, and Sisyphus 
Satyricus, of Euripides. His grandson bore 
also the name of Xenocles, and excelled in 
tragical compositions. MUun. V. JI. 2, c. 

8. A Spartan olhccr in the expedition 

which Agesilaus undertook against the Per- 
sians. An architect of Eleusis. A friend 

of Aratus. One of the friends of Cicero. 

A celebrated rhetorician of Adramyttium. 

Strab. 13. 

Xenocratks, an ancient philosopher born 
at CaIchedoni:i, and educated in the school 
of Plato, whose friendship he gained, and 
whose approbation he merited. Though of 
a dull and sluggish disposition, he supplied 
the defects of nalure by unwearied attention 
and industry, and was at last found capable of 
succeeding in the school of Plato after Speu- 
sippus, about 339 yearg before Christ. He 
was remarkable as a disciplinarian, and he 
required that his pupils should be acquainted 
with mathematics before they came under his 
care, and he even rejected some who had 
not the necessary qualification, saying that 
they had not yet found the key of philoso- 



XE 

pby. He did not only recommend himself to 
liis pupils by precepts, but more powerfully 
by example, and since the wonderful change 
he had made upon the conduct of one of his 
auditors, [Vid. Polemon,] his company was 
as much shunned by the dissolute and extrava- 
gant, as it was courted by the virtuous and 
the benevolent. Philip of Macedon attempt- 
ed to gain his confidence with money, but 
with no success. Alexander in this imitated 
his father, and seat some of his friends with 
50 talents for the philosopher. They were 
introduced, and supped with Xenocrates. 
The repast was small, frugal, and elegant, 
without ostentation. On the morrow, the 
officers of Alexander wished to pay down the 
50 talents, but the philosopher asked them 
whether they had not perceived from the 
entertainment of the preceding day, that he 
was not in want of money : Tell your master, 
said he, to keep his money, he has more people 
to maintain than I have. Yet not to olfend 
the monarch, he accepted a small sum, about 
the 200th part of one talent. His character 
was not less conspicuous in every other parti- 
cular, and he has been cited as an instance 
of virtue from the following circumstance. 
The courtezan Lais had pledged herself to 
forfeit an immense sum of money, if she did 
not triumph over the virtue of Xenocrates. 
3he tried every art, assumed the most cap- 
tivating looks, and used the most tempting 
attitudes to gain the philosopher, but in 
vain ; and she declared at last that she had 
not lost her money, as she had pledged her- 
seif to conquer an human behjg, not a lifeless 
stone. Though so respected and admired, 
yet Xenocrates was poor, and he was dragged 
to prison, because he was unable to pay a 
small tribute to the state. He was delivered 
irom confinement by one of his friends. His 
integrity was so well known, that when he 
appeared in the coun as a witness, the judges 
dispensed with his oath. He died B. C. 314, 
in his 83d year, after he had presided in the 
academy for above 25 years. It is said, that 
he fell in the night with his head into a basin 
of water, and that he was suifocated. He had 
written above (iO treatises on dilFerent subjects, 
all now lost. He acknowledged no other deity 
but heaven, and the seven planets. Diog. — 
Cic. ad Mlic. 10, ep. 1, ^c. Tusc. 5, c. 32. — 

Val. Max. 2, c. 10. — Lucian. A physician 

in the age of Nero, not in great esteem. His 
Greek treatise, de alimento ex aquafilibus, is 

best edited by Franzius, Lips. 8vo. 1774. 

An excellent painter. Plin. 34, c, 8. 

Xenodamus, an illegitimate son of Mene- 

laus, by Gnossia. Jipollod. 3, c. 11. An 

athlete of Anticyra. Peru*. 10, c. 36. 

Xenodice, a daughter of Sylens, killed 

by Hercules. Jipollod. 2, c. 6. A daughter 

of Minos and Phasiphae. lb. 3, c. 1. 

Xrnodochus, a Messenian crowned at the 

Olympic games. Paus. 4, c. 5. A native 

of Cardia, ike. 

Xenophanes, a Greek philosopher of Co- 
lophon, disciple of Archelaus, B. C. 535. He 
wrote several poems and treatises, and founded 
a sect which was called the Eleatic, in Sicily. 
Wild in his opinions about astronomy, he 
supposed that the stars were extinguished 
every morning and rekindled at night; that 



XE 



XE 



eclipses were occasioned by the temporary I to cross rapid rivers, penetrate through vast 
•xtmction of the sun ; that the moon was in- deserts, gain the tons of mn.,nf«Jn= .ii^t 
habited, and 18 times bigger than the earth ; I could r'esf secure fo7a while aXeL^ ^ 
and d^at there were several s,ms and moons I tired companions. This celebrated retreat 

was at last happily effected, the Greeics re- 
turned home after a march of 1 155 parasangs, 
or leagues, which was performed in 215 days, 
after an absence of 15 months. The whole 
perhaps might now be forgotten, or at least 
but obscurely known, if the great philosopher 
who planned it, had not employed his pen ia 
describing the dangers which he escaped, and 
the ditficulties which he surmounted. He was 
no sooner returned from Cunaxa, than he 
sought new honours in following the fortune 
of Agesilaus in Asia. He enjoyed his confi- 
dence, he fought under his standard, and con- 
quered with him in the Asiatic provinces, as 
well as at the battle of Corona^a. His fame, 
however, did not escape the aspersions of jea- 
lousy, he was publicly banished from Athens 



for the convenience of the dilferent climate 
of the earth. He further imagined that God 
and the world were the same, and he credited 
the eternity of the universe, but his incoher- 
ent opinion about the divinity, raised the in- 
dignation of his countrymen, and he was ban- 
ished. He died very poor when about 100 
years old. Cic. qumst. 4, c. 37, de Div. 1, c. 
3, lit Kat. D. 1, c. n.—Ladant. Div Inst. 3, c. 

23. A governor of Olbus, in the age of 

M. Antony. Slrab. 14. One of the mini- 
sters of Philip, who went to Annibal's camp, 
and made a treaty of alliance between Mace- 
donia and Carthage. 

Xenophilus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
who lived to his 170th year, and enjoyed all 
his faculties to the last. He wrote upon mu- 



f" •^"'!/ ^l^^^^'^^^r^' called the 'nusician. foraccompanylngCyrusaoainsthisbrother,and 
Lucian de Macrob.-Plin. 7, c. 50.-Val. Max being now without a home, he retired to Scil- 



8, c. 13.- 
Curt. 5, c. 
hired some troops. 



—One of Alexander's generals. 
2. A robber of whom Aratus 



Xenophon, an Athenian, son of Gryllus, 
celebrated as a general, an historian, and a 
philosopher. In the school of Socrates he re- 
ceived those instructions and precepts which 
afterwards so eminently distinguished him at 
the head of an army, in literary solitude, and 
as the prudent father of a family. He was in- 
vited by Proxenus, one of his intimate friends, 
to accompany Cyrus the younger in an expe- 
dition against his brother Artaxerxes, king of 
Persia ; but he refused to comply without pre- 
. viously consulting his venerable master, and 
inquiring into the propriety of such a mea- 
sure. Socrates strongly opposed it, and ob- 
served, that it might raise the resentment of 
his countrymen, as Sparta had made an alli- 
ance with the Persian monarch j but, how- 
ever, before he jjroceeded further he advised 
bim to consult the oracle of Apollo. Xeno 
phon paid due deference to the injunctions of 
Socrates but as he was ambitious of glory, and 
eager to engage in a distant expedition, he 
hastened with precipitation to Sardis, where 
he was introduced to the young prince, and 
treated with great attention. In the army of 
Cyrus, Xenophon showed that he was a true 
disciple of Socrates, and that he had been 
educated in the warlike city of Athens. Af- 
ter the decisive battle in the plains of Cunaxa, 
and the fall of young Cyrus, the prudence and 
vigour of his mind were called into action. 
The ten thousand Greeks who had followed 
the standard of an ambition? prince, were 
now at the distance of above 600 leagues from 
their native home, in a country surrounded on 
every side by a victorious enemy, without mo- 
ney, without provisions, and without a leader. 
Xenophon was selected from among the of 
ficers, to superintend the retreat of his coun- 
trymen, and though he was often oppose*! by 
malevolence and envy, yet his persuasive elo 
quence and his activity convinced the Greeks 
that no general could extricate them from 
every dithcully, better than the disciple oi 
Socrates. He rose superior to danger, and 
though under continual alarms from the sud- 
den attacks of the Persians, he was enabled 
94 



lus, a small town of the Lacedaemonians, in the 
neighbourhood of Olympia. In this solitary 
retreat he dedicated his time to literary pur- 
suits, and as he had acquired riches in his 
Asiatic expeditions, he began to adorn and 
variegate by the hand of art, for his pleasure 
and enjoyment, the country which surround- 
ed Scillus. He built a magnificent temple 
to Diana, in imitation of that of Ephesus, and 
spent part of his time in rural employments, 
or in hunting in the w^oods and mountains. 
His peaceful occupations, however, were soon 
disturbed, a war arose between the Lacedse- 
monians and Elis. The sanctity of Diana's 
temple, and the venerable age of the philoso- 
pher, who lived in the deUghtful retreats of 
Scillus, were disregarded, and Xenophon, 
driven by the Elians from his favourite spot, 
where he had composed and written for the 
information of posterity and honour of his 
country, retired to the city of Corinth. In 
this place he died in the 90th year of his age, 
359 years before the Christian era. The 
works of Xenophon are numerous : He wrote 
an account of the expedition of Cyrus, called 
the Anabas^is, atid as he had no inconsiderable 
share in the enterprise, his descriptions must 
be authentic, as he was himself an eye wit- 
ness. Many however have accused him of 
partiality. He appeared often too fond of ex- 
tolling the virtues of his favourite Cyrus, and 
while he describes with contempt the impru- 
dent operations of the Persians, he does not 
neglect to show that he was a native of 
Greece. His Ci/ropcpdia, divided into eight 
books, has given rise to much criticism, and 
while some warmly maintain that it is a 
faithful account of the life and the actions of 
Cyrus the Great, and declare that it is sup- 
ported by the authority of scripture ; others 
as vehemently deny its authenticity. Ac- 
cording to the opinions of Plato and of Cicero, 
the Cyro|)ajdia of Xenophon was a moral 
romance, and these venerable philoso|>liers 
support, that the histurinn did not so much 
write what Cyrus h ul been, as what every 
true good and viiluous monarch ought to be. 
His Hellmicu w«m'C written os a continuation 
of the history of Thucydidcs; and in his-Vc- 
morabilia of Socr»le.s, uud in his Apolosi^, he 



/ 



XE 

Las shown himself, as Valerius Maximus ob- 1 
serves, a perfect master of the philosophy of! 
that great man, and he has explained his I 
doctrines and moral precepts with all the ' 
success of persuasive eloquence and conscious I 
integrity. These are the most famous of his 
compositions, besides which there are other 
small tracts, his eulogium given on Agesilaus, 
his ceconomics on the duties of domestic 
life, the dialogue entitled Hiero, in which 
he happily describes and compares the mise 
ry which attended the tyrant, with the felici- 
ty of a virtuous prince ; a treatise on hunt- 
ing, the symposium of the philosophers, on 
the government of Athens and Sparta, a 
treatise on the revenues af Attica, &i.c. The 
simplicity and the elegance of Xenophon's 
diction have procured him the name of the 
Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and 
they have induced Quintilian to say, that the 
graces dictated his language, and that the 
goddess of persuasion dwelt upon his lips. 
His sentiments, as to the divinity and reli 
gion, were the same as those of the venera- 
ble Socrates ; he supported the immortality 
of the soul, and exhorted his friends to culti- 
vate those virtues which ensure the happiness 
of mankind, with all the zeal and fervour of a 
Christian. He- has been quoted as an instance 
of tenderness and of resignation on provi- 
dence^. Ashe was offering a sHcrifice he was 
Informed that Gryllus, his eldest son, had 
been killed at the battle of Maiitinea. Upon 
this he tore the garland from his head, but 
when he xyas told that his son had died like 
a Greek, &ndv had' given a mortal wound to 
£pamitv6ndas, the enemy's general, he re- 
placed the flowers on his head, and continued 
the sacrifice, exclaiming that the pleasure he 
derived from the valour of his-son, was greater 
tiian the grief which his unfortunate death 
occasioned. The best editions of Xenophoii 
are those of Leunclavius, fol. Francof. J596, 
of Ernesti, 4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1763, and the 
Glasgow edition, 12mo. of the Cyropeedia 
1767, the expedition of Cyrus 1764, the Me- 
morabilia 1761, and the history of Greece 
1762, and likewise the edition of Zeunius, 
published at Leipsic, in 8vo. in 6 vols, between 
the years 1778 and 1791. Cic. in Orat. 19 
— Val. Max. 6, c. 10— Qwinfi/. 10, c. 2.— 
JElian. V. 11. 3, c. 13, I. 4, c. 5. — Diog. in 
Xenoph.- — Seneca. A writer in the begin- 
ning of the fourth ceotury, known by his 
Greek romance in five books, De jQmoribus 
Jlnthim Ahrocomcz, published in 8vo. and 4lo. 

by Cocceius, Loud. 1726. A physician 

of the emperor Claudius, born in tiio island 
of Coa, and said to be descended from the 
Asclepiades. He enjoyed the emperor's fa- 
vours, and through him the people of Cos 
were exempt from all taxes. He had the 
meanness to poison his benefactor at the in- 
stigation of Agrippina. Tacit. 12, Jinn. c. 61 
and 67. An officer under Adrian, he. 

Xek.\, a town of Spain, now Xerex^ 
where the Moors gained a battle over Rode 
ric, king of the Goths, and became masters of 
the country. 

Xerolibya, a part of Africa between Egypt 
and Cyrene. 

Xerxena, a part of Armenia. Slrab. 11. 

Xebxj:s, 1st, succeeded his father Darius 



XE 

on the throne of Persia, and though but tke 
second son of the monarch, he was preferred 
to his elder brother Artabazanes. The causes 
alleged' for this preference were, that Arta- 
bazanes was son of Darius when a private 
man, and that Xej*xes was born after his fa- 
ther had been raised on the Persian throne 
of Atossa the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes 
continued the warlike preparations of his 
father, and added the revolted kingdom of 
Egypt to his extensive possessions. He after- 
wards invaded Europe, and entered Greece 
with an army, which together with the 
numerous retinue of servants, eiinuchi, and 
women that attended it, amounted to no less 
than 5,283,220 souls. This multitude, which 
the fidelity of historians has not exaggerated, 
was stopped at Thermopyla?, by the valour 
of 500 Spartans, under king Leonidas, Xer- 
xes, astonished that such a handful of nietj 
should dare to oppose his progress, ordered 
some of bis soldiers to bring them alive into 
his presence, but for three successive days 
the most valiant of the Persian troops were 
repeatedly defeated in attempting to execute 
the monarch's injunctions, and the courage 
of the Spartans might perhaps have triumph- 
ed longer, if a Trachinian had not led a de- 
tachment to the top of the mountain, and 
suddenly fallen upon the devoted Leonidas. 
The king himself nearly perished on this oc- 
casion, and it has been reported, that in the 
night, the desperate Spartans sought, fpr a 
while, the royal tent, which they found de- 
serted, and wandered through the Persian 
army, slaughtering thousands before them. 
The battle of Thermopylae was the beginning 
of the disgrace of Xerxes, the more he ad- 
vanced, it was to experience new disappoint- 
ments, his fleet was defeated at Artemisium 
and Salamis,and though he burnt the deserted 
city of Athens, and trusted to the artful in- 
sirmations of Themistocles, yet he found his 
millions unable to conquer a nation that was 
superior to him in the knowledge of war and 
maritime aflTairs. Mortified with the ill suc- 
cess of his expedition, and apprehensive o€ 
imminent danger in an enemy's country, 
Xerxes hastened to Persiia, and in 30 days he 
marched over all that territory which before 
he had passed with much pomp and parade 
in the space of six months. Mardonius, the 
best of his generals, was left behind, with an 
army of 300,000 men, and the rest that had 
survived the ravages of war, of famine, and 
pestilence, followed their timid monarch into 
Thrace, where his steps were marked by the 
numerous birds of prey that hovered round 
him, and i^y\ upon the dead carcasses of the 
Persian*. When he reached the Hellespont, 
Xerxes found the bridge of boats which he 
had erected there, totally destroyed by the 
storms, atid he crossed the straits in a small 
fishing vessel. Restored to his kingdom and 
safety, he forgot his dangers, his losses, and 
his defeats, and gave himself up to riot and 
debauchery. His indolenee, anc^ luxurious 
voluptuousness offended his subjects, and 
Artabanus, the captai:i of his guards, conspir- 
ed against him, and murdered him in his bed., 
in the 21st year of his reign, about 464 yeac* 
before the Christian era. The personal ac- 
complishments of Xertes; have hjeen com- 



I 



XE 

mended by aocient authors, and Herodotus 
observes that there was not one man among 
the millions of his ai'ray, that was equal to 
the monarch in comeliness or stature, or 
that was as worthy to preside over a great 
and extensive empire. The picture is finish- 
ad, and the character of Xerxes completely 
known when w« hear Justin exclaim, that 
the vast armament which invaded Greece 
was widiout a head Xerxes has been cited 
as an instance of humanity. When he re- 
viewed his millions from a stately throne in 
the plains of Asia, he suddenly shed a torrent 
of tears on the recollection that the multitude 
of men he saw before his eyes, in one hundred 
years should be no more. His pride and in- 
solence have been deservedly censured, he 
ordered chains to bethrown into the sea, and 
the waves to be whipped because the first 
l)ridge he had laid across the Hellespont had 
been destroyed by a storm. He cut a chan- 
nel through mount Athos, and saw his fleet 
sail in a place which before was dry ground. 
The very rivers were dried up by his army 
«is he advanced towards Greece, and the 
cities which he entered reduced to want and 
poverty. Herodot. 1, c. 183, 1. 7, c. 2, &,c. — 
Diod. n.—Strab. 9.—Mlian 3, V. H. 25.— 
Justin. 2, c. 10, kc. — Pans. 3, c. 4, 1. 8, c. 
4Q.—Lucan. 2, v. 672.— Plut. in Them. Lc. 
— Val. Max. — Isocrat. in Panalh. — Seneca. 

de Const. Sap. 4. The 2d, succeeded his 

father Artaxerxes Longiraanus on the throne 
of Persia, 425 B. C. and was assassinated 
in the first year of his reign by his brother 

Sogdianus. A painter of Heraclea, who 

made a beautiful representation of Venus. 



XY 

Xeuxes, an officer of Antiochus the Great; 
king of Syria. 

XiLiNE, a town of Colchis. 

XiPHONiA, a promontory of Sicily, at the 

north of Syracuse, now Cruce. Strab. 6, 

Also a town near it, now Augusta. 

Xois. an island formed by the mouths of 
the iSile Strab. 17. 

XuTHiA, the ancient name of the plains of 
Leontium in Sicily. Diod. 6. 

X0THUS, a son of Hellen, grandson of Deu- 
calion. He was banished from Thessaly 
by his brothers, and came to Athens, where 
ue married Creusa, the daughter of kin« 
Erecbtheus, by whom he had Acha>.us and 
Ion. He retired after the death of his father- 
in-law into Achaia, where he died. Accord- 
ing to some, he had no children, but adopted 
Io;i. the son whom Creusa, before her mar- 
riage, had borne to Apollo, ApoUod. 1, c. 7. 
— Pans. T, c. 1. — Euripid. in Ion. I, sc. I. 

Xychus, a Macedonian who told Philip 
of his cruelty when he had put his son Deme- 
trius to death, at the instigation of Perseus. 

Xvr.ENopoLis, a town at the mouth of the 
Indus, built by Alexander, supposed to be £,a- 
lieri. Plin.6, c. 23. 

Xyline, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 38, 
c. 15. 

Xylopolis, a town of Macedonia. Pliii. 
4, c. 10. 

Xynias, a lake of Thessaly, or, according 
to some, of Boeotia. Liv. 32, c. 13, 1. 33, c. 3. 

Xynoichia, an anniversary day observed 
at Athens in honour of Minerva, and in com- 
memoration of the time in which the people 
of Attica I eft their country seats, and by advice 
of Theseus, all united in one body. 



ZA 

ZABATUS, a river of Media, falling into 
the Tigris, near which the ten thousand 
Greeks stopped in their return. Xenophon. 

Zabdiceke, a province of Persia. 

Zabirna, a town of Libya, where Bac- 
chus destroyed a large beast that infested the 
country. Diod. 3. 

Zabus, a river of Assyria, falling into the 
Tigris. 

Zacynthus, a native of BoBOtia, who ac- 
companied Hercules when he went into 
Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of the 
expedition he was intrusted with the care 
of Geryon's flocks, by the hero, and ordered 
to conduct them to Thebes. As he went on 
his journey, he was bit by a serpent, and 
some time after died. His companions carried 
his body away, and buried it in an island 
of the Ionian sea, which from that time was 
called Zacynthus. The island of Zacynthus, 
now called Zante, is situate at the south of 
Cephalenia, and at the west of the Pelopon- 
nesus. It is about 60 miles in circumference. 
Liv. 26, c. 24.— P/m. 4, c. V2.Strab. 2 and 
S.—Mela, 2, c. 1.— Homer. Od. 1, v. 246, 1. 
9, v. 24.— Ovid de Jirt. Mi. 2, v. 4:3,2.— Paus. 

4, c. 2^.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 270. A son of 

Dardanus. Paus. 8. 
Zadris, a town of Colchi'? 



ZA 

Zagr£us, a son of Jupiter and Proser- 
une, the same as the first Bacchus, of whom 
Cicero speaks. Some say that Jupiter ob- 
tained Proserpine's favours in the form of 
a serpent in one of the caves of Sicily, where 
her mother had concealed her from his pur- 
suits, and that from this union Zagreeus was 
born. 

Zagous, a mountain on tlie confines of Me- 
dia and Babylonia. Strab. II. 

Zalates, an effeminate youth brought to 
Rome from Ai'menia as an hostage, ^c. Juv. 
20, v. 164. 

Zalkucus, a lawgiver of the Locrians in 
Italy, and one of the disciples of Pythagoras, 
■350 B. C. He Avas very humane, and at the 
same time very austere, and he attempted to 
enforce his laws mwe by inspiring shame than 
dread. He had wisely decreed, that a person 
guilty of adultery should lose botii his eye:>. 
His philosophy was called to a trial when he 
was informed that his son was an adulterer. 
He ordered the law to be executed ; the peo- 
ple interfered, but Zaleiicns resisted, and ra- 
ther than violate his own itistitutions, he com- 
manded one of his own eyes, and one of those 
of his son, to be put out. This made such an 
impression upon the people, that while Zalou- 
cus presided over the Lorniuis. no r>o!-on \va*r 



r 



ZE 

again found guilty of adultery. Val. Max. 1, 
c. 2, 1. 6, c. 5. — (Jic. dt Leg. 2, c. 6. ad Attic. 
6, ep. l.—JElian. V. H. 2, c. 37, 1. 3, c. 17, 1. 
13, c. 24.— Strab. 6. 

Zama, or Zagma, a town of Nuraidia, 300 
miles from Carthage, celebrated for the victo- 
ry which Scipio obtained there over the great 
Annibal, B. C. 202. Metellus besieged it, aud 
was obliged to retire with great loss. After 
.Tuba's death it was destroyed by the Romans. 
Hirt.Af. 91.— C. JVep. in Annib.—Liv. 30, c. 
29.— Saliiist. dtJug.—Flor. 3, c. l.—Jtal. 3, v. 

261. — Strab. 17. A town of Cappadocia 

of Mesopotamia. 

Zameis, a debauched king of Assyria, son 
of Semiramis and iNijmS; as some report. He 
reigned 38 years. 

Zamolxis, or ZalmoxiS; a slave and disci- 
ple of Pythagoras. He accompanied his mas- 
ter in Egypt, and aiteruards retired into the 
country uf the Gelee, which had given him 
bind. He began to civihze his counirymen, 
and the more easily to gam reputation, he 
concealed iiiraseif for three years in a subter- 
raiieous cave, and afterwards made them be- 
lieve that he was just risen from the aead. 
Some jtlace him before the age of Pylhagoras. 
After death he received divine honours. Diod. 
— Htrodot. 4, c. 19, 6lc. 

Zanclk, a town of Sicily, or the straits 
which separate that island from Italy. It 
received its name from its appearing Itke a 
scythe, which was called c^j^^'-'ov, in the lan- 
guage of the country, or as others say," because 
the bcytlje with which Saturn mutilated bis 
father fell tiiere, or becaube, as Diodorus re- 
ports, a person named Zanclus bad eitner built 
it or exercised its sovereignty. Zancle fell 
into the hands of the Saniians, 497 years be- 
fore the Christian era, and three yeaj-s after it 
was recovered by Anaxilaus, the Messe: ian 
tyrant of Rhegium, who gave it the name of 
his native country, and called it Messana. it 
was founded, as most chronologists support, 
abuut 1058 years before the Christian era, by 
the pir tes of Cumaj in Italy, and peopled by 
Samians, lonians, and Chaicidians. Strab. 6. 
—Diod. 4.—Ital. 1, v. 662.^0iid. Fast. 4, 
V. 499. Met. 14, V. 6, 1. 15, v. 290.— Fans. 
4, c. 23. 

Zakas, a town of Peloponnesus. 
Zakbilnus, u petty monarch of Asia, who 
w^as gained to the interest of the Romans 
by one of ilie officers of Lucullus. 'iigranes 
put him to death iKr his desertion, and his 
funeriil was celebrated "ith gi-eat magniticence 
by the Roman general. Pful. in Luc. 

Zakiaspes; a Persian wlio attempted to 

revolt from Aipxander, Lc. Lurt. 9, c. 10. 

A river, now Jjeliaxh, on v^'h.ch Baciiia- the 
capital of i<actriana, was built. It is <;alled Bac- 
trus by Curtius 7, c 4. — PUn. 6, c. 15 and 10. 
Zathes, a river of Armenia. 
Zaueces, a people of Libya. Horodot. 4. 
c. 193. 

Zebina, Alexander, an impostor, who 
usurped the thri)ne of Syria at the instigation 
of Ptolemy Pliyscon. 

Zela, or Zti.iA; a town of Pontus near 
the river Lycus u here Caesar defeiited Phar- 
nacos. son of Mithridates. In exftressirig this 
victory tlie general used the \\ords vcni, lidi, 
vici. Sud. Caa. 37. — Jdiri. Alex. 72. A 



ZE 



town of Troas at the foot of Ida. AnO' 

therin Lycia. 

Zelasium, a promontory of Tbessaly. 
LiY'. 31, c. 46. 

Zeles, a town of Spain. 

Zelus, a daughter of Pallas. 

Zeno, a philosopher of Elia or VelJa in 
Italy, the disciple, or according to some, the 
adopted son of Parmenides, and the supposed 
inventor of dialectic. His opinions about 
the universe, the unity, iucomprehensibility, 
and immutabilty of all things, were the 
same with those of Xenophanes and the 
rest of the Elatic philosophera. It is said, 
that he attempted to deliver bis country from 
the tyranny of Nearchus. His plot was dis- 
covered, and be was exposed to the most 
excruciating torments to reveal the names of 
bis accomplices, but this be bore with unpa- 
ralleled fortitude, aud not to be at last con- 
quered by tortures, he cut ofihis tongue with 
his teeth, and spit it into the face of the 
tyrant. Some say that he was pounded alivte 
in a mortar, and that in the midst of his tor- 
ments he called to Nearchus, as if to reveal 
sometliing of importance ; the tyrant ap- 
proached him, aud Zeno, as if willing to 
whisper to bim, caught his ear with his teeth, 
and bit it otf. Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 22. de JVa^ 
D. 3, c. 33. — Diog. in Frag. — Fa/. Maz. 3, 

c. 3. — Diog. 9. The founder of the sect 

of the stoics born at Citium, in the island 
of Cyprus. The first part of his life was 
spent in commercial pursuits, but he was 
soon called to more elevated employments. 
As he was returning from Phoenicia a storm 
drove his ship on Iho coast oi Attica, and he 
was shipwrecked near the Piraeus. This mo- 
ment of calamity he regarded as tiie begin- 
ning of his lame. He entered the liouse of a 
bookseller, and to dissipate bis melancholy 
reflections, he began to read. The book was 
written by Xenopiion, and the merchant was 
so jjlensed and captivated by the eloquence 
and beauties of the philosopher, thai from 
that time be renounced the pursuits of a busy 
life, and applied himself to the study of phi- 
losophy. Ten years were spent in frequent- 
ing the school of Crates, and the same num- 
ber under Slilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. 
Perfect in every brancii of knowledge, and 
improved from experience as welTas ob- 
servation, Zeno opened a school at Athens, 
and soon saw himself attended by the great, 
ihe learned, and the powerful. His followers 
were called Stoics, because they received the 
instructions of the philosopher in the portico 
called -9=^. He was so respected during bis 
life-time, that the Athenians publicly de« 
creed him a brazen statue and a crown of gold, 
and engraved their decree to give it more pub- 
licity on two columns in the academy, and in 
the Lyceum. His lite was an example of so- 
berness and mo eration, his manners were 
austere, and to his temperance and regularity 
he was indebted lor the continual How of 
health which he always enjoyed. After he 
iiad taught publicly for 48 years, he died in 
the 98th year of his age, B. C. 264, a stranger 
to diseases, and never incommoded by a real 
indisposition. He was buried in that part of 
the city called Cermicus, where the Athe- 
nians raised him a monument. The foundei' 



ZE 

of the stoic philosophy shone before his fol- 
lowers as a pure example of imitation. Vir- 
tue he perceived to he the ultimate of his re- 
searches. He wished to live in the world as 
if nothing was properly his own ; he loved 
others, and his affections were extended even 
to his enemies. He felt a pleasure in bein^^ 
kind, benevolent, and attentive, and he found 
that these sentiments of pleasure were reci 
procal. He saw a connexion and depen 
dence in the system of the universe, and per- 
ceived that from thence arose the harmony o; 
civil society, the tenderness of parents, and 
filial gratitude. In the attainment of virtue 
the goods of the mind were to be preferred 
to those of the body, and when that i)oint 
was once gained, nothing could equal our 
happiness and perfection, and the stoic could 
view with indifference health or sickness 
riches or poverty, pain and pleasure, which 
could neither move nor influence the serenity 
of his mind. Zeno recommended resignation ; 
he knew that the laws of the universe can- 
not be changed by man, and therefore he 
wished that his disciples should not in prayer 
deprecate impending calamities, but rather 
beseech Providence to grant them fortitude 
to bear the severest trials with pleasure and 
due resignation to the will of heaven. An ar- 
bitrary command over the passions was one ot 
the rules of stoicism, to assist our friends in 
the hour of calamity was Q|||kduty, but to give 
way to childish sensations \WPunbeooming our 
nature. Pity, therefore, and anger were to 
be banished from the heart, propriety and 
decorum were to be the guides in ever}' thing, 
and the external actions of men were the best 
indications of their innard feelings, their se- 
cret inclinations, and their character. It was 
the duty of the stoic to study himself; in the 
evening he was enjoined to review with criti- 
cal accuracy the events of the day, and to re- 
gulate his future conduct with more care, and 
always to find an impartial witness within his 
own breast. Such were the leading charac- 
ters of the stoic philosophy, whose followers 
were so iWlistrious, so perfect, and so nume- 
rous, and whose effects were productive of 
such exemplary virtues in the annals of the hu- 
man mind. Zeno in his maxims used to say, 
that with virtlie men could live happy under 
the most pressing calamities. He said, that 
nature had given us two ears, and only one 
mouth, to tell us that we ought to listen more 
than speak. He compared those whose ac- 
tions were dissonant with thl»ir professions to 
the coin of Alexandiia, wlifch appeared beau- 
tiful to the eye, though madeof the basest me- 
tals. He acknowledged^ only one God, the 
soul of the universe, which he conceived to be 
the body, and therefore he believed that those 
two together united, the soul and the body, 
formed one perfect animal, which was the god 
ol the stoics. Amongst the most illustrious fol- 
lowers of his doctrine, and the most respecta- 
ble writers, may be mentioned Epir/etus, Stne- 
ca, \he emperor J^nloninus, lUc. Cic. .^cad. 1, 
c. 12. de Kcd. D. 1, c. 14, I. 2, c. 8 and 24, I. 3, 
c. 24, pro Mar. de Oral. 32, k.c. Finib. — 6e- 
neca. — Efhcktus. — Arrlan. — Jl'lUnn. V.H.\), c. 

2r). — Djyg. An Epicurean ])hilusopher of 

Sidon, who numbered amung his pupils Cicero, 
Fomponias Atticus, Coll^; I'ompey, kc. CVc 



ZE 

I dt Kat. D. 1, c. 21 and 34. A rhetorician, 

1 father to Polemon, who was made kingof Pon- 
: tus. The son of Polemon who was king of 

! Armenia, was also called Zeno. Strah. 12. 

Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 56, A native ot Lepreos, 

son of Calliteles, crowned at the Olympic 
^iimes and honoured with a statue in the grove 

of Jupiter and at Olyrapia, Pans. 6, c. 15.' . 

A general of Antiochus. A philosopher of 

Tarsus, B. C. 207. The name of Zeno was 

common to some of tlie Roman emperors oa 
the throne of Constantinople, in the 5th and 
6th centuries. 

Zenobia, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rha- 
damistus. She accompanied her husband 
when he was banished from his kingdom by 
tlie Armenians, but as she was unable to 
follow him on account of her pregnancy, she 
entreated him fo murder her. Rhadamistus 
long hesitated, but fearful of her falling into 
the hands of his enemy, he obeyed, and threvr 
her body into the Araxes. Her clothes kept 
her up on the surface of the water, where she 
was found by some shepherds, and as the 
wound was not mortal, her liie was preserved, 
and she was carried to Tiridales, who ac- 
knowledged her as queen. Tacit. Ann. 12, 

c. 51. Septimia, a celebrated princess of 

Palmyra, who married Odenatus, whom Gal- 
lienus acknowledged as his partner on the 
Roman throne. After the death of her 
husband, which, according to some authors, 
she is said to have hastened, Zenobia reigned 
in the east as regent of her infant children, 
who were honoured with the title of Ceesars. 
She assumed the name of Augusta, and she 
appeared in imperial robes, and ordered her- 
self to be styled the queen of the east. The 
troubles which at that time agitated the wes- 
tern parts of the empire, prevented the em- 
peror from checking the insolence and ambi- 
tion of this princess, who boasted to be sprung 
Irom the Ptolemies of Egypt. Aurelian was 
no sooner invested with the imperial purple 
than he maiched into tlie east, determined to 
punish the pride ot Zenobia. He well knew 
her valour, and he was not ignomnt that in 
her wars against the Persians, she had distin- 
guished herself no less than Odenatus blie 
was the mistress of the east ; Egypt acknow- 
ledged her power, and all the provinces of 
Asia Minor were subject to her conimand. 
When Aurelian approached the [)lains of Sy- 
ria, the Palmyrean queen appeared at the 
head of 7tJO,00 men. She bore the iahouri 
of the Held like the meanest of her soldiers, 
Huxl walked on foot fearless of danger. Two 
battles u ere fought ; the courage of the queen 
gained the superiority, but an imprudent evo- 
lution of the Palmyrean cavalry ruined her 
cause; and while they pursued with spirit 
the Hying enemy, the Roman infantry sud- 
denly fell upon the main body of Zenobia'* 
army, and the defeat was inevi'able. The 
queen fled to Palmyra, determined to support 
a siege. Aurelian followed lier, and after he 
had almost exhausted his stores, he proposed 
terms of accommodation, which were re- 
jected with disdain by the warlike princess. 
Her hopes of victory however soon vanished, 
and though ^hc harassed the Romans night 
and day by continual sallies frotn her walls, 
and liic working of her military engine^i; 



2E 

she despaired of success when she heard that 
the armies nhich were marching to her re- 
lief from Armetiia, Persia, and the east, had 
partly been defeated and partJy bribed from 
her allegiance. She fled fi*om Pairayra in the 
night; but Aurdiao, who was apprized of her 
escape, pursued her, and she was caught as 
she was crossing the river Euphrates. She 
was brought into the presence of AureJian, 
and though the soldiers were clamorous for 
her death, she was reserved to adorn the tri- 
umph of the conqueror. She was treated 
with great humanity, and Aurelian gave her 
large possessions near Tibur, where she was 
permitted to live the rest of her days in peace, 
with ali the grandeur and majesty which be- 
came a queen of the east, and a warlike prin- 
cess. Her children were patronised by the 
emperor, sfid married to persons of the first 
distinction at Rome. Zenobia has been ad- 
mired not only for her military abilities, but 
also for her literary talents. She was ac- 
quainted with every branch of useful learniiij^. 
and spoke with fluency the language of the 
Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Latins. She 
composed an abridgment of the history of 
the oriental nations, and of Egypt, which 
was greatly commended by the ancients. She 
received no less honour from the patronage she 
atForded to th^celebrated Longinus, who was 
one of her favourites, and who taught tier the 
Oreek tongue. She has also been praised for 
her great chastity, and her constancy, though 
she betrayed too often her propensities to cru- 
elty and intoxication when in the midst of her 
officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian 
about the 273d year of the Christian era 

^ur. Vict — Zos. k,c. A town of Syria, on 

the Euphrates. 

Zenobu insula, small islands at the mouth 
of the Arabian gulf. 

Zenodorus, a sculptor in the age of Nero. 
He made a statue of Mercury, as also a colos 
sus for the emperor, which was 110 or 120 
feet high, and which was consecrated to the 
5un. The head of this colossus was some 
time after broken by Vespasian, Wi:o placed 
there the head of an Apollo surrounded with 
seven beams, each of which was seven feet 
find a half long. From this famous colossus 
the modern coliseum, whose ruins are now so 
much admired at Rome, took its name. Plin. 
34, c. 7. 

Zenodotia, a town of Mesopotamia, near 
^ieephorium. Pint, in Crass. 

ZENODdTus,a native of Trcezene, who wrote 

an hisJory of Umbria. Dion. Hal. 2. A 

granmiarian of Alexandria, in the age of Pto 
lemy Soter, by whom he was appointed to 
take care of the celebrated library of Alexan 
dria. He died B. C. 245. 

Zenothe.mis, a Greek writer. JElian. V. 
H. 17, c. 30. 

Zephyrium, a promontory of Magna Grae 
cia towards the Ionian sea, whence, accord- 
ing to some, the Locrians are called Epi- 

sephyrii. A town of Cilicia. Lio. 33, c. 

20. A cape of Crete, now San Zuane.^ 

Of Pontus, iic. 

Zephyrum, a promontory in the island of 
Cyprus, where Venus had a temple built by 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence she was called 
'Aephyr'ia. It was in this temple that Arsinoe 



ZE 

made an oflering of her hair to the goddess of 
beauty. 

Zephyrds, one of the winds, son of As- 
treus and Aurora, the same as the Favoniiis 
of the Latins. He married a nymph called 
Chloris, or Flora, hy whom he had a son call- 
ed Carpos. Zephyr was said to produce flow- 
ers and fruits by the sweetness of his breath. He 
had a temple at AJhens, where he was repre- 
sented as a young man of delicate form, with 
two wings on his shoulders, and with his head 
covered with all sorts of flowers. He was 
supposed to be the same as the west wind. 
Hesiod. Theog. 377.— Firg. wEn. 1, v. 135, 1. 
2, V. 417, I. 4, v. 223, kc.—Ovid. Met. I, v. 
64, 1 15, V. 700.— Propert. 1, el. 16, v. 34, fcc. 

Zeryntkus, a town of Samothrace, with 
a cave sacred to Hecate. The epithet of Ze- 
ryntkim is applied to Apollo, and also to Ve- 
nus. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 9, v. 19.— Lip. 38, c. 41. 

Zethes, Zetes, or Zetus, a son of Bo- 
reas, king of Thrace and Oritbya, who ac- 
companied, with his brother Calais, the Ar- 
gonauts to Colchis. In Bitbynia, the two 
brothers, who are represented with wings, de- 
livered Phiiieus from the continual persecu- 
tion ofthe Harpyes, and drove these monsters 
as far as the islands called Strophades. where 
at last they were stopped by Iris, who promis- 
ed them that Pfaineus should no longer be tor- 
mented by them. They were both killed, as 
some say. by HaMules dm-ing the Ai-gonautic 
expedition, and ^Pe changed into those winds 
which generally blow 8 or 10 days before the 
dog-star appears, and are called Prodromi by 
th«i Greeks. Their sister Cleopatra married 
Phineus ki«ag of Bithvnia. Orpheus. Arg. — 
Jipollod. I,«i4^, 1. 3, c' \5.—Hygin. fab. 14.— 
Ovid. MetBi^x. 716.— Paus. 3, c. 18.— Fa/, 
Flacc. 

ZettA, a town of Africa, jiear Thapsus, 
now Zerbi. Strab. 17.— Hirt. Afr. 68. 

Zetus, or Zf.thus, a son of Jupiter and 
Antiope, brother to Am'phion. The two bro- 
thers were born on mount Cithjeron, where 
Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of 
her father Nycteus. When they lAl attained 
the years of manhood, they cojjected a num- 
ber of their friends to aven^ the injuries 
which their mother iiad suffered from Lycus, 
the successor of Nycteus on ''Hje throne of 
Thebes, and his wife Dirce. Lycus was pu^ 
to death, and his wife lied to the'tail of a wild 
bull, that dragged her over rocks and preci- 
pices till she died. The crowji of Thebe« 
was seized by the two brothers, not only as 
the reward of this victory, but as their inheri- 
tance, and Zcthus surrounded the capital of 
his dominions with a strong wall, while his 
brother amused himself with playing on his 
lyre. Music and verses were disagreeable to 
ZethuH, and according to some, he prevailed 
upon his brother no longer to pursue so unpro- 
ductive a study. Ilygin. fab. 7. — Pans. 2, c. 6, 
hc.—.fipoUod. 3, c. 6 and 10.— Moral. 1, ep. 
18, v. 41. 

Zeugis, a portion of Africa, in which Car- 
thage was. The other division was called By- 
saciusn. Isidor. 14, 5. — Plin. 5, c. 4. 

ZEUfiMA, a town of Mesopotamia, on the 
western bank of the Euphrates, where was a 
well known passage across the river. It was 
the eastern boundary of the Roman empire, 
and in Pliny's age a chain of iron was said to 



Zi 



6, c. ^A.—Strah. 16.— 
Ann. 12, c. 12. A 



Jupiter among the 

his being the father 

whom all things live. 



expend across it. Plin. 
Curt. 3, c. 1.— Tacit. 
town of Dacia. 

Zeus, a name of 
Greeks, expressive of 
of mankind, and by 
DiuJ. 5. 

Zelxidamus, a king of Sparta, of tlie 
family ot the l^-ociidae. He was father of 
Arcliidamus, and grandson of Theopompus, 
and was succeeded by his son ArciiJdamas. 
JPaiis. 3, c. 7. 

Zeuxidas, a praitor of the Achaean league, 
deposed because he had proposed to bis coun- 
trymen an alliance with the Romans. 

ZEUxiprr, a daughter of Eridanus, mother 
of Rutes, one of the Ai-gonauls, toe. Apoltod. 

3, c. 15. A daughter of Laomedon. She 

married Sicyon, who after his father-in-law's 
death became king of that city of Pelopo:iue- 
sus, which from him has been called bicyon. 
Paus. 2, c. 6. 

Zeuxis, a celebrated painter,^ born at He- 
raclea, which some suppose to be the Hera- 
clea of Sicily. He flourished about 4t>8 years 
before the Christian era, and was the dis- 
ciple of Apollodorus. and contemporary with 
Parrhasius. In the art of painiing he not 
only surpassed all his contemporaries, but 
also his master, and became so sensible, 
and at the same time so proud of the value 
of his pieces, that he refused to sell them, 
observing that no sum of money, however 
great, was sufficient to ^y them. His most 
celebrated paintings wWe his Jupiter sitting 
on a throne, surrounded by the gods; his Her 
cules strangling the serpents in the presence 
of his affrighted parents > his modest Pene- 
lope ; and his Helen, which was afterwards 
placed in the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. 
This last piece he had painted at the request 
«f the people of Crotona, and that he might 
not be without a model, they sent him the 
roost beautiful of their virgins. Zeusis exam- 
ined their naked beauties, and retained iive, 
from whose elegance and graces united, he 
conceived in his mind the form of the most 
perfect woman in the universe, which his 
pencil at last executed with wonderful suc- 
cess. His contest with Parrhasius is well 
known; [Vid. Parrliasius,] but though he re- 
presented nature in such perfection, and co- 
pied all her beauties with such e.vactness, he 
often found himself deceived. He painted 
grapes, and formed an idea of the goodness 
of his piece from the birds which came to eat 
Ibe fruit on the canvass. But he soon acknow- 
ledged that the whole was an ill executed 
piece, as the figure of the man who carried the 
grapes was not done with sufficient expression 
to terrify the birds. According io some, 
Zeux • died from laughing at a comical pic- 
lure he had made of an old woman. Cic. dc 
Jnv. 2, c. l.—riut. in Far. Lc.— Q,uintil. 

Zeuxo, one of the Oceanides. Htsiod. 

ZiMA, or Zelis, a town of Mauritania, 
at the moulh of a river of the same naiue. 
Vlin. 6, c. 1. 

ZiMARA, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 
miles from the sources of the Euphrates. Flin. 
5, c. 24. 

Zi.sf.is, a promontory of iEthiopio, near 
^eonlratirf' of ilie Hed Sea, now cape Orfni. 



zo 

ZiOBKRis, a river of Hyrcania, whose ra- 
pid course is described by Curl. 6, c. 4. 

Zip^TEs, a king of Bithyuia, who died ia 
his 70th year, B. C. 279. 

ZiTKA, a town of Mesopotamia. 

ZiZA, a town of Arabia. 
ZoiLus, a sophist and grammarian of Ara- 
phipolis, B. C. 259. He rendered himself 
known by his severe criticisms on the works 
of Isocrates and Plato, and the poems of Ho- 
mer, for which he received Lho nafue of Ho- 
meromastic, or the chat iser of Homer. He 
presented his criticisms to Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus, but they were rejected witii indignation, 
though the author declared that he starved 
for want of bread. Some say. that Zoilus was 
cruelly stoned to death, or exposed on a cross, 
by order of Plolemy, while others support, 
that he was burni alive at Smyrna. The 
name of Zoiiiis isgejier;i.iy applied to austere 
critics. The works of this unfortunate gram- 
rnaiiar. are lost. JEiian. V. JhJ. 11, c. 10. — Z>/o- 

nys. Hal. — Ovid, de Rem. Am. 266. An 

otlicer in the army of Alexander. 

Zoippus, a son-in-iav.' of Hiero of Sicily. 

Zona, a town of Africa. Dio. 48. Of 

Thrace on the ^gean sta, where the woods 
are said to have followed the stiains of Or- 
pheus. Mttui 2, c. 2. — llerodol. 

ZoNARAS, one of the liyzantine historianSr 
whose Greek Ann ales were edited 2 vols. fol. 
Paris, 16S6. 

ZoPYRio, one of Alexander's officers left 
in Greece when the conqueror was in Asia, 
&ic. Curl. 10, c. 1. 

ZopYRioN, a governor of Pontus, who 
made war against Scythia, he. Justin. 2, c.3. 

ZopvRus, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, 
who, to show his attachment to Darius the 
son of Hystaspes, while he besieged Babylon, 
cut oflFhis ears and nose, and fled to the ene- 
my, telling them that he had received such a 
treatment from his royal master because he 
had advised him to raise the siege, as the city 
was impregnable. This was credited by the 
Babylonians, and Zopyrus was appointed 
commander of all their forces. When he had 
totally gained their confidence, he betrayed 
the city into tlie hands of Darius, for which 
he was liberally rewarded. The regard of 
Darius for Zopyrus could never be mon; 
strongly expressed than in what he used ofleu 
to say, that he had rather have Zopyrus not 
mutilated than twenty Babylons. Htrodol. 3^ 
c. 154, kc. — Plut. in Apoph. rtg. 3. — Justin. 

l,c. 10. An orator of Ciazomenie. Qtti/dH. 

3, c.6. A |)hysician in the age of Miih- 

ridales. He gave the monarch a description 
of an antidote which would prevail against all 
sorts of j>oisons. The experiment was tried 
upon criminals, and succeeded. A physi- 
cian in the age of Plutarch. An officer of 

Argos, who cut olf tho head of Pyrrfuis. 

Plut. A man appointed master of AIti 

l»iades, by Pericles. Plut. A physiogiK^- 

mist. Cic. de. sat. 6. A rhetorician of Co- 
lophon. Diog. 

ZoROANDA, a part of Taurus, between 
Mesopotamia and .\rmenia, near which the 
Tigrib flows, f/m.6, c.27. 

ZouoASTEit, a king of Bactria, snpposed 
lo have liveil in the age of iMnus. king of 
As'^yrif), som«: tlnm brt'oro the Trojau war. 






zo 

According to Justin, be first invented magic, 
or the doctrines of the Magi, and rendered 
himself known by bis deep and acute re- 
searches in philosophy, the origin of the 
■world, and the study of astronomy. He was 
respected by his subjects and contemporaries 
for bis abilities as a monarch, a lawgiver, and 
a philosopher, and though many of bis doc- 
trines are puerile and ridiculous, yet his fol- 
lowers are still found in numbers in the wilds 
of Persia, and the extensive provinces of 
India. Like Patbagoras, Zoroaster admitted 
no visible object of devotion, except fire, 
which he considered as the most proper em- 
blem of a supreme being; which doctrines 
seem to have been preserved by JNuma, in the 
worship and ceremonies he instituted in ho- 
nour of Vesta. A.ccording to some of the 
moderns, the doctrines, the laws, and regula- 
tions of this celebrated Bactrian are still ex- 
tant, and they have been lately introduced in 
Europe in a French translation by M. Anquetil. 
The age of Zoroaster is so little known, that 
many speak of two, three, four, and even six 
law-givers of that name. Some authors, who 
support that two persons only of this name 
flourished, described the first as an astrono- 
mer, living in Babylon, 2459 years B. G, 
whilst the era of the other, who is supposed 
to have been a native of Persia, and the re- 
storer of the religion of the Magi, is fixed 589, 
and by some 519 years B. C. Justin. 1, c. 1. 
— Jlugust. de Civ. 21, c. 14.—Oros. l.—Plin.l, \ 
c. 10, 1 30, c. 1. j 

ZosjLMUs, an officer in the reign of Theo- i 
docius the younger, about the year 410 of the 
Christian era. He wrote the history of the 
Roman emperors in Greek, from the age of 
Augustus to the beginning of the 5th century, 
of which only the five first books, and the 



ZY 

beginning of the sixth, are extant. In the- 
first of these he is very succinct in his ac- 
count from the time of Augustus to the reign 
of Diocletian, but in the succeeding he be- 
comes more diffuse and interesting. His com- 
position is written with elegance, but not 
much fidelity, and the author showed his ma- 
levolence against the Christians in bis history 
of Constantine, and some of his successors. 
The best editions of Zosimus are that of Cel- 
larius, 8vo. Jenaj 1728, and that of Reitemiefi 
8vo. Lips. 1784. 

ZosiNE, the wife of king Tigranes, led in 
triumph by Pompey. Plut. 

ZosTER, a town, harbour, and promontory 
of Attica. Cic. ad Alt. 5, ep. 12. 

ZosTERiA, a surname of Minerva. She had 
two statues under that name in the city of 
Thebes in Bceotia. The word signified girt, 
or armed for battle, words synonytuous among 
the ancients. Paus. 9, c. 17. — Homer. IL 2, 
v. 478, I. 11, v. 15. 

ZoTALE, a place near Antiochia in Mar- 
giana, where the Margns was divided into 
small streams. Plin. 6, c. 16, 

ZoTHRAusTEs, a lawgiver among the Ari- 
maspi. Diod. 

ZucHis, a lake to the east of the Syrtis 
Minor, with a town of the same name, famous 
for a purple dye, and salt fish. Strab. 17. 

Zygantes, a people of Africa. 

Zygia, a surname of .Juno, because she 
presided over marriage, (a CfjywfjLi jango). She 
is the same at the Pronuba of the Latins. 
Pindar. — Pollux. 3, c*. 

Zygii, a savage nation at the north of Col- 
chis. Strab. 11. 

Zygopolis, a tow^n of Cappadocia^ on the 
borders of Colchis. Strab. \2. 

ZYGRiT.a:, a nation of Libya. 



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^^^ ^ Treatment Date: ©pj .^^ 

' fC)^^ s PreservatlonTechnologies 

^ *^ A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 

' * ^? 111 Thomson Park Drive 



111 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township. PA 16066 
(724) 779-2111 



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